I 


■•hivi] 


REMOTE  STORAGE 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 


''  Vl 


A    DICTIONARY 


MODERN    GARDENING. 


BY 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  JOHNSON,  ESQ., 

FELLOW  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  INDIA; 

CORRESPONDING  MEMIiEK  OF 

THE  ROYAL  CALEDONIAN  AND  MARYLAND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETIES; 

AUTHOR  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  PRACTICAL  GARDENING  ; 

THE  gardener's  ALMANACK,  ETC 


ONE  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTY  V/OOD  CUTS. 


EDITED,  WITH  NU.^IEROUS  ADDITIONS, 

BY  DAVID  LANDRETH, 

OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
LEA    AND     BLANCH  A  RD. 

1847. 


TO 


JOHN  LINDLEY,  Ph.D.,  P.R.S., 

VICE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON,  AND  PROFESSOR  OF 
BOTANY  IN  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE, 


AS  OXE  OF  THE  MOST  EFFICIENT 

PROMOTERS  OF  MODERN  HORTICULTURE, 
THIS  VOLUME 

IS  DEDICATED  BY 

THE  AUTHOR. 


Entered,  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S47,  by 

LEA  AND  BLANCHARD, 

in  the  OfFice  of  the  Clerk  of  the  District  Court  for  tire  Eastern  District  of 
Pennsylvania. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

T.  K.  AXD  P.  G.  COLLIXS, 

PKINTEKS. 


1\ 


^o 


REMOTE  STORAGE 


AUTHOR'S    PREFACE. 


Utility,  more  than  either  originality  of  contents  or  elegance  of  phraseology, 
has  been  the  author's  principal  object  in  the  following  pages.  He  has  endea- 
voured to  gather  together  in  one  volume,  attainable  at  a  moderate  price,  an 
arranged,  easily  consulted,  record  of  Gardening,  as  it  is.  To  effect  this  object, 
he  has  obtained  aid  from  the  best  living  authorities,  as  well  as  from  their 
published  works;  but  he  has  not  neglected  those  of  other  periods,  where  he 
has  found  in  them  directions  upon  which  the  moderns  have  suggested  no  im- 
provements. Of  all  the  authorities  consulted,  none  has  afforded  such  abundant 
information  as  the  Gardeners^  Chronicle,  of  which  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that, 
as  it  is  the  best  of  modern  journals  devoted  to  promoting  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  so,  whoever  is  fortunate  enough  to  possess  a  complete  copy  of  its  five 
published  volumes,  has  a  work  of  reference  from  which  he  will  rarely  turn  away 
unsatisfied  if  seeking  for  information  relative  to  its  peculiar  subjects. 

In  every  instance,  the  author  has  endeavoured  to  give  tribute  where  due,  and 
if  he  has  erred  in  this,  or  in  any  other  particular,  he  will  be  highly  obliged  by 
correction.  Besides  the  work  already  quoted,  he  has  been  much  indebted  to 
Paxton-s  Botanical  Dictionary  ;  Whatei.zy's  Landscape  Gardening ;  Glenny's 
Practical  Gardener  and  Florist;  Maund's  Botanic  Garden;  Lindley's  Theory 
of  Horticulture ;  and  The  United  Gardener  and  Land  Steward's  Journal.  The 
author  does  not  wish  to  mislead  his  readers  into  the  belief  that  this  is  a  Botanical 
Dictionary.  On  the  contrary,  he  has  confined  his  notices  to  such  genera  of  plants 
as  deserve  a  place  in  some  department  of  the  garden  ;  and,  for  the  most  part, 
even  in  enumerating  the  number  of  species  in  each  genus,  only  those  have  been 
reckoned  that  are  worthy  of  cultivation. 

It  only  remains  to  be  explained  that,  in  the  monthly  calendars,  b.  intends  the 
beginning,  or  first  half  ef  the  month,  and  e.  the  end,  or  its  closing  half. 

The  following  works  have  also  been  freely  consulted  and  quoted  : — 

CuTHBERT  Johnson,  On  Fertilisers. 

Farmers'  Encylopadia. 

Loudon  and  Westwood's  Kollar  on  Predatory  Insects. 
,    Loudon's  Gardeners'  Encyclopedia. 

Gardeners'  Magazine. 

Johnson's  Principles  of  Gardening. 

Abercrombie's  Gardeners'  Dictionary. 

Johnson's  Gardeners'  Almanack. 

Transactions  of  the  London  Horticultural  Society. 

Caledonian  Horticultural  Transactions. 

Horticultural  Magazine. 

Decandolle's  Philosophy  of  Plants. 


3(34:84 


PREFACE  TO  THE  AMERICAN  EDITION. 


The  ordinary  form  in  cases  of  reprint,  with  additions  and  explanatory  notes, 
has  been  departed  from  in  the  present  instance  with  a  desire  to  preserve  the 
book  from  the  awkward  aspect  which  it  would  necessarily  present,  if  every 
addition  by  the  American  editor  had  been  included  within  brackets,  or  printed 
in  varied  type. 

This  edition  has  been  greatly  altered  from  the  original.  Many  articles  of 
little  interest  to  Americans  have  been  curtailed,  or  wholly  omitted,  and  much 
new  matter,  with  numerous  illustrations,  added;  yet  the  present  editor  freely 
admits,  and  has  desired  the  publishers  to  state,  that  he  has  only  followed  in  the 
path  80  admirably  marked  out  by  Mr.  Johnson,  to  whom  the  chief  merit  of  the 
work  belongs.  It  has  been  an  object  with  the  publishers,  and  editor,  to  inc.  ease 
its  popular  character,  thereby  adapting  it  to  the  larger  class  of  horticultural 
readers  in  this  country,  and  they  trust  it  may  prove  what  they  have  desired  it  to 
be,  an  Encyclopaedia  of  Gardening,  if  not  of  Rural  Affairs,  so  condensed  as  to 
be  within  reach  of  most  persons  whom  those  subjects  interest. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 

Philadelphia,  April,  1S47. 

NOTE. 

It  is  evident  that  with  a  territory  extending  over  so  large  a  space,  a  monthly  calendar, 
ordireclion  for  cropping,  &,c.,  cannot  uniformly  apply  :  Those  who  reside  north  or  south 
of  Pennsylvania,  can  readily  make  the  necessary  calculations  as  to  time. 


\8  ^ 


THE 


GARDENERS'    DICTIONARY. 


ABE 

ABELE  TREE.  (Populus  alba.) 

ABLACTATION,  the  same  as  In- 
arching, and  so  called  because  it  is 
a  gradual  withdrawing  of  the  scion  from 
its  parent,  the  same  as  weaning,  which 
in  Latin  is  ahlactatio. 

ABLAQUEATIONjbaring  the  bodies 
of  a  tree's  main  roots.  This  was  an  old 
mode  of  checking  the  tree's  over  luxu- 
riance, for  the  purpose  of  making  it  fer- 
tile. A  much  less  injurious  plan  is  to 
drain  the  soil,  and  mix  it  with  sand, 
chalk,  or  other  less  rich  addition.  An- 
other method  successfully  pursued  is  to 
open  a  trench  around  the  body,  at  a 
suitable  distance,  thus  shortening  the 
roots,  and  arresting  the  tree's  rapid 
growth. 

ABNODATION,  cutting  off  excres- 
cences and  the  slumps  of  branches 
close  to  the  stem.  The  intention  of 
this  is  to  have  the  wound  heal  over, 
but  it  is  very  doubtful,  in  the  case  of 
branches,  whether  the  extremity  of  a 
stump  properly  treated  will  not  heal 
quicker  than  a  wound  close  to  the 
trunk.  The  unsightly  aspect  of  pro- 
truding stumps  will,  however,  induce 
close  pruning. 

ABRICOCK,  an  old  mode  of  spelling 
Apricot,  Armeniaca  vulgaris. 

ABRAXAS  grossularia.  Magpie 
Moth.  The  caterpillar  of  this  moth 
often  infests  the  leaves  of  the  gooseber- 
ry bush,  as  well  as  the  currant,  sloe, 
and  even  the  peach,  in  eariv  summer. 
"  The  caterpillar,"  says  Mr.  Curtis,  "  is 
white,  slightly  tinged  with  blue,  and 
having  numerous  black  spots  on  the 
back  ;  it  is  called  a  looper,  from  its  pe- 
culiar mode  of  walking  ;  it  fixes  itself 
first  firmly  with  its  hind  feet,  and  then 
extends  its  body  fully  ;  after  which  it 
puts  down  its  f<ire  feet,  and  draws  the 
hind  part  of  its  body  as  close  afler  them 
2 


AC  A 

as  possible,  thus  forming  an  arch  or 
loop." — Gard.  Chron. 

ABROMA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seed  or  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peal. 

ABRONIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
perennial  trailers.  Rooted  slips.  Sandy 
peat. 

.  AQKVS precaforius.  Wild  Liquorice. 
Stove  climber.  Cuttings.  Sand  and 
peat. 

ABUTA  rufescens.  Stove  evergreen 
climber.  Rooted  slips.  Loam  and 
peat. 

ABUTILON.  Three  species.  One 
stove,  and  two  green-house  evergreen 
shrubs.  Cuttings.  Light  rich  loam. 
A.  striatum.  Green-house  shrub.  "  As 
this  seems  likely  to  suit  a  bed  in  the 
flower  garden,  to  increase  it  keep  it  in 
the  stove,  as  it  will  there  push  even  in 
winter,  and  every  two  joints  will  be 
sufficient  for  a  cutting,  which  will  make 
a  plant  in  a  fortnight  or  three  weeks. 
By  the  time  the  cutting  has  pushed  far 
enough  to  admit  of  being  topped,  ano- 
ther cutting  may  be  made  of  it,  and  pro- 
ceeded with  as  before.  If  kept  in  the 
green-house  during  winter  it  will  not 
move  at  all." — Gard.  Chron. 

ACACIA.  274  species,  stove  and 
green-house  evergreens.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

AC/ENA  splendens.  Green-house 
evergreen.     Seed.     Loam  and  peat. 

ACANTHOPHIPPIUM.  Three  spe- 
cies. Stove  epiphytes.  Offsets.  Sandy 
peat  and  light  loam. 

ACANTHUS.  Bear's  Breech.  Eight 
species.  Six  hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials ;  division  of  roots.  One  green- 
house perennial  ;  seed.  One  stove 
evergreen;  cuttings.  All  require  sandy 
peat  and  loam. 

ACARUS,   the    Plant    Mite.      Class 


AC  A 


n 


ACC 


Arachnidae.  The  following  arc  the 
chief  of  those  known  to  the  gardener. 
Acarus  tellarhta,  the  Red  Spide7-,  is  one 
of  the  gardener's  most  troublesome 
foes.  Its  colour  varies  from  yellowish 
to  red-brown,  and  though  almost  invi- 
sible from  its  minuteness,  yet  it  preys 
most  destructively  upon  some  trees  and 
herbaceous  plants  in  our  hot-houses, 
jis  well  as  upon  the  kidney-bean,  lime 
tree,  &c.,  out  of  doors  in  dry  summers. 
A.  holosericeus  is  another  species,  dis- 
tinguishable to  an  unscienced  eye 
chiefly  by  its  scarlet  colour.  To  de- 
stroy them  in  the  hothouse,  there  is  no 
plan  so  effectual  as  heating  the  flues  or 
pipes,  and  sprinkling  upon  them  sul- 
pliur.  The  air  is  thus  gently  impreg- 
nated with  the  vapour  of  sulphur,  for  it 
liegins  to  evaporate  at  a  heat  of  170^. 
This  vapour  is  fatal  to  the  insect  where 
the  air  is  thoroughly  impregnated  with 
it,  and  the  work  of  destruction  is  com- 
pleted by  syringing  the  infested  plants 
with  water.  This  last  is  the  only  prac- 
tical remedy  to  plants  in  our  borders, 
unless  they  can  be  covered  over  so  that 
the  fumes  may  be  confined,  whilst  the 
sulphur  is  volatilized  over  a  hot-water 
plate.  Potted  plants  maybe  submitted 
to  the  vapour  of  sulphur  in  a  similar 
way.  The  vapour  of  spirit  of  turpen- 
tine is  said  to  be  as  effectual-  as  sulphur. 
Acarm  hortcnsis,  the  Garden  Mite,  tho- 
rax ochreous,  abdomen  white,  has  been 
found  upon  the  roots  of  the  cucumber, 
upon  w  hich  it  is  said  to  prey.  I  believe 
it  to  be  the  same  Acarus  often  so  abund- 
ant upon  the  root  of  cabbages  affected 
with  the  Ambury.  A.  genicvlatus  is  a 
minute,  red,  shining  mite,  gregarious, 
and  congregating  during  spring  in  pro- 
digious numbers  upon  the  bark  of  the 
plum  and  other  fruit  trees,  near  the  base 
of  the  twigs,  and  looking  like  a  gummy 
exudation.  By  extracting  the  sap  they 
doubtless  weaken  the  tree,  and  reduce 
its  productiveness. — Card.  Chron. 

ACER.  Maple.  Twenty- seven  spe- 
cies, all  hardy  trees  except  Acer  ob/on- 
gUTfi,  which  is  half-hardy.  The  Sugar 
Maple,  A.  saccharinum  of  the  Ameri- 
can forests,  is  perhaps  one  of  the  finest 
fpecies.  It  forms  a  full  round  head,  its 
deep  green  leaves  changing  in  autumn 
to  many  shades  of  orange.  The  Silver 
Maple,  A.  dcsycarpum,  is  a  light  airy 
tree,  of  quick  growth,  and  extensively 
planted  in  the  streets  of  Philadelphia. 
A.  platanoides,  or  Norway  Maple,  and 


A.  pseudo-platanoides,  or  Sycamore,  are 
also  desirable  varieties.  Seed,  cuttings, 
and  layers.     Common  light  garden  soil. 

ACERAS.  Two  species,  both  tube- 
rous-rooted hardy  perennials.  Seeds. 
Light  loam. 

ACERATIUM  oppositifolium.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Peat  and  loam.  Cut- 
tings. 

ACETARIOUS  PLANTS.    Salading. 

ACCLIMATIZATION  is  rendering  a 
plant  capable  of  the  production  desired 
in  a  climate  differing  from  that  in  which 
it  is  native.  In  our  climate  it  is  usually 
required  to  induce  a  plant  to  endure 
lower  temperatures  than  those  to  which 
it  has  been  accustomed,  and  this,  though 
some  are  intractable,  is  more  easy  than 
is  inducing  the  natives  of  colder  re- 
gions to  live  in  our  latitudes.  When  a 
new  plant  arrives  from  a  tropical  coun- 
try, it  is  desirable  to  use  every  precau- 
tion to  avoid  its  loss,  but  so  soon  as  it 
has  been  propagated  from,  and  the  dan- 
ger of  such  loss  is  removed,  from  that 
moment  ought  experiments  to  com- 
mence, to  ascertain  whether  its  acclima- 
tization is  attainable.  That  this  should 
be  done  is  self-evident;  tor  the  nearer 
such  a  desirable  point  can  be  attained, 
the  cheaper  will  be  its  cultivation,  and 
consequently  the  greater  will  be  the 
number  of  those  who  will  be  able  to  de- 
rive pleasure  from  its  growth.  Hence 
it  is  very  desirable  that  an  extended  se- 
ries of  experiments  should  be  instituted, 
to  ascertain  decisively  whether  many  of 
our  present  green-house  plants  would 
not  endure  exposure  to  our  winters,  if 
but  slightly  or  not  at  all  protected.  It 
may  be  laid  down  as  a  rule,  that  all 
Japan  plants  will  do  so  in  the  southern 
states,  but  it  remains  unascertained  to 
what  degree  of  northern  latitude  this 
general^  power  of  endurance  extends. 
Experiment,  and  experimentonly,  ought 
to  be  relied  upon  ;  for  we  know  that 
the  larch  was  once  kept  in  a  green- 
house in  England.  Many  tropical 
plants  of  every  order  and  species,  have 
been  found  to  require  much  less  heat, 
both  during  the  day  and  during  the 
night,  than  gardeners  of  a  previous  cen- 
tury believed.  Other  plants  than  those 
already  noticed  have  passed  from  the 
tropics  to  our  parterres,  and  even  to 
those  of  higher  northern  latitudes.  The 
horse  chestnut  is  a  native  of  the  tropics, 
but  it  endures  uninjured  the  stern  cli- 
mate of  Sweden.     Aucuba  Japonica  and 


ACC 


19 


ACH 


PcBonta  Moutan,  we  all  remember  to  I  May  ;  the  soil  should  be  poor,  dry,  and 
have  passed  from  our  stoves  to  the  i  thoroughly  drained;  if  against  a  wall, 
green-house,  and  now  they  are  in  our  I  the  border  should  be  protected  through 
open  gardens.  Every  year  renders  us  the  entire  winter  by  a  roof  of  hurdles 
acquainted  with  instances  of  plants  thatched  with  straw,  and  projecting 
being  acclimatized  :   and,  in  addition  to  .  about  three  feet." 

'  ACHILLEA.  Milfoil.  Sixty-four  spe- 

cies, all,  except  A.  AUgyptica,  herba- 
ceous perennials.  Common  garden  soil. 
Divisio-n  of  roots.  A.  JEgyptica  is  a 
green-house  evergreen.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

ACHIMENES.  Six  species.  Stove 
bulbs.  "After  the  plants  have  done 
flowering,  and  the  to()s  die  down,  in 
November,  allow  the  bulbs  to  remain 
undisturbed  in  the  pots,  laid  on  their 
sides  beneath  the  green-house  st:ige,  or 
some  other  place  where  frost  and  wet 
cannot  reach  them,  where  they  may  re- 
main until  the  latter  part  of  January, 
then  to  be  placed  in  a  gentler  heat,  and 
watered  until  the  soil  becomes  suffi- 
ciently moist  to  encourage  vegetation. 
When  the  small  scaly  bulhs  have  made 
shoots  about  two  inches  in  length,  plant 
them  singly  in  small  sixties,  in  a  mixture 
of  leaf  mould  and  a  small  portion  of  sil- 
ver sand.  At  the  subsequent  sliifling, 
until  the  plants  are  finally  placed  in  six- 
teens  in  June,  the  compost  consists  of 
light  rich  turf  loam  and  peat,  or  leaf 
mould,  when  peat  cannot  be  i)rocured 
in  equal  proportions,  and  on  no  account 
sifted.  The  pots  are  thoroughly  drained, 
a  point  which  forms  the  basis  of  all 
good  culture,  both  in  pots  and  in  the 
open  ground.  For  growing  several 
plants  in  one  pot,  take  No.  12  size,  into 
which  turn  five  of  the  plants  jjreviously 
kept  in  sixties,  placing  one  in  the  cen- 
tre, and  four  round  the  edges.  These 
forma  noble  mass  when  in  bloom  ;  but 
never  assume  the  unilbrm  conical  shape 


those  already  noticed,  we  find  that  Mr, 
Buchan,  Lord  Bagot's  gardener,  at 
Blithficld  House,  in  Staflbrdshire,  has  an 
old  cinnamon  tree  (Tyiurus  Cinnamo- 
mum)  under  his  care,  which  ripens  seed: 
from  these  many  plants  have  been  raised 
that  endure  the  winters  of  England  in  a 
conservatory  without  any  artificial  lieat. 
Then,  again,  there  is  no  doubt  that  all 
the  conifera;  of  Mexico,  which  flourish 
there  at  an  elevation  of  more  than  SOOO 
feet  above  the  sea's  level,  will  survive 
our  winters  in  the  open  air.  Among 
these  are  Pinus  Llaveana,  P.  Teocate,  P. 
patula,  P.  Hartwegii,  Cupressus  thuri- 
fera,  Juiiiperus  flacc Ida,  Ahics  religiosa, 
and  some  others.  Many  natives  of  the 
southern  states  have  been  gradually  ac- 
climated in  Pennsylvania;  experience 
has,  however,  demonstrated  that  the  na- 
ture of  the  soil  is  all-important.  On 
sandy  or  light  loamy  land  with  gravelly 
subsoil,  many  plants  are  found  to  witli- 
stand  the  winter,  which  would  surely 
perish  on  heavy  or  wet  land.  So  also 
the  aspect  as  regards  exposure  to  the 
sun,  it  having  been  found  from  repeated 
observation  that  tender  plants,  espe- 
cially if  evergreen,  suffer  less  from  cold 
when  screened  from  the  sun's  rays.  The 
cause  is  obvious.  An  extensive  impor- 
tation of  European  Holly  received  at 
the  Landreth  Nurseries,  were,  as  a  pro- 
tection from  the  summer  sun,  planted 
on  the  north  side  of  a  high  board  fence, 
where  they  safely  resisted  the  severity 
of  winter :  subsequently  they  were 
placed   in  open  positions,  and  all  were 


killed   by  the  combined   action  of  heat  j  of  a  single  s;)ecimen.     The  main  stem 


and  cold.  The  following  general  rules 
are  the  results  of  experiments  in  the 
London  Horticultural  Society's  Garden, 
conducted  by  Mr.  Gordon.  1.  "  Plants 
intended  to  be  acclimatized,  should 
never  be  subjected  to  artificial  heat  dur^ 


and  side  branches  are  to  be  neatly 
sticked  and  tied  out  as  they  advance  in 
growth.  The  temperature  of  an  early 
vinery  is  well  adapted  for  these  plants 
until  the  end  of  May,  at  which  period 
they  should  be  taken  to  a  cool  pit,  where 


ing  the  winter  that  precedes  their  being  !  a  steady  moist  heat  can  be  maintained, 
planted  out;  if  obtained  from  seeds,  as  1  They  should  be  shaded  in  hot  days  be- 
little heat  as  possible  should  be  em-  tween  11  A.M.  ami  2  P.  M.,  to  prevent 
ployed  in  raising  them  ;  and  starved  or  1  the  sun  from  scorching  the  foliage,  and 
stunted  plants  are  more  likely  to  sue- '  they  should  never  be  watered  over- 
ceed  than  such  as  have  been  forced  into  '.  head.  The  pots  should  be  placed  upon 
a  rapid  and  luxuriant  growth.  2.  The  I  others,  inverted,  and  the  bottom  of  the 
plants  should  not  be  committed  to  the  1  pit  should  be  kept  moist,  closing  up 
open  ground    earlier   than  the  end  of  early  in  the  afternoon,  and  giving  air  in 


ACH 


20 


ACT 


clear  weather  about  eijjht  in  the  morn- 
ing, so  that  the  damp  may  disperse  be- 
fore the  raysofthe  sun  fall  directly  up- 
on the  plants." — Card.  Cliron. 

A.  Long/flora.  "  Tlie  bulbs  of  this 
may  be  started  in  a  warm  cucumber 
frame  towards  the  end  of  P'ebruary. 
Each  plant,  when  it  has  formed  a  few 
leaves,  should  then  be  potted  off,  sepa- 
rately, into  small  pots,  or,  preferably, 
several  may  be  planted  together  in  a 
shallow  box.  The  temperature  of  a 
warm  green-house  suits  them  admira- 
bly."— Card.  Chron. 

ACHYRONIA  villosa.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ACIANTHUS.  Three  species.  Tu- 
berous green-house  plants.  Division. 
Loam  and  peat. 

ACICARPHA  spatidata.  Herba- 
ceous stove  perennial.  Division.  Loam 
and  peat. 

ACIOTIS.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ACIS.  Four  species.  Hardy  bulbs. 
Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 

ACISANTHERA  quadrata.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ACMADENIA  tetragona.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

ACMENA  Jloribi^nda.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam. 

ACONITUM.  Eighty  species  hardy 
deciduous  tubers;  and  thirty-four  spe- 
cies hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  "  A. 
Napellus,  from  napus,  a  turnip,  its  gru- 
mous  roots  resembling  little  turnips,  is 
n  well  known  poisonous  plant.  Lin- 
naaus  says,  that  it  is  fatal  to  kine  and 
goats,  especially  when  they  come  fresh 
to  it,  and  are  not  acquainted  with  the 
plant;  but  that  it  does  no  injury  to 
horses,  who  eat  it  only  when  dry.  He 
also  relates  (from  the  Stockholm  Acts) 
that  an  ignorant  surgeon  prescribed  the  I  radicle  and  plumule,  the  infant  root  and 


root  is  unquestionably  the  most  power- 
ful partofthe  plant.  Matthiolus relates, 
that  a  criminal  was  put  to  death  by 
taking  one  drachm  of  it.  Dodonseus 
gives  us  an  instance,  recent  in  his  time, 
of  five  persons  at  Antwerp,  who  ate  the 
root  by  mistake,  and  ail  died.  Dr, 
Turner  also  mentions,  that  some  French- 
men at  the  same  place,  eating  the 
shoots  of  this  plant  for  those  of  master- 
wort,  all  died  in  the  course  of  two  days, 
e.xcept  two  players,  who  quickly  evacu- 
ated all  that  they  had  taken  by  vomit. 
We  have  an  account,  in  the  Philosophi- 
cal Transactions,  of  a  man  who  was 
poisoned,  in  the  year  1732,  by  eating 
some  of  this  plant  in  a  salad,  instead  of 
celery.  Dr.  Willis  also,  in  his  work  De 
Anima  Brutorum,  gives  an  instance  of  a 
man  who  died  in  a  few  hours,  by  eating 
the  tender  leaves  of  this  plant  also  in 
a  salad.  He  was  seized  with  all  the 
symptoms  of  mania.  Tlie  Aconite, 
thus  invested  with  terrors,  has,  how- 
ever, been  so  far  subdued,  as  to  become 
a  powerful  remedy  in  some  of  the  most 
troublesome  disorders  incident  to  the 
human  frame.  Baron  Stoerck  led  the 
way  by  administering  it  in  violent  pains 
of  the  side  and  joints,  in  glandulous 
scirrhi,  tumours,  ulcerous  tubercles  of 
the  breast,  &c.,  to  the  quantity  of  from 
ten  to  thirty  grains  in  a  dose,  of  an  ex- 
tract, the  method  of  making  which  he 
describes." — Encyc.  Plants.  Division. 
Common  garden  soil.  All  are  poison- 
ous. 

ACRO'N  Y  CHI  A  cunningh  ami.  Green- 
house shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

ACROPERA  loddigesii.  Stove  epi- 
phyte.    Division.     Peat  and  potsherds. 

ACROPHYLLUM  verticillatum. 
Green-house  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  pent. 

ACROSPIRE  is  the  name  whereby 
malsters,  gardeners,  and  others  describe 
the  sprouts  from  barley  and  other  seeds 
when  germinating,  and   which  are   the 


leaves,  and  on  the  patient  refusing  to 

take  them,  he  took   them   himself  and 

died.      The    ancients,    who    were    ac 

quainted  with  chemical  poisons,  regard 

ed   the  Aconite  as  the  most  violent  ofi  house  plants.  Division  and  seed 

all    poisons.     Some    persons,    only    by  j  and  peat. 

taking  in  the  effluvia  of  the  herb  in  full  I      ACROTRICHE.    Threes 

flower  by  the  nostrils,  have  been  seized    Green-house    evergreen    shrubs. 

with  swooning  fits,  and  have  lost  their  |  tings.    Sandy  peat. 

eight  for   two  or  three  days.     Cut  the 


stem. 

ACROSTICHUM.     Sixteen    species. 
Chiefly    stove    herbaceous    perennials. 
A.  alcicorne  and   A.  grande  are  green- 
Loam 


ACTINOMERIS.    Four  species. 


ACT 


21 


Divi- 


Hardy   liorbaceous    perennials 
■ion.     Pent  and  loam. 

ACTINOTUS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Sandy  loam. 

A  C  Y  N  O  S.  Eleven  species.  All 
hardy.     Seeds.     Dry  sandy  soil. 

AD  AM  I. \  cyanea.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.     Cuttinsrs.     Peat  and  loam. 

ADAM'S  NEEDLE.     Yucca. 

ADDKR'S  TONGUE.     Opioglossum. 

ADELIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ADENANDR.\.  Thirteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

ADENANTHERA.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandv  loam  and  peat. 

ADENANTHOS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings. Sandy  peat  and  loam.  A.obo- 
vata  is  best  iVoin  seed. 

ADENOCARPUS.  Six  species.  A. 
foliolosus  and  frankenl aides  are  ever- 
green shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam. 
The  others  are  hardy  deciduous  shrubs. 
Seeds.     Common  garden  soil. 

ADENOPHORA.  Sixteen  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Com- 
mon garden  soil.     Peat  and  loam. 

ADESMIA.  Eight  species,  of  which 
A.  viscosa  is  hardy.  The  others  are 
green-house  plants.  A.visrosa  and  us- 
pallatenais  are  propagated  by  cuttings. 
The  others  from  seed.  All  in  sandy 
loam. 

ADIANTUM.  Maidenhair.  Twen- 
ty-nine species.  All  green-house  or 
etove  plants,  except /I.  C(/p(7/«s  veneris 
and  puhescens.  They  are  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials.  Division.  Loam  and 
peat. 

ADINA  glnbijlora.     Stove  evergreen 
shrub.     Cuttings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 
ADLUMIA  cirrhosa.     Hardy  climb- 
ing biennial.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

ADONIS.  Thirteen  species.  All 
hardy.     Seed.     Common  garden  soil. 

TEGIPniLA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peal. 

7EGLE  marmelos.  Bengal  Quince. 
Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Loam. 

^CIIMEA.     Three  species.     Stove 
perennials.    Suckers.    Loam,  peat,  and 
sand. 
iEGOCHLOA.  Six  species.  All  hardy  ; 


A  G  A 

Seeds.      Light   rich    gardea 
Stove 


annuals, 
soil. 

iEOLLANTHUS    suaveolens. 
annual.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

iEONIUM  Youngiannm.  Green- 
house.    Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

.1':SCHYNANT1IUS.  Two  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
potsherds,  or  wood. 

7ESCULUS.     Horse-chestnut. 
JE.  glabra.     (Grafts.) 
yE.  hippocastanum,  Jlore  plena.     (Lay- 
ers.) 
jS.  hippocastanum,  fol.  argenteis.  (Lay- 
ers.) 
^■E.  hippocnstanum  variegatum. 
jE.  ohiensis. 
JE.  fallida.     (Grafts.) 
JE.  rubicunda.     (Grafts.) 
All  hardy  deciduous  trees.     The  com- 
mon  European  horse-chestnut  jE.  hip- 
pocastanum, is  a  truly  magnificent  tree, 
at  once  grand   from   its  magnitude  and 
massy    form,   and    beautiful     when    in 
bloom   from  being  covered    with  large 
spikes  of  white  and  pink  flowers,  pro- 
truding   beyond     its     elegant    digitate 
leaves.      Seeds    (except    where    other- 
wise described).     Common  garden  soil. 

AERANTHES.  Two  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Division.  Peat  and  pot- 
sherds, or  wood. 

AF2RIDES,  {air  plant.)  Nine  spe- 
cies. All  stove  epiphytes.  Cuttings, 
except  A.  cornutum,  which  is  multi- 
plied by  root-divisions.  Peat  and  pot- 
sherds, or  wood. 

iERUA.  Two  species.  Stove  her- 
baceous perennials.  Cuttings.  Rich 
moist  soil. 

.^:SCYNOMENE.  Eleven  species. 
JE.  viscidula  a  green-house,  and  /J?. 
hixpida  a  hardy  annual,  the  rest  stove 
plants.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

yV/FHIONEMA.  Six  species.  All 
hardy.  Seed  or  cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

^■ITHIONIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Common  soil. 

AFRICAN  ALMOND.     Brahejum. 

AFRICAN  FLEABANE.  Tarcho- 
nanthus. 

AFRICAN  LILY.    Agapanthus. 

AFRICAN  MARIGOLD.  Tagetes 
Erect  a. 

AGAPANTHUS.  African  Lily. 
Three  species.  Nearly  hardy  bulbs. 
Common  soil.     Offsets. 

AGASTACHYS     odorata.        Green- 


AG  A 


32 


AGR 


house     evergreen     shrub 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

AGATH/RA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house everfjreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tinpp.     Lf>:im  and  peat. 

ACA'I'IIOPHYLLUM  aromaticum. 
Madagascar  nutmeg.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.     Cuttings.     Peat  or  rich  loam. 

AGATHOSMA.  Twenty-two  spe- 
cies. Green-houf-e  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

A(;ATHYIISUS.       Seven      species. 


Cuttings.  I  arts  and  sciences."  It  is  "  tlie  basis  of 
j  all  other  arts,  and  in  all  countries  co- 
eval with  the  first  dawn  of  civilization. 
Without  agriculture,  mankind  would  be 
savages,  lliinly  scattered  through  inler- 
minal)le  forests,  with  no  other  habita- 
tions than  caverns,  hollow  trees  or  huts, 
more  rude  and  inconvenient  than  the 
most  ordinary  hovel  or  cattle-shed  of 
the  modern  cultivator.  It  is  the  most 
universal  as  well  as  the  most  ancient  of 
the  arts,  and  requires  the  greatest  num- 


visions.     Common  soil. 

AGATI.     Two  species.    Stove  ever- 


Hardy   herbaceous.      Cuttings   and    di-  j  her  of  operators.     It    employs   seven 

eighths  of  the  population  of  almost 
every  civilized  community. — Agricul- 
green  trees.  Cuttings.  Peat  and  loam,  ture  is  not  only  indispensable  tonation- 
AOAVK.  Aloe.  Nineteen  species,  al  prosperity,  but  is  eminently  condu- 
Chiefly  stove  plants.  Suckers.  Rich  cive  to  the  welfare  of  those  who  are 
loam.  "  The  name  is  altered  from  engaged  in  it.  It  gives  health  to  the 
ctyrtw.t.,  admirable,  which  this  genus  may  body,  energy  to  the  mind,  is  fiivourable 
well  be  said  to  be,  considering  its  ap-  to  virtuous  and  temperate  habits,  and  to 
pearance,  its  size,  and  the  beauty  of  its  knowledge  and  purity  of  moral  charac- 
flowers.  In  mythology,  Agave  is  the  ter,  which  are  the  pillars  of  good  gov- 
name  of  one  of  the  Nereids.  A.  america-  ernmentand  the  true  support  ofnation- 
«a  is  a  popularsucculent  throughout  Eu- '  al  independence. — Witii  regard  to  the 
rope.  It  grows  wild  or  is  acclimated  in  i  history  of  agriculture,  we  must  confine 
Sicily,  the  south  of  Spain,  and  Italy,  and  I  ourselves  to  slight  sketches.  The  first 
is  much  used  in  the  latter  country,  plant- j  mention  of  agriculture  is  found  in  the 
ed  in  vases  as  an  ornament  to  piers,  pa-  :  writings  of  Moses.  From  them  we  learn 
rapets,  and  about  houses.  About  Milan  j  that  Cain  was  a  '  tiller  of  the  ground,' 
and  other  towns  in  Lombardy,  where  it  that  Abel  sacrificed  the  'firstlings  of 
will  not  endure  the  winter,  they  use  i  his  flock,'  and  that  Noah  'began  to  be 
imitations  of  copper  so  well  formed  and!  a  husbandman,  and  planted  a  vineyard.' 


painted,  as  to  be  readily  mistaken  for 
the  original.  In  France  and  Germany 
it  is  still  \ery  common ;  and.  in  this 
country  formerly  used  to  be  the  regular 
companion  of  the  orange,  myrtle,  and 
pomegranate,  then  our  principal  green- 
house plants.  An  idea  used  to  prevail 
that  the  American  Aloe  only  flowered 
once  in  a  hundred  years;  but,  inde- 
pendently of  this  unnatural  application 
of  time  to  the  inflorescence,  it  has  long 
been  known  to  flower  sooner  or  later 
according  to  the  culture  bestowed  on 
it.=  ' — Encyc.  Plants. 


The  Chinese,  Japanese,  Chaldeans, 
Egyptians  and  Phoenicians  appear  to 
have  held  husbandry  in  high  estimation. 
The  Egyptians  were  so  sensible  of  its 
blessings,  that  they  ascribed  its  inven- 
tion to  superhuman  agency,  and  even 
carried  their  gratitude  to  such  an  ab- 
surd excess  as  to  worship  the  ox,  for  his 
services  as  a  labourer.  The  C;irthagin- 
ians  carried  the  art  of  agriculture  to  a 
higher  degree  than  other  nations,  their 
cotemporaries.  Mago,  one  of  their 
most  famous  generals,  wrote  no  less 
than  twenty-eight  books  on  agricultural 


AGERATUM.  Six  species.  Chiefly  :  topics,  which,  according  to  Columella, 
hardy  annuals.     Seed.     Light  rich  soil.  '  were  translated  into  Latin  by  an  express 

AGNOSTUS  sinuata.  Green-house  :  decree  of  the  Roman  senate. — Hesiod, 
evergreen  tree.    Cuttings.    Sandy  peat. '  a  Greek  writer,  supposed  to  be  cotem- 

AGRJCULTURE,  as  compared  to  i  porary  with  Homer,  wrote  a  poem  on 
Horticulture,  is  the  culture  and  man-  agriculture,  entitled  JVccks  and  Days, 
Rgement  of  certain  plants  and  animals  j  which  was  so  denominated  because  hus- 
for  the  food  and  service  of  man  :  it  is,  as  i  bandry  requires  an  exact  observance  of 
Marshall  observes,  "a  subject  which,  I  times  and  seasons.  Other  Greek  writ- 
viewed  in  all  its  branches,  and  to  their  ers  wrote  on  rural  economy,  and  Xeno- 
fullest  extent,  is  not  only  the  most  im-  phnn  among  the  number,  but  their 
portant  and  the  most  diificult  in  rural  |  works  have  been  lost  in  the  lapse  of 
economies,  but  in  the  circle  of  human  ;  ages. — The  implements  of  Grecian  agri- 


AGR 


23 


AGR 


culture  were  very  few  and  simple.  He-  |  curious  antiquarian,  tlian  of  tlie  practi- 
siod  mentions  a  plough,  consisting ;  cal  cultivator.  Tlie  plough  is  repre- 
of  three  parts — the  share-beam,  the  ,  scnted  by  Cato  as  of  two  kinds — one  for 
draught-pole  and  the  plough-tail;  but ,  strong,  the  other  for  light  so:is.  Varro 
antiquarians  are  not  agreed  as  to  its  !  mentions  one  with  two  mould-boards*, 
exact  form  ;  also  a  cart  with  low  wheels,  ]  with  which,  he  says,  'when  they 
and  ten  spans  (seven  feet  six  inches)  in  ■  plough,  after  sowing  the  seed,  they  are 
width;  likewise  the  rake,  sickle  and  said  to  ridge.'  Pliny  mentions  a  plough 
ox-goad;  but  no  description  is  given  of  with  one  mould-board,  and  others  with 
the  mode  in  which  they  were  con-  ,  a  coulter,  of  wliich  he  says  there  were 
structed.  The  operations  of  Grecian  many  kinds. — Fallowing  was  a  practice 
culture,  according  to  Hesiod,  were  rarely  deviated  from  by  the  Romans, 
neither  numerous  nor  complicated.  The  In  most  cases,  a  fallow  and  a  year's 
ground  received  three  ploughings — one  crop  succeeded  each  other.  M. inure 
in  autumn,  another  in  spring,  and  a  third  ,  was  collected  from  nearly  or  quite  as 
immediately  before  sowing  the  seed,  i  many  sources  as  hav6  been  resorted  to 
Manures  were  applied,  and  Pliny  as-  '■  by  the  moderns.  Pigeon's  dung  was 
cribes  their  invention  to  the  Grecian  esteemed  of  the  greatest  value,  and, 
king  Augeas.  Theophrastus  mentions  next  to  that,  a  mixture  of  night  soil, 
six  different  species  of  manures,  and  scrapings  of  the  streets  and  urine, 
adds,  that  a  mixture  of  soils  produces  *  which  were  applied  to  the  roots  of  the 
the  same  effect  as  manures.  Clay,  he  ,  vine  and  olive. — The  Romans  did  not 
observes,  should  be  mixed  with  sand,  i  bind  their  corn  into  sheaves.  When 
and  sand  with  clay.  Seed  was  sown  cut,  it  was  sent  directly  to  the  area  to 
by  hand,  and  covered  with  a  rake.  ■  be  threshed,  and  was  separated  from 
Grain  was  reaped  with  a  sickle,  bound  the  chaff  by  throwing  it  from  one  part  of 
in  sheaves,  threshed,  then  winnowed  by  ;  the  floor  to  the  other.  Feeding  down 
wind,  laid  in  chests,  bins  or  granaries,  |  grain,  when  too  luxuriant,  was  practised, 
and  taken  out  as  wanted  by  the  fainily,  Virgil  says,  '  What  commendation  shall 
to  be  pounded  in  mortars  or  (juern  mills  I  give  to  him,  who,  lest  his  corn  should 
into  meal. — The  ancient  Romans  vene-  lodge,  pastures  it,  while  young,  as  soon 
rated  the  plough,  and,  in  the  earliest  as  the  blade  equals  the  furrow  !'  (Gear., 
and  purest  times  of  the  republic,  the  :  lib.  i.,  1.  111.)  Watering  ,on  a  large 
greatest  praise  which  could  be  given  to  1  scale  was  applied  both  to  arable  and 
an  illustrious  character  was  to  say  that  '  grass  lands.  Virgil  advises  to  'bring 
he  was  an  industrious  and  judicious  hus-  down  the  waters  of  a  river  upon  the 
bandman.  M.  Cato,  the  censor,  who  sown  corn,  and,  when  the  field  is 
was  celebrated  as  a  statesman,  orator  parched  and  the  plants  drying,  convey 
and  general,  having  conquered  nations  it  from  the  Ynow  of  a  hill  in  channels.' 
and  governed  provinces,  derived  his  (Geor.,  lib.  i.,  I.  106.) — The  farm  man- 
highest  and  most  durable  honours  from  agemcnt  most  approved  of  by  the  sci- 
having  written  a  voluminous  work  on  entific  husbandmen  of  Rome  was,  in 
agriculture.  In  the  Georgics  of  Vir-  general,  such  as  would  nieet  the  appro- 
gil,  the  majesty  of  verse  and  the  har-  bation  of  modern  cultivators.  The  im- 
mony  of  numbers  add  dignity  and  grace  portance  of  thorough  tillage  isillustrated 
to  the  most  useful  of  all  topics.  The  by  the  following  apologue  :  A  vine- 
celebrated  Columella  flourished  in  the  dresser  had  two  daughters  and  a  vine- 
reign    of   the    Kn)peror  Claudius,    and    yard;  when    his   oldest   daughter   was 


he  wrote  twelve  books  on  husbandry, 
which  constituted  a  complete  treatise 
on  rural  affairs.  Varro,  Pliny  and  Pal- 
Jadius  were  likewise  among  the  distin- 
guished Romans  who  wrote  on  agricul- 


married,  he  gave  her  a  third  of  his  vine- 
yard for  a  portion,  notwithstanding 
which  he  had  the  same  quantity  of  fruit 
as  formerly.  When  his  youngest  daugh- 
ter was  married,  he  gave  her  half  of 


tural  subjects. — With  regard  to  the  Ro-  ,  wiiat  remained  ;  still  the  produce  of  his 
man  implements  of  agriculture,  we  ,  vineyard  was  undiminished.  This  re- 
Jearn  that  they  used  a  great  many,  but  :  suit  was  tlio  consequence  of  his  bestow- 
their  particular  forms  and  uses  are  very  ;  ingas  much  labour  on  the  third  part  left 
imperfectly  described.  From  what  we  after  his  daughters  had  received  their 
can  ascertain  respecting  them,  they  ap-  \  portions,  as  he  had  been  accustomed  to 
pear  more  worthy  of  the  notice  of  the  Igive  to  the  whole  vineyard. — The  Ro- 


AG  R 


24 


AGR 


mans,  unlike  many  conqnerors,  instead  ]  times.  The  various  operations  of  hns- 
of  desolating,  improved  the  countries  bandry,  such  as  manuring,  ploughing, 
which  they  subdued.  They  seldom  or  i  sowing,  harrowing,  reaping,  threshing, 
never  burned  or  laid  waste  conquered  !  winnowing,  &c.,  are  incidentally  men- 


countries,  but  laboured  to  civilize  the 
inhabitants,  and  introduce  the  arts  ne- 
cessary for  promoting  their  comfort  and 
happiness.  To  facilitate  communica- 
tions from  one  district  or  town  to  an- 
other, seems  to   have   been   a  primary 


tioned  by  the  writers  of  those  days,  but 
it  is  impossible  to  collect  from  thein  a 
definite  account  of  the  manner  in  which 
those  operations  were  performed. — 
The  first  English  treatise  on  husbandry 
was   published   in   the  reign  of  Henry 


object  with  them,  and  their  works  of  j  VIII.,  by  Sir  A.  Fitzherbert,  Judge  of 
this  kind  are  still  discernible  in  nume-  the  Common  Pleas.  It  is  entitled  the 
rous  places.     By  employing  their  troops  !  Book  of  Husbandry,  and  contains  direc- 


in  this  way,  when  not  engaged  in  active 
service,  their  commanders  seem  to  have 
had  greatly  the'  advantage  over  our 
modern  generals.  The  Roman  soldiers, 
instead  of  loitering  in  camps,  or  rioting 
in  towns,  enervating  their  strength,  and 
corrupting  their  morals,  were  kept  re- 
gularly at  work,  on  objects  highly  bene- 
ficial to  the  interests  of  those  whom  the_v 
subjugated. — In  the  ages  of  anarchy 
and  barbarism  which  succeeded  the  fall 
of  the  Roman  empire,  agriculture  was 
almost  wholly  abandoned.  Pasturage 
was  preferred  to  tillage,  because  of  the 
facility  with  which  sheep,  o.xen,  &c., 
fan  be  driven  away  or  concealed  on 
the  approach  of  an  enemy. — The  con- 
quest of  England  by  the  Normans  con- 
tributed to  the  improvement  of  agri- 
culture in  Great  Britain.  Owing  to  that 
event,  many  thousands  of  husbandmen, 
from  the  fertile  and  well-cultivated 
plains  of  Flanders  and  Normandy,  set- 
tled in  Great  Britain,  obtained  farms, 
and  employed  the  same  methods  in  cul- 
tivating them,  wliich  the^had  been  ac- 
customed  to  use  in  their  native  coun- 


tions  for  draining,  clearing  and  enclos- 
ing a  farm,  for  enriching  the  soil,  and 
rendering  it  fit  for  tillage.  Lime,  marl 
and  fallowing  are  strongly  recommend- 
ed. '  The  author  of  the  Book  of  Hus- 
bandry,' says  Mr.  Loudon,  '  writes 
from  his  own  experience  of  more  than 
forty  years,  and,  if  we  except  his  biblical 
allusions,  and  some  vestiges  of  the  su- 
perstition of  the  Roman  writers  about 
the  influence  of  the  moon,  there  is  very 
little  of  his  work  which  should  be  omit- 
ted, and  not  a  great  deal  that  need  be 
added,  in  so  far  as  respects  the  culture 
of  corn,  in  a  manual  of  husbandrv  adapt- 
ed to  the  present  time.' — Agriculture 
attained  some  eminence  during  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth.  The  principal  writ- 
ers of  that  period  were  Tusser,  Googe 
and  Sir  Hugh  Piatt.  Tusser's  Five 
Hundred  Points  of  Husbandry  was  pub- 
lished in  1562,  and  conveys  much  use- 
ful instruction  in  metre.  The  treatise 
of  Barnaby  Googe,  entitled  Whole  Art 
of  Husbandry,  was  printed  in  1558.  Sir 
Hugh  Piatt's  work  was  entitled  Jewel 
Houses   of  Art   and  Nature,   and    was 


tries.  Some  of  the  Norman  barons  printed  in  1594.  In  the  former  work, 
were  great  improvers  of  their  lands,  and  says  Loudon,  are  many  valuable  hints 
were  celebrated  in  history  for  their  skill  i  on  the  progress  of  husbandry  in  the  early 
in  agriculture.  The  Norman  clergy, :  part  of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  Among 
.ind  especially  the  monks,  did  still  more  i  other  curious  things,  he  asserts  that  the 
in  this  way  than  the  nobility.  The  '  Spanish  or  Merino  sheep  was  originally 
monks  of  every  monastery  retained  such  derived  from  England. — Several  writers 
of  their  lands  as  they  could  most  con-  |  on  agriculture  appeared  in  England  dur- 
veniently  take  charge  of,  and  these  they  ing  the  commonwealth,  whose  names, 
cultivated  with  great  care  under  their  i  with  notices  of  their  works,  may  be  seen 
own  inspection,  and  frequently  with  |  in  Loudon's  Encyclopidia  of  Agricul- 
their  own  hands.  The  famous  Thomas  ture.  From  the  Restoration  down  to 
a  Becket,  after  he  was  Archbishop  of [  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
Canterbury,  used  to  go  out  into  the  field  |  agriculture  remained  almost  stationary. 


^ith  the  monks  of  the  monastery  where 
he  happened  to  reside,  and  join  with 
them  in  reaping  their  corn  and  making 


Immediately  after  that  period ,  consider- 
able improvement  in  the  process  of  cul- 
ture was  introduced   by  Jethro  Tull,  a 


their  hay.  The  implements  of  agricul- !  gentleman  of  Berkshire,  who  began  to 
^ire,  at  this  period,  were  similar  to  1  drill  wheat  and  other  crops  about  the 
ihose  in   most  cornmon  use  in  modern  I  year    1701,   and    whose    Horse-hoeing 


AGR 


25 


AI  T 


Husbandry  was  published  in  1731. 
Though  this  writer's  theories  were  in 
some  respects  erroneous,  yet  even  his 
errors  were  of  service,  by  exciting  in- 
quiry, and  calling  the  attention  of  hus- 
bandmen to  ini[)ort3nt  objects.  His 
hostility  to  manures,  and  attempting,  in 
all  cases,  to  substitute  additional  tillage 
in  their  place,  were  prominent  defects  in 
his  system. — After  the  time  of  Tull's 
publication,  no  great  alteration  in  Bri- 
tish agriculture  took  place,  till  Robert 
Bakevvell  and  others  effected  some  im- 
portant improvements  in  the  breed  of 
cattle,  sheep  and  swine.  By  skilful 
selection  at  first,  and  constant  care 
afterwards  to  breed  from  the  best  ani- 
mals, Bakewell  at  last  obtained  a  va- 
riety of  sheep,  which,  for  early  maturity 
and  the  property  of  returning  a  great 
quantity  of  mutton  for  the  food  which 
they  consume,  as  well  as  for  the  small 
proportion  which  the  weight  of  the  offal 
bears  to  the  four  quarters,  were  with- 
out precedent.  Culiey,  Cline,  Lord 
Somcrville,  Sir  J.  S.  Sebright,  Darwin, 
Hunt,  Hunter,  Young,  &c.  &c.,  have  all 
contributed  to  the  improvement  of  do- 
mestic animals,  and  have  left  little  to 
be  desired  in  that  branch  of  rural  econo- 
my.— Among  other  works  on  agricul- 
ture, of  distinguished  merit,  may  be 
mentioned  the  Farmer's  Letters,  Tour 
in  France,  Annals  of  Agriculture,  &c. 
&c.,  by  the  celebrated  Arthur  Young  ; 
Marshall's  numerous  and  excellent 
works,  commencing  with  Minutes  of 
Agriculture,  published  in  1787,  and 
ending  with  his  Review  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Reports  in  1816;  Practical  Agri- 
culture, by  Dr.  R.  W.  Dickson,  &c.  &c. 
The  writings  of  Kaimes,  Anderson  and 
Sinclair  exhibit  a  union  of  philosopliical 
sagacity  and  patient  experiment,  which 
have  produced  results  of  great  import- 
ance to  the  British  nation  and  to  the 
world.  To  these  we  shall  only  add  the 
name  of  John  Loudon,  F.  L.  S.  H.  S., 
whose  elaborate  Encyclopaedia  of  Gar- 
dening and  Encyclopedia  of  Agricul- 
ture have  probably  never  been  sur- 
passed by  any  similar  works  in  any 
Janguage.  —  The  establishment  of  a 
national  Board  of  Agriculture  was  of 
very  great  service  to  13ritish  iiusbandry. 
Hartlib,  a  century  before,  and  Lord 
Kaimes,  in  his  Gentleman  Farmer,  had 
pointed  outthe  utility  of  such  an  institu- 
tion, but  it  was  left  to  Sir  John  Sinclair 
to  carry  their  ideas  into  execution.     To 


the  indefatigable  exertions  of  that  wor- 
thy and  eminent  man  the  British  public 
are  indebted  for  an  institution,  whose 
services  cannot  be  too  highly  appre- 
ciated. '  It  made  farmers,  residing  in 
different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  acquaint- 
ed with  one  another,  and  caused  a  rapid 
dissemination  of  knowledge  amongst 
the  whole  profession.  The  art  of  agri- 
culture was  brought  into  fashion,  old 
practices  were  amended,  new  ones  in- 
troduced, and  a  degree  of  exertion  call- 
ed forth  heretofore  unexampled  among 
agriculturists  im  this  island.'  " — Encyc. 
Am. 

AGRIMONIA.  Agrimony.  Nine 
species.  Hardy.  Division.  Commoa 
soil. 

AGROMYZA  viola.  Pansy  Fly. 
It  attacks  the  flower  by  puncturing  the 
petal,  and  extracting  the  juice;  the 
puncture  causes  the  colouring  matter  to 
fade.  This  very  minute  fly  is  shining 
black,  bristly,  eyes  green,  head  orange. 
It  appears  in  May  and  lives  throughout 
the  summer.  Where  it  deposits  its 
eggs  is  unknown. — Card.  Chron. 

AGROSTEMMA.  Four  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division.  Common 
soil. 

AILANTUS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  trees.  The  glandulosa  is  of 
rapid  growth,  and  thrives  admirably  on 
light  thin  soils,  where  many  forest  trees 
do  not  succeed — it  is  objectionable  by 
reason  of  suckering,  and  to  many  from 
the  unpleasant  odour  of  the  flowers. 
Cuttings.     Loamy  peat. 

AIR.     Atmospheric  air  is  uniformly 
and  universally  composed  of 
Oxygen'.     ...     21 
Nitrogen      ...     79 

Every  100  parts,  even  in  the  driest 
weather,  containing,  in  solution,  one 
part  of  Water;  and  every  1000  parts 
having  admixed  about  one  part  of  Car- 
bonic Acid.  The  average  proportions 
are 

Air 98.9 

Watery  Vapour       .       1.0 
Carbonic  Acid  Gas         0.1 

All  these  are  absolutely  necessary  to 
every  plant  to  enable  it  to  vegetate  with 
all  the  vigour  of  which  it  is  capable;  and 
on  its  due  state  of  moistness  depends,  in 
a  great  measure,  the  health  of  any  plant 
requiring  the  protection  of  glass.  See 
Leaves,  Roots,  Stove. 

AITONIA  capensis.  Green-house. 
Cuttings.     Rich  mould. 


A  J  U 


26 


ALS 


AJUGA.      Bugle.      Elevpn   species.  |  fixed  kinds,  one  was  called  potash  or 
Hardy.     Division  or  seed.    Sandy  ped.t  \vegelable,    because    procured   from  the 


Bli/^hia  snpida. 
Two  species.     Stove 
Cuttings.       Sandy 


or  ]o;im 

AKEK-TREE. 

ALANGIUM. 
evergreen     trees 
loam. 

ALBUCA.  Nineteen  species.  Green- 
house bulbs.  Oftsets.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

ALBURNUM.  The  soft  white  sub- j 
stance  which  in  trees  is  found  between 
the  liber  or  inner  bark  and  the  wood, 
and  in  progress  of  time  acquiring  solid- 
ity, becomes  itself  the  wood.  A  new 
layer  of  wood,  or  rather  of  alburnum  is 
added  annually  to  the  tree  in  every 
part,  just  under  the  bark. 

ALCHEMILLA.  Ladies'  Mantle. 
Eleven  species.  Chiefly  hardy.  Seeds 
or  division.     Common  soil. 

ALCOVE,  is  a  seat  in  a  recess, 
formed  of  stone,  brick,  or  other  dead 
material,  and  so  constructed  as  to  shel- 
ter the  party  seated  from  the  north  and 
other  colder  quarters,  whilst  it  is  open 
in  front  to  the  south. 

ALDER.     Alnus. 

ALETRIS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  plants.  Oiisets.  Peat  or 
leafsoil. 

ALEURITES.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loamy 
soil. 

ALEXANDRIAN  LAUREL.  Rus- 
CVS  Racemosus. 

ALHAGL  Manna.  Two  species. 
Green-house  plants.  Young  cuttings  or 
seed.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

"ALKALI,  in  cliemistry  ;  from  the 
Arabian  kali,  the  name  of  a  plant  from 
the  ashes  of  which  one  species  of  alkali 
can  be  extracted.  The  true  alkalies 
have  been  arranged  by  a  modern  che- 
mist in  three  classes: — 1,  those  which 
consist  of  a  metallic  basis,  combined 
with  oxygen  ;  these  are  three  in  num- 
ber— potash,  soda  and  lithia;  2,  that 
which  contains  no  oxygen,  viz.,  ammo- 
nia ;  3,  those  containing  oxygen,  hydro- 
gen and  carbon  ;  in  this  class  are  placed 
aconita,  atropia,  hrucia,  cicutn,  datura, 
delphia,  hyoscyamia,  morphia,  strych- 
nia. And  it  is  supposed  that  the  vege- 
table alkalies  may  be  found  to  be  as  nu- 
merous as  the  vegetable  acids.  The 
original  distribution  of  alkaline  sub- 
Btnnccs  was  into  volatile  and  fixed,  the 
volatile  alkali  being  known   under  the 


ashes  of'vegetables  gener:illy;  the  other, 
\soda  or  mineral,  on  account  of  its  hav- 
ing been  principally  obtained  from  the 
incineration  ofmarine  plants.'' — Encyc. 
Am.  The  sulphate  of  ammonia  has 
been  used  with  success  as  a  stimulant  to 
vegetable  growth — and  is  now  prepared 
and  sold  by  chemists  for  that  purpose. 

ALLAMANDA  cathartica.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich 
loamy  soil. 

ALLANTODIA.  Five  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous  plants.  Di- 
vision.    Loamy  peat. 

ALLEYS  are  of  two  kinds.  1.  The 
narrow  walks  which  divide  the  com- 
partments of  the  kitchen  garden  ;  and 
2.  Narrow  walks  in  shrubberies  and 
pleasure-grounds,  closely  bounded  and 
overshadowed  by  the  shrubs  and  trees. 

ALLIONIA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Sandy  peat  or  loam. 

ALLIUM.  Garlic  or  onion  tribe. 
126  species.  Hardy  bulbous  plants. 
Offsets  or  seed.     Common  soil. 

ALLSEED.    Poly  car pon. 

ALLSPICE.     Caiycanthus. 

ALLSPICE-TREE.    Pimenta. 

ALMOND.     Amygdalm. 

ALNUS.  Alder.  Nineteen  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Layers  or 
seeds.     Moist  soil. 

ALOE.  Forty-seven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Suckers. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ALOMIA  Ageratoides.  Half-hardy 
dwarf  evergreen  plant.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

ALONSO.-^.  Five  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs,  except  A.  cau- 
lialata,  which  is  half-hardy.  Cuttings 
or  seeds.     Rich  mould. 

ALOYSIA  citriodora.  Green-house 
deciduous  shrub.  Cuttings  or  seeds. 
Rich  mould. 

ALPINIA.  Twenty-five  species. 
Stove  herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Rich  sandy  soil. 

ALSINE.  Chickweed.  Six  speciee. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

ALSODEIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

ALSTONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Rich  light 
soil. 

ALSTRCEMERIA.  Twenty-five  spe- 


name  of  ammonia ;  while,  of  the  twolcies.     The  seeds  should  be  sown  ira- 


ALS 


27 


ALT 


mediately,   in  sandy   loam   and  rotten  j 
dung,  and   kept  in  a  green-house,    as  1 
tliey  will  not  require  lieat.     When  the  j 
plants  are  about  an  inch  high,  they  may  ' 
be  potted  singly  into    very  small  pots, 
and   kopt  in   a  growing  state  till   they 
have  formed  their  tubers;  if  suffered  to  i 
die  down  before  that  period,  they  will  i 
never  shoot  again,  which  is  the  cause  of 
many   persons   losing  them    after   they 
have  got  tliem  up  from  seeds.     A.  acu- 
lifoUa  is  hardy.     Tho  seeds  are   sown 
in  heat  in  February  or  March,  and  the 
young    plants    make    their    appearance 
in  about  six  weeks  afterwards.     When 
strong  enough,  they  are  potted  singly  in 
sixty-pots  and  shifted  progressively  into 
larger  sizes,  as  they  require  more  room  ; 
and  by  autumn  many  of  them  are  full 
four  feet   in    lieight.     These   should  be  j 
kept  cool,  and  rather  dry  during  winter,  i 
and   then  planted    out   against  a   wall, 
where  thev  are  finally  to  remain.     The  | 
soil   for  potting  them   in  is  light  sandy 
peat  and   loam:  and  when  planted  out 
they  should    be  also  placed   in  a  light 
sandy  soil,  two  feet  deep,  on  a  perfectly  | 
drv  bottom.  i 

ALTKRNANTHERA.    Twelve  spe-  [ 
cies.     Stove    herbaceous;     except    A. 
frutescens,  which  is  a  green-house  ever- 
green.    Cuttings.     Light  rich  soil. 

ALTFLEA.  Marsh  mallow.  Seven- 
teen species.  Hardy  plants.  Division 
or  seed.     Common  soil. 

ALTIXGIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  trees.  Cuttings  and 
seeds.     Deep  loamy  soil. 

ALTITUDE,  or  elevation  above  the 
sea,  has  a  great  influence  over  a  plant's 
vegetation.  The  greater  that  altitude 
the  greater  the  reduction  of  tempera- 
ture, so  much  so  that  every  GOO  feet  of 
altitu<lc  are  believed  to  reduce  the  an- 
nual temperature  as  much  as  receding 
a  degree  trom  the  equator,  either  to  the 
north  or  to  the  south.  But  this  rule  is 
far  from  universally  applicable,  for  the 
limit  of  perpetual  snow  at  the  equator 
is  at  the  height  of  15,000  feet,  whereas 
in  the  3-5ih  degree  of  north  latitude,  the 
limit  is  at  1 1 ,000  feet,  being  an  average 
of  about  120  feet  of  altitude  for  every 
degree  of  recession  from  the  e(]uator. 
In  the  4.5lli  degree,  the  limit  is  8,400 
feet,  being  an  average  of  146  feet  for 
every  dpsiree  ;  in  the  50th  degree,  6,000 
feet,  or  ISO  feet  for  each  degree  ;  in  the 
60th,  3,000  feet,  or  200  feet  for  a  de- 
gree ;  and  in  the  70ih,  from   1,200  to 


2,000  feet,  or  abont  the  same  for  each 
degree  as  to  the  60th  degree  of  latitude. 
Now  I  know  of  no  reason  why  the  tem- 
perature of  elevations  below  the  snow 
line  should  not  follow  the  saine  gra- 
dations ;  and  if  this  be  so,  these  may 
be  taken  as  a  rule.  All  plants  growing 
above  7,000  feet  under  the  equator, 
ought  to  grow  in  the  open  air,  in  tho 
latitude  of  London.  In  general,  the 
same  vegetation  is  produced  at  the  same 
distance  tVoni  the  snowline  in  the  same 
latitudes;  though,  when  a  place  is  very 
near  to  the  pole,  a  better  vegetation  is 
produced  in  a  short  period  of  summer 
th:in  in  places  near  the  snow  line  under 
the  equator,  the  plants  in  the  former 
being  there  exposed  to  uninterrupted 
sunlight. 

"  At  the  foot  of  Mount  Ararat,  Tour- 
nefoot  met  with  plants  peculiar  to  Ar- 
menia; above  these  he  met  with  plants 
which  are  found  also  in  France  ;  at  a 
still  greater  height  he  found  himself 
surrounded  with  such  as  grow  in  Swe- 
den, and  at  the  summit,  with  such  aa 
vegetate  in  the  polar  regions.  Baron 
Humboldt,  in  his  Personal  Narrative, 
gives  us  a  similar  account  of  the  several 
zones  of  vegetation  existing  in  a  height 
of  3,730  yards  on  the  ascent  of  Mount 
Teneriffe.  The  first  zone  is  the  region 
of  vines,  extending  from  the  shores  of 
tlic  ocean  to  a  height  of  from  400  to 
600  yards,  well  cultivated,  and  produc- 
ing date  trees,  plantains,  olives,  vines, 
and  wheat.  The  second  zone  is  tho 
region  of  laurels,  extending  from  about 
600  to  1,800  yards,  producing  many 
plants  with  showy  flowers,  and  moss 
!  and  grass  beneath.  The  third  zone  is 
'  the  region  of  pines,  commencing  at 
1,920  yards,  and  having  a  breadth  of 
850  yards.  The  fourth  zone  is  the  re- 
gion of  Retami,  or  broom,  growing  to 
a  height  of  nine  or  ten  feet,  and  fed  on 
by  wild  goats.  The  last  zone  is  the  re- 
cion  of  grasses,  scantily  covering  the 
heaps  of  lava,  with  cryptogamic  plants 
intermixed,  and  the  summit  ofthe  moun- 
tain bare." — Farmer's  Encyclop. 

"  Of  perfect  plants,  the  Daphne  Cne- 
orum  seems  in  Europe  to  hold  the  most 
elevated  station,  since,  on  Mont  Blanc, 
it  stands  at  10,680  feet,  and  on  Mont 
Perdu  at  9,036  feet  high.  The  growth 
of  woody  plants  ceases  on  the  Alps  of 
central  Europe  at  the  height  of  5,000 
feet ;  and  on  the  Riesengchirge  at  3,800. 
Oats    grow   on   the    southern  Alps   at 


AL  Y 


28 


AM  B 


3,300,  and  on  tlie  northern,  scarcely  at 
1,800  feet.  The  fir  grows  on  Siilitel- 
ina,  in  Lapland  (68  degrees  north  lati- 
tude), scarcely  at  the  height  of  1,200 
feet.  On  the  other  hand,  upon  the  Alps 
■which    divide    Italy  from    France    and 


mental  plunged  at  the  side  of  a  warm 
sandy  pond,  forming  a  good  contrast 
with  Crinum,  capenae,  Nymphcea  alba, 
&c.  About  October  they  are  removed 
into  winter  quarters,  increase  pretty 
fast  by  offsets,  taken  off  and  fresh  potted 


Switzerland,  oaks  and  birches  grow  at ,  in  April,  and  treated  as  the  parent  bulbs, 
3,600;  firs  at  4,800;  and  the  same  i  which  should  at  that  time  have  their 
plants  grow  on  the  Pyrenees  above  the  ,  decayed  outer  skin  removed." — Gard. 


height  of  600  feet.  In  Mexico,  the 
mountain  chains,  and  in  particular  the 
Nevado  of  Toluca,  are  covered,  above 
12,000  feet  high,  with  the  occidental 
pine  (Pinus  occidentalis),  and  above 
9,000  feet,  with  the  Mexican  oak  (Quer- 


Chron. 

AMBURY  is  a  disease  peculiar  to  the 
Brassica  tribe,  and  is  known  by  the 
various  names  of  H anbury.  Anbury,  and 
Club  Root.  Fingers  arid  Toes,  a  name 
applied  to  it  in  some   parts,  alludes  to 


cus  Mexicana  spicata),  as  also  with  the  the  swollen  state  of  the  small  roots  of 
alder,  of  Joruilo    (Alnus    Jorullensis).  I  the  affected  plants. 

On  the  Andes,  palms  grow  at  the  height !  Cabbage  plants  are  frequently  in- 
of  3,000  feet.  The  woody  ferns  (Cya- j  fected  with  ambury  in  the  seed-bed, 
thea  speciosa,  Meniscium  arborescens,  j  and  this  incipient  infection  appears  in 
Aspidium  rostratuml  are  found  as  high  the  form  of  a  gall  or  wart  upon  the 
as  6,600  feet;  as  are  also  the  pepper  j  stem  immediately  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
species,  MelastomesB,  Cinchona;,  Dor-  1  roots.  If  this  wart  is  opened,  it  will 
steniae  ;  and  some  Scitaminese  rise  to  i  be  found  to  contain  a  small  white  mag- 
the  same  elevation.  At  the  height  of|got,  the  larva  of  a  little  insect  called 
14,760  feet,  we  still  find  the  wax  palms,  \  the  weevil.  If,  the  gall  and  its  tenant 
some  CinchoncB,  Winterae,  Escalloma?,  ;  being  removed,  the  plant  is  placed 
Espelettii,  Culcitia,  Joannea;,  Vallea  j  again  in  the  earth,  where  it  is  to  re- 
stipularis,  Bolax  aretioides,  and  some  ]  main,  unless  it  is  again  attacked,  the 
others."  —  De  Candolle's  Philos.  o/i  vvound  usually  heals,  and  the  growth  is 
Plants.  ;  little  retarded.     On    the  other  hand,  if 

ALYSICARPUS.  Two  species.  Stove  j  the  gall  is  left  undisturbed,  the  maggot 


herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds,  and  root 
division.     Rich  light  soil. 

ALYSSUM.  Twenty-one  species. 
All  hardy  plants.  Seeds,  cuttings,  and 
division.     Common  soil. 

ALYXIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

A  L  Z  A  T  E  A  verticillata.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Root  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

AMARANTHUS.  Eighteen  species. 
Hardy  annuals.  Seed.  Rich  garden 
soil. 

AMARYLLIS.  Seventy-six  species, 
and  many  varieties.  A.  aulica  and  bel- 
ladonna are  hardy  ;  the  others,  a  few 
green-house,  but  mostly  hot-house  bulbs. 

A  (Vallota)  purpurea.  "  Pot  in  good- 
sized  pots,  in  a  mixture  of  loam,  sandy 
peat,  and  leafmould,  being  merely 
kept  in  a  green-house,  with  but  little 
water  through  the  winter,  and  about 
May  set  in  the  open  air  in  pans  of  water, 
under  a  south  wall,  where  about  June 
or  July  they  throw  up  their  splendid 
scarlet  flowers,  which  last  fully  a  week 
or  more.    They  would  be  very  orna- 


continues  to  feed  upon  the  alburnum, 
or  young  woody  part  of  the  stem,  until 
the  period  arrives  for  its  passing  into  the 
other  insect  form,  previously  to  which  it 
gnaws  its  way  out  through  the  exterior 
bark.  The  disease  is  now  almost  be- 
yond the  power  of  remedies.  The  gall, 
increased  in  size,  encircles  the  whole 
stem;  the  alburnum  being  so  exten- 
sively destroyed,  prevents  the  sap  as- 
cending, consequently,  in  dry  weather, 
sufficient  moisture  is  not  supplied  from 
the  roots  to  counterbalance  the  transpi- 
ration of  the  leaves,  and  the  diseased 
plant  is  very  discernible  among  its 
healthy  companions  by  its  pallid  hue 
and  flagging  foliage.  The  disease  now 
makes  rapid  progress,  the  swelling  con- 
tinues to  increase,  for  the  vessels  of 
the  alburnum  and  the  bark  continue  to 
afford  their  juices  faster  than  they  can 
be  conveyed  away  ;  moisture  and  air 
are  admitted  to  the  interior  of  the  ex- 
crescence, through  the  perforation  made 
by  the  maggot ;  the  wounded  vessels 
ulcerate,  putrefaction  supervenes,  and 
death  concludes  the  stinted  existence 
of  the  miserable  plant.     The  tumour 


AMB 


29 


AMB 


usually  attains  the  size  of  a  large  hen's  I 
egg,  has  a  rugged,  ichorous,  and  even 
mouldy  surface,  smelling  strong  and  of- 
fensively. The  fibrous  roots,  besides 
being  generally  thickened,  are  distorted 
and  monstrous  from  swellings,  which 
appear  throughout  their  length,  appa- 
rently arising  from  an  elTort  of  nature  to 


Another  general  result  of  experience 
is,  that  the  ambury  is  most  frequently 
observed  in  dry  seasons.  This  is  also 
what  might  be  anticipated,  for  insects 
that  inhabit  the  earth  just  beneath 
its  surfice,  are  always  restricted  and 
checked  in  their  movements  by  its 
abounding  in  moisture.     Moreover,  the 


form  receptacles  for  the  sap,  deprived  ;  plants  actually  affected  by  the  ambury, 
as  it  is  of  its  natural  spissation  in  the  '  are  more  able  to  contend  against  the  in- 
leaves.  These  swellings  do  not  seem  jury  inflicted  by  the  larva  of  tlie  weevil, 
to   arise  immediatp|y  I'rom  the  attacks    by  the  same  copious  supply. 


of  the  weevil,  for  I  have  never  observ-  | 
ed  them  containing  its  larva. 


In  wet  seasons,  I  have,  in  a  very  few 
instances,  known    an   infected  cabbage 


Mr.  Marshall  very  correctly  describes  j  plant  produce  fresh  healthy  roots  above 


the  form  which  this  disease  assumes 
^^hen  it  attacks  the  turnip.  It  is  a  large 
excrescence  appearing  below  the  bulb, 
growing  to  the  size  of  both  hands,  and, 
as  soon  as  the  hard  weather  sets  in,  or 
it  is,  by  its  own  nature,  brought  to  ma- 
turity, becoming  putrid  and  smelling 
very  offensively. 

These  distortions  manifest  themselves 
very  early  in  the  turnip's  growth,  even 
before  the  rough  leaf  is  much  developed. 
Observation  seems  to  have  ascertained. 


the  swelling  of  the  ambury.  Mr.  Smith, 
gardener  to  M.  Bell,  Esq.,  of  Woolsing- 
ton,  in  Northumberland,  expresses  his 
conviction,  after  several  years'  expe- 
rience, that  charcoal-dust  spread  about 
half  an  inch  deep  upon  the  surface, 
and  just  mixed  with  it  by  the  point  of  a 
spade,  effectually  prevents  the  occur- 
rence of  this  disease.  That  this  would 
be  the  case  we  might  have  surmised 
from  analogy,  for  charcoal-dust  is  offen- 
sive to  many  insects,  and  is  one  of  the 


that  if  the  bulbs  have  attained  the  size  of  j  most  powerful  preventives  of  piitrefac- 
a  walnut  unaffected,  they  do  not  subse-  tion  known.  Soot,  I  have  reason  to 
quently  become  diseased.  The  maggot  :  believe,  from  a  slight  experience,  is 
found  in  the  turnip  ambury  is  the  larva  I  as  effectual  as  charcoal-dust.  Judging 
ofa  weevil  called  Curculiopleurostigma.  j  from  theoretical  reasons,  we  might  con- 
"  I  have  bred  this  species  of  weevil," 
says  Mr.  Kirhy,  "  from  the  knob-like 
palls  on  turnips  called  the  ambury,  and 
I  have  little  doubt  that  the  same  in- 
sects, or  a  species  allied  to  them,  cause 
the  clubbing  of  the  roots  of  cabbages." 
Marsham  describes  the  parent  as  a 
coleopterous  insect  of  a   dusky   black 


elude  that  it  would  be  more  specifical ; 
for,  in  addition  to  its  being,  like  char- 
coal, finely  divided  carbon,  it  contains 
sulphur,  to  which  insects  also  have  an 
antipathy. 

I  have  a  strong  opinion  that  a  slight 
dressing  of  the  surface  soil  with  a  little 
of  the  dry  hydro-sulphuret  of  lime,  that 


colour,   with   the   breast   spotted    with  '  may  now   be  obtained  so  readily  from 
white,  and  the  length  of  the  body  one    the  gas-works,  would   prevent  the  oc- 


line  and  two-thirds.  The  general  ex 
perience  of  all  the  farmers  and  garden- 
ers with  whom  I  have  conversed  upon 
the  subject,  testifies  that  the  ambury 
of  the  turnip  and  cabbage  usually  at- 
tacks these  crops  when  grown  for  suc- 
cessive years  on  the  same  soil.  This 
19  precisely  what  might  be  expected, 
for  where  the  parent  insect  always  de- 
posits her  eggs,  some  of  these  embryo 
ravagers  are  to  be  expected.  That  they 
never  attack  the  plants  upon  a  fresh 
site  is  not  asserted  ;  Mr.  Marshall's 
etatement  is  evidence  to  the  contrary  ; 
but  it  is  advanced  that  the  obnoxious 
weevil  is  most  frequently  to  be  observed 
in  soils  where  the  turnip  or  cabbage  has 
recently  and  repeatedly  been  cultivated. 


currence  of  the  disease  by  driving  the 
weevils  from  the  soil.  It  would  proba- 
bly as  effectually  banish  the  turnip  fly  or 
flea,  if  sprinkled  over  the  surface  im- 
mediately after  the  seed  is  sown,  I 
entertain  this  opinion  of  its  efficacy  io 
preventing  the  occurrence  of  the  am- 
bury, from  an  instance  when  it  was  ap- 
plied to  some  brocoli,ignorantly  endea- 
voured to  be  produced  in  successive 
crops  on  the  same  plot.  These  had  in- 
variably failed  from  the  occurrence  of 
the  amburv,  but  the  brocoli  was  now 
uninfected.  The  only  cause  for  this 
escape  that  I  could  trace  was,  that,  just 
previously  to  planting,  a  little  of  the 
hydro-sulphuret  of  lime  had  been  dug 
in.    This  is  a  very  fetid  powerful  com- 


AMB 


30 


AM  E 


pound.  Where  dry  lime  purifiers  are 
employed  at  gas  works,  it  may  be  ob- 
tained in  the  state  of  a  dry  powder,  but 
wlierc  a  liquid  mixture  of  lime  and  wa- 
ter is  employed,  the  bydro-sulphuret 
can  only  be  had  in  the  form  of  a  thick 
cream.  Of  the  dry  hydro-sulphuret  I 
would  recommend  eight  bushels  per 
acre  to  be  spread  regularly  by  hand  up- 
on the  surface  after  the  turnip  seed  is 
sown,  and  before  harrowing.  If  the 
)i(liiid  is  employed,  I  would  recommend 
thirty  gallons  of  it  to  be  mixed  with  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  earth  or  ashes,  to 
enable  it  to  be  spread  over  an  acre  in 
a  similar  manner.  For  cabbages,  twelve 
bushels,  or  forty-five  gallons  per  acre, 
would  not  probably  be  too  much,  spread 
upon  the  surface  and  turned  in  with  the 
spade  or  last  ploughing.  To  effect  the 
banishment  of  the  turnip-flea  I  should 
like  a  trial  to  be  made  of  six  or  eight 
bushels  of  the  dry,  or  from  twenty-two 
to  twenty-eight  gallons  of  the  liquid, 
liydro-sulphuret  being  spread  over  the 
Burlace  immediately  after  the  sowing, 
harrowing,  and  rolling  are  finished. 
Although  I  specify  these  quantities  as 
those  I  calculate  most  correct,  yet  in 
all  experiments  it  is  best  to  try  various 
proportions.  Three  or  four  bushels 
may  be  found  sufficient,  perhaps  twelve, 
or  even  twenty,  may  not  be  too  much. 
In  cabbages  the  ambury  may  usually  be 
avoided  by  frequent  transplanlings,  for 
this  enables  the  workman  to  remove 
the  excrescences  upon  tlieir  first  appear- 
ance, and  renders  the  plants  altogether 
more  robust  and  ligneous  ;  the  plant  in 
its  tender  sappy  stage  of  growth  being 
most  open  to  the  insect's  attacks.  The 
warts  or  galls  that  so  frequently  may  be 
noticed  on  the  bulbs  of  turnips,  must 
not  be  mistaken  for  the  ambury  in  a 
mitigated   form.     If  these  are  opened 


small  gardens,  wliere  the  same  crop  is 
too  IVequently  repeated  :  also  in  market 
gardens.  In  the  latter  case  it  may  be 
attributable  to  the  putrid  manure  used 
to  produce  excessive  luxuriance.  Lime, 
change  of  manure,  rotation  of  crops,  but 
above  all  deep  tillage,  bringing  the 
subsoil  to  the  surface,  are  the  remedies 
adopted. 

AMELANCHIER.  Four  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Layers. 
Common  uiMi:f  soil. 

AMELLUrt.  Three  species.  A. 
Lyrhnitis,  green-li,ouse  evergreen  ; 
others  hardy  and  deciduous.  Cuttings. 
Loam. 

AMERICAN  ALOE.  Agave  Ameri- 
cana. 

AMERICAN  COWSLIP.  Dodcca- 
theon. 

AMERICAN  BLIGHT,  {Aphis  la- 
nigera — Eriosoma  lanigera.)  The  cot- 
tony matter  in  tlie  cracks  and  excres- 
cences of  apple  tree  branches  in  the 
spring  envelops  an  insect  known  by 
the  above  names,  and  which,  when 
crushed,  exudes  a  reddish  fluid.  These 
insects  are  injurious  by  piercing  the  sap 
vessels  with  their  probosces,  sucking 
the  juice  of  the  tree,  and  causing 
wounds  which  ulcerate  and  finally  de- 
stroy the  branch  attacked  by  corroding 
through  all  the  sap  vessels.  The  cot- 
tony matter  is  abundant,  and,  wafted  to 
other  trees,  probably  conveys  to  them 
infection,  by  bearing  with  it  the  eggs 
or  embryo  insect.  But  this  is  not  the 
exclusive  mode  of  difl'using  the  disease, 
for  although  the  females  are  usually 
wingless,  yet,  like  many  other  insects, 
some  are  probably  produced  with  winga 
at  the  season  propitious  to  coloniza- 
tion. The  males  are  uniformly  winged. 
In  the  winter  these  insects  retire  under 


they  will  usually  be  found  to  contain  a  \  ground,  and  prey  upon  the  roots  of  the 
yellowish  maggot,  the  larva  probably  i  apple  tree.  A  tree  thus  ravaged  at  all 
of  some  species  of  cynips.  This  insect  >  seasons  will  soon  be  killed,  if  prompt 
deposits  its  eggs  in  the  turnip  when  of!  and  vigorous  remedies  are  not  adopted, 
larger  growth  than  that  at  which  it  is  ]  The  affected  roots  may  be  bared  and 
attacked  by  the  weevil,  and  the  vegeta-  I  left  exposed  for  a  few  days  to  the  cold, 
ble  consequently  suffers  less  from  the  '  and  the  earth,  before  being  returned, 
injury  ;  but  from  some  slight  observa-  I  be  saturated  with  amnioniacal  liquor 
tions,  I  am  inclined  to  conclude,  that  from  the  gas  works.  In  early  March 
the  turnips  thus  infested  suffer  most  I  the  branches  should  be  scraped,  and 
from  the  frosts  of  winter,  and  are  the  scrubbed  with  the  same  ammoniacal 
earliest  in  decay. — Johnson''s  Principles  j  liquid,  or  a  strong  brine  of  common  salt; 


of  Gardening. 

The  Ambury  occasionally  exhibits  it- 


but  whatever  liquid   is   employed,  the 
scraping  and  hard  bristles  of  the  brush 


self  around  Philadelphia,  principally  in  ;  should   penetrate    every   crack    in  the 


AME 


31 


AM  II 


bark.     This    treatment,    repeated    and  I  vent  them  being  injured  by  its  pressure, 


persevered  in  so  long  as  the  least  ap- 
pearance of  the  insect  is  observed, 
never  Hiiis  of  a  cure.  Linseed  or  rape 
oil  or  spirit  of  tar  applied  to  the  infected 
part,  and  repeated  a  second  or  third 
time  with  a  brush,  are  also  effective 
remedies.  They  suifocate  the  insects. 
Strong  pyroligneous  acid  applied  in  tiie 
same  mode  is  also  said  to  destroy  this 
as  well  as  the  scale  insect.  The  codlin 
and  June  eating,  a  re  particularly  liable  to 
be  infected  ;  but  I  never  observed  it  upon 
any  of  the  russet  apples:  and  theCroI'lon 
pippin  is  also  said  to  be  exempted. 

AMHRICAN  CRANBKRRY,  (Oxy- 
cornts  macrocarpa.) 

Suil. — A  light  soil,  well  incorporated 
with  peat,  and  occasionally  manured 
with  rotten  leaves. 

Situation. — It  requires  a  constant 
supply  of  water,  and  on  a  south  bank 
where  this  supply  can  be  obtained,  it 
may  be  planted  in  rows  four  feet  apart 
each  way,  and  the  water  made  to  circ\i- 
late  in  a  small  ditch  between  the  rows. 
But  the  edge  of  a  pond  will  suit  it  al- 
most as  well. 

After-culture. — The  shrubs  require 
no  iitlier  attention  than  to  be  kept  hee 
from  weeds. 

Produce. — This  is  so  abundant  that  a 
bed  six  yards  long  is  sufficient  for  the 
largest  tiimilv. 

AMERICAN  CRESS,  (Barharea  pre- 
cox.) 

Soil  and  Situation. — For  the  win- 
ter standing  crops,  a  light,  dry  soil,  in 
an  open  but  warm  situation,  should  be 
allotted  to  it;  and  for  the  summer,  a 
rather  moister  and  shady  border  is  to 
be  preferred.  In  neither  instance  is  it 
required  to  be  rich 


some  twigs  may  be  bent  over  the  bed, 
or  some  light  bushy  branches  laid  among 
them,  which  will  support  it.  The  only 
cultivation  they  require  is  to  be  kept 
clear  of  weeds. 

In  gathering,  the  outside  leaves  only 
should  be  stripped  off,  whicli  enables 
successive  crops  to  become  rapidly  fit 
for  use. 

Wlien  the  plants  begin  to  run,  their 
centres  must  be  cut  away,  which  causes 
them  to  shoot  afresh. 

To  obtain  Seed. — For  the  production 
of  seed,  a  few  of  the  strongest  plants, 
raised  from  the  first  spring  sowing,  are 
left  ungathered  from.  They  flower  in 
June  or  July,  and  perfect  their  seed  be- 
tbre  the  commencement  of  autumn. 

AMERICAN  PLANTS.  In  England 
and  the  European  continental  gardens, 
apartments  are  allotted  to  collections 
ofour  native  plants,  and  usually  denomi- 
nated the  American  department.  It  is 
somewhat  amusing  to  read  the  direc- 
tions laid  down  as  to  its  soil,  situation, 
&c.,  as  if  our  country,  whicli  presents 
the  greatest  diversity  of  soil,  climate 
and  altitude,  with  corresponditig  vege- 
table productions,  some  delighting  in 
the  swani[),  others  in  the  mountain, 
some  sustaining  the  frosts  of  iiigli  north- 
ern latitudes,  others  luxuriating  in  the 
sunny  south,  eaCh  choosing  tor  itself 
its  own  peculiar  soil — were  as  hounded 
and  contracted  as  the  British  Isle.  We 
annex  a  specimen.  "  American  Plants. 
These  comprise  many  very  d liferent 
species,  which,  resemlding  each  other 
in  requiring  a  peaty  soil  and  abundance 
of  water,  are  usually  cultivated  in  a 
separate  department,  where  the  garden 
establishment  is  extensive;  anil,  wher- 


Time  and  mode  of  sowing. — It  is  pro- i  ever  grown,    should    have   a  compart- 


pagated  by  seed,  which  must  be  sown 
every  six  weeks  from  March  to  August 
for  summer  and  autumn,  but  only  one 
sowing  is  necessary  either  at  the  end  of 
August  or  beginning  of  September,  for 
a  su[)ply  during  winter  and  spring.  It 
may  be  sown  broadcast,  but  the  most 
})refcrable  mode  is  in  drills  nine  inches 
apart.  Water  may  be  given  occasion- 
ally during  dry  weather,  both  before 
and  alter  the  appearance  of  the  plants. 
If  raised  from  broadcast  sowings,  the 
plants  arc  thinned  to  six  inches  apart: 
if  in  drills,  only  to  three.  In  winter 
they  require  the  shelter  of  a  little  lit- 
ter, or  other  light  covering  ;  and  to  pre- 


rnent  to  themselves,  u  very  acutely 
sloping  bank,  facing  the  north  or  east; 
and  someofihein,as  the  Riiododendron, 
Andromeda,  and  Azalea,  do  not  oliject 
to  being  overshadowed  by  trees.  The 
soil,  as  already  stated,  must  be  peat; 
and  the  best  annual  dressings  that  can 
be  applied  are  such  matters  as  decayed 
leaves,  and  the  bottom  of  old  wood 
stacks;  or  any  other  mixture  of  de- 
cayed woody  fibre." 

AMERIMNLM.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.     Cuttings.     Loam. 

AMETHYSTIA  cccrulea.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Peat. 

AMHERSTIA  nobilis.     Stove  ever- 


AMH 


32 


A  NE 


green.  A  most  lovely  tree.  Cuttings. 
Rich  clayey  io;itn. 

AMICIA  zigomeris.  Stove  ever- 
green climber.     Cuttings.     Loam. 

AMIROLA  nitida.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

AMMOBIUM.  Two  species.  Half- 
hardy  herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
sand. 

AMMOCHARIS.     Brunsvigia. 

AMMYRSINE.  Two  species.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.  Layers.  Sand  and 
peat. 

AMOMUM.  Thirteen  species.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Light 
rich  soil. 

AMORPHA.  Eleven  species.  Chiefly 
hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Layers  and 
cuttings.     Common  light  soil. 

AMPELOPSIS.  Four  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  climbers,  except  A.  bipin- 
nata,  which  is  a  shrub.  Layers  or  cut- 
tings.    Common  soil. 

AMPELYGONUM  chinense.  Green- 
house herbaceous.  Seed.  Sand,loani; 
and  peat. 

AMPHEREPHIS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

AMPHICARPA.  Two  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  twiners.  Seed  or  cut- 
lin£8.     Loam,  peat  and  sand. 

AMPHICOME  arguta.  Half-hardy 
evergreen.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Loam, 
eand,  and  peat.     Suited  for  rock-work. 

AMPHILOBIUM  paniculatum.  Stove 
evergreen  climber.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

AMSONIA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Cuttings  or  division. 
Common  soil. 

AMYGDALUS.  Almond.  Six  spe- 
cies, and  many  varieties.  Seed  and 
grafts.  Rich  loam.  For  culture,  see 
Peach. 

AMYRIS.  Ten  species.  Stove  ever- 
green trees.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

ANACAMPSEROS.  Ten  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Suck- 
ers.    Comm'in  light  soil. 

ANACARDIUM.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Light 
loam. 

ANACYCLUS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

ANADENl  A  pulrhella.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ANAGALLIS.  Pimpernel.  Ten 
Bpecies.  Some  are  hardy  annuals — 
seed  ;    others  green-house    biennials  ; 


these  and  the  perennial  species  are 
propagated  by  cuttings.  Common  light 
soil  suits  all. 

ANAGYRIS.  Three  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  or 
seed.     Rich  light  soil. 

ANANASSA.  Pine  Apple.  Four 
species  and  many  varieties.  See  Pine- 
Apple. 

ANANTHERIX  viridu.  Hardy  pe- 
rennial. Seed  or  division.  Light  rich 
soil. 

ANARRHINUM.  Three  species. 
Hardy  biennials.    Seed.    Common  soil. 

AN  ASTATIC  A  hierochuntina.  Rose 
of  Jericho.  Half-hardy  annual.  Seed. 
Common  soil. 

ANCHIETEApj/r?7o/ia.  Stove  ever- 
green climber.     Peat  and  loam. 

ANCHOVY-PEAR.  Grias  cauliflora. 

ANCHUSA.  Twenty-seven  species. 
All  hardy  but  A.  capensis.  This  re- 
quires to  be  raised  in  a  frame  ;  the 
others  may  be  sown  in  open  borders. 

ANDERSONIA  sprengeloides.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat. 

ANDIRA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

ANDROCYMBIUM.  Three  species. 
Green-house  bulbs.  Offsets.  Peat  and 
sandy  loam. 

ANDROMEDA.  Twenty-nine  spe- 
cies and  many  varieties  Mostly  hardy 
evergreens.  A.  buxifoUa,  fasriculata, 
jamaicensis,  and  ruhiginosa  are  stove 
evergreens.  A.  Iiypnoides,  japonica, 
ovalifoUa,  sinensis,  and  tetragona  are 
half-hardy.  The  United  States  has 
contributed  the  larger  portion  of  this 
interesting  genus.     Seed.    Peat. 

ANDROSACE.  Eighteen  species. 
Mostly  hardy.  Seed  or  division.  Peat 
and  turfy  loam. 

ANDRYALA.  Nine  species.  Some 
hardy,  others  green-house  plants.  Seed 
and  division.     Common  soil. 

ANKILEMA.  Eleven  species.  Stove 
and  green-house.  Division  or  seed. 
Peal  and  sandy  loam. 

ANEMIA.  Eleven  species.  Stove 
ferns.     Division  and  seed.     Light  loam. 

ANEMONE.  Wind-flower.  Forty- 
seven  species ;  numerous  varieties. 
Some  hardy  herbaceous,  others  hardy 
tuberous;  A.vitifoliais  half-hardy,  and 
A.  cnpens)s  green-house.  A.  thalic- 
tr aides  florc plena  xs  a  very  beautiful  and 
chaste  flower,  an  artificial  product  from 


ANE 


33 


ANE 


a  well  known  American  species.  Divi-j  annually  at  tlie  decay  of  the  leaf,  and 
sion,  offsets,  or  seeds.  Light  loam.  I  the  root  may  be  divided  or  broken  into 
The  anemone,  the  florist's  flower  of  as  many  pieces  or  knobs  as  are  furnished 
our  gardens,  is  the  oftspring  of  the  A.  with  an  eye  or  hud,  observing,  how- 
f oro«<ir/a  (poppy  anemone),  and  j4. /lor-  ever,  that  if  they  are  divided  very 
tensis  (star-leaved  anemone).  Sprung  small,  they  flower  very  weak  the  first 
from  these  there  are  now  about  eighty  year  ;  therefore,  if  you  would  have 
varieties  in  our  catalogues.     A  variety    strong  flowers  from  the  main  root,  only 


lasts  about  twelve  years.     The  follow- 
ing is  a  good  selection. 


Agnita. 

Belle  Hortense. 

IJellona. 

Couicur  de  Sang. 

Court  de  France. 


iRegina  Rubrorum. 
Reine  Caudale. 

des  Fleurs. 

of  Anemones. 

Remarkable. 


Cramoisie  Superbe.  Rosalia. 


Grand  Duke. 
High  Admirable. 
Imperatrice. 
Incomparable      A- 

zure. 
Olympia. 
Regina  Augusta. 


Rose  Agreeable. 

Jolie. 

Mernette. 

Parfaite. 

Snrpassante. 

Superbe  Royale. 
Triumphante. 


Characteristics  of  a  good  anemone. — 
The  stem  should  be  strong,  elastic,  and 
erect,  not  less  than  nine  inches  high. 
The  blossom  or  corolla  should  be  at 
least  two  inches  and  a  half  in  diameter, 
consisting  of  an  exterior  row  of  large 
substantial  well-rounded  petals  or 
guard-leaves,  at  first  horizontally  ex- 
tended, and  then  turning  a  little  up- 
wards, so  as  to  form  a  broad  shallow 
cup,  the  interior  part  of  which  should 
contain  a  great  number  of  long  small 
petals  imbricating  each  other,  and 
rather  reverting  from  the  centre  of  the 
blossom  :   there  are  a  great  number  of 


break  off  those  small  ones  that  are 
slightly  affixed  thereto,  but  they  should 
not  be  thus  divided  until  autumn,  or 
near  the  time  for  planting  them  again. 

The  time  for  taking  up  tlie  roots  is  in 
May  and  June,  wiien  the  leaf  and  stalk 
are  withered,  for  then  the  roots  cease 
to  grow  for  a  month  or  six  weeks;  but 
if  they  are  permitted  to  stand  to  put 
forth  fresh  fibres  again,  they  should  not 
be  removed  that  season. 

They  should  be  taken  up  in  dry 
weather,  and  spread  in  an  airy  place 
out  of  the  sun  for  about  a  week,  then 
cleared  from  earth  and  put  up  in  bags 
or  boxes  till  the  planting  season  arrive. 

The  seed  should  be  sowed  from  the 
best  single  or  semi-double  flowers;  the 
full  doubles  afford  none. 

The  time  to  sow  it  is  March,  either 
in  boxes,  large  pots,  or  pans,  of  light 
compost,  or  in  a  bod  of  such  earth  ;  sow 
it  moderately  thick,  and  cover  it  near  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  deep  with  sifted 
mould.  From  this  time  occasional  shade 
and  moderate  waterings  in  dry  weather 
are  necessary,  and  in  six  weeks  the 
plants  will  appear.  Keep  them  clear 
from  weeds,  and  when  the  leaves  decay, 
sift  a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  earth  over 


small  slender  stamens  intermixed  with    the  bed,  which  is  all  that  is  necessary 


these  petals,  but  they  are  short  and  not 
easily  discernible.  The  colour  should 
be  clear  and  distinct  when  diversified 
in  the  same  flower,  or  brilliant  and 
striking  if  it  consists  only  of  one  colour, 
as  blue,  crimson,  or  scarlet,  &,c.,  in 
which  case  the  bottom  of  the  broad  ex- 
terior petals  is  generally  white;  but  the 


till  the  second  summer,  when  they  are 
to  be  taken  up  at  the  decay  of  the  leaf, 
and  managed  as  the  old  roots  in  the 
manner  already  directed. 

Time  for  planting. — The  best  time  to 
plant  the  principal  sorts  for  the  general 
bloom  is  October,  or  early  iu  Novem- 
ber, and  the  plants  will  come  into  flower 


beauty  and  contrast  are  considerably  in-  in  April  and  beginning  of  May  ;  but  if 
creased  when  both  the  exterior  petals  some  are  planted  in  the  middle  of  Sep- 
are  regularly  marked  with  alternate  tember,  and  a  second  parcel  towards 
blue  and  white,  or  pink  and  white,  &c.,  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  October, 
stripes,  which,  in  the  broad  petals,  [  they  will  afford  a  succession  of  bloom 
should  not  extend  quite  to  the  margin,    i  from  the  beginning  of  April    until  the 

Propagation. — All  the  varieties  are  middle  of  May  ;  and  if  a  third  plantation 
propagated  by  offsets  from  the  root,  ,  is  made  in  February  or  beginning  of 
and  new  varieties  are  obtained  from  March,  they  will  come  into  flower  about 
seed.  the  middle  of  May,  and  continue  until 

By  offsets  all    the  kinds  increase  ex- I  the  middle  of  June, 
ceedingly  every   year,  so  the  roots  of  |      Those  planted  early  in  autumn  come 
ail  the  best  kinds  should  be  taken  up  i  up  before  Christmas,  and  always  pro- 
3 


A  N  E 


34 


ANG 


duce  the  largest  flowers,  and  continue    row,  and  two    inches  deep,  and   when 
in  beauty;  the  roots  too  afford  a  larger    one  bed  is  planted,  run  over  it  lightly 


incrense  tlian  those  planted  in  sprinr 
Soil  and  site. — The  situation  proper 


th  the  rake. 

Those  of  the  autumn  plantation  will 


for  the  anemone  should  be  thoroughly  come  up  in  leaf  in  November,  but  as  the 
drained,  and  open  to  the  south,  and  un-  plants  are  hardy,  nothing  is  needful  to 
incumbered  by  the  shade  of  trees.  The  be  done  till  the  bloom  begins  to  ap- 
anemoue  will  prosper  and  flower  in  pear;  and  then,  if  you  think  proper  to 
tolerable  perfection  in  aTiy  common  bestow  a  little  care  upon  the  superior 
moderately  light  earth,  only  observing  sorts,  by  arching  the  beds  with  hoops,  in 
to  avoid  planting  in  overmoist  and  stiff;  order  to  cover  the  bloom  with  mats 
soils,  which  rot  the  roots  in  winter  ;  occasionally,  to  protect  it  from  cutting 
and  if  an  V  addition  is  necessary  to  raise  black  frosts,  which  often  prevail  in 
or  form  the  beds,  no  more  is  needful  j  April. 

than  common  light  soil  from  the  quar-  Protection. — An  easy  way  ofprotect- 
ters  of  the  kitchen  garden,  or  any  other ;  ing  Anemones  and  Ranunculuses  is  to 
well-wrought  garden  earth,  working  bend  across  the  beds  wooden  or  iron 
the  whole  one  good  spade  deep.  The  hoops,  securely  fixed  in  the  ground; 
beds,  however,  are  often  formed  of,  upon  these  mats  can  be  thrown  in  cases 
compos'ts.  Take  maiden  loam  from  the  '  of  frost  or  snow,  but  care  must  be  taken 
surface  of  a  pasture,  the  top  spit  turf  that  they  are  firmly  secured  to  the  hoops 
and  all;  to  every  load  of  this  add  one  by  pegs. — Gard.  Chron. 
of  neats'  dung,  and  half  a  load  of  sea  ~  " 
or  drift  sand  ;  blend  the  whole  together, 
and  form  it  in  a  ridge,  in  which  let  it 
remain  a  year  at  least,  turning  it  over 
once  in  two  or  three  months. 

But  in  default  of  pasture  earth,  a  good 
compost  may  be  formed  of  common 
light  garden  soil  and  rotted  neats'  dung, 
adding  to  every  load  of  the  former  half 
a  load  of  the  latter,  and  about  a  quarter 
of  that  of  drift  or  sea  sand  ;  and  of  either 
of  which  composts  the  bed  is  to  be  form- 
ed, about  twelve  or  fifteen  inches  in 
depth,  and  three  feet  and  a  half  broad. 


Forcing. — "Double  Anemones  may 
be  potted  in  October,  and  the  soil  should 
be  composed  as  follows:  —  One-half 
maiden  loam,  fresh  from  the  pasture, 
with  one-quarter  well-rotted  cow  dung, 
and  one-quarter  fine  sand  (sea  or  river 
sand  if  possible).  After  potting,  they 
may  be  placed  in  a  cold  frame  or  pit, 
and  watered  but  sparingly  until  the  fol- 
lowing spring,  when  they  may  be  put 
into  a  warmer  place.  They  will  not 
stand  much  forcing  by  artificial  means." 
— Gard.  Chron. 

Mildew. — This  disease  first  appears 
'Plnnti7ig. — In  the  borders,  plant  them  S  as  pale  spots  on  the  under  sides  of  the 
in  patches  three,  four,  or  five  roots  to-  i  leaves.  These  spots  gradually  rise  into 
gether,  in  a  patch  of  five  or  six  inches  j  tubercles,  and  a  minute  fungus  bursts 
breadth,   putting   them   two     or    three    through,  shedding  its  seed,  and  diffusing 


inches  deep. 


the  disease.     This  parasitical  fungus  is 


Beds. — Mark  out  three  feet  and  a  half]  JEcidium.  qimdrifidum.  Sea  sand,  or  a 
broad,  the  length  according  to  the  num-  ;  little  salt  mixed  with  the  compost  of  the 
ber  of  plants,  with  alleys  eighteen  inches  j  bed,  is  a  good  preventive  ;  and  a  syring- 
wide  between  bed  and  bed.  The  beds  !  ing  with  very  diluted  gas-water,  is  a 
must  be  worked  fifteen  or  eighteen  ;  good  application  after  infection, 
inches  deep;  break  the  earth  small,  but  A  N  E  T  H  U  M  .  Four  species.  All 
do  not  sift  it,  observing  that  to  prevent    hardy,   including   Fennel    and     Dill, 


lodgment  of  wet,  and  to  give  the  beds 
a  good  appearance,  as  well  as  to  show 
the  flowers  to  the  best  advantage,  it  is 
eligible  to  elevate  them  three  inches 
above  the  common  level  or  general  sur- 
ficp,  but  if  there  is  danger  of  moisture 
standing  in  winter,  double  or  treble  that 
is  a  proper  height,  working  the  whole 
a  little  rounding  and  raking  the  surface 
smooth. 

In  each  bed  plant  six  rows  lengthwise, 
the  roots  at  six  inches  distance  in  each 


which  see. 

ANGELICA,  {Angelica  Archan- 
gelica.)  Stalks  cut  in  May,  for  candy- 
ing. Formerly  blanched  and  eaten  like 
celery. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  may  be  grown 
in  any  soil  and  exposure,  but  best  in 
moist  situations,  consequently  the  banks 
of  ponds,  ditches,  &c.,  are  usually  allot- 
ted to  it. 

Time  of  Sowing. — Sow  soon  aflerthe 
seed  is   ripe,  about  September,  being 


ANG 


35 


ANI 


almost  useless  if  preserved  until  the  carbon,  hydrogen, oxygen, and  nitrogen, 
spring;  if, however,  neglected  until  that  with  a  small  addition  of  saline  matters, 
season,  the  earlier  it  is  inserted  the  The  general  consideration  o\' Mamtres 
better.  will  be  found  under  that  title,  and  other 

Mode  of  Cultivation. — Sow  mode-  relative  infurination  under  the  heads 
rately  thin,  in  drills  a  foot  asunder,  and  Dung  and  Vegetable  Matters,  and  in 
half  an  inch  deep.  When  arrived  at  a  this  place  I  shall  confine  my  attention  to 
height  of  live  or  six   inches,  the  plants    some  of  the  most  available  of  strictly 

animal    matters.     See  also  the    article 

Bones. 

Blubber,  or  fat  of  the  whale,  contains 


must  be  thinned,  and  those  removed 
transplanted,  to  a  distance  of  at  least 
two  feet  and  a  half  from  each  other, 
either  in  a  bed,  or  on  the  sides  of  ditches,    train  oil,  composed  of 


&c.  Water  iii  abundance  must  be  given 
at  the  time  of  removal,  as  well  as  until 
they  are  established  ;  but  it  is  better 
to  discontinue    it  during   their  further 


Carbon    ....     6S.S7 

Hydrogen    .     .     .     16.10 

Oxygen   ....     15.03 

with  a  little   animal  skin  and    muscle. 


growth,  unless  the  application  is  regular  Forty  gallons  of  train  oil,  mixed  with 
and  frequent.  In  the  IMay,  or  early  |  120  bushels  of  screened  soil,  grew 
June  of  the  second  year,  they  flower,  twenty-three  tons  of  turnips  per  acre, 
when  they  must  be  cut  down,  which  on  a  soil  where  forty  bushels  of  l)ones 
causes  them  to  sprout  again,  and  if  this    broken    small,  and    eighty    bushels    of 


is  carefully  attended  to,  they  will  con- 
tinue for  three  or  four  years;  but  if  per- 
mitted to  run  to  seed,  they  perish  soon 
after. 

Seed. — A  little  seed  should  be  saved 


burnt  earth,  produced  only  twenty-one 
tons. 

Fish  generally,  such  as  sprats,  her- 
rings, pilchards,  five-fingers,  and  shell- 
fish, owe  their  powerful  fertilizing quali- 


annually,  as  a  resource  in  case  of  any  \  lies  not  only  to  the  oil  they  contain,  but 


accidental  destruction  of  the  crop. 


also  to  the  phosphate  of  litne   in  their 


ANGK.LICA-TREE,  Aralia  spinosa.  •  bones.     From  twenty-five  to  forty-five 

ANGEONIA    salicdriafolia.      Stove  I  bushels  per  acre  are  the  extreme  quan- 

herbaceous.  Cuttings.   Sandy  rich  loam.  ',  titles  to  be  applied  broad-cast,  but  if  in 

ANGIANTHUS  aureus.  Green-house    the  drills,  with  the  crop  sixteen  bushels 


herbaceous.    Division.    Loam  and  peat. 

ANGLE-SHADES  MOTH.  SeePho- 
lo gopher  a. 

ANGOPHORA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat, 
Band,  and  loam. 


are  ample.  Th(?y  are  beneficial  to  all 
the  gardener's  crops,  but  especially  to 
asparagus,  parsnips,  carrots,  beets,  on- 
ions, and  beans.  Shell-fish  should  be 
broken  before  being  applied. 

Blood  is  a  very  rich  manure,  and  has 


ANGR.^CUM.    Nine  species.    Stove  ;  been  used  with  especial  benefit  to  vines, 
epiphytes.     Cuttings.     Wood,  or  moss  i  and  other  fruit  trees.    The  blood  of  the 


and  potsherds,  in  baskets. 

ANGUILLARIA.  Three  species. 
Half-hardy  herbaceous.  Offsets.  Sandy 
peat. 

ANGURIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Division.  Loam 
and  peat. 

ANIA  &/rorn«s.  Stove  epiphyte.  Off- 
sets.    Peat  and  potsherds. 

ANIGOZANTHOS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous.  Division. 
Sandy  peat, 


ox  contains  about  eighty  per  cent,  of 
water,  and  twenty  per  cent,  solid  mat- 
ter. The  latter  contains  in  100  parts 
when  dried, 

Carbon  ....  51.950 
Hydrogen  .  .  .  7.165 
Azofe  .  .  .  .  17.172 
Oxygen.  .  .  .  19.295 
Ashes  ....  4.418 
The  ashes  contain  various  salts,  as 
chloride  of  sodium,  (common  salt,) 
phosphate  of  lime,  with  a  little  oxide  of 


AXI.MAL  MATTERS,  without  any  iron.  Sugar -bakeys  skimmings  owe 
exception,  are  beneficial  as  manures,  for  I  their  chief  fertilizing  qualities  to  the 
they  all  yield  during  putrefaction  gases  i  blood  used  in  clarifying  the  sugar,  and 
and  soluble  substances  that  are  imbibed  ,  which  is  combined  with  vegetable  albu- 
greedily  by  the  roots  of  plants.  That  men  and  extractive, 
this  is  the  case  affords  no  cause  for  won-  Woollen  Rngs,  cut  into  very  small 
dcr,  because  animal  matters  and  vege-  pieces,  are  a  good  manure,  decomposing 
table  matters  are  alike  compounded  of,  slowly,  and    benefiting   the  second  as 


ANI 


36 


ANN 


much  as  the  first  crop.  Hops  and  turnips  |  stove  annual.    Division  or  seed.    Light 

dry  soil. 

ANISOPIAAor^jcoZa,  is  a  beetle  which 
often  attacks  the  rose  flowers  about 
June.  Its  maggots  live  under  turf,  and 
feed  on  its  roots. 

ANNUALS,  are  plants  which  live  but 
one  year,  and,  consequently,  require  to 
be  raised  from  seed  annually.  By  a 
particular  mode  of  culture  some  of  them 
may   be    made  to   live   longer.      Thus 


have  been  the  crops  to  which  they  have 
been  chiefly  applied.     Half  a  ton  per 
acre  is  a  fair  dressing. 
posed  of 

Carbon .     .     . 

Hydrogen .     . 

Azote    .     .     . 


Wool  is  com- 

50.653 
7.029 
17.710 


Oxygen  ) 
lurj 


24.608 


Suiph 
It  leaves  a  very  slight  ash,  containing 
minute  quantities  of  muriate  of  potash,    mignonette  will  continue  to  bloom  for 


lime,  and  probably  phosphate  of  lime. 

Feathers  and  hair  closely  resemble  it  in 

their  components.  Horns  are  composed 

of 

Carbon.  .  .  .  51.578 
Hvdrogen.  .  .  6.712 
A'zote    ....     17.284 

l?Yl^"l    .     .     .     24.426 
Sulphur) 
besides  minute  proportions  of  sulphate 


two  or  more  years  if  not  allowed  to 
ripen  its  seeds. 

Hardy  Annuals  are  sown  where  they 
are  to  remain  in  the  open  borders,  in 
March  or  April,  as  the  latitude  and 
temperature  may  make  expedient,  of 
which  the  cultivator  can  readily  judge  ; 
it  is  usually  safe  to  sow  them  when  the 
peach  expands  its  blossoms.  Whether 
sown    in    patches    or    broad    masses, 


muriate  and  phosphate  of  potash,  phos-  !  whether  mixed  or  separate,  must  be  left 


phate  of  lime,  and  other  less  important 
matters. 

S/ie//s.— Those  of  the  following  fish 
are  thus  composed: — 


Oyster  .  . 
Lobster  .  . 
Hen's  Eggsi 


1.2 
7.0 
5.7 


98.3 
63.0 
89.6 


matter. 

~0T5~ 

30.0 

4.7 


They  have  all  been  found  good  in  a 
pounded  form,  as  manures  for  turnips; 
and  must  be  for  all  other  plants,  and  on 
all  soils  where  calcareous  matters  are  i  state  of  the   greatest  beauty  from  the 


to  the  taste  of  the  sower — guided  by  his 
knowledge  of  the  colours  of  the  flowers. 
These  should  be  well  contrasted.  No 
one  but  an  ignoramus  would  have  many 
sorts  of  the  same  colour  together.  Every 
patch  should  beproperly  labelled,  which 
is  easily  done  by  having  some  deal  laths, 
one  inch  broad,  planed  smooth,  cut  into 
nine-inch  lengths,  and  painted  white. 
On  these  the  names  can  be  written  with 
a  lead  pencil. 

Dr.   Lindley  truly  observes,  that  "It 
is  possible   to  maintain   a  garden  in  a 


deficient.     For  more  extensive  notices 
of  these  and  similar  manures,  the  reader 


first  visit  of  spring  to  the  last  fading  ray 
of  autumn  sunshine,  by  the  simple 
is  referred  to  a  useful  work,  recently  ;  practice  of  growing  annuals  and  other 
published  in  this  country,  "The  Eco- 
nomy of  Waste  Manures." 

ANISACANTHA  divaricata.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

ANISANTHUS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  bulbs.  Ofisets.    Sandysoil. 

ANISE,  (Tragium  anisiim.)  Half- 
hardy  annual,  used  for   garnishing    or 

seasoning.  Sow  during  April  in  pots  most  miserable  objects  in  the  garden, 
plunged  in  a  hotbed;  remove  to  a  warm,  I  for  tlie  pots  become  so  dry,  from  the 
light  border  in  May.  Thin  the  plants  to  continual  evaporation  of  water,  through 
six  inches  apart.  The  seed  is  ripe  in  their  porous  sides,  that  the  plants  are 
August  or  September.    It  does  not  bear   literally  starved 


plants  of  a  similar  nature  in  pots.  And 
for  this  purpose  an  ample  variety  may 
be  had  for  three-pence  a  seed-paper, 
without  having  recourse  to  any  means 
more  costly. 

"  Not  that  the  common  method  of 
growing  plants  in  pots  will  answer  this 
end  ;  on  the  contrary,  managed  as  they 
usually  are,  annuals,  in   pots,  are  the 


transplanting. 


The  method  to  pursue  in  preparing 


ANISEED-TREE,  lUicium anisatum. '  pots  for  receiving  annuals,  is  this: — in 
ANISOCHILUS  carnosa.    Stove  her-    the  first  place,  lay  a  crock  over  the  hole 

baceous.  Cuttings.  Rich  light  soil,  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  then  fill  the 
ANISOMELKS.  Four  species.  Three   pot  to  about  one-third  or  one-half  of  its 

are  stove  evergreens,  and  ^4.  ovata,  a  jdepth  with  wet  moss  pressed  very  close. 


ANN 


37 


ANN 


and  over  that  put  rich  light  soil,  in  which 
the  annual  seeds  are  to  be  sown,  or 
young  plants  are  to  be  pricked  out.  The 
pot  is  then  placed  in  a  common  pan,  and 
the  latter  is  filled  with  water  in  wet 
weather.  The  moss  absorbs  the  water 
freely,  and  parts  with  it  slowly;  at  the 
same  time  it  forms  a  mass  of  moist  mate- 
rials, in  which  the  roots  of  a  plant  will 
freely  spread.  By  these  simple  means, 
the  annuals  are  completely  guarded 
from  all  the  evils  of  dryness,  and  they 
grow  with  the  same  health,  though  not 
to  the  same  size,  perhaps,  as  if  planted 
out  in  the  open  border.  Such  pots  can 
be  distributed  over  the  garden,  wher- 
ever a  vacancy  occurs,  and  will  decorate 
the  borders  beneath  trees  and  bushes, 
wlicre  no  such  plants  will  grow  in  the 
open  ground  itself.  Their  sides  arc 
rapidly  covered  with  their  own  lower 
branches,  or  may  be  concealed  by  the 
foliage  of  each  other:  as  soon  as  one  is 
shabby,  it  is  removed,  and  succeeded  by 
another  in  full  beauty;  and,  by  a  little 
management,  chiefly  consisting  in  re- 
peated sowings  at  short  intervals,  no 
interruption  to  the  succession  of  flowers 
need  be  experienced.  Another  advan- 
tage of  this  plan  consists  in  the  facility 
with  which  the  arrangement  of  colours 
and  grouping  of  individuals  can  be  ef- 
fected and  varied. 

"Bulbs  may  be  treated  in  the  same 
manner,  and  then  will  never  be  destroy 


Clintonia  pulchella. 
Collinsia  bicolor. 

grandiflora. 

Collomia  coccinea. 
Convolvulus  tricolor. 

Coreopsis  (Calliopsis)  atro  purpurea. 
Emilia  (Cacalia)  coccinea. 
Erysimum  Perofskianum. 
Eutoca  viscida. 
Gilia  tricolor. 
Godetia  Lindleyana. 

((Enothera)  rubicunda. 

tcnuifolia. 

Hibiscus  Africanus. 

Kaulfussia  (Amellus)  amelloides. 

Leptosiphon  androsaceus. 

dcnsiflorus. 

Lupinus  Hartwegii. 

nanus. 

Malope  grandiflora. 
Nemophila  atomaria. 

— — insignis. 

Nolana  atriplicifolia. 
(Enothera  tetraptera. 
Phlox  Drummondii. 
Platystcmon  californicum. 
Schizopetalum  Walkeri. 
Sphenogyne  speciosa. 
Viscaria  (Agrostemma)  cccli-rosa. 


HALF-HARDY  ANNUALS 

Are  sown  in  a  gentle  hot-bed  early 
in  April,  or  late  in  March,  then  to  be 
transplanted  into  the  borders,  and  at- 
tended like  other  annuals.     These  spe- 
ed by  the  careless  spade  of  the  garden  :  cifications    as    to    time,    apply    to    the 


labourer.  The  only  point  to  observe  is,  |  middle  states,  and  may  also  serve  to 
that  each  pot  should  rarely  contain  more  I  guide  those  north  or  south.  The  ten- 
than  a  single  plant,  unless  in  the  case  of  der  annuals  may  generally  be  planted 
species  of  very  small  size  naturally,  or    out  with  safety,  when  the  later  sprout- 


of  bulbous  plants." — Gard.  Chron. 

The  following  is  a  good  selection,  and 
may  be  obtained  at  most  seed  stores.  It 
should,  however, be  observed,  injustice 
to  seedsmen,  that  as  the  seeds  of  many 
annuals  are  extremely  minute  and  deli- 
cate, so  is  the  dilficulty  of  causing  them 
to  vegetate  increased,  especially  in  sea- 
sons of  too  much  or  too  little  moisture, 
and  due  allowance  should  be  made 
therefor. 

HARDY   ANNUALS. 

Bartonia  aurea. 
Calandrinia  discolor. 

(Talinum)  speciosa. 

Callichroa  platyglossa. 
Campanula  Lorei. 
Chrysanthemum  carinatum. 
Clarkia  pulchella. 


ing  forest  trees  put  forth. 
Argemone  grandiflora. 

Mexicana. 

Aster  sinensis. 
Atropa  physaloides. 
Bidens  hcterophylla. 
Cacalia  coccinea. 
Carthamus  tinctorius. 
Centaurea  Americana. 
Celsia  orientalis. 
Chrysanthemum. 
Cistus  niloticus. 
Coboea  scandens  (climber). 
Convolvulus  discolor. 
michauxii. 


purpurea. 


Coreopsis  (Calliopsis)  Drummondii. 
Cucumis  colocynthis. 

dudaim. 

flexuosus. 


ANN 


38 


ANN 


Datura  ceratocaulon. 

metel. 

Dianthus  sinensis. 
Elichrysum  macranthum. 
Fiimaria  vesicaria. 
Gaiinsogia  parviflora. 

^— triloba. 

Gnaphalium  foetidum. 

undiilatum. 

Helianthus  annuus. 
IpomEa  coccinea. 
-  phoenicea. 
Loasa  aiirantiaca  (climber). 
Lobelia  azurea. 
Lopezia  racemosa. 
Lopbospermum  scandens  (climber). 
Mirabilis  jalapa. 

lutea. 

longiflora. 

Momordica  balsamina. 

luffa. 

Monopsis  scintillaris. 
Nicotiana  glutinosa. 
paniculata. 

Nolana  prostrata. 

Pharbitis  (Ipomosa)  hispida  (climber), 

PodoJcpis  gracilis. 

Polygonum  orientale. 

Ricinus  communis. 


inermis. 
viridis. 


Ricotia  a>gyptiaca. 
Rudbeckia  amplexifolia. 
Schizanthus  pinnatus. 
Senecio  elegans. 
Spilanthes  acmella. 
Stevia  pedata. 

serrata. 

Tagetes  erecta. 
lucida. 


—  nana. 

—  patula. 

—  tenuifolia. 


Trichosanthes  anguina. 

cucumeri. 

Tropoeolum  atrosanguineum   (climb- 
er). 

peregrinum  (climber). 

Verbena  Aubletia. 
Viscaria  oculata. 
Xeranthnmum  lucidum. 
Ximensia  encelioides. 
Zinnia  coccinea. 

multiflora. 

— lutea. 


pauciflora. 
revoluta. 
verticillata. 
violacea. 


TENDER    ANNUALS. 

The  following  arc  rather  more  tender 
than  those  classed  as  half-hardy,  but 
may  be  managed  in  the  same  manner. 

Achillea  aegyptiaca. 

Agapanthus  umb.  maj. 

media. 


Amaranthus  bicolor. 

cruentus. 

rubicaulis. 

tricolor. 

Amethystea  cajrulea. 
Antirrhinum  molle. 
Brachycome  iberifolia. 
Browallia  demissa. 
^^— —  elata  ccerulea. 

flo.  albo. 

Buchnera  capensis. 

Calceolaria  pinnata. 
Campannula  capensis. 

debilis. 

mollis. 

Cardiospermum  halicacabum. 
Cassia  chamKchrista. 

tora. 

Celosia  argentea. 

cernua. 

cristata  rub. 

dwarf,  red. 

tall,  buff. 

dwarf. 

imperial  red. 

purple. 

buff. 

varieg. 

Cleome  pentaphylla. 

spinosa. 

viscosa. 

Clitoria  brasiliana. 

ternata. 

flo.  albo. 

Convolvulus  pes  capra;. 


nil 


tridendatum. 


Crotalaria  juncea. 

verrucosa. 

Datura  fastuosa. 


flo.  albo. 


Gnaphalium  orientale 
Gomphrena  globosa 


flo.  albo. 

stri. 


Hedysarum  gangeticum. 

vespcrtilio. 

Heliophila  integrifolia. 
Heliotropium  indicum. 
Impatiens  balsamina. 
•  flesh  col.  dble. 


ANN 


39 


ANT 


Impatiens  bizar,  tall,  dble. 

dwarf,  dble. 

piir.  stri.,  dble. 

scarl.  slri.,  dble. 

Ipomoea  Phcenicea. 

quamoelit. 

flo.  albo. 

Linum  flavuni. 

sutfruticosum. 

Lotus  creticus. 
Lobelia  gracilis. 

ratnosa. 

Maitynia  fragrans. 

proboscidea. 

Mesembryanthemum  crystallinum. 

glabrum. 

pinnatifidum. 

(tricolor)  pyropoeum. 

Mimosa  pudica. 

sensitiva. 

Ononis  natrix. 

crispa. 

Pcntapetes  Phoenicea. 
Physalis  prostrata. 
Portulaca  splendcns. 

Tbellussoni. 

Rhodanthe  Manglesii. 
Salpiglossis  atropurpurea. 
Sedum  citruleum. 

Sida  cordifolia. 
— —  dilleniana. 

hastata. 

Snianum  melongana. 


fruct.  purp. 


Sowerbia  juncea. 

Statice  mucronata. 

Thunbergia  (alata)  aurantiaca. 

albifiora. 

Trachymene  (Didiscus)  coerulea. 

Watsonia  corymbosa. 

ANODONTIA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
and  hnlf-hardy  plants.  Seeds,  cuttings, 
or  division.     Common  soil. 

ANOXTOCHILUS  setaceus.  Stove 
terrestrial  orchidaceous  plant. 

ANOMATHECA.  Two  species. 
Half-hardy  bulbs.  Seeds.  Common 
light  soil. 

ANONA.  Custard  apple.  Seventeen 
species.    Cuttings  or  seeds.    Rich  loam. 

ANT,  {Formica.)  To  drive  this  in- 
sect away,  sprinkle  flowers  of  sulphur 
over  its  nests  and  haunts.  To  kill  it, 
pour  over  the  nest  at  night  a  strong  de- 
coction of  elder  leaves.  To  trap  it, 
smear  the  inside  of  a  garden  pot  with 
honey,  invert  it  over  the  nest,  and  when 
crowded  with   them,  hold    it  over  the 


lier  trees,  by  tying  a  piece  of  wool  round 
the  stems  and  the  supporters. 

ANT  EN  N  ARIA.  Eight  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  lierbaceous.  A.  Iiyperborea 
is  an  evergreen  creeper.  Cuttings  or 
divisions.     Light  rich  soil. 

ANTHEMIS.  Forty-six  species.  All 
hardy  except  A.  apifolia  and  punctata, 
which  are  green-house  plants.  Seed. 
Common  soil.     See  Chamomile. 

ANTHERICUM.  Twenty-six  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous,  except  ,4.  scro- 
tinum  and  sulphureuin,  which  are  hardy. 
Cuttings  or  seed.  Loam  and  sandy  peat. 
ANTllOCERCIS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

ANTHOCLEISTA  macrophylla. 
Stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

ANTHODON.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Rich  loam 
and  peat. 

ANTHOLOMA  monfana.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  loam  and 
peat. 

ANTHOLYZA.  Three  species. 
Hardy  bulbs.  Offsets.  Sandy  south 
border. 

ANTHOMYIA,  a  genus  of  fly,  very 
injurious  to  the  gardener. 

A.  brassicce,  cabbage  fly,  says  Mr. 
Curtis,  "  is  found  on  the  wing  through 
the  summer,  and  is  the  parent  of  a  mag- 
got which  has  been  known  to  lay  waste 
whole  fieldsof  cabbages  by  diseasing  the 
roots,  in  which  they  feed,  as  well  as  at 
the  base  of  tlie  stalk.  Successive  gene- 
rations are  feeding  until  Noveml)er;  the 
latter  families  lying  in  the  pupa  state 
through  the  winter,  and  most  probably 
some  of  the  flies  survive  that  season, 
secreted  in  holes  and  crevices. 

"When  the  Cabbage-leaves  assume  a 
lead  or  yellow  colour,  and  droop  in  mid- 
day from  the  effect  of  the  sun,  such 
plants  being  diseased  should  be  taken 
up,  carried  away,  and  burnt,  and  brine 
or  lime  put  into  the  holes.  Gardeners, 
in  some  instances,  have  collected  large 
quantities  of  the  pupa;  from  the  roots, 
by  drawing  away  the  earth;  and  as  these 
insects  are  exceedingly  rapid  in  their 
transtbrmations,  it  is  very  likely  that  it 
may  have  a  very  material  effect  in  check- 
ing their  increase,  and  giving  the  suc- 
ceeding crop  a  better  chance  of  escap- 
ing the  fate  of  the  preceding  one. 
"  The   male  of  A.  brassiccE  is   dark 


steam  of  boiling  water.     They  may  be  . 

kept  from  ascending  standard  and  espa- 1  bright  grey,  with  black  bristles ;  there  is 


ANT 


40 


ANT 


a  black  stripe  halfway  down  the  middle  ing  towards  the  head,  which  is  pointed, 

of  the  thorax,  and  a  curved  one  on  each  and  armed  with  two  short,  black  claws 

side  ;  the  body  has  a  more  decided  black  at  the  nose. 

stripe  down  the  centre,  and  the  seg-  "  These  maggots  live  in  the  involucra 
niCMts  are  marked  by  a  lineofthe  same  of  different  varieties  of  Lettuce,  feeding 
colour;  legs  and  antenna;  blackish;  wings  upon  the  grains  and  receptacle;  and 
a  little  smoky.  The  female  is  pale  ashy  when  these  are  consumed  they  wriggle 
grey;  the  eyes  remote,  with  a  dark  themselves  out  backward,  either  to  en- 
chestnut-coloured  stripe  on  the  crown;  ter  another  seed-vessel  or  fall  to  the 
the  wings  are  similar  in  tint  to  those  of'  ground  and  become  pupse. 


the  foregoing  species,  but  the  insects  are 
considerably  smaller." — Gard.  Chron. 


"  When  the  seed-stems  are  gathered 
and  dying,  the  larvae  change  to  pupae. 


A.  ceparum,  Onion  fly.  For  the  fol- !  called  shucks  in  Surrey,  being  bright 
lowing  particulars  I  am  indebted  to  the  chestnut-coloured,  oval  cases,  which 
work  of  M.  Kollar.  ]  are  rough  when  viewed   under  a  lens, 

"  The  fly  lays  her  eggs  on  the  leaves    with  two  minute  tubercles  at  the  head. 


of  the  onion,  close  to  the  earth. 


and  two  hooks  and  a  few  other  tubercles 


"The  newly-hatched  maggot  bores  ,  at  the  tail, 
through  the  first  leaf  and  then  descends  I  "  In  the  second  week  of  May  a  few 
between  the  leaves  into  the  onion  to  its  of  the  pupte  hatch  ;  they  have,  however, 
base,  when  it  entirely  destroys  the  bulb, '  been  observed  as  early  as  April,  and  as 
which  soon  becomes  rotten.  It  leaves  late  as  July.  The  male  is  intense  black, 
the  onion  to  undergo  its  transformation  clothed  with  short  hair  and  bristles;  the 
in  the  earth,  and  becomes  an  elliptical,  eyes  reddish-brown  and  meeting  above  ; 
reddish-brown,  wrinkled   pupa,  out  of  face  inclining  to  chestnut  colour,  with  a 


which  the  perfect  fly  is  developed  in 
summer  in  from  ten  to  twenty  days. 
The  later  brood  pass  the  winter  in  the 
pupa  state. 

"  The  perfect  insect  or  fly  is  entirely 


bright  spot  of  the  same  on  the  crown 
the  fore   part  of  the    trunk  bears  four 
varying  whitish  stripes  ;  the  body  is  ashy 
grey,  the  segments  blackish,  at  the  base 
a  deep  black  ;  wings  two,  stained  with 


of  an  ash  grey  colour  in  the  female,  or  [  black,  and  beautifully  iridescent;  the 
with  black  stripes  on  the  back  of  the  I  base  and  poisers  ochreous,  the  nervures 
male;  the  wings  clear  like  glass,  with  ;  of  the  wings  pitchy. 


broad  iridescent  reflections,  and  yellow- 


The  female  is  entirely  ashy  grey. 


ish-brown  veins.     It  is  found  through- I  and  less  bristly;   the  eyes  not  meeting 
out  the  summer  in  several  generations.  '  on  the  crown,  with  a  bright  chestnut- 
"  The  larva  lives  during  that  season    coloured    stripe    between  them;    body 
singly,  and  also  gregariously,  on  the  dif-  i  oval,  the   apex  cone-shaped;  horns  and 


ferent  sorts  of  leeks  and  onions,  and  doei 
great  damage  among  the  white  onions." 
The  maggot  is  conical,  white,  and 
smooth.  It  will  never  make  its  appear- 
ance, if,  at  the  time  of  sowing,  a  little 
of  the  lime  from  the  dry  purifiers  of  the 


egs  blackish;  wings  and  nervures  lighter 
than  in  the  male,  which  it  equals  in 
size." — Gard.  Chron. 

ANTHONOMUS. 

.4.pomorM//!,  Apple  weevil.  Mr.  Curtis 
truly  observes,  that  "this  insect  corn- 


gas-works  be  dug  in  and  a  less  quantity  '  mits  great  devastation  in  apple  orchards, 
raked  in  with  the  seed.  This  may  now  by  destroying  the  stamens,  pistil,  and 
be  obtained  almost  in  every  district  of  receptacle  of  the  flower.  As  soon  as 
GreatBritain;  but  should  itbe  neglected,  the  blossom  buds  begin  to  swell, the  fe- 
or  not  obtainable,  soot  applied  in  the  male  beetle  begins  to  deposit  her  eggs. 
same  mode,  with  the  addition  of  one  or  In  calm  weather  she  selects  a  good  bud, 
two  plentiful  waterings,  during  April  and  makes  a  hole  in  it  with  her  pro- 
and  the  present  month,  with  strong  |  boscis ;  she  fixes  herself  at  the  hole, 
soapsuds,  will    generally    prevent   the  ,  lays  one  egg,  and  goes  on  till  she  has 


evil. — Johnson's  Gard.  Almanack 


A.  lactuctE,  Lettuce  fly.     Mr.  Curtis    in  separate  buds. 


deposited  a  considerable  number  of  eggs 


says,  "  The  larva;  first  make  their  ap 


•The  bud  continues  to  swell  and  the 


pearance  in  August,  but  they  are  abund-  petals  nearly  expand,  when  suddenly 
ant  in  September;  they  closely  resemble  '  the  growth  ceases  and  the  petals  wither 
those  from  the  Cabbage  and  Turnip,  and  assume  a  shrivelled  appearance.  If 
being  of  a  yellowish-white  colour,  taper-   one  of  these  flower  buds  be  examined 


ANT 


41 


A  PH 


when  nearly  expanded,  a  small  white 
grain  with  a  black  head  will  be  found  in 
the  centre,  which  beijins  to  assume  a 
yellowish  colour;  a  few  days  later  the 
grub  will  be  found  either  wholly  or 
partially  chanj^ed  to  a  beetle,  and  should 
there  be  a  small  hole  on  the  side  of  the 
receptacle  the  beetle  will  have  escaped; 
the  transformation  from  the  etrg  to  the 


APHELANDRA  cristata.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

APHELEXIS.  Four  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  sandy  loam. 

APHI.S,  the  Plant  Louse,  Puceron,  or 
Vine  fretter.  This  insect,  so  destructive 
from  its  multitude,  attacks  fruit  trees, 


perfect  state  not  having  occupied  more  juicy  kitchen  vegetables,  and  other 
than  a  month.  When  this  beetle,  which  plants,  weakening  and  rendering  them 
is  dark  brown  with  grey  stripes,  leaves  incapable  of  development  by  sucking 
the  receptacle,  it  feeds  during  the  sum-  from  them  their  juices.  The  exhaustion 
mer  on  the  leaves  of  the  trees,  and  is  thus  occasioned  is  sometimes  so  corn- 
seldom  to  be  seen.  In  the  autumn,  the  plete  as  to  destroy  the  plant.  Each 
weevils  leave  the  trees  and  search  for  vegetable  subject  to  its  ravages  has  its 
convenient  hiding-places  under  stones  peculiar  species 


about  the  trees,  or  under  the  rough  bark, 
in  which  they  pass  the  winter. 

•Consequently,   as    they    commence 


Aphis  pyri  mall  is  of  a  grass  green 
colour,  attacking  the  apple  and  pear. 
A.  persica  is  dark  green,  and  is  pe- 


their  operations  early  in  the  spring,  care    culiar  to  the  peach  and  nectarine 
should  be  taken  to  remove  all  stones,       ^.  pr«ni  ravages  the  plum  tribes,  and 
dead  leaves,  and  other  litter  from  under    is  a  very  light  green, 
the  trees,  as  well  as  to  scrape  off  the       A.  rosa.     Light  green,  found  upon 
rough  dead  bark  from  them  in  the  winter   the  rose  genus. 

A.fabcc,  known  popularly  as  the  Black 
Dolphin  and  Elephant,  is  black,  and  at- 
tacks the  common  bean. 

The  tops  of  beans  attacked  by  the 
Black  Dolphin  should  be  forthwith  re- 


season. 

"  The  apple  weevil  is  also  very  in- 
jurious to  pear  trees." — Card.  Chron. 

A  N  T  H  O  P  H  Y  U  M  lanceolatum.  A 
stove  fern.     Seed.     Liiilit  rich  soil. 

ANTHOSPER  M  U  M  athiopicum. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

ANTH  YLLIS.  Twenty-two  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  and  green-house  ever- 
greens. Seeds  or  cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

ANTIDESMA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.    Cuttings.  Rich  loam 


moved;  and  smaller  plants  may  be  sy- 
ringed with  tobacco-water,  or  water  in 
which  elder  leaves  have  been  boiled  ; 
which  applications  are  all  fatal  to  the 
aphis. 

A.  pisi  is  green,  and  affects  the  pea. 

A.  lonicera.  Woodbine  louse.  Dingy 
green. 

A.  cerasi,  Morello  cherry  louse.    Ap- 


ANTIRRHINUM.    Snap-dragon,    pears  black.     Infests  the  under  sides  of 
Twelve    species.      Hardy   herbaceous,    the  leaves,  especially  on  wet  soils 


except  A.  asarina  and  molle,  which  are 
half-hardy  evergreens.  Cuttings  or  seeds. 
Common  soil. 

ANTLER  MOTH.     Charicas. 

ANTWERP  HOLLYHOCK.  Althaa 
ficifolia. 

ANYCHIA  dichotoma.  Hardy  bien- 
nial. Division  and  seed.  Sand  and 
loam. 

A  O  T  U  S  .  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  sandy  peat. 

APEIB.\.  Four  species.  Stove  ever- 
green trees.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

APHANANTHE  celosioides.    Green- 


A.  coryli,  Nut  louse.     Pale  green. 

A.  Dahlia,  Dahlia  louse.  Amber 
coloured. 

A .  rihis,  Red  currant  louse.   Blackish. 

A.ligust7-i,  Privet  louse.  Dark  brown. 

A.  ribis-nigri.  Black  currant  louse. 
Transparent  green. 

A.  lathyri.  Sweet  pea  louse.  Dark 
purple. 

A.  [Cinara)  raphani.  Radish  louse. 
Females,  green  ;  males,  lightish  red. 

The  aphides  on  the  peach  appear  the 
earliest,  being,  as  are  all  the  others,  the 
produce  of  eggs  deposited  during  the 
previous  autumn.    During  the  spring  and 


house  evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.    Peat   summer  they  are  viviparous,  and  breed 

and  loam.  with  extraordinary  rapidity.     The  gar- 

APHANOCHILUS   incisus.      Hardy    dener  does  well,  therefore,  to  scrub  the 

herbaceous.     Cuttings.     Light  soil.         ,  branches  of  his  wall  trees,  and  to  boil 


APH 


42 


APP 


or  change  the  shreds  every  winter,  for 
he  thus  destroys  the  pest  in  embryo.  So 
soon  as  they  appear  in  s])ring,  over  eacli 
wall  tree  a  mat  should  be  fastened,  and 
tobacco  burnt  beneath  it.  Peas,  wliilst 
the  dew  is  upon  them,  may  be  dusted 
with  Scotch  snuff.  Over  the  apple,  plum, 
and  other  standards,  the  only  available 
remedy  is  a  repeated  application  of 
quicklime,  at  the  same  early  period  of 
the  day,  by  the  means  of  Curtis'  Lime 
Duster.  Most  of  these  insects  are  readily 
destroyed  by  an  a{)plication  of  diluted 
whale  oil  soap;  it  is  probable  a  solution 
of  common  soft  soap  would  be  equally 
effective.  The  inexperienced  operator 
should  be  careful  lest  he  apply  it  in  too 
powerful  a  state. 

The  larva;  of  the  Coccinella  or  Lady- 
bird, especially  C. punctata,  \.\\e  Syrphus 
or  bee-like  fly,  the  ifemc»"o6/ws  or  golden- 
eyed  fly,  the  ant,  some  caterpillars,  and 
many  of  the  Ichneumonida,  are  great 
destroyers  of  the  Aphis,  and  should  be 
encouraged  rather  than  removed.  See 
American  Blight. 

APHYLLANTHES  monspelien- 
sis.  Half-hardy  herbaceous.  Division 
and  seed.     Sandy  peat. 


APICRA.  Twelve  species.  Green- 
house succulents.  Suckers.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

APIOS  tuherosa.  Hardy  tuber.  Root. 
Sand  and  peat. 

APIUM.  Six  species.  See  Celery, 
Celeriac,  and  Parsley. 

APONOGETON.  Four  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  aquatics.  Offsets 
or  seeds.     Loam  and  peat  in  water. 

APPLE.     {Pyrus  malus.) 

Varieties. — There  are  1,496  named 
varieties  in  the  last  edition  of  the 
London  Horticultural  Society's  List  of 
P'ruits,  of  which  they  have  897  cultivat- 
ed in  their  gardens.  It  may  readily  be 
presumed  that  in  such  a  multitude  there 
are  many  of  inferior  quality:  indeed  it  is 
not  improbable  there  are  some  utterly 
unworthy  of  culture.  The  object  in  thus 
congregating  them  was  praiseworthy — 
to  determine  their  comparative  value. 
The  true  policy  is  evidently  to  select 
from  the  mass  those  which,  from  some 
special  quality,  are  most  deserving  of 
perpetuity.  The  following  named  va- 
rieties are  believed  to  be  eminently 
wortliy  of  culture.  We  copy  from  the 
catalogue  of  D.  Landreth  and  Fulton. 


Explanation   of  Abbreviations. — Colour — r   red  ;    str  striped;    y  yellow  ; 
:  green.     Size — l  large;  m  medium;  s  small. 


Those  marked  *  are  of  American  origin. 
Those  marked  t  are  celebrated  for  the  table. 

SUMMER  APPLES. 


CO- 

H 

NAME.                                                LOUR. 

FORM. 

N 

& 

SEASON. 

Red  Astrachan           .... 

r 

roundish 

M 

July 

to  Aug. 

*tBevan 

str  r 

flat 

L 

July 

Aug. 

English  Codlin 

y 

•conical 

L 

Aug. 

Sept. 

tEarly  Queen 

r  str 

roundish 

M 

July 

Aug. 

*tEarly  Harvest 

y 

roundish 

M 

July 

Aug. 

Summer  Queen 

str 

roundish 

M 

July 

Aug. 

*Lippincott 

r 

oblong 

M 

July 

Aug. 

Siberian  Crab 

y 

conical 

S 

Aug. 

Oct. 

Woolman's  Harvest 

str 

roundish 

'm 

Aug. 

Sept. 

*tSummer  Pearmain 

r 

oblong 

L 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Juneating  Red 

y  str 

ovate^ 

M 

July 

Aug, 

Alexander 
tBaldwin 
*tBellflower,  Yellow 
*Carthouse 
Codlin  Irish 


FALL  AND  WINTER  APPLES. 

y  str 


conical 

L 

I 

roundish 

L 

1 

conical 

L 

1 

flat 

M 

1 

conical 

L 

2 

Oct.    to  Dec. 

Nov.  Mar. 

Oct.  Feb. 

Dec.  Apl. 

Oct.  Dec. 


APP 


43 


APP 


Codlin  White     . 

*Cumberlaiid  Spice 

Doctor  or  Deicitt 

*tGreenine;,  Rhode  Island 

Ladies'  Sweeting 

Gates'  Apple     . 

*Grindstone 

Gravenstien 

Hawthoriiden    . 

Harrison 

Lady  Apple,  pomme  d'  Ap 

Tolman's  Sweeting  . 

Lady  Finger 

*tMaiden's  Blush 

*Morgan 

*tNortliern  Spy 

Pearmain,  Blue  winter 

*Pcnnock's  Red 

Pippin,  Bullock 
"       Golden 
"       *American 
"      *Michael  Henry 
"       Fall,  or  Holland 
"       Blenheim 
"       Ribston 
"       *Hollo\v  Core 
"       *tGreen  Newton 
*'      *tyellow  Newton 

Priestley 

Pound  Apple 

♦tPorter 

*tRoxbury  Russet     . 

Roman  Stem 

Rambo 

^Seck-no-further,  Red 

Newton  Spitzenburg 

*tSpitzenburg,  Esopus 

*tSpitzenburg,  Kaighn^s 

Sweeting,  Moore-s 

*Swaar 

*tTewksbury  Blush 

*tVandervere 

*Wine,  or  Hay's 

*Winesap 

*\Vinter  Queen 

Yorkshire  Greening 


The  following  outlines  and  descrip-  I 
tions  of  a  few  prominent  varieties  of 
apples,  may  be  interesting  to  those  who 
do  not  possess  a  more  elaborate  work, 
or  one  wholly  devoted  to  Fruits,  and  are 
inserted  with  a  desire  to  increase  the 
popular  character  of  the  Dictionary,  and 
render  it  of  increased  interest  to  the 
mass  of  readers. 


y 

conical      l 

2    Oct. 

to    Dec. 

y 

flat         M 

1  1  Nov. 

Feb. 

str 

roundish    l 

2 

Oct. 

Jan. 

g 

roundish  |  l 

Oct. 

Feb. 

y  r 

roundish  |  l 

Oct. 

Apl. 

y 

roundish    ji 

Nov. 

Feb. 

str 

roundish  j  i. 

Oct. 

June 

str 

roundish  1  i. 

1    Oct. 

Nov. 

y 

roundish 

L 

1    Oct. 

Dec. 

y 

conical 

M 

Nov. 

Apl. 

y 

flat 

s 

Nov. 

Mar. 

y 

roundish   m 

Nov. 

Mar. 

r 

oblong 

M 

Nov. 

Feb. 

y  ■■ 

flat 

M 

Sept. 

Nov. 

r 

roundish 

L 

Oct. 

Dec. 

r 

conical 

L 

Dec. 

April 

r 

conical 

L 

Nov. 

Jan. 

g 

roundish 

L 

Nov. 

Mar. 

y 

roundish  j  s 

Dec. 

Mar. 

y 

roundish    s 

Nov. 

Mar. 

y 

roundish    l 

Dec. 

Mar. 

y 

oblong     M 

Nov. 

Mar. 

y 

flat         L 

Oct. 

Jan. 

y 

roundish    l 

2 

Nov. 

Jan. 

y 

roundish    m 

1     Nov. 

Jan. 

y 

roundish    l 

1     Nov. 

Mar. 

g 

roundish    m    1     Dec. 

April 

y 

roundish 

M    1  j  Dec. 

April 

str 

oblong 

L 

1    Dec. 

April 

g 

roundish 

L 

2    Oct. 

Jan. 

y 

oblong 

L 

1  j  Sept. 

Nov. 

roundish 

L 

1  1  Dec. 

May 

y 

round 

L 

1  i  Oct. 

Jan. 

y 

flat 

M 

1    Oct. 

Dec. 

r 

round 

L 

1    Nov. 

Apl. 

y  •■ 

roundish 

M 

2  !  Nov. 

Feb. 

str 

conical 

L 

1  i  Nov. 

Apl. 

r 

round       i. 

1     Nov. 

April 

y 

round 

L 

1  1  Dec. 

Mar. 

y 

roundish 

J. 

1  '  Nov. 

Mar. 

r 

round 

S 

1 

Jan. 

May 

y 

flat 

M 

1 

Oct. 

Feb. 

r 

round      l  ■  1 

Nov. 

Mar. 

r 

round 

M     1 

Nov. 

Apl. 

r 

conical 

L    2    Nov. 

Mar. 

g 

round 

L 

1 

1  Dec. 

Feb. 

SuMMKR  Queen.  Coxe.  (Fig.  1.) 
This  is  quite  a  distinct  variety  from  one 
long  known  around  Philadelphia  as  the 
Early  Queen.  It  is  of  full  medium 
size,  the  outline  in  some  specimens 
rather  longer  than  broad,  the  blossom 
end  occasionally  quite  pointed.  Skin 
yellow,  clouded  and  striped  with  red, 
so   much  so  in  some   instances  as  to 


APP 


44 


APP 


obscure  the  ground  colour.  Flesh  yel- j  of  uncommonly  beautiful  appearance, 
low,  rich  and  aromatic.  Stem  long,  It  is  certainly  a  superior  dessert  fruit ; 
deeply  planted,  llipe  in  August,  but  j  its  sprightly  aroma  is  agreeable  to  most 
fit  for  cooking  in  July.  Coxe  describes  i  palates,  and  makes  it  a  popular  apple  in 
it  as  an  apple  of  the  finest  quality,  and  1  the  Philadelphia  market. 

Fig.  1.— (P.  43.) 


Summer  Pearmain.  Coxe.  (Fig.  2.) 
This  is  unquestionably  the  finest  apple 
of  its  season,  possessing  more  of  the 
character  of  the  pear  than  an  ordinary 
apple ;  its  appearance  is  by  no  means 
prepossessing,  and  those  who  look  to 
exteriors  only  would  pass  it  by  unno- 
ticed. The  colour  is  usually  dull  red, 
slightly  streaked  and  spotted,  occasion- 
ally in  the  sun  of  a  brighter  hue.  Coxe 
says  it  has  proved  well  adapted  to  light 
lands,  and  correctly  describes  it  as 
singularly  tender,  bursting  from  its  own 
weight,  when  falling.  The  outline  is 
oblong,  uniformly  regular;  stem  and 
calyx  deeply  seated ;  ripe  in  August  and 
September. 

WooLMAN's  Harvest.  {Striped 
Harvest.)  (Fig.  3.)  This  apple  is 
known  in  New  Jersey  as  above  ;  its  ori- 
gin is  obscure,  nor  have  we  found  it 
described  by  any  American   authority. 


The  size  is  much  below  medium,  weigh- 
ing scarcely  two  ounces.  Ground  colour 
a  delicate  whitish  yellow,  beautifully 
streaked  and  pencilled  with  bright  red 
of  different  depths,  giving  it  rather  an 
artificial  aspect,  as  though  an  artist  had 
coloured  it  to  suit  his  fancy;  flesh  white, 
crisp  and  tender,  juicy,  but  not  rich: — 
its  early  maturity  commends  it  to  notice; 
ripe  in  July. 

Maiden's  Blush.  Coxe.  (Fig.  4.) 
There  is  not,  perhaps,  a  more  popular 
summer  apple  in  the  Philadelphia  mar- 
ket than  this;  it  ripens  in  August,  and 
is  in  fruitful  seasons  abundant  until  the 
first  of  October.  The  size  is  above  me- 
dium ;  skin  smooth, yellow,  with  a  lively 
carmine  cheek  ;  the  general  outline  is 
flattened.  Flesh  white,  tender,  admi- 
rably adapted  to  drying.  Stem  short, 
and  both  it  and  the  eye  seated  in  a 
deep  cavity.     The  habit  of  the  tree  is 


APP 


45 


APP 


Fig.  2— (P.  44.) 


Fig.  3.— (P.  44.) 


vigorous,  forming  an  open  and  rather 
spreading  head. 

Early  Bough.  Ken.  {Bough  Apple. 
Coxe.)  (Fig.  5.)  The  Early  Bougli  is 
frequently  above  medium  size  ;  outline 
rather  longer  than  broad.  Stem  seldom 
rising  to  the  crown  of  the  fruit.  Skin 
smooth,  of  a  pale  yellow  hue.  Flesh 
white,  with  more  than  ordinary  juice  ; 
sweet  and  well-flavoured,  though  by  no 


means  rich.  It  is  of  fair  quality,  and 
because  of  its  early  maturity  generally 
esteemed,    llipe  in  July  and  August. 

IIagloe.  {Hagloe  Crab  of  Coxe: 
Downing.)  (Fig.  6.)  There  is  evidently 
sonic  blunder  as  regards  this  apple, 
which  was  imported  by  Coxe,  and  de- 
scribed by  him.  It  is  unquestionably 
not  the  Hagloe  Crab  of  the  English,  a 
cider  apple  of  high  repute,  to  which, 


AP  P 


46 


APP 


Fig.  4.— (P.  44.) 


APP 


47 


APP 


it  is  believed,  this  has  no  pretension,  medium,    and   great    beauty,    rccom- 

It  is  said  that  Coxe  himself  discovered  mend   it  for  the    table.     The    prevail- 

the  error,  and  designed  correcting  it  in  ing    colour    is    yellow,    streaked    with 

a  future  edition  of  his  work.  It  occurred  red  of  darker    or  lighter   shades,  and 

from  the  label   having  been  lost  in  the  with  a  delicate  bloom  on  well-ripened 


original  package,  and  a  loose  Hagloe 
Crab  label  being  found,  was  supposed  to 
attach  to  the  tree  in  question. 

It  is  now  well  known  in  Pennsylvania 


specimens.  The  outline  round,  some- 
times a  little  irregular.  Stem  short; 
the  eye  deeply  seated.  The  flesh  is 
soft  and  woolly,  as  it  is  termed,  which 


and  New  Jersev,  as    the    Hagloe,  the    of  course  detracts  from  its  quality  as  a 
Crab  having  been  dropped,  and  is  much    table  fruit.     Ripe,  August  and  Septem- 
esteemed  in   the    Philadelphia  market  i  ber. 
as  a  cooking  apple;  its  fair  size,  above  I 

Fig.  6.— (P.  45.) 


Early  Queen.  (Fig.  7.)  The  ap- 
ple here  represented,  has  been  known 
for  many  years  around  Philadelphia  by 
the  above  name  ;  it  is  one  of  the  earli- 
est seen  in  our  market,  making  its  ap- 
pearance early  in  July  and  continuing 
throughout  August.  When  ripened  in 
the  sun  it  is  nearly  of  a  uniform  aspect 
— striped  and  clouded  with  red  of  darker 
or  lighter  shades  on  a  greenish-yellow 
ground,  the  red  frequently  the  prevail- 
ing colour  :  others  ripened  in  the  shade 
have  but  little  red,  the  stripes  more  dis- 
tinctly marked  on  a  greenish  ground, 
thus  presenting  fruit  from  the  same  tree 


of  very  different  appearance.  The  size 
is  in  good  specimens,  above  medium  ; 
outline  rather  flattened,  and  narrowing 
towards  the  blossom  end.  Calyx  quite 
small,  nearly  closed  and  set  in  a  shal- 
low basin.  Stem  short,  seldom  rising 
to  the  crown  of  the  fruit.  Flesh  white, 
with  occasional  pink  streaks  and  clouds; 
crisp,  and  when  over  ripe,  mealy. 

Baldwin.  Ken :  Down.  (Fig.  8.) 
The  Baldwin,  partially  known  as  the 
Woodpecker,  is  nearly  confined  to  New 
England  ;  but  ought  to  be  an  apple  of 
the  world.  It  has  few  superiors,  and  is 
1  above  average  quality  in  all  respects. 


APP 


48 


Fig.  7.— (P.  47.) 


APP 


Fig.  8.— (P.  47.) 


AP  P 


49 


APP 


Its  flavour  is  rich  and  sprightly.  Flesh 
yellowish  and  crisp  ;  few  taste  it  with- 
out admiration. 

The  outline  is  round,  flattened  atthe 
stem  end  and  narrowing  towards  the 
eye;  ground  colour  yellow  obscured  by 
red  and  crimson  shading  and  slightly 
marked  by  russet  near  the  stem,  which 
is  rather  deeply  planted.  In  season 
from  November  to  March. 

Lady  Apple.  Coie.  {Pomme  d' 
Api.  Rouge.  Petit  and  Gros  Api. 
Rouge,  of  the  French.)  (Fig.  9.)  The 
small  size  of  this  beautiful  fruit  may  be 


an  objection  with  many,  but  it  is  un- 
doubtedly worthy  a  place  in  every 
orchard  irom  its  exquisite  beauty  and 
line  quality.  The  Lady  Apple  is  highly 
prized  wherever  quality,  rather  than 
bulk  is  considered  as  the  test  of  value. 
At  Philadelphia  it  is  a  great  favourite, 
and  commands  ready  sale.  The  out- 
line is  flat,  colour  when  well  ripened  a 
lively  yellow,  with  a  bright  carmine 
cheek.  Flesh  white  and  crisp;  juice 
sprightly  and  agreeable  ;  bears  abund- 
antly. Ripe  in  December,  and  keeps 
well  during  winter. 


Fiff.  9. 


Gloria  Mundi.  Thomp.  Mon- 
strous Pippen.  Coxe.  Golden  Ball.  Ken. 
(Fig.  10.)  Coxe  says  this  imposing  ap- 
ple originated  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 
Downing  supposes  it  to  be  originally 
from  Maine;  the  fact  is  unimportant.  Its 
large  size  renders  it  an  object  of  popular 
regard;  it  is  an  admirable  cooking  ap- 
ple though  not  profitable,  from  liability 
lo  be  blown  off  prematurely.  Skin 
yellow,  marked  by  bright  spots  or  dots. 
Flesh  juicy  and  sprightly.  The  outline 
is  round;  stem  short;  eye  bushy.  In 
season,  November  to  March.  A  speci- 
men at  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural 
Society's  exhibition,  September,  1846. 
weighed  27  ounces. 

Bell  Flower.  (Fig.  11.)  "A  re- 
markably large,  beautiful  and  excel- 
lent apple,  both  for  the  dessert  and 
for  cooking — it  is  of  a  pale,  but  bright 
and  fair  yellow  colour;  the  cheek  next 
the  sun  has  sometimes  a  blush,  but  more 
frequently  is  without  any  red  :  the  form 
is  oblong,  somewhat  pointed  at  the 
blossom  end — both  ends  are  deeply  in- 
dented— the  flesh  is  rich,  juicy,  tender 
and  sprightly  ;  it  has  uncommonly  large 
full  seeds,  which  are  lodged  in  a  peri- 
4 


carpium  of  unusual  size,  and  if  shaken 
can  be  distinctly  heard  ;  it  ripens  late 
in  October,  when  its  great  weight 
causes  it  to  fall  in  windy  weather — if 
carefully  picked  before  they  are  too 
ripe,  tlicy  will  keep  in  high  perfection 
through  the  winter,  till  late  in  the 
spring,  especially  when  they  are  shrivel- 
led or  wilted — from  their  beauty  and 
excellence,  they  arc  the  most  popular 
apple  in  the  Philadelphia  market:  the 
tree  grows  very  large  and  spreading;  it 
should  be  trained  high,  or  the  liinbs  will 
touch  the  ground  when  in  full  bearing;  it 
succeeds  best  on  light  rich  soils." — Coxe. 
Rhode  Island  Greening. —  Coxe. 
(Fig.  12.)  A  well  known  variety,  ex- 
tensively disseminated  throughout  the 
Atlantic  States.  The  size  is  large; 
outline  round ;  skin  of  a  yellowish 
green ;  sometimes,  though  very  sel- 
dom of  a  faint  blush-like  hue  towards 
the  stem.  The  flesh  is  crisp,  abounding 
in  juice,  finely  flavoured;  stem  short. 
Calyx  rather  small  for  so  large  an  ap- 
ple, and  placed  in  a  shallow  basin.  In 
season  from  October  to  January,  some- 
times later. 


APP 


50 


Fig.  10.— (P.  49.) 


APP 


New  England  Russet.  Boston  or 
Roxbury  Russet  or  Russeting.  (Fig. 
13.)  This  is  claimed  as  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  and  is  held  throughout 
New  England  in  high  repute.  It  is 
usually  considered  the  best  of  its  class 
popularly  termed  "leather-coats."  The 
size  is  full  medium ;  form  irregularly 
round,  flattened  at  both  stem  and  blos- 
som end.  When  fully  ripe  of  a  russet 
hue,  occasionally  with  indications  of 
blush.  It  is  in  season  at  mid-winter, 
but  may  be  kept  till  May  or  June;  in- 
deed  they  may  be  seen  sometimes  in 


July.  This  property  of  long  keeping  in 
connection  with  its  productive  habit, 
has  secured  it  great  popularity. 

Yellow  Newtown  Pippin.  (Fig. 
14.)  "  This  is  in  most  of  its  varieties 
the  finest  apple  of  our  country,  and 
probably  of  the  world.  It  varies  much 
in  quality,  with  soil,  aspect,  cultivation, 
climate  and  age.  The  form  is  rather 
flat,  the  size  large,  the  skin  a  greenish 
yellow,  with  black  clouds,  and  fre- 
quently with  red  spots  or  blotches.  It 
ripens  in  November,  and  is  often  kept 
t  till  May  and  June.    It  will  produce  fine 


APP 


51 


APP 


Fig.  11.— (P.  49.) 


%^ 


apples  on  even  a  light  sandy  soil,  aided 
by  the  application  of  river  or  meadow 
mud  as  a  manure,  two  or  three  cart 
loads  to  a  tree." — Coxe. 

WiNF.  Apple.  (Fig.  1.5.)  This  is  a 
well  known  variety  in  Philadelphia.  It 
is  unusually  large,  and  attractive  from 
its  beautifully  fair  and  handsome  ap- 
pearance. The  outline  is  round,  rather 
flattened  at  the  poles;  prevailing  colour 
rod,  shaded  and  spotted  with  yellow. 
.Stalk  quite  short,  never  rising  to  the 
crown  of  the  fruit,  which  is  occasion- 
ally of  a  russet  hue,  Calyx  large  and 
deeply  seated,  ripe  in  October,  and  in 
eating  through  the  antumn  and  winter. 
It  is  equally  adapted  to  the  table, 
kitchen  and  press.  The  habit  of  the 
tree  is  open,  growth  large  and  hand- 
some. 


.-Esopus  Spitzenburg.  Thomp.  Lind. 
Ken.  (Fig.  16.)  There  are  but  few, 
very  few  apples  to  which  higher  rank  is 
awarded  than  to  this  variety,  which  has 
the  rare  advantage  of  beauty  and  good- 
ness combined.  It  is  said  to  have  origi- 
nated at  j^Lsopus  on  the  Hudson  river. 
The  size  full  medium,  with  an  oblong  out- 
line. Skin  fair  and  smooth,  of  a  fine  clear 
red,  in  some  specimens  of  a  brilliant  hue 
on  the  sunny  side,  the  opposite  of  a  yel- 
lowish cast.  Flesh  yellow, and  in  thelan- 
guage  ofCoxe,  "singularly  rich,  juicy  and 
sprightly."  Stem  of  medium  length,  well 
planted.  Calyx  in  a  shallow  depression. 
In  season  November  to  February. 

IvAicirN's  SpiTzrNBURG.  Coxe.  (Fig. 
17.)  This  variety  takes  its  name  from 
the  original  cultivator,  the  late  Joseph 
Kaighn,  of  Kaighn's  Point,  New  Jersey. 


APP  52 

• 

ricr  12—  V  -10  ' 


APP 


APP 


53 


APP 


14.— (P.  50.) 


It  somewhat  resembles  the  .^sopus 
Spitzenburg.  Colour  bright  red,  deli- 
cately streaked  and  marked  by  white 
dots,  which  strongly  characterize  it. 
Skin  smooth  ;  flesh  juicy  and  well 
flavoured  ;  stem  rather  long,  deeply 
seated  ;  blossom  end  frequently  more 
pointed  than  in  the  drawing. 

Propagation  by  seed. — When  it  is  in- 
tended to  raise  stocks  to  be  engrafted, 
the  only  matter  to  be  observed  in  se- 
lecting the  seed  is,  that  it  be  from  vigo- 
rous healthy  trees.  Keep  the  seed  in 
sand,  or  earth  moderately  damp,  during 
autumn  and  winter,  and  sow  quite  early 
in  the  spring,  and  in  drills,  so  as  to  ad- 
mit of  more  easy  culture.  The  second 
season  the  young  stocks  may  be  trans- 
planted, and  again  the  third  season, 
'each  transplantation  tending  to  secure 
success  on  the  final  transfer  to  the  or- 
chard ground.)  When  three  years  old, 
they  will  be,  if  well  managed,  stout 
stocks,  ready  for  grafting. 

Where  the  object  is  to  produce  new 
varieties,  select  the^seed  from  favourite 
fruits  and  sow  as  above  directed. 

If  it  be  the  purpose  to  allow  the  seed- 
lings to  bear, 'they  may  be  suffered  to 
remain  where  they  have  first  grown,  or 
they  may  he  transplanted  to  any  other 
position.    But  a  more  speedy  method 


to  reach  results  is  to  graft  a  shoot  of 
the  seedling  in  a  branch  of  a  vigorous 
tree.  The  second  season  fruit  may  be 
obtained,  especially  if  the  shoot  is  bent 
downwards,  or  inclined,  so  as  to  arrest 
the  free  flow  of  sap,  which  would  rather 
tend  to  preserve  wood  than  fruit.  By 
this  means  curiosity  can  be  early  satis- 
fied, and  those  which  prove  worthless, 
by  far  the  larger  portion,  cast  out  as 
cumberers  of  the  ground. 

Mr.  Knight  states  that  "  the  width 
and  thickness  of  the  leaf  generally  in- 
dicates the  size  of  the  future  apple,  but 
will  by  no  means  convey  any  correct 
idea  of  the  merits  of  the  future  fruit. 

"  When  these  have  the  character  of 
high  cultivation,  the  qualities  of  the 
fruit  w-ill  be  far  removed  from  those  of 
the  native  species;  but  the  apple  may 
be  insipid  or  highly  flavoured,  green  or 
deeply  coloured,  and  of  course  well  or 
ill-calculated  to  answer  the  purposes  of 
the  planter.  An  early  blossom  in  the 
spring,  and  an  early  change  of  colour 
in  the  autumnal  leaf,  would  naturally 
be  supposed  to  indicate  a  fruit  of  early 
maturity,  but  I  have  never  been  able  to 
discover  any  criterion  of  this  kind  on 
which  the  smallest  dependence  may  be 
placed.  The  leaves  of  some  varieties 
will  become  yellow  and  fall  otf,  leaving 


APP 


64 


APP 


Fig.  15.— (P.  51.) 


i 


the  fruit  green  and  immature;  and  the 
leaves  in  other  kinds  will  retain  their 
verdure  long  after  the  fruit  has  perished. 
The  plants  whose  buds  in  the  annual 
wood  are  full  and  prominent  are  usually 
more  productive  than  thoKe  wliose  buds 
are  small  and  shrunk  in  the  bark  ;  but 
their  future  produce  will  depend  much 
on  the  power  the  blossoms  possess  of 
bearing  the  cold,  and  this  power  varies 
in  the  varieties,  and  can  only  be  known 
from  experience.  Those  which  pro- 
duce their  leaves  and  blossoms  rather 
early  in  the  spring  are  generally  to  be 
preferred,  for,  though  they  are  more 
exposed  to  injury  from  frost,  they  less  fre- 
quently suffer  from  the  attacks  of  insects 


— the  more  common  cause  of  allure. 
The  disposition  to  vegetate  early  or 
late  in  the  spring,  is,  like  almost  every 
other  quality  in  the  apple  tree,  trans- 
ferred in  different  degrees  to  its  off- 
spring ;  and  the  planter  must  therefore 
seek  those  qualities  in  the  parent  tree 
which  he  wishes  to  find  in  the  future 
seedling  plants.  The^^best  method  I 
have  been  able  to  discover  of  obtaining 
such  fruits  as  vegetate  very  early  in  the 
spring,  has  been  by  introducing  the 
farina  of  the  Siberian  Crab  into  the  blos- 
som of  a  rich  and  early  apple,  and  by 
transferring,  in  the  same  manner,  the 
farina  of  the  apple  to  the  blossom  of  the 
Siberian  Crab.     The  leaf  and  the  habit 


APP 


53 


APP 


Fig.  16.— (P.  51.) 


Ik 


of  many  of  the  plants  that  I  have  thus 
obtained,  possess  much  of  the  character 
of  the  apple,  whilst  they  vegetate  as 
early  in  the  spring  as  the  crab  of  Sibe- 
ria, and  possess  at  least  an  equal  power 
of  bearing  cold ;  and  I  possess  two 
plants  of  the  family  which  are  quite  as 
hardy  as  the  most  austere  crab  of  our 
woods." 

By  cuttings. — All  the  varieties  may 
be  raised  in  this  mode,  though  some, 
as  the  Burr-knot,  Codling,  and  June- 
eating,  more  readily  than  others.  Trees 
80  raised  are  said  to  be  not  so  liable  as 
their  parents  to  canker.  In  February 
take  cuttings  of  young  shoots  from  some 
of  the  horizontal  branches,  about  eight 
inches  long,  cutting  off  a  portion  of  the 
old  wood  of  the  branch  attached  to  the 
shoot ;  remove  all  the  buds  except  the 
upper  three.  Plant  these  firmly  in 
sandy  loam,  giving  water  and  covering 
with  a  hand-glass  until  the  cuttings  have 
well  vegetated.  Shade  from  the  mid- 
day sun;  remove  the  hand-glass  in  Au- 


gust; and  remove  the  plants  into  the 
nursery  early  in  November. 

Soil. — The  most  favourable  soil  is  a 
strong  loam,  two  feet  deep,  on  a  dry 
subsoil,  thoroughly  drained,  for  stag- 
nant root  moisture  induces  canker  and 
moss. 

Planting. — The  soil  should  be  trench- 
ed, and  some  cultivators  place  imme- 
diately beneath  each  tree,  according  to 
the  extent  of  its  roots,  chalk,  stones, 
or  brick-bats  rammed  so  as  to  form  a 
kind  of  pavement  to  direct  the  roots 
horizontally.  Plant  so  that  the  roots 
nearest  the  surface  are  twelve  inches 
below  it. 

Espaliers. — In  America  the  apple  is 
seldom  trained  as  an  Espalier,  though 
they  might  thus  be  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens of  limited  extent,  and  in  some 
cases  serve  a  double  purpose,  affording 
shade  and  fruit.  When  first  planted 
the  young  plant  is  cut  down  to  within 
about  a  foot  of  the  ground,  and  only 
three  shoots  permitted  to  spring  from  it, 


APP 


56 


APP 


Fig.  17.— (P  .51.) 


one  of  which  will  be  the  leader,  and 
the  others  will  form  the  first  or  lower 
tier  of  bearing  branches,  which  are  to 
be  secured  to  small  stakes,  so  as  to 
keep  them  in  their  proper  places. 

The  following  season  the  upright 
leader  must  be  shortened  to  nine  inches 
or  a  foot  above  the  two  horizontal 
branches,  and  deprived  of  all  its  shoots 
excepting  the  three  uppermost,  which 
are  to  be  treated  the  same  as  before. 
In  this  way  the  leading  shoot  is  to  be 
stopped  at  the  requisite  distance  above 
the  horizontal  ones,  until  it  has  reached 
the  height  of  five  feet.  It  is  then  cut 
off,  and  no  more  allowed  to  grow  up- 
right, the  whole  strength  of  the  tree 
being  directed  to  the  fruiting  branches. 
— Gard.  Chron. 

Espalier  apple  trees  should  be  at  not 
less  than  twenty  feet  distance  ;  butfive- 
and-thirty  feet  is  better,  especially  for 
trees  grarted  on  crab  or  apple  stocks, 
which  are  free  shooters  ;  for  trees  graft- 
ed on  codlin  and  paradise  stocks  eigh- 
teen or  twenty  feet  may  be  a  sufficient 
distance.     They  should  be  planted  with 


their  heads  entire,  only  removing  any 
very  irregular  growths  that  do  not  range 
consistent  with  the  intended  form,  and 
pruning  any  broken  roots.  Let  all  the 
branches  be  trained  horizontally  to  the 
right  and  left,  an  equal  number  on  each 
side,  all  at  full  length,  five  or  six  inches 
asunder,  and,  according  as  they  shoot 
in  summer,  still  continue  them  along 
entire.  At  the  same  time  train  in  a 
further  supply  of  new  shoots,  to  increase 
the  number  of  horizontals  or  bearers, 
and  thus  continue  increasing  their  num- 
bers every  year,  till  the  espalier  is 
regularly  filled  from  the  bottom  to  top, 
preserving  all  the  branches  at  full 
length,  as  far  as  the  allotted  space  will 
admit. 

They  must  have  a  summer  and  a 
winter  pruning  annually;  in  the  sum- 
mer cut  out  all  the  superfluous  and  ill- 
placed  shoots  of  the  year,  and  train 
regular  ones  towards  the  lower  parts  in 
vacant  spaces,  at  least  to  remain  till 
winter,  some  of  which  may  be  then 
wanted  to  fill  some  unforeseen  vacancy, 
clearing  out  all  others  at  this  time  as 


APP 


57 


APR 


close  as  poi5sibIe.     And   in  winter,  if  middle  of  the  head,  and  all  dead  wood 
any  worn  out  or  decayed  parts  appear, '  and  suckers  from  the  stem  and  root. 


then  is  the  time  to  retrench  them,  re- 
taining young  brandies  in  their  places,  \ 
and  if  any  vacancy  occurs,  retain  some  j 
contiguous  young  shoot  to  fill  it.  Cut ; 
clean  out  close  to  the  branches,  still  i 
continuing  all  the  branches,  and  any 
occasional  supply  of  shoots,  at  full  ! 
length,  as  far  as  their  limited  bounds 
will  allow;  then  train  the  whole  regu- | 
larly,    tying    them   in    as    straight    and 


Some  persons,  however,  prefer  more 
pruning,  and  Mr.  Clarke,  gardener  to 
the  Earl  of  Lonsdale,  says,  "  My  sea- 
son for  pruning  commences  as  soon  as 
the  fruit  is  taken  ofl'  the  trees,  and  con- 
tinues to  the  middle  of  March  ;  during 
that  time  cut  out  all  the  ill-placed 
shoots,  such  as  incline  to  grow  towards 
the  centre,  or  into  each  other,  and 
leave  untouched  all  those  that  stand  in 


close  to  the  railing  as  possible,  about    such  a  way  that  the  tree  will  form  a  cup, 
six  inches  asunder.  or  something  like  a  well   blown   tulip, 

Standards,  or  Orchard  Trees. — The  all  the  branches  standing  perfectly  clear 
standards  having  been  trained  in  the  i  of  each  other,  so  that  they  will  bear 
nursery  with  tolerably  good  heads,  they  |  fruit  on  the  inside,  the  sun  and  air  get- 
should  be  planted  with  those  heads  en-  t  ting  to  all  parts  of  the  tree  alike.  Keep 
tire  ;  if  any  are  intended  for  the  kitchen  j  fruit  trees  as  low  as  possible  ;  this  may 
garden,  plant  them  at  least  forty  feet  be  done  by  removing  a  limb  when  it  is 
distance;  and,  for  a  full  plantation,  to  " 
form  an  orchard,  allow  thirty  feet  dis-  j 
tance  every  way. 

Trim  any  broken  roots,  but  leave  all 
the  others  entire. 

As  soon  as  planted,  let  every  one  be 
well  staked,  to  support  them  firmly  up- 


likely  to  get  over  tall,  leaving  a  younj: 
shoot  at  a  proper  place  to  succeed  it. 
The  apple  is  in  America  a  hardy  robust 
tree,  and  succeeds  admirably  through- 
out the  middle  and  western  states, 
though  it  were  desirable  it  should  re- 
ceive more  attention  than  is  frequently 
right,  and  prevent  their  being  disturbed  I  bestowed  on  it.     Its  principal  enemy  is 


in  rooting  by  winds. 

Smaller  growing  standards,  such  as 
codlins  and  dwarfs  upon  paradise  stocks, 
may,  if  required,  be  planted  only  at 
twenty  feet  distance,  though,  if  there 
is  room  to  allow  a  greater  distance,  it 
will  be  the  greater  advantage. 

Let  them  also,  in  future,  advance  with 
all  their  branches  at  full  length,  taking 
their  own  natural  growth,  and  they 
will  soon  form  numerous  natural  spurs 
in  every  part  for  bearing. 

With  respect  to  pruning  these  stand- 
ards very  little  is  required,  probably 
not  more  than  once  in  several  years, 
and  then  only  the  retrenching  any  very 
irregular  cross-placed  bough,  or  reduc- 
ing to  order  any  very  long  rambler;  or 
when  the  head  is  become  greatly  crowd- 
ed and  confused,  to  thin  out  some  of 
the  most  irregular  growth,  likewise  all 
strong  shoots  growing    upright  in  the 


the  "  Borer,"  {Saperda  bivittata),  which 
deposits  Its  eggs  in  the  body  of  the  tree 
near  the  ground.  The  insects  perforate 
the  wood,  causing  disease,  and  if  un- 
disturbed ultimately  death.  The  reme- 
dy is  the  frequent  use  of  pliant  wire 
thrust  into  the  wound,  so  as  to  pierce 
the  grub  ;  a  mound  of  ashes  around  the 
trunk  is  beneficial — alkali  being  ex- 
tremely offensive  to  insects. 

For  full  directions  as  to  the  manage- 
ment of  apple  trees  see  the  "  Fruit  Cul- 
ttirist,''''  by  Thomas.  "  Fruits  of  Ame- 
rica," by  Downing.  *'  Kenrick's  Or- 
chardist." 

Al'PLE-BARK  BEETLE.  Bostri- 
chiis. 

APRICOT,  (Armeniaca  vulgaris.) 

Varieties. — The  following  list  is  from 
the  catalogue  of  D.  Landreth  and  Ful- 
ton, Philadelphia: — 


APR 


58 


APR 


Color. 

>. 

y.  yellow. 

Size. 

Season  of 

Name. 

o.  orange. 

Form. 

M.  medium. 

"3 

3 

ripening 

Remarks. 

r.  red. 

L.  large. 

at  Philad. 

1.  Roman. 

y- 

oblong 

M. 

2 

Aug. 

Very  produc- 

Abricot Commun. 

tive   and    ex- 

Large French. 

cellent. 

2.  Breda. 

0. 

round 

M. 

1 

Aug. 

Highly  flavor- 

Holland. 

ed,      produc- 

Brussels. 

tive. 

3.  Large  Early, 

o. 

oblong 

L. 

1 

July. 

Excellent. 

4.  Moor  Park. 

0.  r. 

round 

L. 

1 

Aug. 

Considered 

Abricot  Peche. 

the  finest. 

De  Nancy. 

5.  Masculine  Red. 

o.  r. 

M. 

2 

July. 

Earliest. 

Early  Red  Masculine. 

Brown  Masculine. 

6.  Orange. 

0. 

round 

M. 

2 

Aug. 

Abundant 

Royal  Persian. 

bearer,    good 

Early  Orange. 

flavor. 

7.  Peach. 

0.  r. 

round 

L. 

1 

Aug. 

Good  and 

De  Nancy. 

productive. 

Lalbner's  Peach. 

8.  Turkey. 

y- 

round 

L. 

1 

Aug. 

Large  Turkey. 

Propagation  is  best  done  by  budding 
on  a  plum  or  peach  stock  in  August 
or  September,  as  the  state  of  the 
wood  may  make  expedient.  European 
gardeners  usually,  for  dwarfs,  bud 
at  eight  inches  from  the  ground  ;  for 
half-standards  at  three  feet ;  and  for 
standards  at  five  feet.  But  that  is  un- 
important, the  subsequent  treatment  of 
the  tree  may  adapt  it  to  the  required 
purpose.  With  us  it  is  the  general 
practice  to  bud  near  the  ground,  and 
the  usage  would  imply  the  practice  has 
proved  correct. 

Planting. — The  best  plants  are  with 
one  stem,  free  from  gum,  clean  barked  ; 
and  the  more  vigorous  the  better.  They 
may  be  safely  transplanted  at  any  time 
in  autumn  after  vegetation  has  ceased, 
until  the  buds  are  about  to  expand  in 
spring. 

Aspect. — An  eastern  or  western  wall 
is  best ;  for  on  a  south  aspect  the  fruit 
becomes  mealy  even  before  it  is  ripe. 
A  northern  exposure  sometimes  proves 
most  successful,  as  the  bloom  is  late, 
and  escapes  frost,  which  is  fatal  to  those 
in  more  sheltered  situations.  As  a 
standard,  the  apricot  is  some  years  be- 
fore it  bears,  but  it  is  then  very  prolific 
and  high  flavored.  i 

Soil. — The  usual  mellow  loam  of 
gardens  is  well  suited  to  the  apricot ;  j 


but  its  roots  should  be  kept  at  less  than 
eighteen  inches  from  the  surface,  and 
the  border  be  well  drained. 

Training. — The  branches  should  be 
on  an  average  six  inches  apart,  and 
kept  as  horizontal  as  possible.  The 
nearer  the  form  can  be  kept  to  the  fol- 
lowing (Fig.  IS)  the  better,  unless  the 
tree    be    weak,    in    which    case     the 

Fig.  18. 


branches  may  be  trained  a  little  more 
vertical. 

Pruning  must  be  regulated  by  the 
knowledge  that,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Moor  Park,  each  variety  bears 
chiefly  on   the   shoots  of  the  previous 


APR 


69 


APR 


years.  The  Moor  Park  mostly  on  spurs 
upon  two  and  three  years'  old  branches. 

Siim7ner  Pruning. — Take  off  all  fore- 
right  shoots  and  others  that  are  irregular 
and  misplaced  ;  reserving  those  that  are 
vigorous  and  that  will  train  in  well  for 
next  year's  bearing.  If  done  early  in 
May  the  finger  and  thumb  will  super- 
sede the  knife  for  this  pruning.  Con- 
tinue to  nail  the  shoots  to  the  wall  as 
necessary  during  all  the  summer.  Over- 
vigorous  shoots  may  be  topped  in  June, 
and  be  thus  induced  to  put  forth  more 
fertile  laterals. 

Winter  Pruning  had  best  be  done  as 
soon  as  the  leaves  have  fallen,  though 
it  may  be  carried  on  until  the  buds  be- 
gin to  swell  in  March.  Cut  out  the 
most  naked  of  the  two  previous  years' 
shoots,  and  old  branches  not  well  sup- 
plied with  young  wood,  to  have  their 
places  re-occupied  by  younger  and  bet- 
ter branches.  Keep  a  leading  shoot  at 
the  end  of  each  branch.  Vigorous 
shoots  of  the  last  year  shorten  about 
one-eighth — weaker  shoots  about  one- 
half  This  promotes  the  production  of 
laterals  for  next  year's  fruiting,  and 
gives  a  fuller  supply  of  sap  to  the  blos- 
som buds ;  but  if  the  shortening  is  too 
great,  the  latter  will  be  converted  to 
leaf-buds.  Cut  off  all  fore-right  spurs  ; 
but  lateral  spurs  may  be  retained,  as 
they  sometimes  produce  blossom  buds, 
as  they  always  do  in  the  Moor  Park. 

Espaliers  are  to  be  formed  as  those 
on  wails,  and  standards  only  require 
dead,  crowded,  or  chaffing  branches  to 
be  removed. 

When  an  apricot  gets  old  and  dis- 
eased, it  is  much  more  j)rofitable  to  re- 
place it  by  a  younger,  than  to  attempt 
its  renovation. 

Gathering  should  take  place  before 
the  fruit  is  quite  ripe,  or  it  will  be 
mealy. 

Thinning,  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  large 
enough  for  tarts,  in  May  or  early  in 
June,  should  be  boldly  done,  no  fruit 
being  left  nearer  than  six  inches  to 
another. 

Insects. — Wasps  and  flies  are  best 
kept  off  by  a  net,  not  nearer  than  a  foot 
to  the  wall. 

Mildew  is  often  the  most  formidable 
assailant  of  the  apricot,  as  it  usually 
arises  from  excess  of  moisture  to  the 
root ;  draining  the  border,  and  mixing 
lime  with  the  soil,  will  be  in  such  case 
found  efficacious  as  a  preventive,  and 


at  the  time  a  syringing  with  water 
containing  one-eighth  of  gas  ammonia- 
cal  liquor. 

APRIL.  In  this  fickle  month  the 
sheltering  of  wall  fruit  requires  particu- 
lar attention.  F2asterly  blighting  winds 
always  prevail  towards  its  close,  and 
early  in  May. 

The  work  required  to  be  attended  to 
in  the  various  departments  in  the  lati- 
tude of  Philadelphia,  is  as  follows.  It 
should  be  performed  early  or  later  as 
we  reside  south  or  north  of  that  lati- 
tude : — 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

Alexanders,  sow. — Angelica,  sow. — 
Artichokes,  plant,  b.  or  dress. — Aspara- 
gus, sow,  plant,  force,  and  dress  beds. 
— Balm,  plant. — Basil,  sow. — Beans, 
sow,  hoe. — Beets,  sow,  b. — Borecole, 
sow,  prick  out,  leave  for  seed. — Bro- 
coli,  sow.  —  Borage,  sow.  —  Burnets, 
sow,  and  plant. — Cabbages,  sow,  plant. 
— Capsicum,  sow. —  Cardoons,  sow. — 
Carraway,  sow. — Carrots,  sow,  weed. 
—  Cauliflou'crs,  late,  sow  in  open 
ground,  b. — Celery,  sow,  leave  for  seed. 
— Chamomile,  plant. — Chives,  plant. — 
Chervil,  sow,  leave  for  seed. —  Cole- 
worts,  plant. — Clary,  sow. — Cress,  sow. 
— Cucumbers,  sow. — Dill,  sow. — Earth- 
ing-up,  attend  to.  —  Fennel,  sow  or 
plant. — Finochio,  sow. — Garlic,  plant, 
b. — Horse-radish,  plant,  b.  —  Hotbeds, 
make  and  attend. — Hyssop,  sow,  plant. 
— Jerusalem  Artichokes,  plant,  b. — Kale 
(Sea),  sow  and  plant,  b.  ;  dress  beds. — 
Kidney  beans  (dwarfs),  sow  ;  (runners), 
sow,  e. — Lavender,  plant. — Leeks,  sow, 
b.  e. ;  leave  for  seed. — Lettuces,  sow 
weekly;  plant  from  frames. — Marigolds, 
sow.  —  Marjorams,  sow  and  plant. — 
Melons,  sow. — Mustard,  and  Cress, 
sow;  leave  for  seed. — Mushroom  beds, 
make  ;  attend  to. — Mint,  plant. —  Nas- 
turtiums, sow.  —  Onions,  sow,  b.  e.  ; 
weed  ;  plant  and  for  seed  ;  (Potatoe  and 
Tree),  plant,  b. — Parsley,  sow  ;  leave 
for  seed  ;  (Hamburgh),  sow. — Parsnips, 
sow,  b. ;  hand  weed. — Peas,  sow  ;  hoe; 
stick. — Pen7iy-royal,  pla.nt. — Pompions, 
sow,  b. — Potatoes,  plant;  attend  forc- 
ing.— Purslane,  sow. — Radishes,  sow  ; 
thin. — Rape,  sow. — Rocambole,  plant. — 
Rue,  plant. — Salsafy  and  Savory,  sow, 
e. — Scorzonera  and  Skirrcts,  sow,  e. — 
Shallots  anii  Sag-c,  plant,  b.—Sorr<?/«, sow 
and  plant. — Spinach,  sow  ;  thin;  leave 
for  seed. — Tansy  and  Tarragon,  plant. 
— Thyme,   sow    and    plant. — Tomatos, 


APR 


60 


APR 


sow. — Turnips,  sow,  b.  e. ;  plant  and  move  from  borders  to  some  place  where 
for  seed.  —  T-urnip  Cabbage,  sow. —  they  can  complete  their  vegetation; 
Wormwoods,  sow.  ;  their  decayed  leaves  are  unsightly. — 

I  Carnations,  \n  pots,  give  liquid  manure, 

0RCii\RD.  !  and  water  often;  stir  the  earth;   sow, 

e.  ;    plant   into  borders,   b. — Climbing 

JppZes  may  be  planted. — B/ossoms  of  plants,   train    and     regulate. — Dahlias, 

wall  fruit,  protect. — Budded  (Trees),  ]ast    pjant  to   remain,  b.,  or  in  pots  to  for- 

siimmer,  remove  insects  from  buds,  and    ^^rd  in  a  frame  until  May. — Dress  the 

shoots    from    stocks    below. — Cherries    borders,    &c.,    indefatigably.  —  Ever- 

may  be  planted. — Disbud  wall  trees   of  greens,  plant,  b.  ;  it  is  the  best  season. 

superfluous  buds. — Forcing  fruits,   in, — Frames,  raise,  by  supporters    at  the 

hot-house,  attend    to. — Grafting    (late  i  bottom,  as  the  plants  within  grow  tall. 

Roll  ;  trim  edges  ;  dress  with  earth  if 
poor. —  Gravel,  turn   and    lay  afresh  in 


kinds  of  apples,  pears,  and  plums),  may 
bedone  still,  b. — Gro/^s,  lately  inserted, 
see  that  the   clay  is   lirm,  and  rub  off   Jjry  weather;   roll  once  a  week. — Hya- 


shoots  below  the  scion. — Heading  down 
wall  and  espalier  trees,  finish,  b,  if  not 
done  last  month. — Insects,  search  for 
and  destroy. — Li7ne  (early  in  the  morn- 
),  dust  over  the  leaves  of  trees  infest 


cinths,  shelter  from  sun  by  an  awning 
or  matting  over  the  beds,  from  nine  to 
four  ;  give  the  same  shelter  in  bad  wea- 
ther day  and  night ;  those  done  flower- 
ing take  up  ;  separate  offsets  and  store. 


ed    by    caterpillars. — Liquid  Manure,    — Insects,  destroy  with   tobacco  smoke 
give   to  trees    newly  planted. — Mulch  '  -      -- 

round  the  roots.  —  Peaches  may  be 
planted.  —  Pears  may  be  planted. — 
Plu7ns  may  be  planted. — Propagating 
by  layers,  cuttings,  suckers,  and  seed, 
finish,  b. — Pruning,  finish,  b. ;  stop 
young  shoots.  —  Stake  trees  newly 
planted. —  Strawberries,  water  daily  in 
dry  weather  those  in  bloom,  if  dry. — 
Vines,  propagate  by  layers  and  cut- 
tings, b.;  summer  dress;  in  vineyard 
stake  and  hoe  frequently  ;  old  borders 
manure. —  Wall-fruit,  thin  generally. — 
Wasps,  destroy;  every  one  now  killed 
prevents  a  nest. 

-    FLOWER  GARDEN. 

Annuals  (Tender),  prick  out  those 
sown  in  February  and  March  into  a  hot- 
bed ;    water    often ;     sow    in    hotbed ; 


or  dusting  of  Scotch  snuff. — Mignonette, 
sow  in  any  warm  border. — Mulch,  put 
round  trees  newly  planted. — Pinks, 
sow. — Polyanthuses,  sow;  plant  out 
and  propagate  by  offsets,  b. ;  last  year's 
seedlings  now  in  bloom,  mark  best  for 
propagating. — Potted  Plants,  give  fresh 
earth  to,  if  not  done  last  month  ;  shift 
into  larger;  water  freely. — Perennials, 
those  sown  last  spring  may  still  be 
planted,  and  propagated  by  offsets  ; 
finisli  sowing. — Sticks  are  required  to 
blooming  plants. — Tulips ,  take  off  pods 
to  strengthen  bulbs. —  Watering  plants 
in  pots  is  now  required  more  frequent- 
ly, yet  moderately  ;  give  it  early  in  the 
morning. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  during  the   day. — 


(Hardy),  may  be  sown  in  borders,  &c.,  ^  Bark  Beds,  renew  if  not  done  in  March, 
to  remain;  thin  those  advancing. — Au-  — Figs,  first  crop  ripening,  require 
riculas  in  bloom,  shelter.  (See  i/i/a- ■  abundant  light ;  syringe  to  destroy  red 
cinth.)  Supply  with  water  often  ;  those  '  spider  ;  give  little  water,  and  air  freely, 
for  seed  plunge  pots  in  a  sheltered  bor-  \  — Flowering  Plants  in  pots,  for  succes- 
der,  where  they  can  have  sun  until  ele-  ;  sion,  continue  to  introduce. — Grafting 
ven  o'clock;  plant  offsets  ;  propagate  flowering  stove  plants  is  worthy  of  prac- 
by  slips;  seedlings  shade  during  mid-  tice,  either  to  get  dwarfs  or  taller  spe- 
day.  —  Anemones  and  Auriculas  done  cimens. — Insects,  destroy  by  tobacco 
flowering,  take  up  and  separate  offsets,  fumes.  — Leaves,  clean  occasionally, 
— Box  edgings  maybe  made,  and  old  either  with  the  sponge  or  syringe. — Li- 
taken  up,  slipped  and  replanted. — Bien-  quid  Manure,  apply  to  fruiting  vines  and 
n/a/s,  finish  sowing,  b.;  plant  out  those  other  plants  requiring  vigour. — Mush- 
sown  last  spring.  —  Bulbs,  in  water  ?-oom  House,  keep  air  in  moist;  wood- 
classes,  done  flowering,  plant  in  ground  j  lice  destroy. — OrchidacecB,  shade. — Pot- 
after  cutting  down  stalks  ;  autumn  flow-  |  ted  Plants,  shift  into  larger  as  required, 
ering,  take  up  and  store,  ready  for  ■ — Pmcs,  continue  to  treat  as  in  March ; 
planting  in  July;  spring  flowering,  re- I  shade  during  bright  sun;  those  shifted 


AQU 


61 


AQU 


in  that  month  or  February  shift  again,  i  at  an  agle  of  fifteen  degrees,  or  two  cis- 
e. ;  suckers  remove  ;  plant  crowns. —  ;  terns  might  be  formed,  one  in  the  back 
Propagate  by  layers,  suckers,  cuttings,    part  of  the  house  for  tall  plants,  and  the 


and  seed,  according  to  the  plants'  ha- 
bits.— Red  Spidc7-  is  now  apt  to  prevail  ; 
put  sulphur  upon  the  flues  to  drive 
away. —  Steam,  admit  frequently  into 
house. — Syringe  every  plant  that  will 


other  in  front,  for  plants  with  floating 
foliage,  with  a  broad  path  between. 
But  the  most  elegant  plan  would  be  to 
have  a  circular  house,  having  glass 
on   all   sides,  to   have   a   cistern  in  the 


bear  the  treatment  to  prevent  the  Red  centre  for  river  plants,  and  a  surround- 

Spider. — Vines,    treat    as    last   month ;  ing   cistern    for   those    which  grow    in 

thin  grapes,  and  tic  up  shoulders  of  the  ,  stagnant  water.     To   imitate  the  effect 

bunches  ;    water  abundantly  ;    remove  of  the    motion    of  water  in  the  central 

superfluous  shoots,  e. ;  temp.  about753  ;  cistern,  the  mould  or  pots  in  which  the 

in   the  late  green-houses,  train  up  the  plants  grow  might  be    placed  on  a  bol- 

rafters. —  W^ater    requires   to    be  given  torn,  apart  from  that  of  the  cistern,  and 

oftener;  sprinkle  frequently  about  the  this  bottom  being  on  the  end  of  an  up- 


house,  and  keep  the  pans  full. 


GREEN-HOUSE. 


Air,  admit  daily,  as  weather  permit: 
— Camellias,  sow  and  graft. — Earth 


right  shaft,  might,  by  the  aid  of  proper 
machinery  in  a  vault  below,  be  kept 
in  perpetual  circular  motion.  Those 
plants  which  grow  naturally  in  rapid 
streams,  might  be  planted  or  placed  on 


pots  stir  frequently;  and  add  fresh  if  the  circumference  of  the  bottom,  and 
not  done  in  March.' — Greenfly  or  Aphis  '  those  requiring  less  agitation  towards 
usually  indicates  the  house  has  been  its  centre.  If  reversed  motion  was  re- 
kept  too  cold. — Hardiest  Plants  keep  quired  to  imitate  tides,  (where  marine 
in  coldest  parts  of  house,  near  the  aquatics  were  cultivated,)  nothing  could 
ventilators. — //ead-do?/'rt  irregulargrow-  |  be  easier  than  by  the  sort  of  wheel  used 
ing  shrubs, — Heat,  increase  if  neces-  in  the  patent  mangle  to  produce  it  to 
sary. — Inarch  shrubby  exotics. — Leaves  any  extent,  or  by  another  still  more 
and  ]Vood  decayed,  remove  as  they  ap-  simple  plan  known  to  every  engineer, 
pear;  clean  with  sponge  or  syringe. —  it  might  be  changed  seldomer,  say  only 
Liquid  Mannreapplyto  sickly  shrubs. —  once  or  twice  in  twenty-four  hours.  If 
Potted  Plants,  shift  as  they  require  I  a  rapid  and  tortuous  motion  was  re- 
room ;  and  water  immediately. — Pro-  quired,  then  let  the  bottom  on  which  the 
pagate  by  seeds,  cuttings,  inarching,  plants  are  placed  be  furnished  with 
and  other  modes,  as  the  species  permit.  ,  small  circular  wheels  placed  on  its  mar- 
— Prune  or  Pinch  off  free  growing  >  gin  working  on  pivots,  and  furnished 
shoots,  to  make  shrubby  growths. —  on  their  edges  with  teeth  like  a  spur 
Succulent  plants  shift;  plant  cuttings  wheel.  Then  let  there  be  a  correspond- 
and  suckers. —  Water  often,  guided  al 
ways  by  the  plant's  habits 


row  of  teeth  flxcd  to  the  inside  of 

the  wall,  or  side  of  the   cistern,  into 

AQU  .\RIUM  is  the  place  devoted   to  Which  they  are  to  work,  like  awheel 

the    cultivation    of    aquatic    or    water    and  pinion. 


plants.  The  majority  of  those  cuiti 
vated  arc  exotic,  and  reipiire  the  pro- 
tection of  glass.  If  there  are  only  a  few 
of  these  they  may  be  successfully 
grown  in  cisterns  placed  in  a  stove ; 
but  if  the  collection  be  extensive,  it  re- 
quires a  separate  edifice.  The  tank 
system  of  lieating  by  hot  water  offers  a 
very  superior  mode  of  keeping  the  wa- 
ter at  a  fittmg  temperature.  The  leaden 
cistern  in  which  the  plants  are  sub- 
merged may  rest  readily  upon  the  slates 
forming  the  cover  of  the  tank. 

Mr.  Loudon  recommends  an  aqua- 
rium to  be  thus  constructed:  "The 
cistern    to    be    close    under    the    front 


liy  this  means  pots  of  plants  set  on 
the  small  wheels  will  have  a  compound 
motion,  one  round  the  centre  of  the 
small  wheels,  and  another  round  that  of 
the  large  bottom,  something  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  planetary  motion,  but  more 
like  that  of  the  waltz  dance.  It  is  al- 
most needless  to  add,  that  exotic  aqua- 
tic fowls  and  fishes  might  be  kept  in 
such  an  aquarium,  and  either  of  the  sea 
or  fresh  water  rivers,  according  as  salt 
water  or  fresh  was  used.  It  may  be 
thought  by  some  that  the  machinery 
would  be  intricate  and  troublesome  ;  but 
the  power  requisite   is  so  very  small, 


that  it  uiight  easily  be  obtained   by  ma- 
glass,  and  have  that  glass  rather  flat,  say    chineiy  on  the  principle  of  the  wind-up 


AQU 


62 


ARB 


jack,  such  as  is  used  by  Deacon  in  his  i  bined  with  the   culture  of  Orchideous 
ventilating  Eolians.  Plants  sec  the  latter  title. 

"This  kind  of  mechanism  very  sel- !  Hardy  Aquatics  xcqnue  an  aquarium 
dom  goes  out  of  order  or  requires  re-  [  proportioned  to  the  size  of  the  rest  of 
pairs,  and  would  require  no  other  atten-  the  pleasure  grounds  ;  and  that  its  bot- 
tion  than  being  wound  up  twice  in  torn  be  rendered  retentive  of  water  by 
twenty-four  hours,  and  oiled  occasion-  puddling  with  clay.  Its  sides  should  be 
ally.  The  same  vault  that  contained  it  sloping,  and  cut  into  terraces,  so  as  to 
might  serve  for  the  furnace  or  boiler  ;  be  suited  to  the  various  heights  of  the 
for  heating  the  house." — Gard.Enc.         plants,  and  its  margins  should  be  form- 


The  following  are  aquatic  stove 
plants  : — 

Aponogeton  angustifolium, 

distachyon. 

monostachyon. 

Arum  venosum. 
Cyperus  alternifolius. 

papyrus. 

Damasonium  indicum. 
Euryale  ferox. 
Menyanthes  indica. 

ovata. 

Nelumbium  speciosum. 
Nympha;a  cffirulea. 

lotus. 

pubescens. 

pygmaia. 

rubra. 

stellata. 

versicolor. 

Philydrum  lanuginosuni, 
Pontederia  cordata. 

dilatata. 

Sagittaria  lancifolia. 

obtusifolia. 

Thalia  dealbata. 

Propagation  and  culture. — Being  all 
herbaceous  plants,  they  are  to  be  pro- 
pagated as  these  generally  are  ;  some 
are  raised  from  seeds,  which,  in  gene- 
ral, should  be  sown  as  soon  as  ripe,  and 
the    pots    plunged    in    shallow    water ; 

when   the  plants  come  up  they  may  be  ,  j,,.„.  ..^^.j. .^,    ...^..    „  „^.,. 

transplanted  into  other  pots,  and  shifted    glass,  and  place  in  a  cold  frame  or  pit 
as  they  advance  in  growth,  till  in  a  pot  j  Exclude    frost   and    damp.      In    spring 


ed  of  rough  stones  and  fragments  of 
rock,  among  which  marsh  plants  will 
grow  luxuriantly. 

AQUEDUCT,  a  conveyance  of  any 
kind  for  conducting  water.  The  Ro- 
mans made  prodigious  structures  of  this 
kind  ;  some  are  still  in  use,  others,  in  a 
state  of  decay,  are  among  the  greatest 
ornaments  of  Italy.  In  landscape  gar- 
dening, the  aqueduct  enables  the  ope- 
rator to  produce  a  fine  effect,  where  the 
absence  of  water  would  render  the 
scene  tame  and  uninteresting. 

AQUILARIA  malaccensis.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

AQUILEGIA,  Columbine.  Seven- 
teen species,  and  many  varieties. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed.  Common 
soil. 

ARABIS.  Thirty-one  species,  anS 
some  varieties.  Hardy  herbaceous  and 
evergreen.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Light 
soil. 

ARACHIS  hypogaa.  Stove  annual. 
Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

ARALIA.  Eighteen  species.  Chiefly 
stove  evergreens,  but  a  few  hardy  or 
green-house  plants.  Cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

ARAUCARIA.  Three  species.  Co- 
niferous green-house  trees.  Rich  light 
soil.  Cuttings  planted  in  sand  in  Au- 
gust take  freely.     Cover   with    a  bell- 


of  sufficient  size  to  admit  their  flower 
ing,  which  will  generally  take  place  the 
same  season.  Instead  of  being  kept  in 
pots,  the  plants  may  be  inserted  in  a 
bed  of  earth  on  the  bottom  of  the  aqua- 


give  a  little  bottom  heat.  Plants  thus 
raised  never  form  good  leading  shoots. 
— Card.  Chron. 

ARBORETUM  is  a  collection  of  trees 
and  shrubs  capable   of  enduring  expo- 


num.  Keep  the  water  warm,  say  from  '  sure  to  our  climate.  These  are  usually 
70°  to  75='  in  summer,  and  leave  them  '  arranged  in  genera  according  to  their 
nearly  dry  in  winter.  Nelumbium  spe- i  precedence  in  the  alphabet;  or  in 
ciosum  requires  a  water  heat  of  84^.        1  groups   conformably  to  the  Jussieuean 

Cyperus,  Papyrus,  Nelumbium,  Nym-  [  system  ;  and  whichever  is  adopted  it  is 
phfoa,  LimnochariSjIIydrocharis,  Sagit- I  quite  compatiole  with  an  attention  to 
taria,  and  Pentederia,  will  furnish  va- !  facility  of  access  by  means  of  walks,  as 
riety  enougli.  j  well  as  to  picturesque  eff'ect. 

Stove  for  aquatics. — For   one    com- 1      It  is  an  evil  growing  out  of  the  fre- 


ARB 


63 


ARM 


quent  change  in  the  ownership  of  es- 
tates, that  most  proprietors  are  indis- 
posed to  plant  for  posterity;  conse- 
quently we  sec  but  few  grounds  laid 
out  with  a  view  to  permanent  improve- 
ment.    Those   who  plant  are   anxious 


ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.  Four  species. 
Hardy  trees,  raised  like  the  Arbutus. 

ARCTOTHKCA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous.  Division. 
Loam  and  peat. 

ARCTOTIS.       Thirty-one     species. 


themselves  to  reap  the  fruits  of  their  Chiefly  green-house  evergreens.  A.vir 
exertions,  not  knowing,  and  conse- 
quently careless,  who  shall  succeed 
them — where  landed  property  is,  by 
entail,  transmitted  from  generation  to 
generation,  family  pride,  and  the  love 
of  distinction,  ensure  every  improve- 
ment being  made  in  a  permanent  form 
— thus  have  been  created  the  magnifi- 
cent parks  of  Europeans,  and  their 
stately  mansions.  Our  American  sys- 
tem deprives  us  of  such  monuments  of 
taste — but  we  can  bear  the  deprivation, 
seeing  the  greater  good  produced  there- 
by. 

ARBOUR  is  a  seat  shaded  by  trees. 
Sometimes  these  are  trained  over  a 
wooden  or  iron  trellis-work,  mingled 
with  the  everlasting  sweet  pea,  clema- 
tis, and  other  climbing  odorous  plants. 
When  the  trellis-work  is  complicated 
and  the  structure  more  elaborate,  with 
a  preponderance  of  the  climbers  al- 
ready named,  together  with  the  honey- 
suckle, &c.,  they  are  described  as 
French  or  Italian  arbours. 

ARBOR  VIT^,  Thuja. 

ARBUTUS,  Strawberry  tree.  Four- 
teen species,  and  a  few  varieties.    Ever- 


ata  is  a  hardy  annual. 
"  ARCUxVTlON.    The  same  as  Layer- 
ing. 

ARDISIA.  Twenty-five  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  evergreen  shrubs. 
An  ornamental  genus  of  plants  much 
valued  by  collectors  for  the  beauty  of 
their  foliage  and  berries.  They  are  of 
easy  culture.  Cuttings  of  branches  or 
roots.     Loam  and  peat. 

ARDUINA  hispinosa.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ARECA.  Ten  species.  Stove  palms. 
Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

AREMONIA  agrimonoides.  Hardy 
herbaceous.    Division.    Common  soil. 

ARETHUSA.  Two  species.  Ten- 
der orchids.  Division.  Moist  peat  and 
loam. 

ARETIA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Division.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

ARGANIA  syderoiylon  Stove  ever- 
green tree.  Layers  or  cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil. 

ARGEMONE.  Five  species.  Hardy 
plants.     Suckers.     Common  soil. 

ARGYREIA.    Eight  species.    Stove 


green    shrubs,  chiefly   hardy  in  Great !  evergreen   climbers.     Cuttings.     Light 


Britain,  but  require  shelter  in  the  Mid 
die  States.  Layers,  budding,  inarch- 
ing, and  seed.     Loam  and  peat. 

ARCHANGEL,  Lamium. 

ARCHITECTURE.  Rural  architect- 
ure has  been  greatly  improved  within  the 
last  quarter  of  a  century.    Much  greater 


rich  soil 

ARISTEA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous.  Seed  or  division. 
Loam  and  peat. 

ARISTOLOCniA.  Thirty-six  species. 
Hardy,  green-house  and  stove.  Seve- 
ral species  are  Americans.     A.  labiosa. 


attention  is  now  paid  to  the  structure  of  from    Brazil,   is  a  very  curious  plant, 

garden  and  farm  buildings,  and  the  do-  A.  serpentaria  (the  root  of)  is  said  to 

mestic  comfort   of  those   employed  in  be  the  substance  which  the   Egyptian 

rural  labour.     There  is  of  consequence  Snake-jugglers  chew  for  the  purpose  of 

an  elevation  of  taste,  and  conduct,  and  stiipifying  the  snakes,  by  the  introduc- 

beneficial  results  to  all  concerned.     In  tion  of  their  salrva   into  the   reptiles' 

England,  Loudon  has  laboured  to  this  mouths.     Cuttings.     Rich  sandy    loam 

end  with  great  success,  and  his  Ency-  and  peat. 

clopadia  of  Villa  and  Cottage  Architec-  j      ARISTOTELIA  macqui.    Hardy 

<ure,  is  a  monument  to  his  industry  and  evergreen  shrub.     Cuttings.     Common 

indomitable  energy.     Downing,  in  this  soil. 

country,    has    followed    the    path    so  ARMENIACA.  Four  species.  Hardy 

plainly  marked   by   Loudon,   and   pro-  fruit  trees.     Budding   on   plum-stocks, 

duced  a  volume,  which  cannot  but  re-  Rich  loam.     See  Apricot. 

fine  the  taste,  and  correct  much  that  ARMERIA.      Nineteen    species, 

ofl'ends  the  eye.  1  Hardy  herbaceous,  except  A.  fascicu- 


ARN 


64 


ART 


Zrtfa,  which  is  a  green-house  everfrreen.  I  evening  until  they  are  established,  as 


Division.     Rich  light  soil.     See  Thrift 

ARNOPOGON.  Four  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

ARTABOTRYS  odoratissima.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

ARTANEMA  fimbriatum.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Seed.  Loam  and  peat. 

ARTEMISIA,  Wormwood.  Forty- 
seven  species.  Seed.  Division  and 
cuttings.   Mostly  hardy  and  herbaceous. 

ARTHROPOblUM.  Five  species, 
(ireen-house  herbaceous.  Division  or 
seed.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ARTHROSTEMMA.  Two  species, 
(xreen-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

ARTICHOKE,  {Cynara  scolymus.) 


well  as  during  the  droughts  of  summer. 
The  only  other  attention  they  require 
during  the  summer,  is  the  frequent  use 
of  the  hoe.  They  produce  heads  the 
same  year,  i'rom  July  to  October,  and 
will  continue  to  do  so  annually,  from 
May  until  June  or  July.  As  often  as  a 
head  is  cut,  the  stem  must  be  broken 
down  close  to  the  root,  to  encourage 
the  production  of  suckers  before  the 
arrival  of  winter.  In  November  or 
December,  they  should  receive  their 
winter's  dressing.  The  old  leaves  being 
cut  away  without  injuring  the  centre  or 
side  shoots,  the  ground  must  be  dug 
over,  and  part  of  the  soil  thrown  into  a 
moderate  ridge  over  each  row,  it  being 
put   close    about   the   plants,   but   the 


Soil  and  situation. — The  finest  heads    hearts  left  clear.     Each  plant  must  be 


are  produced  in  a  soil  abounding  in 
moisture,  but  in  such  they  will  not  sur- 
vive the  winter.  To  enable  them  to 
survive  the  winter,  those  for  the  supply 
of  suckers,  as  well  as  those  for  the  last- 


closed  round  with  long  litter,  or  pea 
haulm  :  it  is,  however,  a  very  erroneous 
practice  to  apply  stable  dung  imme- 
diately over  the  plants  previous  to 
earthing  them  up,  as  it  in  general   in- 


ing  production,  must  have  a  rich  loam  [  duces  decay.  As  soon  as  February 
allotted  to  them.  Manure  must  be  commences,  all  covering  of  this  descrip- 
applied  every  spring;  and  the  bestltion  must  be  removed.  In  March,  or 
compost  for  them  is  a  mixture  of  three  I  as  soon  as  the  shoots  appear  four  or 
parts  well  putrefied  dung,  and  one  part  five  inches  above  the  surface,  the 
of  fine  coal-ashes.  They  should  always  j  ridges  thrown  up  in  the  winter  must 
have  an  open  exposure,  and  above  all  be  be  levelled,  and  all  the  earth  removed 
free  from  the  influence  of  trees ;  for  if  I  from  about  the  stock  to  below  the  part 
beneath  their  shade  or  drip,  the  plants!  from  whence  the  young  shoots  spring. 


spindle,  and  produce  wortliless  heads. 

Time  and  mode  of  planting. — It  is 
propagated  by  suckers,  which  are  an- 
nually afforded  by  the  parent  plants  in 
the  spring.  These  must  be  slipped  oflT 
in  March  or  early  in  April,  when  eight 
or  ten  inches  in  height,  with  as  much 
of  their  fibrous  roots  pertaining  as  pos- 
sible. Such  of  them  should  be  selected 
as  are  sound  and  not  woody.  The 
brown  hard  part  by  which  they  are 
attached  to  the  parent  stem  must  bo 
removed,  and  if  that  cuts  crisp  and 
tender,  it  is  tough  and  stringy,  and  is 


worthless.     Further,  to   prepare  them  1  another  site. 


Of  these  remove  all  but  two  or  at 
most  three  of  the  straightest  and  most 
vigorous,  care  being  taken  to  select 
from  those  which  proceed  from  the 
under  part  of  the  stock:  the  strong 
thick  ones  proceeding  from  its  crown 
having  hard  woody  stems,  and  are  pro- 
ductive of  indifferent  heads. 

Although  the  artichoke  in  a  suitable 
soil  is  a  perennial,  yet  after  the  fourth 
or  fifth  year  the  heads  become  smaller 
and  drier.  The  beds,  in  consequence, 
are  usually  broken  up  after  the  lapse  of 
this  period,  and  fresh  ones  formed  on 


for  planting,  the  large  outside  leaves 
are  taken  off  so  low  as  that  the  heart 
appears  above  them.  If  they  have  been 
some  time  separated  from  the  stock,  or 
if  the  weather  is  dry,  they  are  greatly 
invigorated  by  being  set  in  water  for 
three  or  four  hours,  before  they  are 
planted.  They  should  be  set  in  rows 
four  feet  and  a  half  by  three  feet  apart, 
and  about  half  their  length  beneath  the 
surface.     Water  them  abundantly  every 


The  arlichoke^s  heads  are  made  to 
attain  a  much  larger  size  than  they 
would  otherwise  by  twisting  a  ligature 
very  tightly  round  the  stem,  about  three 
inches  below  each,  and  thus  preventing 
the  reflux  of  the  sap. 

No  vegetable  is  more  benefitted  than 
the  artichoke  by  the  application  of  sea- 
weed or  any  other  manure  containing 
common  salt. 

To   obtain   chards. — After  the    best 


ART 


65 


A  S  I 


heads  have  been  cut,  early  in  July  the 
leaves  are  to  be  cut  over  within  half  a 
foot  of  the  ground  ;  and  the  stems  as 
low  as  possible.  In  September  or  Oc- 
tober, when  the  new  shoots  or  leaves 
are  about  two  feet  high,  they  are  bound 

close  with   a  wreath  of  hay  or  straw,    Sulphate  and  muriate  of  soda 
and  earth  or  litter  is  drawn  round  the    Carbonate  of  lime 
stems  of  the  plants.     The  blanching  is    Oxide  of  iron 
perfected  in  a  month  or  six  weeks.     If  Loss 
thechardsare  wished  late  in  the  winter,        They  are  an  excellent  application  to 
the  whole  plants  may  be  dug  up  before    lawns,  turnips,  cabbages,  potatoes,  and 


square  yards,  twenty-eight  pounds  is 
an  average  application,  and  they  cannot 
be  put  on  too  fresh. 

Peat  ashes  contain — 
Silica 
Sulphate  of  lime 


frost  sets  in,  and  laid  in  sand  in  their 
blanched  state.  In  this  way  they  may 
be  kept  for  several  weeks. 

Gobbo. — "  The  stem  of  an  artichoke 
is  bent  down  to  a  right  angle,  and  the 
petioles  are  collected  and  covered  over 
so  as  to  blanch.  The  result  is  a  lump, 
which  is  eaten  raw  with  salt,  and  is 
tolerably  good.     In   Italy  it  is  used  in 


peas. 

Coal  ashes  contain  carbon,  silica, 
alumina,  sulphate  of  lime,  iron  and 
potash,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  oxide  of 
iron.  They  are  a  good  manure  for 
grass,  peas  and  potatoes.  Sprinkled 
half  an  inch  deep  on  the  surface  over 
beans  and  peas,  they  hasten  the  germi- 
nation of  the  seed,  and  preserve  it  from 


the  autumn  and  winter,  and  replaces  j  mice.     They  are  also  used  for  forminu 


radishes." — Gard.  Chroji 

ARTOCARPUS.  Bread  Fruit  Tree. 
Two  species.  Stove  evergreens.  Cut- 
tings.    Light  rich  loam. 

ARUM.  Thirty-seven  species. 
Hardy,  green-house,  and  stove.  Off- 
sets.    Common  soil. 

AS  ARUM.  Five  species.  Hardy, 
herbaceous.     Division.     Common   soil. 

ASCARICIDA 
annuals.     Seed.     Rich  light  soil. 

ASCLEPIAS.       Thirty-six     species. 


dry  walks  in  the  kitchen  department. 

Soap-boilers'  ashes  contain — 
Silica  .... 

Lime  .... 

Magnesia  .... 
Alumina  .... 
Oxide  of  Iron 

Mangaiese 


Potash  (combined  with  Silica)      . 

Two  species.   Stove  [  Soda  (Do.) 

Sulphuric  Acid  (combined   with 
Lime)      .         .         .         .         . 
Chiefly  hardy,  and  all  herbaceous  but    Phosphoric  Acid  (Do.) 
A.  Greeniana  and  Mexicana,  which  are    Common  salt       .         .         .         . 
stove  evergreens.     Seed    or    division 
Peat. 

ASHES    are   the   remains  of  a  sub' 


35.0 

35.0 

2.3 

1.0 

1.7 
1.8 
0.5 
0.2 


0.2 
3.5 
0.1 

Carbonic    Acid    (combined    with 

Lime  and  Magnesia)         .         .     18.2 
They  are  good  for  all  crops  but  espe- 


stance  which   has  undergone    combus-  i  cially  grass  and   potatoes 


tion,  and  are  as  various  in  their  compo-  | 
nents  as  are  the  bodies  capable  of  being 
burnt.      Whatever    be    the    substance 


IVood  ashes  and  the  ashes  of  garden 
weeds  generally  contain  silica,  alumina, 
oxides  of  iron   and   manjianese,    lime, 


burnt,  the  process  should  be  made  to  '  magnesia,  potash,  partly  in  the  state  of 
proceed  as  slowly  as  possible,  for  by  I  a  silicate,  soda,  sulphatesof  potash  and 
such  regulation  more  carbon  or  char-;  lime,  phosphate  of  lime,  chloride  of 
choal  is  preserved  in  the  ashes,  which  |  sodium,  and  carbonates  of  lime,  potash, 
is  the  most  valuable  of  their  constitu-  land  magnesia,  with  a  considerable  por- 
ents.  The  simplest  mode  of  etfecting  tion  of  charcoal.  They  are  a  good  appli- 
a  slow  combustion   is   to   bank    it  over  i  cation  to  cabbages,  potatoes,  and  peas. 


with  earth,  leaving  only  a  small  orifice 
to  admit  the  air  sufficiently  to  keep  up 
a  smouldering  fire. 

Ashes  have  been  usually  recom- 
mended as  a  manure  most  useful  to 
heavy  soils,  but  this  is  a  decided  mis- 
take. As  fertilizers  they  are  beneficial 
upon  all  soils,  and  they  can  never  be 
applied  in  sufficient  quantity  to  alter  the 


staple  of  a  too  tenacious  soil.    To  thirty  j  asiaticum.) 


Turf  ashes  contain  silica,  alumina, 
oxiiles  of  iron  and  manganese,  lime, 
magnesia,  sulphates  of  potash  and  lime, 
phosphates  of  lime  and  magnesia,  com- 
mon salt,  and  charcoal.  They  have 
been  used  beneficially  to  grass,  onions, 
carrots,  beans,  potatoes,  and  beet  root. 

ASH-TREP^.     {Fraxines  excelsior. 

ASIATIC-POISON  bULB.    {Vrinum 


ASI 


66 


ASP 


ASIMINA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  shrubs.  Layers.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ASPALANTHUS.  Thirty-one  spe- 
cies. Greenhouse  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ASPARAGUS.  Twenty-eight  spe- 
cies, of  which  the  most  important    is 


plants  have  arisen  from  the  same  hole, 
the  weakest  must  be  removed  as  soon 

as  that  point  can  be  well  determined. 
Towards  the  end  of  October,  as  soon 
as  the  stems  are  completely  withered, 
thev  must  be  cut  down,  and  well  pu- 
trefied, dung  spread  over  the  bed  to  the 
depth  of  about  two  inches;  this  serves 


the  kitchen  vegetable,  asj>ara^us  offici-\  not  only  to  increase  the  vigour  of  the 
nalis.  Of  this  there  are  only  two  va-  i  plants  in  the  following  year,  but  to  pre- 
rieties,  the  purple  topped  and  the  green- I  serve  them  during  the  winter  from  in- 
topped  ;  the  first  is  principally  culti- i  jury  by  the  frost.  About  March  in  the 
vated.  There  are  a  few  sub-varieties  I  next  year,  every  other  plant  must  be 
which  derive  their  names  from  the  ;  taken  up  and  transplanted  into  a  bed, 
places  of  their  growth,  and  are  only  to  ;  twelve  inches  apart,  if  it  is  intended 
be  distinguished  for  superior  size  or  !  that  they  should  attain  another,  or  two 
flavour,  which  they  usually  lose  on  re-  ,  years'   further    growth,    before    bein 


moval  from  their  native  place. 


finally    planted    out,    or   they  may  be 


Soil. — The  soil  best  suited  to  this  i  planted  immediately  into  the  beds  for 
vegetable  is  a  fresh  sandy  loam,  made  ]  production.  It  may  be  here  remarked 
rich  by  the  abundant  addition  of  manure.  ,  that  the  plants  may  remain  one  or  two 

Situation. — The  site  of  the  beds  years  in  the  seed  bed  ;  they  will  even 
should  be  such  as  to  enjoy  the  influ-  '  succeed  after  remaining  three,  but  if 
ence  of  the  sun  during  the  whole  of  the  th6y  continue  four  they  generally  fail, 
day,  as  free  as  possible  from  the  influ-  It  is,  however,  certain  that  they  are 
ence  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and  if  choice  '  best  removed  when  one  year  old. 


is  allowed,  ranging  east  and  west.  The 
subsoil  should  be  dry,  or  the  bed  kept 
so  by  being  founded  on  rubbish  or  other 
material  to  serve  as  a  drain.  The  space 
of  ground  required  to  be  planted  with 
this  vegetable  for  the  supply  of  a  small 
family  is  at  least  eight  rods.  If  less  it 
will  be  incapable  of  affording  one  hun- 
dred heads  at  a  time.  Sixteen  rods 
will  in  general  afford  two  or  three  hun- 
dred every  day,  in  the  height  of  the 
Beason. 

Time  of  sowing. — To  raise  plants, 
the  seed  may  be  sown  from  the  middle 
of  February  to  the  beginning  of  April  ; 
the  most  usual  time  is  about  the  middle 
of  March.  The  best  mode  is  to  insert 
them  by  the  dibble  five  or  six  inches 


Some  gardeners  judiciously  sow  the 
seed  in  the  beds  where  they  are  to  re- 
main for  production. 

Time  of  final  planting. — The  best 
time  for  the  final  removal  is  the  end  of 
March,  if  the  soil  is  dry,  and  the  season 
warm  and  forward  ;  otherwise  it  is  bet- 
ter to  wait  until  the  commencement  of 
April.  A  very  determinate  signal  of 
the  appropriate  time  for  planting,  is 
when  the  plants  are  beginning  to  grow. 
If  moved  earlier,  and  they  have  to  lie 
torpid  for  two  or  three  months,  many 
of  them  die,  or  in  general  shoot  up  very 
weak. 

Construction  of  the  beds. — In  forming 
the  beds  for  regular  production,  have 
them  three  feet  wide.     The  site  of  the 


apart,  and  an  inch  below  the  surface, !  bed  being  marked  out,  the  usual  prac- 


two  seeds  to  be  put  in  each  hole,  or 
they  may  be  sown  in  drills  made  the 
same  distance  asunder. 


tice  is  to  trench  the  ground  two  spades 
deep,  and  then  to  cover  it  with  weil- 
rotted  manure,  from  six   to  ten  inches 


Culture  in  seed  bed. — If  dry  weather,  I  deep  ;  the  large  stones  being  sorted  out. 


the  bed  should  be  refreshed  with  mode 
rate    but    frequent    waterings,   and    if 
sown  as  late  as  April,  shade  is  required 


and    care   taken  that  the  dung  lies  at 
least  six  inches  below  the  surface. 
Mode  of  planting. — The  plants  being 


by  means  of  a  little  haulm  during  the  I  taken  from  the  seed-bed  carefully  with 
meridian  of  hot  days,  until  the  seeds  '  a  narrow-pronged  dung-fork,  with  as 
germinate.  Care  must  be  taken  to  keep  !  little  injury  to  the  roots  as  possible, they 
them  free  from  weeds,  though  this  ope-  i  must  be  laid  separately  and  evenly  to- 


ration  should  never  commence  until  the  I  gether,  for  the  sake  of  convenience 
plants  are  well  above  ground,  which  I  whilst  planting,  the  roots  being  apt  to 
will  be  in  the  course  of  three  or  four  j  entangle  and  cause  much  trouble  and 
weeks  from  the  time  of  sowing.     Iftwolfnjury  in  parting  them.     They  should 


ASP 


67 

♦ 


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be  exposed  as  short  a  time  as  possible 
to  the  air,  and  to  this  end  it  is  advisable 
to  keep  them  until  planted  in  a  basket 
covered  with  a  little  sand.  The  mode 
of  planting  is  to  form  drills  or  narrow 
trenches  tive  or  six  inches  deep  and  a 
foot  apart,  cut  out  with  the  spade,  the 
line  side  of  each  drill  being  made  per- 
pendicular, and  against  this  the  [)ianls 
are  to  be  placed,  with  their  crowns  one 
and  a  half  or  two  inches  below  the  sur- 
face, and  twelve  inches  asunder.  The 
roots  must  be  spread  out  wide  in  the 
form  of  a  fan,  a  little  earth  being  drawn 
over  each  to  retain  it  in  its  position 
whilst  the  row  is  proceeded  with.  For 
the  sake  of  convenience,  one  drill 
should  be  made  at  a  time,  and  the 
plants  inserted  and  covered  completely 
before  another  is  commerced.  When 
the  planting  is  completed,  the  bed  is  to 
be  lightly  raked  over,  and  its  outline  dis- 
tinctly marked  out.  Care  must  be  had 
never  to  tread  on  the  beds — they  are 
formed  narrow  to  render  it  unnecessary 
— for  everything  tending  to  consoli- 
date them  is  injurious,  as,  from  the 
length  of  time  they  have  to  continue, 
without  a  possibility  of  stirring  them  to 
any  considerable  depth,  they  have  a 
natural  tendency  to  have  a  closer  tex- 
ture than  is  beneficial  to  vegetation. 
Water  must  be  given  in  dry  weather 
daily  until  the  plants  are  established. 
The  paths  between  the  beds  are  to  be 
two  and  a  half  feet  wide. 

Mr.  Beaton  says,  that  "By  far  the 
best  way  of  growing  asparagus  is  in 
single  rows  three  ftct  apart,  and  nine 
inches  plant  from  plant;  but  if  the 
ground  is  not  deeper  than  two  feet  or 
thirty  inches,  or  if  room  is  scarce,  the 
rows  need  not  be  more  than  thirty 
inches  asunder. 

I  have  grown  asparagus  this  way 


gathering  the  crop.  The  hollow  be- 
tween the  little  ridges  is  then  filled  up 
with  a  powerful  compost,  consisting  of 
equal  portions  of  sandy  soil,  leaf  tnould, 
and  pigeon's  dung;  the  whole  is  then 
drenched  with  liquid  manure  from  the 
stables,  cowhouses,  or  laundry,  and  the 
foreman  of  the  kitchen  garden  gels 
carte  blanche  to  water  the  asparagus 
any  day  through  the  growing  season, 
when  he  can  best  spare  his  men,  or  at 
all  events  every  fortnight,  and  always 
with  liquid  manure  if  possible.  As  to 
the  (juantity  of  water,  the  only  instruc- 
tion he  gets  is  that  he  cannot  drown 
them.  This  is  cultivating  the  asparagus 
in  summer." — Gurd.  Chron. 

Subseque?it  cultivation. — Throughout 
the  year  care  must  be  taken  to  keep 
the  beds  clear  of  weeds,  and  in  the 
spring  and  summer  apply  liquid  manure 
twice  a  week  plentifully.  In  the  latter 
end  of  October  or  commencement  of 
November,  the  beds  are  to  have  the 
winter  dressing.  The  stalks  must  be 
cut  down  and  cleared  away,  and  the 
weeds  hoed  olf  into  the  paths,  care 
being  taken  not  to  commence  whilst 
the  stems  are  at  all  green,  for  if  they 
are  cut  down  whilst  in  a  vegetating 
state  the  roots  are  very  prone  to  shoot 
again,  and  consequently  are  propor- 
tionably  weakened. 

On  the  richness  of  the  ground  and 
warmth  of  the  season  the  sweetness  of 
asparagus  depends.  The  dung  needs 
merely  to  be  laid  regularly  over  the 
bed,  and  the  weeds,  as  well  as  some 
manure,  to  be  slightly  pointed  into  the 
paths,  some  of  the  mould  from  which 
must  be  spread  to  the  depth  of  two 
inches  over  the  dung  just  laid  upon  the 
beds.  In  the  end  of  March,  or  early 
in  April,  before  the  plants  begin  to 
sprout,  the  rows  are  to  be  stirred  be- 


for  the  last  fitteen  years,  and  give  them  tweeu  to  a  moderate  depth  with  the 
no  dung  in  winter,  merely  clearing  off  |  asparagus  fork,  running  it  slantingly 
the  stalks  and  weeds   in  October,  and    two  or  three   inches   beneath  the  sur- 


pointing  over  the  surface  about  two 
inches  deep  with  a  fork,  and  leaving  it 
as  rough  as  possible. 

Early  in  March,  when  the  surface 


face,  as  the  object  is  merely  to  stir  the 
surface  and  slightly  mix  it  with  the 
dung. 

Great  care  must  be  taken  not  in  the 


is  quite  dry,  it  is  raked  down,  and  least  to  disturb  the  plants.  Some  gar- 
about  two  inches  of  soil  drawn  over  the  deners  recommend  the  beds  should  only- 
crowns  from  each  side  of  the  rows,  I  be  hoed  again,  so  fearful  are  they  of  the 
which  gives  the  ground  something  of  injury  which  may  be  done  to  the  stools ; 
the  appearance  of  a  plot  of  peas  earthed  but  if  it  be  done  carefully,  as  above  di- 
iip  for  the  first  time.  When  the  gather-  rected,  the  fork  is  the  best  implement 
jng  is  nearly  over,  the  ground  is  stirred  .  to  be  employed.  This  course  of  culti- 
again,  to  loosen  the  trumping  made  in  |  vation  is  to  be  continued  annually,  but 


ASP 


68 


ASP 


with  this  judicious  modification,  that  to  cut.  Doubtless  all  its  energies  are 
earth  be  never,  taken  from  the  paths  developed  by  the  digging  in  of  the  ma- 
after  the  first  year,  but  these  merely  be  |  nure  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year, 


covered  with  dung,  and  which    is  only 
to  be  slightly  dug    in;    for  every  gar- i 
dener  must  have  observed  that  the  roots 
of  the  outer  row  extend  into  the  alleys,  ' 
and  are  consequently  destroyed  if  they 
are  dug  over.     And,    rather  than   that 


and  when  it  does  begin  to  sprout,  it 
finds  its  roots  in  contact  with  a  soil  of 
inexhaustible  fertility. 

"  Previously,  hovvever,  to  the  cutting, 
each  bed  is  covered  in  the  course  of 
March  very  lightly  with   dead   leaves, 


should  take  place,  the  beds  should  have    to  the  depth  of  about  eight  inches  ;  and 


no  winter  covering  unless  earth  can  be 
obtained  from  some  other  source,  as 
asparagus  does  not  generally  suffer 
from  frost,  as  is  commonly  supposed. 

Manuring. — No  garden  plant  is  more 
benefitted  than  is  asparagus  by  the  ap- 
plication of  common  salt,  if  it  be  given 
at  such  times  as  the  plants  are  growing. 
Two    pounds    to    every    thirty   square 


the  cutting  does  not  commence  till  the 
plants  peep  through  this  covering,  when 
it  is  carefully  removed  from  the  stems, 
in  order  that  the  finest  only  may  be  cut, 
which  are  rendered  white  by  their  leafy 
covering,  and  succulent  by  the  exces- 
sive richness  of  the  soil. 

"  In   the  autumn   of  the   third  year, 
after  the  first  cutting,  the  leaves  are  re- 


yards  of  surface  should  be  sown  broad-  ;  moved,  and  the  beds  are  again  dressed 
cast  over  the  beds  early  in  April.  After  !  with  fresh  night  soil,  as  before;  and 
that,  water  the  plants  once  a  week  with  i  these  operations  are  repeated  year  after 
liquid  manure,  formed  of  half  an  ounce  I  year.  In  addition  to  this,  the  beds  are 
of  guano  and  four  ounces  of  salt  to  half  under  salt  water  annually  at  spring 
every  gallon  of  water.  The  supply  of:  tides." 
food  cannot  be  too  rich  or  too  abundant.        ""' 

Spanish  culture, — Near  Sebastian,  in 
Spain,  the  finest  asparagus  in  Europe 
is  produced  by  the  following  mode : — 

"  In  March  the  seed  is  sown  in  two 
drills,  about  two  inches  deep,  and 
eighteen  inches  trom  the  alleys,  thus 
leaving  a  space  of  two  feet  between 
the  drills.  The  rows  run  invariably 
east  and  west,  doubtless  in  order  that 
the  plants  may  shade  the  ground  during 
the  heats  of  summer. 

"  When  the  seedlings  are  about  si.x 
inches  high,  they  are  thinned  to  some- 
thing more  than  a  foot  apart.  Water 
is  conducted  once  a  day  among  the 
alleys,  and  over  the  beds,  so  as  to  give 
these  seedlings  an  abundant  and  con- 
stant supply  of  fluid  during  the  season 


Time  of  production.  —  In  May  the 
beds  are  in  full  production  of  young 
shoots,  which,  when  from  two  to  five 
inches  high,  are  fit  for  cutting,  and  as 
long  as  the  head  continues  compact  and 
firm.  Care  must  be  taken  in  cutting 
not  to  injure  those  buds  which  are 
generally  rising  from  the  same  root 
in  various  grades  of  successional  growth 
within  the  ground.  The  knife  ought 
to  be  narrow  pointed,  the  blade  about 
nine  inches  in  length,  and  saw  edged. 
The  earth  being  carefully  opened  round 
the  shoot,  to  observe  whether  any  others 
are  arising,  the  blade  is  to  be  gently 
slipped  along  the  stalk  until  it  reaches 
its  extremity,  where  the  cut  is  to  be  made 
in  a  slanting  direction.  It  almost  always 
occurs  that  the  same  stool  produces  a 


nf  their  growth.     This  is  the  cultiva-    greater  number  of   small    beads    than 


tion  during  the  first  year. 


large  ones,  but  the  latter  only  should  be 


"  The  second  year,  in  the  month  ofl  cut :  for,  the  oflener  the  former  are  re- 
March,  the  beds  are  covered  with  three  '  moved,  the  more  numerously  will  they 


four  inches  of  fresh  night  soil  from 
the  reservoirs  of  the  town.  It  remains 
on  them  during  the  summer,  and  is 
lightly  dug  in  during  the  succeeding' 
autumn  ;  the  operation  of  irrigation 
being  continued  as  during  the  first  sea- 


be  produced,  and  the  stools  will  sooner 
become  exhausted. 

"  No  one  should  cut  too.  many  sprouts 
from  his  asparagus  beds.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  gardener  should  take  care  to 
leave  at  least  two  or  three  strong  sprouts, 


son.     This  excessive  stimulus,  and  the  '  to  grow  from  every    root;  or  what  is 


abundant  room  the  plants  have  to  grow 
ill,   must   necessarily   make    them    ex- 
tremely   vigorous,   and    prepare   them 
lor  the  production  of  gigantic  sprouts. 
"  In  the  third  spring  asparagus  is  fit 


better,  his  beds  should  be  rested  one 
year,  and  cut  another;  for  he  may  be 
certain  from  the  strength  of  the  sum- 
mer shoots,  what  sort  of  sprouts  he 
will  have  to  cut  the  succeeding  year — 


ASP 


69 


ASP 


remembering  always  ttiat  it  is  useless  I  plants   arc    past  production,  and  unfit 


to  manure  asparagus  beds  for  sprouts 
independently  of  summer  shoots.  If  a 
bed  of  asparagus  is  weak,  manure  in 
the  autumn  will  do  but  little  for  making 
it  bring  strong  sprouts  the  next  season. 
All  that  the  manure  can  then  do  is  to 
teed  abundantly  the  summer  shoots 
of  the  succeeding  summer,  and  so  ena- 
ble them  to  prepare  plenty  of  materials 
out  of  which  a  second  season's  strong 
sprouts  may  be  pushed  forth.  What  is 
true  of  asparagus  is  equally  true  of 
sea  kale  and  rhubarb." — Card.  Chron. 
To  obtain  seed. — Some  shoots  should 
be  marked  and  left  in  early  spring,  for 
those  which  are  allowed  to  run  up  after 
the  season  of  cutting  is  over,  are  seldom 
forward  enough  to  ripen  their  seeds 
perfectly.  In  choosing  the  shoots  for 
this  purpose,  those  only  must  be  marked 
which  are  the  finest,  roundest,  and 
have  the  closest  heads ;  those  having 
quick  opening  heads,  or  are  small  or 
flat,  are  never  to  be  left.  More  are  to 
be  selected  than  would  be  necessary  if 
each  stem  would  assuredly  be  fruitful  ; 
but  as  some  of  them  only  bear  male  or 
unproductive  blossoms,  that  contin- 
gency must  be  allowed  for.  Each 
chosen  shoot  must  be  fastened  to  a  stake, 
which  by  keeping  it  in  its  natural  posi- 


to  remain  in  the  garden,  little  can  be 
expected  from  them  when  forced. 

Time  of  planting. — The  first  planta- 
tion should  be  made  about  the  latter 
end  of  September;  the  bed,  if  it  works 
favourably,  will  begin  to  produce  in  the 
course  of  four  or  five  weeks,  and  will 
continue  to  do  so  for  about  three  ;  each 
light  producing  in  that  time  300  or  400 
shoots,  and  affording  a  gathering  every 
two  or  three  days. 

Produce. — To  have  a  regular  suc- 
cession, a  fresh  bed  must  be  formed 
every  three  or  four  weeks,  the  last  crop 
to  be  planted  in  March  or  the  early 
part  of  April  ;  this  will  continue  in 
production  until  the  arrival  of  the  natu- 
ral ground  crops.  The  last  made  beds 
will  be  in  production  a  fortnight  sooner 
than  those  made  about  Christmas. 

Bed. — The  hot-bed  must  be  substan- 
tial, and  proportioned  to  the  size  and 
number  of  the  lights,  and  to  the  time  cf 
year.  The  common  mode  of  making 
a  hot-bed  is  usually  followed.  The 
bed  must  be  topped  with  six  inches  of 
light  rich  earth. 

Quantity  necessary. — If  a  small  family 
is  to  be  supplied,  three  or  four  lights 
will  be  sufficient  at  a  time  ;  for  a  larger 
six    or    eight   will    not    be    too    many. 


tion,  enables  the    seed   to  ripen  more    Several  hundred  plants  may  be  inserted 


perfectly 

The  seed  is  usually  ripe  in  September, 
when  it  must  be  collected  and  left  in  a 
tub  for  four  or  six  weeks,  for  the  pulp 
and  husk  of  the  berry  to  decay,  when 
it  may  be  well  cleansed  in  water.  The 
seeds  sink  to  the  bottom,  and  the  re- 
fuse floats,  and  will  pass  away  with 
the  water  as  it  is  gently  poured  off.  By 
two  or  three  washings  the  seeds  will 
be  completely  cleansed  ;  and  when 
perfectly  dried  by  exposure  to  the  sun 
and  air,  may  be  stored  for  use. 

Forcing. — Plants  to  be  employed. — 
Such  plants  must  be  inserted  in  hot-beds 
as  are  five  or  six  years  old,  and  appear 
of  sufficient  strength  to  produce  vigo- 
rous shoots:  when,  however,  any  old 
natural  ground  plantations  are  intended 
to  be  broken  up,  at  the  proper  season 
some  of  the  best  plants  may  be  selected 
to  be  plunged  in  a  hot-bed  or  any  spare 
corner  of  the  stove  bark  beds.  When 
more  than  ten  years  old,  they  are 
scarcely  worth  employing.  To  plant 
old  stools  for  the  main  forcing  crop,  is, 
however,  decidedly  erroneous;    for,  if 


under  each,  as  they  may  be  crowded 
as  close  as  [lossible  together;  from 
500  to  900  are  capable  of  being  inserted 
under  a  three  light  frame,  according  to 
their  size. 

Mode  of  planting. — in  planting,  a 
furrow  being  drawn  the  whole  length  of 
the  frame,  against  one  side  of  it  the 
first  row  or  course  is  to  be  placed,  the 
crown  upright,  and  a  little  earth  drawn 
on  to  the  lower  ends  of  the  roots,  then 
more  plants  again  in  the  same  manner, 
and  so  continued  throughout,  it  being 
carefully  observed  to  keep  them  all 
regularly  about  an  inch  below  the  sur- 
face ;  all  round  on  the  edge  of  the  bed 
some  moist  earth  must  be  banked  close 
to  the  outside  roots. 

Precautions  necessary. — If  the  bed  is 
extensive,  it  will  probably  acquire  a 
violent  heat;  the  frames  must  there- 
fore be  continued  off  until  it  has  be- 
come regular,  otherwise  the  roots  are 
liable  to  be  destroyed  by  being,  as  it  i8 
technically  termed,  scorched  or  steam- 
scalded. 

Treatment.— When  the  heat  has  be- 


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70 


ATH 


Two  species, 
twiners.      Di- 


ASTEPHANUS. 
Green-house  evergreen 
vision.     Peat  and  loam. 

ASTER.  One  hundred  and  fifty-two 
species.  Chiefly  hardy,  but  a  few 
green-house  plants.  Suckers  or  divi- 
sion.     Common    soil.      The   time    for 


come  regular,  the  frames  may  be  set 
on  ;  and  more  earth  be  applied  by  de- 
grees over  the  crowns  of  the  plants 
until  it  acquires  a  total  depth  of  five  or 
SIX  inches. 

The  glasses  must  be  kept  open  an 
inch  or  two,  as  long  and  as  often  as 
possible,  without  too  great  a  redtiction  '  thus  propagating  them  is  in  autumn,  or 
o*"  temperature  occurring,  so  as  to  ad-  !  early  spring  ;  but  many  of  the  species 
mit  air  freely  and  give  vent  to  the  va-  are  increased  by  cuttings  of  the  flower 
pours  ;  for  on  this  depends  the  superi-  stalks,  planted  in  a  shady  border  during 
ority  in  flavour  and  appearance  of  the  '  May  or  June.  The  varieties  are  numer- 
ous. 

ASTEROCEPHALUS.  Fifty-three 
species.  Mostly  hardy  annuals  and 
perennials.  Seed  or  cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil. 

ASTILBE  decandra.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous.    Division.     Peat. 

ASTRAGALUS.  One  hundred  and 
eleven  species.  Nearly  all  hardy  pe- 
rennials and  annuals;  the  first  propa- 
gated by  division,  the  second  by  seed. 
Common  soil. 

ASTRANTI\.  Six  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Division.  Common  light 
soil. 

ASTRAP^A.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Rich  light 
soil. 

ASTROCARYUM. 
Palms.     Stove.     Seed. 

ASTROLOBIUM. 

Hardy  annuals.     Seed. 

ASTROLOMA. 


shoots.  The  heat  must  be  kept  up  by  a 
lining  of  hot  dung,  and  by  covering  the 
glasses  every  night  with  mats,  &c. 

The  temperature  at  night  should 
never  be  below  50^,  and  in  the  day  its 
maximum  at  62^. 

Gathering. — In  gathering,  for  which 
the  shoots  are  fit  when  from  two  to  five 
inches  in  height,  the  finger  and  thumb 
must  be  thrust  down  into  the  earth  and 
the-stem  broken  off  at  the  bottom. 

Insects. — The  foliage  of  this  vege- 
table is  liable  to  be  destroyed  by  the 
Idrvac  of  two  beetles,  the  Lemaasparagi, 
or  Asparagus  Beetle,  and  the  Lema  duo- 
d^cim  punctata.  The  only  remedy  is 
to  pick  off  and  destroy  the  affected 
branches. 

ASPASIA.  Two  species.  Stove  epi- 
phytes.    Bulbs.     Peat  and  potsherds. 

ASPEN,  (Populus  tremula.) 

ASPERULA,  Woodroof.  Twenty- 
four  species.  Hardy  herbaceous,  ex- 
cept A.  hrevifolia,  which  is  a  half-hardy 
evergreen.  Division.   Moist  shaded  soil. 

ASPHODELUS.  Asphodel.  Twelve 
species.  Hardy  bulbs,  except  A.  clava- 
tus  and  intermedia.  Offsets.  Common 
soil. 

ASPIDISTRA.  Two  species.  Stove 
herbaceous.  Suckers.  Common  soil. 
Flowers  produced  under  ground. 

ASPIDIUM.  Forty-nine  species. 
Ferns.  Hardy,  green-house  or  stove. 
Seed  or  division.     Loam  and  peat. 

ASPIDIOTUS.     See  Coccus. 

ASPLENIUM.  Forty-nine  species. 
Ferns.  Hardy,  green-house  or  stove. 
Seed  or  division.     Loam  and  peat. 

ASSONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam. 

ASTARTEA  fascicularis. 
house     evergreen     shrub. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ASTELMA.     Ten  species 


Five     species. 
Rich  loam. 
Four      species. 
Common  soil. 
Two     species. 


Green- 
Cuttings. 


Green- 


house evergreen  shrubs, 
tings.     Sandy  peat. 


Seed  or  cut- 


Greenhouse  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ASTYRIA  rosea.  Stove  shrub.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam. 

ATALANTIA  monophylla.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich 
loam. 

ATAMASCO-LILY  {Zephyranthes 
Atamasco). 

ATHALIA  spinarum.  Turnip  Saw- 
fly,  known  popularly  as  the  Black-cater- 
pillar, Black-canker,  Black-palmer,  Ne- 
gro, &c. 

Mr.  Curtis  observes,  that  "As  early 
as  May,  or  sooner,  the  Saw-flies  make 
their  appearance  ;  the  female  lays  her 
eggs  on  the  under  surface  along  the 
margin  of  the  leaf.  These  hatch  in 
about  five  days,  and  produce  the  Ne- 
groes, which  are  not  thicker  than  a  fine 
thread,  and  white,  but  after  changing 
their  skins,  they  become  black,  and 
eventually  are  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  when  they  are  more  of  a 
lead  colour   and   yellowish-white    be- 


ATH 


71 


AUG 


neath  their  skins,  being  very  much  •  Aromatic  Herbs  may  still  be  planted; 
wrinkled  ;  they  erect  their  tails  whilst  gather  for  drying  and  distilling. — Arti- 
feeding,  and  are  stretched  out  at  full  chokes,  break  down,  &c. — Aspara^us- 
lengtli  in  reposn,  or  lie  sleeping  coiled  beds,  weed. — Balm,  plant ;  gather  for 
up  on  the  leaf;  they  are  feeding  about  drying. — Borage,sow. — floreco/e, plant, 
three  weeks,  after  which  they  descend  , — Brocoli,  plant,  b. — Cabbages,  plant 
to  the  ground,  and  enter  the  earth,  1  out.  —  Cardoons,  earth  up. —  Cauli- 
where  they  form  a  cocoon,  silvery  in-  /lowers,  late,  plant. — CcZ^r/ac,  earth  up. 
side,  in  which  the  larva  eventually  be-  i — Celery,  plant. — Chervil,  sow. — Cole- 
comes  a  pupa.  In  summer  they  remain  worts,  sow  for,  b.  ;  plant. —  Corn  Salad, 
only  three  weeks  in  this  quiescent  state,  !  sow. — Cress,    sow. — Cucumbers,    plant 


but  the  autumnal  ones  lie  buried  through 
the  winter." — Gard.  Chron.  Hand- 
picking  is  the  only  mode  of  removing 
the  caterpillars. 

ATHAN'ASIA.  Seventeen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam. 

ATH EROSPERM A  MOScAa/a.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

ATHRIXIA  capensis.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light 
loam. 

ATRAGENE.  Five  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  climbers.  Cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil. 

ATRIPLEX.  Three  species.  See 
Orach . 

ATTALEA. 
Stove.     Seed. 


Palms. 


Seven  species, 
Rich  loam. 

AUBRIETIA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
evergreen  trailers.  Division  and  cut- 
tings.    Light  soil. 

AUCUBA  japonica.  Evergreen 
shrub,  hardy  in  the  middle  states  on 
light  dry  soil.  The  leaves,  if  exposed 
to  the  sun  during  winter,  are  liable  to 
injury.     Cuttings.     Common  soil. 

AUDISERTIA  incana.  Hardy  ever- 
green shrub.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

AUDOUINIA  capitata.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat. 

AUGUST.  This  is  a  glorious  month 
in  the  middle  states ;  towards  its  close 
the  extreme  heat  of  summer  has  sub- 
sided, the  mornings  and  evenings  are 
cool  and  pleasant;  the  luscious  peach, 
and  pears,  and  plums  are  in  full  sea- 
son, and  one  really  feels  as  if  he  could 
compromise  for  August  the  year  round. 

The  various  departments  now  re- 
quire the  following  work  to  be  at- 
tended to  : — the  directions  for  the 
kitchen  garden  are  specially  intended 
for  the  middle  portion  of  the  Union. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Alexanders^  sow. — Angelica,  sow. — 


or  sow,  b. — Dill  is  fit  for  gathering. — 
Earthing-up,  attend  to. — Endive,  plant ; 
blanch,  &c.,  the  advancing  crops. — 
Fennel,  sow  and  plant.  —  Finochio, 
earth  up. — Garlic,  take  up. — Hoeing, 
attend  to. — Kidney  Beans,  sow,  b. — 
Leeks,  plant,  b. — Lettuces,  sow,  plant 
out. — Melons,  attend  to. — Mint,  gather 
for  drying. — Mushroom-beds,  make  ;  at- 
tend to. — Nasturtium  Berries,  gather. — 
Onions,  gather. — Parsley,  sow,  b. — 
Peas,  sow,  b. — Radishes,  sow  ;  gather 
pods  for  pickling. — Rape  (edible  rooted), 
sow.  —  Rochambole,  take  up. — Seeds, 
gather  as  ripe. — Shallots,  take  up. — 
Small  Salading,  sow. — Spinach,  sow. — 
Stir  between  plants  in  rows,  &c. — 
Turnips,  sow  at  intervals,  through- 
out the  month,  &c. — Turnip- Cabbage, 
plant. —  Weeding  and  Watering,  at- 
tend to. —  Wormwood,  plant,  b. — To- 
matos,  plant  for  late  crop. 

ORCHARD. 

Budding,  done  in  July ;  loosen  the 
bandages,  if  on  more  than  three  weeks  ; 
remove  shoots  from  stocks  ;  budding 
may  be  done  in  most  fruit,  b. — Fig 
Trees,  train  in  closely  to  let  the  fruit 
have  the  full  benefit  of  the  sun  ;  but  do 
not  prune.  Nectarines,  look  over  ;  re- 
move useless  shoots;  train  in  close; 
water  plentifully  or  the  fruit  will  drop. 
Nets,  spread  over  fruit  to  protect  it 
from  birds. — Peaches. —  Vines,  look  over 
again  and  clear  from  useless  shoots,  &c. 
Wasps,  destroy  by  luring  them  into 
bottles. 

FLOWER  GARDEN. 

Anemones,  SOW. — ^nnua/s,  stick  ;  wa- 
ter ;  clear  from  decayed  leaves,  &c. 
Auriculas,  shift  into  fresh  earth  ;  water; 
keep  in  the  shade;  seedlings  prick  out; 
sow.  —  Biennial  seedlings,  transplant. 
Bu/6ows-rooted  flower-seeds,  to  obtain 
varieties,  sow. — Bulbotis  roots,  remove 
or  transplant ;  remove  and  plant  offsets; 
(Autumn  flowering),  plant. — CarTiation, 


AUG 


72 


AUR 


layers  cut  from  old  root  and  plant; 
water  frequently  ;  layering  may  still  be 
done,  b. ;  card  the  flowers  and  shade 
from  sun. — Dahlias,  stake;  thin  the 
flowers. — Daisies,  propagate. — Douhle- 
blossomed  perennials  with  fibrous  roots, 
propagate  by  division,  e. — Drws  borders 
as  required. — Edgings  of  box,  &c.,  clip 
in  wet  weather. — Evergreens  may  be 
moved,  e.,  if  wet  weather;  plant  cut- 
tings.— Grass,  mow  and  roll  weekly. — 
Grass  seeds  may  be  sown,  e. — Gravel, 
weed  and  roll  weekly. — Hedges,  clip  in 
moist  weather. — Mignonette,  sow. — Pe- 
largoniums, propagate  by  cuttings,  b. — 
Perennials,  in  pots  and  elsewhere, 
will  require  water  almost  daily;  break 
down  flower  stalks  as  they  finish  bloom- 
ing; seedlings,  transplant. — Pipings  of 
Pinks  may  be  planted  out. — Polyan- 
thuses, sow. —  Potted  Annuals  will  re- 
quire water  daily  in  dry  weather. — Ra- 
nunculuses, sow  ;  plant  in  pots  to  bloom 
in  November. — Seeds,  gather  as  they 
ripen. — Sotvings,  to  obtain  varieties, 
had  better  be  done  in  boxes. — Ten-week 
Stock,  sow,  b. — Tulips,  and  other  bulb- 
ous-rooted flower-seed,  sow.  —  Turf, 
may  be  laid,  e. —  Watering  will  be  re- 
quired generally  in  dry  weather. — 
Weeding,  generally  attend  to. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  every  day. — Bark- 
6effs,  stir  and  add  fresh. — Bulbous-rooted 
Plants,  force  plants  in  pots;  they  will  be 
much  stronger  than  if  done  in  the  next 
month. — Check  plants  growing  too  free- 
ly, by  removing  them  to  cooler  situa- 
tions.—  Cuttings  of  succulents,  and 
some  others,  may  be  planted,  b. — 
Dress  the  plants,  by  removing  all  de- 
cayed parts,  weeds,  &c.,  and  stirring  the 
soil  as  appears  necessary. — Grafting  of 
Ipomsas,  and  some  other  sorts,  may  be 
practised. — Pines,  finish  shifting,  b.  ; 
water  frequently  ;  and  shade  until  well 
established,  then  give  liquid  manure 
weekly;  plant  crowns  and  suckers  as 
required  ;  day  temp.  85^  ;  night  60^. — 
Shifting,  wherever  necessary,  complete 
b.;  especially  the  orchideous  plants. — 
Sucfcers,  offsets,  &c.,  may  yet  be  planted. 
— Vines;  remove  damaged  grapes  from 
bunches  as  they  appear;  give  liquid 
manure  to  those  beginning  to  ripen. — 
Water,  give  freely  every  second  day. 

GREEN-HOUSE.  j 

Aloes,  propagate   by  slips,  suckers,  ) 


&c.,  b.  —  Budding,  finish,  b.  —  Dress 
every  plant  as  occasion  offers. — Earth, 
give  to  Oranges,  &c. ;  stir  the  surface 
frequently. —  Oranges, Lemons , inc., h\H\ , 
b. — Peal-mould  plants,  especially  heaths, 
keep  assiduously  supplied  with  water. — 
Potted  Plants,  continue  outside  tlie 
house  until  the  end  of  the  month. — 
Seedlings,  transplant  singly. — Shifting 
into  larger  pots,  finish.  —  Succulent 
Plants,  as  Aloes,  &c.,  propagate  by 
slips,  &c.,  b. —  Water  freely  and  daily 
in  dry  weather. 

AULAX.  Two  species.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sand  and 
a  little  loam. 

AURICULA.  (Primula  Auricula.) 
This  is  a  popular  Florist's  flower,  and 
animated  contests  take  place  for  the 
premiums  annually  offered  by  the  Eng- 
lish provincial  Horticultural  Societies. 

Varieties.  —  Mr.  Slater,  Florist,  of 
Cheethain  Hill,  Manchester,  says,  "  For 
an  amateur's  first  collection,  procure  of 
Green-edged:  Rider's  Waterloo;  Pol- 
litt's  Standard  of  England  and  Highland 
Laddie;  Ollier's  Lady  Anne  Wilbraham; 
Oliver's  Lovely  Anne;  shown  also  in 
grey-edged  c]nss.  Grey-edged:  Grimes 
Privateer;  Kenyon's  Ringleader  ;  War- 
ris  Union;  Sykes  Complete;  Thomp- 
son's Revenge.  White-edged :  Taylor's 
Glory  ;  Leigh's  Bright  Venus;  Taylor's 
Favourite  ;  Kenyon's  Lord  Chancellor  ; 
Leigh's  Pillar  of  Beauty.  Selfs:  Grimes, 
Hovas,  Flag;  Berry's  Lord  Primate; 
Whittaker's  True  Blue.  Alpines  :  Em- 
merson's  Favourite  ;  Fieldhouse's  Fair 
Rosamond. 

2d.  "  As  an  addition  to  his  collec- 
tion, obtain  of  Green-edged:  Booth's 
Freedom;  Leigh's  Colonel  Taylor; 
Yates's  Morris;  Green  Hero;  Page's 
Champion  ;  Ashton's  Prince  of  Wales  ; 
Clough's  Dolittle  ;  Barlow's  King  ;  Lit- 
ton's  Imperator ;  Howard's  Nelson  ; 
Pearson's  Badajos ;  Pollit's  Ruler  of 
England;  Buckley's  Jolly  Tar;  Faulk- 
ner's Ne  Plus  Ultra.  Grey- edged  : 
Fletcher's,  Mary  Anne,  and  Ne  Plus 
Ultra  ;  Waterhouse's  Conqueror  of  Eu- 
rope ;  Thompson's  Bang-up;  Taylor's 
Ploughhoy;  Pearson's  Liberty;  Howard's 
Sweepstake;  shown  also  in  green-edged 
class.  White-edged:  Ash  worth's  Rule 
All  and  Regular  ;  Taylor's  Incompara- 
ble ;  Wood's  Delight;  Popplewell's 
Conqueror  ;  Potts'  Regulator  ;  Ashton's 
Bonny  Lass;  Cheetham's  Countess  oi 
Wilton.     A/pines:  King  of  the  Alps; 


AUR 


73 


AVE 


Queen  Victoria;  Conspicuous;  Rising 
Sun  ;  Fair  Helen;  Kettleby's  True  Blue. 
Selfs:  Redmayn's  Metropolitan;  Ne- 
therwood's  Otliello  ;  Berry's  Lord  Lee  ; 
Clegg's   Blue   Bonnet;    Kay's  Jupiter; 


should  form  a  perfect  circle  of  a  dense 
pure  white,  clean  on  its  edges,  even, 
and  free  from  blemishes. 

"  The  band  of  colour  surrounding  the 
eye   should   be  dark,   rich,   or    bright, 


Kenyon's  Freedom;  Gorton's  Stadt- 'joining  the  margin  with  a  feathery  edge, 
holder,  iyrJlow.)  Huflon's  Squire  IMun-  !  equally  distributed  all  round,  but  never 
day.  Lastly,  these  are  worthy  of  a  encroaching  so  much  upon  the  edge  as 
place  in  any  collection.  Green-edged  :  j  to  pass  through  to  the  rim. 
Ilopworth's  Robin  Hood  ;  Moore's  "  The  margin  or  outer  edge  must  be 
Jubilee;  Lightbody's  Star  of  Beth- |  of  a  permanent  green  or  grey  colour.^ 
lehem  ;  Stretch's  Alexander.  Grey-  The  circles  which  compose  the  face  of 
edged:    Atcherley's    Alpine   Shepherd-    the  pip  are  considered  of  the  finest  prO' 


ess;  Metcalfe's  Lancashire  Hero: 
Ashworth's  Newton  Hero;  Simpson's 
Lord  of  Hallamshire;  Kent's  Queen 
Victoria.  White-edged :  Lily  of  the 
Valley  ;  Wild's  Bright  Phoebus  ;  Leigh's 
Earl  Grosvenor.  Se/fs  .•  Oddie's  Rest, 
Goldfinch,  (yellow,)  Faulkner's  Han- 
nibal ;  Bradsliaw's  Tidy.  I  ought  to 
have  stated  that  the  amateur's  first 
collection  comprises  such  as  are  not 
high  priced,  and  yet  good  ;  but  it  must 
not  be   forgotten  that   the  second  addi 


portion  when  they  are  of  a  nniform 
width,  that  of  each  circle  being  half  the 
diameter  of  the  tube." — Gard.  Citron. 

Propngatio/i  is  effected  by  taking  slips 
from  and  dividing  roots  of  approved  va- 
rieties, after  the  seed  has  ripened  in 
July  and  August. 

Diseases. — The  auricula  is  liable  to 
have  its  roots  ulcerated  or  cankered  if 
the  pots  are  not  well  drained.  This  is 
best  done  by  having  the  pots  one-fourth 
filled  with  rubbly  charcoal,  and  the  soil 


tion  contains  all  the   first-rate  varieties  i  not  too  much  divested  of  pebbles.     At 


in  cultivation,    with    very    few    excep- 
tions."— Gard.  Chron. 

Characteristics  of  excellence. — "  In 
its  general  appearance,  the  foliage 
should  be  well  grown  and  healthy, 
covering  a  space  about  equal  to  double 


the  blooming  time  the  aphis  or  greenfly 
sometimes  attacks  the  plants  ;  these  can 
only  be  removed  individually  by  means 
of  a  camel's-hair  pencil. 

AVENUE,    is   a    road    bordered    by 
trees  on  each  side,  and   being,  as  ob- 


the  width  of  the  head  of  bloom.     The    served  by  Whately,  confined  to  one  ter- 


Ktem  should  be  firm,  erect,  and  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  support  the  truss  with- 
out assistance,  and  to  carry  it  well  above 
the  foliage.  The  foot-stalks  of  the  pip 
should  be  strong  and  of  such  a  length 
as  will  allow  the  flowers  to  open  with- 
out one  overlaying  another,  the  whole 
forminsj    a    compact  globular    head    of 


mination,  and  excluding  every  view  on 
the  sides,  has  a  tedious  sameness 
throughout ;  to  be  great  it  must  be  dull, 
and  the  object  to  which  it  is  appropri- 
ated is  after  all  seldom  shown  to  advan- 
tage. Buildings  in  general  do  not  ap- 
pear so  large,  and  are  not  so  bcautifuJ 
when  looked  at  in   front,  as  when  they 


well  expanded  flowers  equal  in  size  and    are  seen  from  an  angular  situation,  which 
similar  in  properties.  !  commands  two  sides  at  once,  and  throws 

"  The  addition  of  one  or  two  guard-  them  both  in  perspective  ;  but  a  wind- 
leaves,  standing  up  at  the  back  of  the  ;  ing  lateral  approach  is  free  from  these 
truss,  gives  a  finish  to  the  whole,  and  ,  objections,  it  may  besides  be  brought 
adds  considerably  to  its  beauty  by  the  !  up  to  the  house  without  disturbing  any 
contrast  thev  form  with  the  vivid  and  '  of  the  views  from  it,  but  an  avenue  cuts 


lively  appearance  of  the  flowers 


the  scenery  directly  in  two,  and  reduces 


The  qualities  which  the  individual  all  the  prospect  to  a  narrow  vista.  A 
pip  should  possess  consist  in  its  being  1  m«re  line  of  perspective,  be  the  extent 
perfectly  round,  flat  and  smooth  on  the  '  what  it  may,  will  seldom  compensate 
edge  ;  the  divisions  which  form  the  seg-  j  for  the  loss  of  that  space  which  it  divides, 
nients  of  the  corolla  should  be  but  and  of  the  parts  which  it  conceals, 
slightly  indented,  thereby  rendering  the  '  These  kind  of  walks  were  formerly  much 


circles  more  perfect. 


more  the  fashion  than  they  arc   at  pre- 


"  The  tube  or  centre  must  be  round, '  sent :  where  they  arc  to  be  made,  the 
of  a  yellow  colour,  filled  with  the  an-  j  common  elm  answers  very  well  for  the 
thers  or  thrum.  purpose  in  most  grounds,  except  such 

"  The  eye  or  paste  round  the  tube  I  as  are  very  wet  and  shallow,  and  pre- 


AVE 


74 


AZ  A 


fferred  to  most  other  trees,  because  it 
bears  cutting,  heading,  or  lopping  in 
any  manner.  The  rough  Dutch  elm  is 
approved  by  some  because  of  its  quick 
growth,  and  it  is  a  tree  that  will  not 
only  bear  removing  very  well,  but  that 
is  green  in  the  spring  almost  as  soon  as 
any  plant  whatever,  and  continues  so 
equally  long.  It  makes  an  incompara- 
ble hedge,  and  is  preferable  to  all  other 
trees  for  lofty  espaliers.  The  lime  is 
very  useful  on  account  of  its  regular 
ffrowth  and  fine  shade,  and  the  horse- 
chestnut  is  proper  for  such  places  as  are 
not  too  much  exposed  to  rough  winds. 
The  common  chestnut  does  very  well  in 
a  good  soil,  or  on  warm  gravels,  as  it 
rises  to  a  considerable  height,  when 
planted  somewhat  close;  but  when  it 
stands  singly  it  is  rather  inclined  to 
spread  than  grow  tall.  The  beech  na- 
turally grows  well  with  us  in  its  wild 
state,  but  it  is  less  to  be  chosen  for  ave- 
nues than  others,  because  it  does  not 
bear  transplanting  well.  The  abele  may 
also  be  employed  for  this  use,  as  it  is 
adapted  to  almost  any  soil,  and  is  the 
quickest  grower  of  any  forest  tree.  It 
seldom  fails  in  transplanting,  and  suc- 
ceeds very  well  in  wet  soils,  in  which 
the  others  are  apt  to  suffer.  The  oak 
is  but  seldom  used  for  avenues,  because 
of  its  slow  growth  ;  it  would,  however, 
compensate  by  its  permanence  and 
beauty.  The  sugar  maple,  tulip  poplar, 
oriental  and  native  buttonwood  are  all 
well  adapted  to  the  purpose. 

AVERRHOA.  Two  species.  Stove 
CTcrgreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam. 

AVERUNCATOR,  or  pole  pruning 
shears.  The  Averuncator,  attached  to 
a  pole,  operates  by  means  of  a  lever 
moved  by  a  cord  and  pulley  ;  its  use  is 
to  prune  from  the  ground  trees  whose 
branches  are  beyond  reach.  Branches 
of  one  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter  may 
be  easily  cut  off  with  this  instrument. 
Averuncators  of  small  size,  arc  also  very 
useful  in  cutting  off  from  shade  and 
fruit  trees  small  branches  to  which  in- 
sects have  attached  themselves:  they 
are  also  used  for  gathering  fine  fruits, 
which  when  cut  fall  into  a  basket,  to  be 
attached  to  the  instrument  when  used 
for  this  purpose. 

Fig.  20  is  a  very  effective  instrument 
of  a  similar  kind,  and  has  the  advantage 
of  a  sliding  cut,  which  lessens  the  labour 
of  pruning,  and  leaves  the  branch  which 


has  been  cut  as  smooth  as  though  a  knife 
had  been  used  ;  this  instrument  is  supe- 
perior  to  Fig.  19  in  this  respect,  but 
will  not  cut  a  branch  of  greater  diame- 
ter than  one  inch. 

Fig.  19. 


AVIARY.  This  building,  devoted 
to  the  rearing  of  birds  distinguished  for 
the  beauty  either  of  their  notes  or  plum- 
age, is  rarely  admitted  within  a  garden, 
and  still  more  rarely  are  they  sutficient- 
ly  ornamental  or  sufficiently  free  from 
disagreeables  to  be  a  source  of  pleasure. 

AYENIA.  Two  species.  Stove  ever- 
greens.    Cuttings.  Rich  loam. 

AZALEA.  Sixty  species,  and  many 
varieties.  The  North  American  are 
hardy  and  deciduous,  and  the  Chinese 
or  Indian  are  green-house  evergreens. 
Cuttings.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

Mr.  James  Falconer,  of  Cheam,  gives 
the   following  excellent   directions  for 


A  Z  A 


75 


A  Z  A 


cultivating  the  varieties  of  Azaka  In- 
dica. 


"  Many  varieties  will  throw  up  three 
r  four  stems  ;  the  strongest  should  be 


Soil. — "The  soil  best  adapted  for  their  selected  for  a  leader.  When  growing, 
growth  is  a  peaty  earth  Ibund  on  com-  ,  they  should  have  plenty  of  air  and  light, 
nions  where  heath  abounds,  of  a  light  without  being  exposed  to  a  cold  cur- 
fibrnus  texture,  and  containing  a  good  !  rent,  which  is  so  frequently  prejudicial 
portion  of  Siind.  It  should  be  pared  off  i  to  young  plants  in  the  spring,  when 
from  three  inches  to  fourinchesdeep,  the  clear  sunshine  and  cold  winds  prevail, 
turves  should  be  spread  bottom  upwards, ;  As  they  will  be  required  to  grow  as  late 


and  exposed  to  the  sun  during  summer, 
and  after  having  a  few  showers  of  rain 
upon  it  to  restore  it  to  a  proper  degree 
of  moisture,  it  may  be  Ini'!  "ii  in  narrow 
ridges  in  the  autumn  ;  ri  cm  then  be 
taken  to  the  potting-shed  as  rei|iiired. 
When  used,  it  should  be  broken  or  se- 
parated with  a  trowel,  and  not  sifted, 
rejecting  the  undecayed  surlhce  ;  and 
for  the  strong-growing  varieties,  to  six- 
eighths  of  peat  and  one-eighth  loam, 
and  one-eighth  silver  sand. 

"  Sowing. — The  Indian  Azaleas  ripen 
their  seed  in  February,  which  should  be 
sown  about  the  beginning  of  March  in 
pots  with  ample  drainage,  and  a  larger 
portion  of  silver  sand  mixed  with  the 
peat.  The  pot  should  be  filled  to  within 
half  an  inch  of  the  top,  and  pressed 
evenly  and  firmly  down  with  the  bottom 
of  another. 

"  The  seed  should  then  be  sown  re- 
gularly over  the  surface,  and  after  being 
covered  sufficiently  deep  with  peat, 
again  pressed  down,  so  that,aller  being 
watered,  the  seed  may  remain  buried. 
The  pots  should  be  placed  on  a  shelf  in 
the  green-house,  and  shaded  from  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

"  It  is  better  that  the  seeds  should  ve- 
getate by  the  increasing  heat  of  the 
spring  than  by  artificial  means,  since 
they  will  come  up  stronger,  and  are  not 
so  liable  to  damp  off.  They  may  be 
pricked  out  into  other  pots  as  soon  as 
they  have  made  two  or  three  leaves, 
and  as  they  advance  in  growth  they  may 
be  potted  into  thumbs,  or  small  sixties, 
in  which  they  may  remain  in  winter, 


in  the  autumn  as  t!)e  weather  will  per- 
mit without  applying  fire-heat,  and  as 
it  is  not  desirable  that  they  should  form 
tlower-buds  this  season,  those  wh'ch 
want  pot-room  should  be  again  shifted 
about  the  latter  end  of  July.  Great  care 
should  be  taken  that  they  are  not  over- 
potted,  and  that  they  have  sufficient 
drainage;  elevating  the  collar  of  the 
stem  considerably,  by  rounding  the 
upper  side  of  the  ball,  but  not  so  as  to 
injure  the  tender  and  delicate  fibres. 
The  azalea  is  liable  to  canker  from  the 
water  remaining  too  long  about  the  col- 
lar; therefore,  in  watering,  the  spout 
of  the  pot  should  never  be  applied  to  it, 
as  the  cold  current  of  water  frequently 
repeated  will  check  the  flow  of  sap, 
and  ultimately  cause  death. 

"  They  should  be  placed  at  the  back 
of  the  green-house  during  the  winter, 
as  near  the  glass  as  convenient,  to  ripen 
the  wood. 

"  In  the  following  spring  they  should 
be  subjected  to  the  same  treatment, 
and  again  shifted  into  larger  pots. — 
About  the  latter  end  of  July  they  will 
have  the  afternoon  sun.  Free  from  the 
drip  of  trees  and  protected  from  high 
winds,  the  plants  will  now  be  of  suffi- 
cient size  to  bloom,  and  in  September 
will  have  formed  their  flower-buds. 

"  When  out  of  doors  they  should  be 
occasionally  syringed  overhead  in  very 
dry  weather,  and  the  ground  around 
them  frequently  stirred  and  watered. 

"About  the  middle  of  December, 
two  or  three  varieties  should  be  put 
nto  a  forcing-house,  ranging   from  50' 


"  Culture. — About  the  beginning  of  to  G.5'';  these  will  begin  to  bloom  about 
March  those  which  are  intended  for  I  the  latter  end  of  January,  after  which 
specimens  should  be  put  into  a  house  they  should  be  removed  to  the  green- 
at  a  temperature  of  from  •15''  to  50''\  house  or  conservatory,  to  which  they 
where  they  will  soon  be  excited  to  \  will  give  much  brilliancy,  and  in  mild 
grow.  If  in  sixty  or  forty  sized  pots,  weather  impart  a  mild  perfume.  About 
they  should  be  shifted  into  sizes  larger;  a  week  before  the  first  have  expand- 
but  it  is  better  to  do  this  when  the  ed  their  blossoms,  another  succession 
plants  are  in  a  growing  state.  They  ,  should  be  put  in,  selecting  those  which 
should  then  be  shaded  for  a  few  days,!  from  the  enlargement  of  their  buds  give 
and  when  the  flower   is  shut  up  in  the    evidence   of  their  susceptibility  of  ex- 


afternoon,  gently  syringed 


,  citement ;  observing  that  the  more  Ta- 


AZ  A 


76 


B  AL 


nous  the  colour  of  the  flower,  the  better : 
effect  will  be  produced  in  the  green- 
house. It  is  a  safe  rule  to  keep  up  for 
a  succession  three  or  four  varieties,  to 
be  put  into  heat  as  above  stated,  once  ' 
a  month,  until  the  season  is  so  far  ad-' 
vanced  that  the  flowers  are  bursting  in    chio. 

the  cool  house.  BABIANA.      Eighteen     species. 

"  They    should    then    be   taken   into    Green-house   bulbs.     Offsets  or  seeds, 
heat,  by  which   means  the  flower  will    Sand,  loam  and  peat. 


where,  it  is  probable,  the  finest  speci- 
mens in  a  cultivated  state  still  exist. 

AZARA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. — 
Sandy  loam. 

AZOREAN    FENNEL.     See    Fino- 


be  larger,  the  colours  more  brilliant,  and 
their  fragrance  more  delightful.     Every 


B  A  C  A  Z  I  A  spinosa.    Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.     Cuttings.     Peat  and 


means  should  be  adopted  to  prevent  i  loam, 
the  attacks  of  the  humble  bee,  as  every  BACCHARIS.  Ploughman's  Spike- 
blossom  in  which  it  inserts  its  proboscis  nard.  Twelve  species.  Chiefly  stove 
will  fall  off  in  a  few  hours  afterwards.    ]  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs.     B. 

"When  the  large  specimen  plants  glomcriflora  and  haliinifolia  are  hardy 
have  done  flowering,  all  the  seed  ves- |  deciduous.  Cuttings.  Loam  and  peat, 
sels  should  be  picked  off,  leaving  such  j  BACTRIS.  Seven  species.  Palms, 
as  are  intended  for  seed.  They  should  Stove.  Seed.  Sandy  loam, 
be  then  shifted  and  encouraged  to  grow;  |  BADGER'S  BANE,  Aconitum  meloc- 
afterwards  placing  them  out  of  doors,'  tonum. 
as  before  stated.  B^ECKIA.      Nine    species.      Green- 

"  Great  care  should  be  taken   at  all '  house    evergreen    shrubs.     Cuttings. — 
times  to  keep  them   free  from  insects,!  Loam  and  peat. 

as  they  are  liable  to  be  attacked  by  ai  BAKING  is  a  term  descriptive  of  the 
species  of  thrips,  for  which  the  best ;  hard  impervious  state  of  clayey  soils, 
remedy  is  a  strong  fumigation  of  to-  long  exposed  to  drought.  It  can  be 
bacco.  The  varieties  Variegata  and  La-  prevented  only  by  altering  the  staple  of 
teritia,  are  early  excited  in  the  spring;  the  soil,  by  the  admixture  ofsand,  chalk, 
but  are  nevertheless  the  latest  bloomers;  coal-ashes,  and  other  less  cohesive  mat- 
they  will   make  stronger  and  finer  spe-|  ters  than  clay. 


cimens  by  being  inarched  on  the  most 
robust  stocks. 

"  If  after  they  have  made  their  au-  ' 
tumnal    growth    they  should   not   have 
formed  flower-buds,  by  placing  them  in 


BALANTIUM  culcita.  Stove  fern. 
Division.     Peat  and  loam. 

BALM  (Melisxa  officinalis). 

Soil  and  situation. — The  soil  best 
suited  to  its  growth,  is  any  poor  and 


a  stove  in  a  strong  moist  heat,  until  ,  friable,  but  rather  inclining  to  clayey 
they  have  again  burst  into  leaf,  and  then  than  silicious.  Manure  is  never  re- 
removing  them  to  a  cold  green-house,  quired.  An  eastern  aspect  is  best  for  it. 
the  excitement  produced  will  frequently  Time  and  mode  of  planting. — It  is 
cause  them  to  set  their  flower-buds." —  1  propagated  by  offsets  of  the  roots,  and 
Card.  Chron.  Our  own  native  varieties  |  by  slips  of  the  young  shoots.  The  first 
have  been  sadly  overlooked  in  the  '  mode  may  be  practised  any  time  during 
search  for  foreign  beauty — those  from  the  spring  and  autumn,  but  the  latter 
the  far  south  are  equally  hardy  with  only  during  May  or  June.  If  offsets 
those  of  the  middle  states,  and  are  are  employed,  they  may  be  planted'at 
readily  cultivated  ;  the  varieties  are  nu-  once  where  they  are  to  remain,  at  tea 
merous,  and  embrace  almost  every  or  twelve  inches  ;  but  if  by  slips,  thev 
shade  of  colour,  including  pure  white, '  must  be  inserted  in  a  shady  border,  to 
from  light  yellow  to  brilliant  flame;  |  be  thence  removed,  in  September  or 
they  thrive  better  partially  screened  October,  to  where  they  are  to  remain, 
from  the  sun's  rays,  and  demand  a  pe-  At  every  removal  water  must  be  given, 
culiar  soil  easily  compounded  by  a  if  dry  weather,  and  until  they  are  estab- 
mixture  ofsurface  earth  from  woodland,  lislied.  During  the  summer  they  re- 
and  decomposed  turf  or  grass  sods,  in  quire  only  to  be  kept  clear  of  weeds, 
about  equal  proportions.  The  two  ear-  In  October  the  old  beds  require  to  be 
liest  collections  of  this  splendid  shrub  |  dressed,  their  decayed  leaves  and  stalks 
were  made  at  the  Bartram  Botanic  cleared  away,  and  the  soil  loosened  by 
Gardens,  and   the  Landreth  Nurseries,  I  the  hoe  or  slight  digging. 


B  AL 


77 


B  A  N 


Old  beds  may  be  gathered  from  in 
July,  for  drying,  but  their  green  leaves 
from  March  and  September,  and  those 
planted  in  spring,  will  even  atTord  a 
gathering  in  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year.  For  drying,  the  stalks  are  cut 
with  their  full  clothing  of  leaves  to  the 
very  bottom,  and  the  process  completed 
gradually  in  the  shade. 

BALM  OF  GILEAD.  Several  plants 
are  popularly  known  under  this  name. 
"The  Balm  ofGilead  of  commerce  is  the 
dried  juice  of  a  low  tree  or  shrub  {amyris 
^ileadensis),  which  grows  in  several 
])arts  of  Abyssinia  and  Syria.  This  tree 
has  spreading,  crooked  branches;  small, 
bright-green  leaves,  growing  in  threes  ; 
and  small,  white  flowers  on  separate 
footstalks.  The  petals  are  four  in  num- 
ber, and  the  fruit  is  a  small,  egg-shaped 
berry,  containing  a  smooth  nut.  By  the 
inhabitants  of  Syria  and  Egypt,  this  bal- 
sam, as  ap[)ears  from  the  Scriptures, 
was  in  great  esteem  from  the  highest 
periods  of  antiquity.  We  are  informed 
by  Josephus,  the  Jewish  historian,  that 
the  balsam  of  Oilead  was  one  of  the 
trees  which  was  given  by  the  queen  of 
Sheba  to  king  Solomon.  The  Ishmael- 
itish  merchants,  who  were  the  pur- 
chasers of  Joseph,  are  said  to  have  been 
traveling  from  Gilead,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  Canaan,  to  Egypt,  and  to  have 
had  their  camels  laden  with  '  spicery, 
balm  and  myrrh.'  It  was  then,  and  is 
still,  considered  one  of  the  most  valua- 
ble medicines  that  the  inhabitants  of 
those  countries  possess.  The  virtues, 
however,  which  have  been  ascribed  to 
it  exceed  all  rational  bounds  of  credi- 
bility. The  mode  in  which  it  is  obtain- 
ed is  described  by  Mr.  Bruce.  The 
bark  of  the  tree  is  cut  with  an  axe,  at 
a  time  when  its  juices  are  in  their 
strongest  circulation.  These,  as  they 
ooze  through  the  wound,  are  received 
into  small  earthen  bottles  ;  and  everv 
day's  produce  is  gathered,  and  poured 
into  a  larger  bottle,  which  is  closely 
corked.  When  the  juice  first  issues 
from  the  wound,  it  is  of  a  light-yellow 
colour,  and  a  somewhat  turbid  appear- 
ance ;  but,  as  it  settles,  it  becomes 
clear,  has  the  colour  of  honey,  and  ap- 
pears more  fixed  and  heavy  than  at  first. 
Its  smell,  when  fresh,  is  exquisitely  fra- 
grant, strongly  pungent,  not  much  un- 
like that  of  volatile  salts;  but  if  the 
bottle  be  left  uncorked,  it  soon  loses 
this  quality.     Its  taste  is  bitter,  acrid, 


aromatic  and  astringent.     The  quantity 

']  of  balsam  yielded  by  one  tree  never 
exceeds  60  drops  in  a  day.  Hence  its 
scarcity  is  such,  that  the  genuine  bal- 
sam is  seldom  exported  as  an  article  ot' 
commerce.  Even  at  Constantinople, 
the  centre  of  trade  of  those  countries, 
it  cannot,  without  great  difficulty,  be 

I  procured.     In  Turkey,  it  is  in  high  cs- 

'  teem  as  a  medicine,  an  odorifor'bus  un- 
guent and  a  cosmetic.  But  its  stimu- 
lating properties  upon  the  skin  are  such, 
that  the  face  of  a  person  unaccustomed 
to  use  it  becomes  red  and  swollen  after 
its  application,  and  continues  so  for 
some  days.  The  Turks  also  take  it  in 
small  qantities,  in  water,  to  fortify  the 
stomacli."' — Encyc.  Am. 

\  BALSAM  or  LADIES'  SLIPPERS 
(Impatiens  trifiora).  The  cultivation  of 
this  common  yet  beautiful  half  hardy 
annual  is  so  thoroughly  understood,  as 
not  to  require  remark  farther  than  •'  we 
believe  it  to  be  true,  that  old  seeds 
produce  finer  balsams  under  equal  cir- 
cumstances than  new  seeds  ;  and  the 
reason  is  thought  to  be,  that  the  plants 
raised  from  old  seeds  are  not  so  vigor- 
ous as  others." — Card.  Citron. 

BALSAM  APPLE.  Momordica  bal- 
sam inea. 

BALSAMINA.  Balsam.  Eleven 
species.  Green-house  annuals.  Seeds. 
Light  rich  loamy  soil. 

BALSAMODENDRON  zeylanicum. 
Stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

i      BALSAM-TREE.     Clusia. 

\  BANANA-TREE.  Musa  Sa- 
pientum. 

BANE-BERRY.     Acta:a. 

\      BANNISTERIA.     Thirteen  species. 

i  Chiefly  stove  evergreen  twining  plants. 
Cuttings.     Loam  and  sandy  peat. 

BANK'S  {slopi?ig),  says  Mr.  Barnes, 
"  Are  of  great  advantage  in  bringing 
forth  vegetation  of  all  kinds  at  an  early 
season  in  a  healthy  state,  and  in  the 
greatest  abundance.  Another  great  ad- 
vantage is  their  forming  a  boundary  and 
shelter  to  the  valleys,  borders,  or  slips 
between  them,  dividing  the  quarters 
into  any  desired  portions,  for  the  suc- 
cession of  all  vegetable  crops,  salads, 
&c.  By  cropping  both  sides,  the  season 
of  thedifl'erent  articles  is  prolonged,  and 
through  their  being  placed  in  such  a 
healthy  situation,!  find  I  can  always 
secure    abundance    of  salads,   lettuce, 

;  endive,  radishes,  cauliflower,  and  cab- 


BAN 


78 


BAR 


bage-plants.  The  first  early  cabbage  I  BARBERRY  (Berberis  vulgaris). 
a.nd  peas  I  liave  planted  in  these  sloping  ;  There  are  five  varieties  of  this  elegant 
banks  with  great  advantage.  The  win- [  shrub — the  red,  without  and  with  stones; 
ter  endive  being  cleared  and  the  slopes  the  black  sweet,  which  is  tender,  and 
forked,  a  situation  is  provided  for  the  ,  requires  a  sheltered  border;  the  purple, 
first  out-door  crops  of  carrots,  turnips,  '  and  the  white. 

radishes,  &c.  The  slopes  that  are  next  j  Propagation.  Suckers,  cuttings,  and 
cleared  in  succession  make  prorision  layers  may  be  employed  either  in  the 
for  the  early  dwarf  kinds  of  French  ;  spring  or  autumn.  The  seed  is  very 
beans   on    the    south    side;    and    late  1  rarely  used. 

planted  Windsor  or  other  kinds  of  late        Soil. — A   sandy,  or  calcareous  soil, 
beans  are   planted  on   the  north   side,  ,  with  a  dry  subsoil,  suits  it  best, 
■which    is    found    a  good    situation    for  |      Culture. — It  requires  no  other  prun- 
them  ;  besides   forming  a  shelter  to  the    ing  than  such  as  is  necessary  to  keep  it 
others   by    breaking    the    cold    winds,    within  bounds. 

Others  are  cropped  with  strawberries  Fruit. — This  is  fully  ripe  in  October, 
on  both  sides.  The  slopes  that  are  and  is  gathered  in  entire  bunches  for 
cleared  latest  in  the  spring,  are  cropped  ;  preserving,  pickling,  and  candying, 
■with  late  cauliflower,  with  the  first;  Diseases. — It  is  liable  to  be  infected 
planting  of  early  Cape  brocoli  on  the  with  a  parasitical  fungus,  once  believed 
north  side,  and  succession  of  other  to  be  the  same  as  that  which  is  known  as 
vegetables  are  kept  up  throughout  the  the  mildew  on  wheat,  but  they  are  now 
season.  By  constantly  keeping  the  sur- i  known  to  be  different  species.  That 
face  stirred,  the  crops  are  all  to  be  j  vvhich  preys  upon  the  Barberry  is  Puc- 
seen  in  a  healthy  state,  progressing  ad-  cinia,  and  that  which  attacks  Wheat  is 
mirably  in  favourable  weather  through-  Uredo.  Consequently  the  old  popular 
out  the  winter  months,  and  indeed,  the    opinion  among  farmers,  that  the  mildew 


■whole  season  through. 

"  The  advantage   of  forming  sloping 
banks  do  not  end  in  that  derived  from 


on  wheat  originated  on  and  was  propa- 
gated by  the  Barberry,  has  exploded. 
BARBIERIA   polyphylla.     Stove 


the  variation  of  aspect,  the  healthiness  I  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  peat, 
and  the  prolongation  of  the  crops,  and  j  BARK. — The  refuse  bark  from  the 
in  securing  shelter  ;  but  there  is  a  still  ■  tanner's  yard  is  employed  by  the  gar- 
greater  advantage,  by  gaining  a  con-  i  dener  as  a  source  of  heat,  and  when 
siderable  extent  of  surface  ;  thus,  with  |  thoroughly  broken  down  by  putrefac- 
one  acre  of  land  with  a  flat  surface,  it   tion,  as  a  manure. 

is  an  easy  matter  to  increase  it  one-  ,  As  a  source  of  heat,  it  is  much  less 
half,  by  the  sloping  bank  system." — 'used  than  formerly,  flues,  steam,  and 
Card,  journ.  I  the  hot  water  system  having  very  gene- 

BANKSIA.  Forty-two  species.  '  rally  and  most  deservedly  superseded 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  except  '  it.  Bark  for  heating  requires  frequent 
B.  verticillata,  which  is  a  tree.  Ripe  i  stirring  and  renew  ing,  and  if  too  much 
cuttings  or  seeds.     Sandy  peat.  |  moisture  be  added,  is  apt  to  give  out 

BAOBAB-TREE.     Adansonia.  |  an    excessive    and    irregular   heat.     In 

BAPTISIA.      Ten    species.     Hardy 


herbaceous  plants.  Divisions.   Common 
loamy  soil. 

BARBACENIA   squamatosa.     Stove 
herbaceous.    Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

BARBADOES    CEDAR.     Juniperus 
barbadensis. 

BARBADOES     CHERRY.      Malpi-  \ 
ghia.  ;  general  or  regular.     This  is  to  be  con- 

BARBADOES  GOOSEBERRY.    Pe-    tinned  for  a  month   or   five  weeks,  in 
reskia.  warm   weather  the   shorter  time   being 

BARBADOES      LILY.        Amaryllis  \  requisite,  and   then,  having  acquired  a 


addition,   it  is  a   troublesome   harbour 
for  predatory  insects. 

Bark  fresh  from  the  tan-yard  being 
thrown  lightly  together  under  a  shed, 
must  be  gently  moistened  if  dry,  and 
turned  over  twice  a  week,  to  expose  all 
its  particles  to  the  air.  Unless  this  be 
done,    the    fermentation    will    not    be 


equestris. 

BARBAREA,  Winter  cress.  Seven 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  plants.  Di- 
vision.    Common  soil. 


general  and  equal  heat,  it  is  ready  for 
use  in  the  stove.  Usually  it  will  con- 
tinue to  afford  heat  for  a  period  varying 
between    three    and   six   months,    but 


BAR 


79 


BAR 


sometimes  ceases  to  ferment  without  i  ily  effects  a  cure.  Scoring  tlie  bark 
any  apparent  cause.  Wlienever  the  1  lengthwise  with  a  knife  is  a  usual  reme- 
heat  declines,  the  tan  must  be  taken  dy,  and  generally  effects  the  purpose, 
out,  sifted,  the  dusty  parts  removed,  |  BARKING  IRONS,  or  Bark  Scalers, 
and  some  fresh  tan  added.  Sometimes  i  are  for  scraping  off  the  indurated  epi- 
turning  the   old  tan  and  moistening  it    dermis,  or  dry  scales,  from  the  stems 


be  sufficient, 
It  is  desirable,  on  the  first  formation 


1  and  branches  of  trees. 

BARK  STOVE,  or  Moist  Stove,  is  a 


of  a  bed,  to  mix  new  and  old  tan  to- |  hot-house  which,  either  by  having  a 
gether,  in  which  case  the  quantity  of  i  mass  of  fermenting  matter,  or  an  open 
new  bark  to  be  brought  into  the  pit  will  j  reservoir  of  hot  water  within  side,  has 
depend  upon  the  goodness  of  the  bark,  I  its     atmosphere     constantly    saturated 


and  the  bottom  heat  required.  As  much 
new  tan  as  will  fill  two  third  parts  of 
the  bark-pit,  with  a  mixture  of  old 
rotten,  reduced  almost  to  earth,  will 
produce  a  bottom  heat  of  about  85^  ; 
when  old  tan  with  higher  remains  of 
strength  is  used  to  modify  the  new,  the 
same  heat  may  be  produced  if  the  quan- 
tity be  not  more  than  half  the  capacity 
of  the  pit.  This  refers  to  a  new  pit; 
after  a  bark  bed  has  been  in  action, 
partial  renewals  of  bark  to  keep  up  the 
heat  are  frequently  sufficient  in  the 
reduced  proportion  of  one-third,  one- 
sixth,  one-twelfth,  or  less.  At  inter- 
mediate stages  between  the  partial 
renewals,  the  bed  requires  only  to  be 
excited  to  a  brisker  fermentation  by 
forking  up.  About  five-sevenths  of  the 
pit  from  the  bottom  should  be  occupied 


with  moisture,  congenially  with  the 
habits  of  some  tropical  plants.  It  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Bark  Stove,  because 
tanner's  bark  was  formerly  a  chief 
source  of  heat  emploved.     (See  Stove.) 

BARKKRIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Division.  Peat  and  pot- 
sherds, or  wood. 

B  A  R  L  E  R  I  A.  Fourteen  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs,  except  B.  longi- 
folia,  which  is  biennial.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

BARNADESIA  rosea.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.     Cuttings.     Rich  loam. 

BARNADIA  scilloides.  Half  hardy 
bulbous  plants.  Offsets.    Peat  and  loam. 

BAROMETER.— Mr.  P.  Christensen, 
of  Cowes,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Lecturer 
upon  Astronomy,  &c.,  has  arranged  a 
table,  which  no  one  having  a  weather- 


by  the  new  and  old  tan  as  a  fermenting  glass  should  be  without.  This  "Com- 
body;  and  about  two-sevenths  from  the  panion  to  the  Barometer"  is  the  result 
top,  or  a  little  more  than  the  depth  of  of  thirty-two  years'  observation,  and 
the  pot,  whatever  that  may  be,  should  the  following  is  an  epitome  of  the  in- 
consist  of  old  tan  incapable  of  heating,  formation  it  gives.  During  the  tirst  six 
60  as  to  burn  the  roots  of  the  plants  ;  months  of  the  year,  when  the  mercury 
as  least  such  should  be  the  ordinary  i  is  rising,  if  the  weather  has  been  bad, 
distribution  of  the  tan  ;  but  where  pecu- [  and  the  mercury  reaches  to  29.62 
liar  circumstances  require  a  speedy  inches,  there  will  be  a  change  ;  if  to 
augmentation  of  heat  without  displacing  30.12,  the  weather  will  be  fair;  if  to 
the  pots,  and  when  fruit  is  to  be  swelled  i  30.29,  set  fair.  If  the  mercury  has  been 
off  in   the  last  stage,  the  earthy  tan  at    high,  and  begins  falling,  there  will  be 


top  may  be  taken  away,  and  new  tan 
substituted. — (Abercrombie.) 

As  amanure.     See  vegetable  matters. 

BARK-BOUND. —  When  a  tree  is 
affected  with  this  disease,  cracks  will 


a  change  if  it  declines  to  29.90  ;  rain, 
if  it  descends  to  29.50  ;  and  wind,  with 
rain,  if  it  reaches  29.12. 

During    the    last   six    months  of  the 
year,  if  the  weather  has  been  foul,  and 


appear  in  it  partially,  and  in  the  case  of  the  mercury  begins  rising,  there  will  be 
the  Cherry,  Apricot,  Peach,  and  Necta-  a  change  if  it  reaches  to  29.48  ;  fair  if 
rine,  gummy  exudations  will  follow.  It  to  30.13;  and  set  fair  if  to  30.45.  If  the 
is  a  sure  indication  that  either  the  soil  |  weather  has  been  fair,  and  the  mercury 
is  loo  rich,  or  not  sufficiently  drained  ;  i  begins  falling,  there  will  be  a  change 
the  latter  is  usually  the  source  of  the  if  it  sinks  to  29.87  ;  rain,  if  to  29.55  ;  and 
evil,  causing  a  repletion  of  the  interior  wind  with  rain,  if  to  29.28.  At  any  time 
vessels  which  the  dry  cuticle  cannot  of  the  year,  if  the  mercury  fall  to  28.10, 
expand  sufficiently  quickly  to  accommo-  or  even  to  28.20,  there  will  bo  stormy 
date.  I'ncler-draining,  and  scrubbing  i  weather.  These  conclusions  are  from 
the  stem  with  brine  or  soft  soap,  speed- 1  observations  made  at  thirty  feet  above 


BAR 


80 


BAR 


the  sea's  level,  and  therefore  one  one-!  BARRINGTONIA  speciosa.  Stove 
hundredth  part  of  an  inch  must  be  add-  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
ed  to  the   height  of  the    mercury   for    peat. 

every  additional  ten  feet  above  the  sea's  I  BARTHOLINA  pectinata.  Terres- 
level,  where  the  barometer  may  happen  trial  orchid.  Offsets.  Sandy  loam  and 
to  be.  peat. 

BARREN  PLANTS.  The  male  BARTON,  Benjamin  S.,  M.  D.,  Pro- 
flowers  of  the  cucumber,  melon,  and  i  fessor  in  the  University  of  Pennsvlva- 
other  monoecious  plants,  are  popularly  nia.  Born  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1766. 
known  as  barren  flowers;  and  the  Died  Dec,  1S15.  In  1789  appointed 
plants   of  the  asparagus,  mercury,  and    Professor  of  Natural  History  and  Botany 


other  dioecious  plants  bearing  only 
male  plants,  are  usually  termed  barren. 
These  are  naturally  unfruitful  ;  but  there 
is  also  a  barrenness  arising  from  dis- 
ease or  other  consequences  of  bad  cul- 
tivation. If  a  tree,  or  any  other  plant, 
does  not  yield  the  desired  produce  of 


in  the  College  of  Philadelphia.  His 
chief  publication  is  Elements  of  Zoolo- 
gy and  Botany. 

'BARTONIA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
annuals  and  biennials.  Seed.  Sandy 
loam. 

BARTRAM,  John,  one  of  the  most 


fruitof  which  it  is  capable,  the  gardener  ,  distinguished    of   Americaa   botanists, 
may  be  assured  thatthe  soil, or  the  want  j  was  born  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylva 


of  drainage,  or  the   manuring,  or  the 
pruning,  is  injurious.     Even  a  bli?id  or 


ma,   in  1701.     His  grandfather,  of  the 
same  name,  accompanied  William  Penn 


barren  cabbage  may  be  made  produc-  to  this  country,  in  16S2. — B.  was  a  sim 
live  ;  for  its  barrenness  arises  from  the  ,  pie  farmer.  He  cultivated  the  ground 
central  bud  being  abortive,  and  it  will  ;  for  subsistence,  while  he  indulged  an 
produce  lateral  buds,  if  all  but  one  leaf]  insatiable  appetite  for  botany.  He  was 
and  the  place  of  the  abortive  bud  be  cut '  self-taught  in  that  science,  and  in  the 
^^^■'ly-  I  rudiments    of   the    learned    languages, 

Temperature  has  a  great  influence  [  and  medicine  and  surgery.  So  great, 
over  the  sex  of  the  flowers  produced  by  in  the  end,  was  his  proficiency  in  his 
a  given  plant.  A  very  high  tempera-  1  favourite  pursuit,  that  Linna;us  pro- 
ture  caused  a  water-melon  to  bear  male  .... 

blossoms  only  ;  and  a  very  low  temper- 
ature made  cucumber  plants  yield  fe- 
male flowers  alone.  Mr.  Knight  had 
little   doubt  that  the   same  fruit  stalks 


nounced  him  "  the  greatest  natural 
botanist  in  the  world."  He  made  ex- 
cursions, in  the  intervals  of  agricultural 
labour,  to  Florida  and  Canada,  herboriz- 
ing with  intense  zeal  and  delight.     At 


might  be  made,  in  the  plants  just  no-  the  age  of  70,  he  performed  a  journey 
ticed,  to  support  flowers  of  either  sex  ;  to  East  Florida,  to  explore  its  natural 
in  obedience  to  external  causes.  '-productions  ;   at  a  period,  too,  when  the 

BARREN  SOIL.  No  soil  is  abso-  toils  and  dangers  of  such  an  expedition 
lutely  incapable  of  production;  and  far  exceeded  those  of  any  similar  one 
when  it  is  spoken  of  as  being  barren,  no  '  which  could  be  undertaken,  at  the  pre- 
more  is  meant  than  that  in  its  present  sent  time,  within  the  limits  of  the  U. 
state  it  will  not  repay  the  cultivator.  States.  He  first  formed  a  botanic  gar- 
The  unproductiveness  arises  from  a  de-  i  den  in  America,  for  the  cultivation  of 
ficiency  of  some  of  the  earths  ;  from  an  American  plants,  as  well  as  exotics, 
excess  or  deficiency  of  animal  and  ve-  This  garden,  which  is  situated  on  the 
getable  matters  ;  or  from  an  excess  of  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  a  few  miles  from 
stagnant  water.  No  soil  can  be  pro-  Philadelphia,  still  bears  his  name.  He 
ductive   where    nineteen    parts    out   of  contributed  much  to  the  gardens  of  Eu- 


twenty  are  of  any  one  earth  or  other 
substance.  If  either  chalk,  or  sand,  or 
clay,  be  in  excess,  the  remedy  is  found 
in  adding  one  or  both  of  the  other  two. 
An  excess  of  organic  matter  only  occurs 
in  peat  soils,  and  these  are  reclaimed 
by  draining,  paring,  and  burning,  and 
the  addition  of  earthy  matter  ;    drain- 


rope,  and  corresponded  with  the  most 
distinguished  naturalists  of  that  quarter 
of  the  globe.  Several  foreign  societies 
and  academies  bestowed  their  honours 
upon  him,  and  published  communica- 
tions from  him  in  their  transactions.  B. 
died  in  1777,  in  the  76th  year  of  his 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  held 


age  is  also  the  cure  for  an   excess  of;  the    office    of    American    botanist   to 


water. 


,  George  III.  of  England.     He  was  amia- 


BAR 


81 


B  A  S 


ble  and  charitable,  and  of  the  strictest 
probity  and  temperance. 

BARTRAM,  William,  fourth  son  of 
John  B.,  was  born,  1739,  at  the  botanic 
garden,  Kingsessing,  Pennsylvania.  At 
the  age  of  16  years,  he  was  placed  with 
a  respectable  merchant  of  Philadelphia, 
with    whom    he    continued    six   years ; 


BARYOSM.V.  Six  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  sand. 

BASELLA.  Eigiit  species.  Stove 
biennial  climbers  chiefly.  Seed.  Rich 
light  soil. 

BASIL.  (Ofi/mu;n.)  There  are  two 
kinds,  the  Sweet-scented  (O.  basilicum), 


after  which  he  went  to  North  Carolina,    and  the  Dwarf-bush  (0.  minimum). 


with  a  view  of  doing  business  there  as 
a    merchant;    but,    being  ardently   at- 


So/7  and  situation. — They  thrive  most 
a  rich  light  soil,  entirely  free  from 


t.iched   to   the   study  of  botany,  he  re- j  any  overshaddwing  body ;  but  they  re 


linquished  his  mercantile  pursuits,  and 
accompanied  his  father  in  a  journey 
into  East   Florida,  to   explore  the  na 


quire,  especially  for  the  earliest  plants, 
a  sheltered  border. 

Time  and  mode  of  nowing. — They  are 


tural  productions  of  that  country;  after  '  propagated  by  seed,  which  may  be  sown_ 
which  he  settled  on  the  river  St.  John's,  i  in  a  gentle  hot-bed,  with  the  shelter  of 


in  this  region,  and  finally  returned 
about  the  year  1771,  to  his  father's  resi- 
dence. In  1773,  at  the  request  of  Dr. 
Fothergill,  of  London,  he  embarked  for 
Charleston,  to  examine  the  natural 
productions  of  the  Floridas,  and  the 
western  parts  of  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
chiefly  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  In 
this  employment  he  was  engaged  nearly 
five  years,  and  made  numerous  contri- 
butions to  the  natural  history  of  the 
country  through  which  he  travelled. 
His  collections  and  drawings  were  for- 
warded to  Doctor  Fothergill;  and, 
about  the   year  1790,  he  published  an 


a  frame  at  the  close  of  March,  or  early 
in  April;  to  be  thinned,  and  those  re- 
moved pricked  out  at  the  close  of  this 
latter  month  in  a  similar  situation,  to  be 
finally  removed  in  the  course  of  May  or 
commencement  of  June,  when  settled 
weather,  in  the  open  ground.  This 
sowing  may  be  repeated  at  the  close  of 
April,  or  beginning  of  May,  on  a  warm 
border,  to  be  pricked  and  finally  planted 
out,  after  a  lajjse  of  about  five  weeks 
respectively  between  each  operation. 

When  thinned,  the  seedlings  must  be 
left  at  three  inches  apart,  and  those  re- 
moved pricked  out  at  a  siniilardistance. 


account  of  his  travels  and  discoveries,!  The  final  planting  must  be  made  in  rows 
in  1  vol.  Svo.,  with  an  account  of  the  {  a  foot  apart  each  way.  Some  plants  oT 
manners  and   customs  of  the    Creeks,  j  all  the  sowing  may  be  left  where  raised. 


Cherokees,  and  Choctaws.  This  work 
soon  acquired  extensive  popularity,  and 
is  still  frequently  consulted — After   his 


to  be  gathered  from  whilst  young. 
Water  must  be  given  at  every  removal, 
as  well   as  during  every  stage  of  their 


return  from  his  travels,  he  devoted  him- I  irrowth,  when  dry  weather  occurs, 
self  to  science,  and,  in  1782,  was  elect-  j  VVeeds  must  be  kept  under,  as  well  as 
ed  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  |  the  plants  benefited  by  frequent  hoeing. 
of  Pennsylvania,  which  post  he  de- j  The  young  leaf  tops  are  the  parts 
dined,  in  consequence  of  the  state  of  |  made  use  of  in  soups  and  salads,  their 


his  health.  In  17S6,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  and  was  a  member  of  several 
other  learned  societies  in  Europe  and 
America.  We  are  indebted  to  him  for 
the  knowledge  of  many  curious  and 
beautiful  plants  peculiar  to  North  Ame- 
rica, and  for  the  most  complete  and 
correct  table  of  American  ornithology, 
before  the  work  of  Wilson,  who  was 
assisted  by  him  in  the  commencement 
of  his  American  Ornithology.  He  wrote 
an  article  on  the  natural  history  of  a 
plant  a  few  minutes  before  his  death, 
which  happened  suddenly,  by  the  rup 
ture  of  a  blood  vessel  in  the  lungs,  July 
22,  1823,  in  the  8.7th  year  of  his  age. 
6 


flavour  resembling  that  of  cloves. 

The  supply  is  never  failing  during 
summer,  as  they  shoot  out  rapidly  for 
successive  supplies. 

To  obtain  seed. — Some  of  the  earliest 
raised  plants  must  be  left  ungathcred 
from.  These  flower  from  July  to  Sep- 
tember, and  accordingly  ripen  their 
seed  in  early  or  late  autumn. 

BASKETS  employed  by  the  London 
gardeners,  being  made  of  osier  or  deal 
shavings,  vary  triflingly  in  size  more 
than  measures  made  of  less  flexible 
materials.     They  are  as  follows: — 

S'cd  kale  punnets — eight  inches  diame- 
ter at  the  top,  and  seven  inches  and  a 
half  at  the  bottom,  and  tuo  inches  deep. 


B  A  S 


82 


B  E  A 


Radish  punnets — eight  inches  diame- 
ter, and  one  inch  deep,  if  to  hold  six 
hands  ;  or  nine  inches  by  one  inch  for 
twelve  hands. 

Mushi-oom  punnets — seven  inches  by 
one  inch. 

Saladlng. punnets — five  inches  by  two 
inches. 

Half  sieve — contains  three  imperial 
gallons  and  a  half.  It  averages  twelve 
inches  and  a  half  diameter,  and  six 
inches  in  depth. 

Sieve — contains  seven  imperial  gal- 
lons. Diameter,  fifteen  inches;  depth, 
eight  inches. 

Bushel  sieve — ten  imperial  gallons 
and  a  lialf.  Diameter  at  top,  seventeen 
inches  and  three  quarters;  at  bottom, 
seventeen  inches;  depth,  eleven  inches 
and  a  quarter. 

Bushel  basket — ought,  when  heaped, 
to  contain  an  imperial  bushel.  Diame- 
ter at  bottom  ten  inches ;  at  top,  four- 
teen inches  and  a  half;  depth,  seven- 
teen inches.  Walnuts,  nuts,  apples, 
and  potatoes  are  sold  by  this  measure. 
A  bushel  of  the  last-named,  cleaned, 
weighs  fifty-six  pounds,  but  four  pounds 
additional  are  allowed  if  they  are  not 
washed. 

There  is  one  description  of  Basket 
of  which  we  think  the  Londoners  know 
but  little.  We  allude  to  the  Peach  Bas- 
ket.' It  would  excite  no  ordinary  com- 
motion were  one  of  our  noble  steam- 
boats to  ascend  the  Thames,  laden  with 
a  thousand  or  more  baskets,  each  con- 
taining a  bushel  of  ripe  lusciouspeaches, 
which  are  frequently  sold  in  Philadel- 
phia at  twenty-five  cents  the  basket. 
Yet  such  is  the  sight  which  may  be 
seen  (in  fruitful  seasons)  on  the  Dela- 
ware every  dav  in  Aucust. 

BASS,  or  BAST  MATS.  These  are 
chiefly  made  in  Russia,  from  the  inner 
bark  of  trees  (bast  in  the  Iluss  language). 
Their  best  use  is  as  a  packing  envelope, 
for  as  a  protection  to  wall  trees  they  are 
inferior  to  netting;  and  to  standard 
shrubs,  structures  made  of  straw  (see 
Sheltei's)  are  to  be  preferred.  They  are 
very  serviceable,  however,  to  place  over 
beds  of  early  spring  radishes,  &c.,  to 
prevent  the  night  radiation.  This  is 
quite  as  eflTectual,  much  cleaner,  and 
less  troublesome  than  a  covering  of 
straw.  The  strands  of  these  mats  are 
used  by  Nurserymen  as  binding,  when 
budding  or  engrafting,  and  are  the  best 
adapted  to  the  purpose  of  any  material 


known.  Where  it  is  not  obtainable, 
coarse  loosely  spun  cotton  or  woollen 
yarn,  is  a  good  substitute. 

B  A  S  S  I  A  .  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

BASTARD  ACACIA.  Robinia  pseu- 
do-acacia. 

BASTARD  ACMELLA.  Spilanthes 
pseudo-acmella. 

BASTARD  CABBAGE  TREE.  Geof- 
froya. 

BASTARD  CEDAR,     Guazuma. 

BASTARD  CHERRY.  Cerasuspsew- 
do-cerasus. 

BASTARD  CliNNAMON.  Cinnamo- 
mum-cassia. 

BASTARD  CORK  TREE.  Quercus 
pseudo-suber. 

BASTARD  DICTAMNUS.  Beringe- 
ria  pseudo-diet amnus. 

BASTARD  HARE'S  EAR.    Phyllis. 

BASTARD  JASMINE.  Androsace 
chamcejasme. 

BASTARD  ALBIA.  Lavatera  pseu- 
do-albia. 

BASTARD  QUINCE.  Pyrus  chama- 
mespilus. 

BASTARD  WIND-FLOWER.  Gen- 
tiana  pseudoipneumonanthe . 

BATATAS.  Twelve  species.  Chiefly 
stove  deciduous  climbers.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Light  rich  soil. 

BATExMANNIA  Collegi.  Stove 
epiphyte.     Bulbs.     Peat  and  potsherds. 

BATSCHIA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seeds  and  division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

BAUER  A.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sand  and  peat. 

BAUHINIA.  Forty-six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs  or  climbers.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

BAY  TREE,  Laurus  nobilis,  will 
resist  the  winter  nearly  as  far  north  as 
Philadelphia,  on  light  soils.  Its  aroma- 
tic leaves  render  it  an  agreeable  inmate 
of  tiie  garden. 

BEAD  TREE.  Melia. 

BEAN.  Vicia  faha,  of  Linnctus.  Feve 
de  niarais,  Fr.  Bohn,Ger.  Fava,Ital. 
Hahas,  Span.  "  Of  the  above  kind,  com- 
monly called  in  this  country  '  Horse 
Bean,'  there  is  considerable  variety; 
two  of  them  have  been  selected  by  us 
for  cultivation,  believing  them  the  best 
adapted  for  the  climate,  and  quite  suffi- 
cient of  the  kind.  They  are  the  Early 
Long  Pod  and  Broad  Windsor.     Both 


B  E  A 


83 


B  E  A 


eucceed  with  the  same  treatment,  but  j  six  or  eight  inches  in  height,  draw  to- 
the  first  named  is  the  more  certain  '  wards,  their  base  a  portion  of  loose 
bearer  of  the  two.  In  England,  where  earth,  which  will  encourage  them  to 
they  are  extensively  cultivated,  they  do  put  forth  fresh  fibres,  and  protect  the 
much  better  than  in  this  country,  pre-  roots  already  formed,  from  the  sun's 
ferring  its  damp,  cool  atmosphere,  to  rays.'" — Rural  Rci^ister. 
our  frequently  dry  and  hot  one  ;  to  B  K  A  N  S,  Kidney.  Haricot,  Fr. 
counteract  which  it  is  desirable  to  plant  Schminlcholine,  Oer.  Jadias,  Span.  F.j- 
as  early  in  the  spring,  as  the  ground  guiolo,lta[. — "  Ofthe  Snap-Short  Bean, 
will  admit  of  being  worked — in  the  lati-  the  Haricot  ofthe  French,  the  varieties 
tilde  of  Philadelphia  (393  57'  N.)  the  and  sub-varieties  are  numerous.  The 
latter  part  of  February,  or  beginning  of  Early  Mohawk  or  Brown  Six  Weeks 
March,  if  possible  ;  they  then  come  into  arrives  soonest  at  perfection,  and-is  the 
flower  before  the  weather  becomes  hot,  hardiest  ofthe  early  ones;  the  Early 
otherwise  the  blossoms  drop,  and  set  no  Yellow,  Red  Speckled  Valentine,  an<l 
fruit.  China  Red  Eye,  immediately  succeed. 

"  Plant  tiiem  in  drills,  either  single  or    The   Red   French  is  about  the  latest: 
double,  two  inches  apart  in  the  drills,    other  varieties  ripen  promiscuously.  All 


and  cover  one  to  two  inches  deep.  If 
in  double  drills,  with  alleys  two  and  a 
half  feet  wide.  If  in  single  rows,  two 
feet  alleys  answer,  unless  it  be  intend- 
ed to  cultivate  them  with  the  horse  hoe, 
as  is  done  by  market  gardeners 


the  kinds  are  brought  to  the  Philadel- 
phia market;  some  purchasers  prefer- 
ring one,  and  others  another.  The  Red 
Speckled  Valentine  is  a  variety  very 
generally  admired  ;  it  is  round  podded, 
without   strings,   an    abundant   bearer, 


'Those  who  are  particularly  fond  of  and  remains  tender  longer  than  most 
this  bean,  can  accelerate  the  crop  by  others.  The  Brosvn  Valentine  or  Re- 
setting a  frame  at  the  close  of  winter,  fiigee  is  an  excellent  variety,  as  is 
under  the  lee  of  a  board  fence,  or  other  also  the  China  Red  Eye.  The  pods  of 
protected  situation,  exposed  to  the  sun,  i  the  Red  French  are  used  as  well  for 
which  cover  with  glass,  and  in  severe ;  pickling  as  boiling,  and  the  beans 
weather  with  matting  or  straw,  so  as  throughout  the  winter  in  a  dry  state,  as 
etiectuallv  to  exclude  the  frost.  Herein  haricots,  and  in  soups,  for  which  it  is 
plant  the  beans,  one  seed  to  the  square    usually  preferred. 

inch,  and    let   them   remain,  until  the  [      "The  usual  plan  of  cultivating  this 
arrival   of  milder  weather,   when  thev  j  tribe  is  in  drills,  double  or  single,  two 


should  be  transplanted  to  the  position 
in  the  garden  which  it  is  intended  they 
shall    occupy.     In   transplanting  them, 


inches  apart  in  the  drills;  two  to  two 
and  a  hali'  fert  should  be  allowed  be- 
tween    the    drills.       They    are    much 


care  should  be  taken  not  to  injure  the  imore  tender  than  the  Long  Pod 
roots,  to  guarfl  against  which,  use  a  or  Windsor,  and  will  not  succeed,  if 
trowel  to  ease   them  up,  and  suffer  as    planted  before  the  weather  has  become 


much  earth  as  will  to  adhere.  During 
the  time  they  remain  in  the  trame,tlie 
sash  should  be  raised  when  the  weather 


oinewhat  settled,  and  the  earth  warm  ; 
in  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia,  not  ear- 
lier  than   April,    unless    in    very   dry 


is  mild,  to  admit  the  air,  and  gradually    ground,  and    protected  situations.     To 
harden  them,  preparatory  to  full  expo-    have  a  constant  supply,  it  will  be  neces- 


siire  when  transplanted,  else  the  sudden 
change    of   temperature    might    prove 


sary  to  plant  successive  crops  at  inter- 
vals of  two  fir  three  weeks,  which  is 


fatal.  In  order  to  make  them  set  fruit  much  preferable  to  planting  but  seldom, 
more  certainly,  it  is  the  practice  to  and  then  a  larger  quantity.  Plantations 
nip  off  the  top  of  leading  shoots  when  made  so  late  as  1st  August  generally 
they  are  in  full  flower;  this  checks  the  succeed  and  yield  abundantly, 
growth,  and  directs  the  strength  of  the  "  When  they  have  risen  three  or  four 
plant  towards  the  blossoms.  If  a  part !  inches,  give  them  a  caroful  hoeing,  to 
of  the  flowers  arc  destroyed  in  this  ope-  j  destroy  all  weeds,  and  loosnn  the  earth, 
ration,  there  is  no  loss.  j  At  this  time,  or  shortly  after,  draw  to- 

'<  Whilst  the  crop  is  growing  and  pro- I  wards  the  base  of  the  plants  some  of 
gressing  towards  maturity,  keep  the  the  loose  sod,  to  the  depth  of  one  or 
ground  well  hoed,  and  freed  from  two  inches.  This  process  is  termed 
weeds.     When  the  plants  have  attained  ] '  landing,'  and   is  highly  beneficial  in 


B  E  A 


84 


BED 


protecting  flie  roots  from  excessive  |  of  a  frame,  (or  hand-glass,  which  will 
drought,  and  the  direct  rays  of  the  '  answer  the  same  purpose,)  should  have 
sun.  As  the  crop  approaches  matu- '  the  hills  prepared  and  poles  inserted, 
rity,  nothing  more  is  required  than  :  choosing  a  mild,  dry  lime,  about  the 
n  occasional  hoeing,  observing  always'  close  of  May,  for  planting  the  beans. 


to  keep  the  ground  free  from  weeds, 

"In  selecting  a  spot  to  plant  beans, 
choose  where  the  soil  is  light  and  tole- 
rably dry.  If  it  be  poor,  apply  a  good 
dressing  of  well  rotted  manure,  either 


If  wet  weather  should  immediately  suc- 
ceed, and  the  seed  rot,  replant  as  soon 
as  the  ground  dries.  Good  crops  have 
been  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  Phila- 
delphia, when  planted   even  so  late  as 


spread  over  the  entire  surface,  or  placed  first  of  June, 
thedrills  whendrawnout." — RuralReg. ;  "  After  they  become  well  established, 
BEANS,  Pole. — "  The  Scarlet  Run-  |  and  have  clasped  the  poles,  no  further 
jiERs,  and  White  Dutch  Beans,  are  i  care  is  requisite,  other  than  keeping 
■verv  delicately  flavored,  and  are  used  \  the  weeds  under,  and  the  hills  occa- 
either  in  the  pod,  or  shelled  when  fur-  i  sionaliy  stirred. 


ther   advanced  ;    but  in    Pennsylvania, 


The  Carolina  or  Sewee  bean,  is  of 


and  perhaps  farther  south,  they  bear  so    a   smaller  size   than   the   Lima  ;  much 
sparingly  mostseasons,  as  to  bescarcely  ,  hardier,  rather  earlier,  and  more   pro- 


worth  cultivating. 

"  The  Lima  is  too  well  known  to  need 
description.  Two  varieties  are  culti- 
vated ;  the  one  broad  and  thin,  the  other 
much  thicker.  We  have  sometimes 
thought  the  latter  the  more  tender  and 
delicate  when  boiled.  The  Lima  Bean 
js  very  tender,  not  bearing  the  slightest 
frost,  and  is  very  subject  to  rot  when 
planted  early,  or  during  a  spell  of  rainy 
or  damp,  cool  weather.  To  guard 
against  this,  the  best  plan  is  to  sprout 


ductive,  but  generally  considered  less 
rich.  In  other  respects  they  closely 
resemble  each  other — time  of  planting 
may  be  a  little  in  advance  of  the  Lima 
— cultivation  precisely  the  same." — 
Rural  Register. 

BEAN-CAPER.     Tygophyllum. 

BEARS-BANE.  Aconitum  ihereo- 
phonum. 

BEAR-BIND.     Calystegia. 

BEARS-BREECH.     Acanthus. 

BEARS-GRAPE.  Arctostaphylos  vva 


them  in  a  frame,  (as  recommended  for  '•  ursi. 

the  Long  Pod  or  Windsor,)  so  situated  j      BEAUFORTIA.      Five    species. 

that  the  damp  and  frost  can  be  exclud-  ]  Green-house   evergreen    shrubs.      Cut- 

ed.     An   old  hot-bed  answers  the  pur- j  tings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

pose   efi'ectually.      They   need    not  be  I      B  E  AU  MON  TI A  .     Two    species, 

planted   therein    before    the  middle  of ;  Stove  evergreen  twiners.     Cuttings  and 

spring,  nor  transplanted  till  towards  its    seed.     Loam  and  peat. 

close;   a  little   earlier  or  later  as  the,      BECIUM  6ico/or.  Green-house  shrub. 

•weather  may  make  expedient;  if  planted    Cuttings.     Sandy  loam.* 

early,  they  will  at  best  remain  station-'      BED  is  a  comprehensive  word,  ap- 

ary,  and  may,  perhaps,  perish.     They    plicable  to  the  site  on  which  any  culti- 

should  be  planted  in  hills  in  well  culti-    vated   plants   are    grown.     It   is    most 

vated  ground,  dressed  either  in  the  piece    correctly  confined  to  narrow  division? 


or  hills,  with  thoroughly  rotted  manure, 
from  the  barn-yard.  The  hills  should 
be  raised  three  or  four  inches  above  the 
average  level,  and  be  three  feet  apart 
each  way,  with  a  pole  six  or  eight  feet 


purposely  restricted  in  breadth  for  .the 
convenience  of  hand  weeding  or  other 
requisite  culture. 

BEDDING-IN.     See  Sowing. 

BEDDING-OUT,  is  removing  plants 


high,  well  secured  in  the  ground,  to  from  the  pots  in  which  they  have  been 
each  hill.  Three  plants  in  a  hill  are  ;  raised,  into  the  beds  which  they  are  in- 
sufficient. As  the  vines  shoot  up,  they  tended  to  adorn  during  summer  and 
should  be  tied  to  the  poles,  till  they  autumn.  Mr.  Threlkeld  gives  this  judi- 
get  hold,  when  they  will  support  them  cious  advice  upon  the  practice.  If  the 
selves.  In  tying  them,  observe  to  do  it  season  be  dry,  in  the  bottom  of  the  hole 
in  the  direction  in  which  they  incline  to  made  for  the  plant  put  some  rotten 
clasp  the  pole,  which  is  contrary  to  the  dung,  or  other  material  that  will  retain 
course  of  the  sun,  and  opposed  to  the  i  water;  water  this  well,  plant,  fill  the 


habit  of  most  climbers. 


hole  to  within  two  inches  of  the  sur- 


"Those  who  have  not  the  convenience  ,  face,  add  more  water,  and  then  fill  up 


BED 


85 


BEE 


the  hole.     If  water  is  necessary  after- j  introduced  into  this  country  within  a 


wards,  hoe  the  beds  when  dry  enough 
Damp  the  leaves,  if  no  appearance  of 
dew. — Gard.  Chron.  The  following  are 
good  plants  for  bedding  out  in  masses  : 
— For  large  beds.  Pelargoniums,  espe- 
cially the    scarlet,  Fuchsias  and   Pen 


few  years ;  those  who  have  cultivated 
it  <;ive  it  a  high  character,  and  consider 
it  fully  e(iual  to  asparagus. 

"  The  Mangold  Wurtzel  is  principally 
grown  for  stock.  It  is,  however,  very 
early,  rapid  in  its  growth,  and  tolerably 


stcmon    gentianoidcs   coccineus.      For  good   for  table    use   when    young    and 

smaller  beds.  Petunia  superba,  beauty,  tender.  It  might,  therefore,  be  an  object 

and  splendens;  Gailardia  picta  ;  CEno-  with  such   as  are  particularly  fond  of 

thera  Drummondii;  Verbena  astrosan-  beets,  to  sow  a   small  quantity  of  this 

guinea,  Bishopii,  Taglionii,  and  Queen  ;  ■  species  for  an  early  crop.     As  food  for 
and  Lobelia  splendens. 

BEDKGUAR.     See  Cynips  Rosa. 


stock,    especially    milch    cows,    it    is 
scarcely  surpassed,  and  the  product  is 


BEE,  (Apis.)  All  the  species  of  this  enormous 
insect  are  friendly  to  the  gardener,  for  "  Silesian  or  Sugar. — The  Sugar  Beet 
they  all  aid  in  impregnating  his  flowers,  has  had  great  popularity  as  food  for 
many  of  which  without  their  aid  would  stock,  and  though  not  now  as  generally 
fall  unproductive  of  either  fruit  or  seed. ;  grown  by  our  farmers  as  formerly,  has 
The  honey  bee  (.4.  vielUfiai)  is  the  most  many  advocates  who  claim  for  it  great 
active  in  this  operation  ;  but  the  humble  j  merit,  and  attribute  the  failure  of  others 
bee  {Bombits  apis),  and  others  of  the  to  injudicious  feeding.  They  argue  that 
robust  species,  are  very  valuable,  being  roots,  during  cold  weather,  should  only 
able  to  visit  flowers  in  rough  weather,  be  given  in  moderate  quantities,  and 
when   the  honeybee  will  not  venture    always  with  a  little  bran  or  meal ; — that 


from  its  hive 

BEECH.     Fagus. 


the  cows  should  be  fed  in  comfortable 
quarters.     Such    treatment,    it    is  con- 


BEET.  Betterave,  Fr.  Rothe  Rube,)  tended,  will  produce  satisfactory  re- 
Ger.  Acelgas,  Span.  Barba  Biettola,  \  suits,  which  could  hardly  be  expected 
ItaL  "  The  Red  Beet  is  a  native  of  the  from  roots  frequently  given  in  a  frozen 
sea-coast  of  the  south  of  Europe.  It  state,  the  animal  exposed  to  the  cold, 
was  cultivated  in  England  in  1656,  and    and  without  anything  to  counteract  the 


then  called  beet  rave,  (or  beet-radish,) 
from  the  French  name,  betterave. 

"  The  long  red  or  blood,  is  generally 
used  for  the  winter  supply,  and  the  ex- 
tra early,  and  early  turnip-rooted,  for 
the  summer.     The  extra  early  turnip- 


scouring  tendency  of  the  roots. 

"  All  Beets  do  best  when  planted  in 
rows,  as  they  then  admit  of  hoeing  and 
more  thorough  cleaning.  The  rows 
twelve  or  fourteen  inches  apart,  the 
plants  in  the  rows  not  nearer  than  four 


rooted  has  been  lately  introduced  from  inches.     It  is  advisable  to  sow  the  seed 

Italy — its  growth    is   astonishingly   ra-  thicker  than  that,  and  when   the  plants 

pid  ;  it  should    always   be  planted  for  arc  two  inches  higii,  thin  them  to  the 

the  first  crop,  and  the  old  turnip-rooted  proper  distance. 

to  succeed.  "  The  seed  is  usually  sown  in  a  shal- 

"  There  are  several  other  kinds  culti- I  low  drill,  drawn   by  the  hoe,   and  co- 

vated,  but  the  foregoing  are  the  best  vcred   to    the    depth  of  an  inch.     For 

known  ;  and  being  both  early  and  late,  the  early  crops  plant  early  in  spring,  on 


are  beyond  question  amply  sufficient. 
"  White  Beet.     This  is  a  hardy  bien 


warm   sheltered  border.     The  com- 
mencement of  summer   is    sufficiently 


nial  plant,  with  leaves  larger  than  the  [  early  to  sow  those  intended  for  the 
red  beet,  and  very  thick  and  succulent,  winter  supply.  Should  the  weather  be 
It  is  a  native  of  the  sea  coasts  of  Spain  dry  when  about  to  sow  at  that  season, 
and  Portugal.  «<  It  is  cultivated  in  gar-  pour  scalding  water  on  the  seed,  and 
dens  entirely  for  the  leaves,  which  are  ;  let  them  soak  24  to  48  hours,  and  roll 


boiled    as   spinnage,   or  put  in    soups. 
Those  of  the  great  white,  or  sweet  beet. 


in  the  seed. 

The  Beet  requires  rich  ground,  and 


are  esteemed  for  the  mid  ribs  and  stalks,  like  all  tap-rooted  plants,  delights  in 
which  are  separated  from  the  lamina  of  a  deep  loose  soil.  Throughout  their 
the  leaf,  and  stewed  and  eaten  as  aspa-  growth  they  demand  occasional  hoeing 
ragus,  under  the  name  of  chard."  The  between  the  rows,  and  freedom  from 
great  white,  or  Swiss  chard,  has  been    weeds. 


BEG 


86 


BET 


"  In  farm  culture,  sow  in  drills  three 
feet  apart,  so  as  to  admit  the  horse-hoe 
— deep  tillage  produces  its  beneficial 
effects  on  this  crop  as  on  most  others. 

"To  save  them  during  the  winter, 
they  should  be  placed  in  the  cellar, 
against  the  wall,  in  tiers,  tops  outward, 
with  alternate  layers  of  sand  or  earth. 


BENTHAMIA  fragifera.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Seeds  or  layers. 
Common  loamy  soil. 

BERARDIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Division. 
Common  soil. 

BERBERIS.  Thirty-three  species. 
Hardy  evergreen  or  deciduous  shrubs. 


Or  in  hills  in  the  garden,  with  a  cover-  :  Cuttings  or  layers.    Light  common  soil. 


ing  of  earth  two  to  three  feet  thick  ; 
the  aperture  at  vvhich  they  are  taken 
out  as  required,  being  carefully  closed 
with  straw  ;  for,  should  hard  frost  reach 
them,  they  will   decay." — Rural  Reg. 

BE^GONIA.  Fifty-eight  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreens.  Cuttings. 
Rich  loam. 

BEJARIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

BELLADONNA  LILY.  Amaryllis 
Belladonna. 

BELLEISLE  CRESS.  Barbarca pre- 
cox.    See  American  Cress. 

BELLEVALIA  Operculata.  Hardy 
bulb.     Suckers.     Common  light  soil. 

BELL  FLOWER.     Campanula. 

BELL-GLASS,  is  so  culled  from  its 
usual  form  being  that  of  a  bell.  It  is 
formed  of  one  entire  piece  of  glass,  and 
of  common  bottle  glass  when  intended 
for  sheltering  cauliriowers,  &c.,  in  the 
open  borders;  but  of  white  glass  for 
preserving  moisture  to  cuttings  in  the 
hot-house. 

BELLIDIASTRUM  Michelii.  Hardy 
herbaceous  plant.  Division.  Peat  and 
loam. 

BELLIS.  Daisy.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials,  except  B.  an- 
nwd,  which  is  an  annual.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

BELLIUM.     Four   species.      Hardy 


See  Barberry. 

BERCKHEYA.  Tenspecies.  Chiefly 
green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

BERINGERIA.  Eight  species.  Chief- 
ly hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Divi- 
sion.    Common  soil. 

BERIIYA  amornilla.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.  Cuttings.  Rich  loam  and 
peat. 

BERTEROA.  Three  species.  Hardy. 
Seeds  or  cuttings.     Sandy  soil. 

BERTHOLLETIA  excelsa.  Brazil 
Nut.  Stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings. 
Sand,  peat,  and  loam. 

BERZELIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

BkSLERIA.  Twelve  species.  Chief- 
ly stove  evergreen  shrubs.  B.  cristata, 
B.  serrulata,  B.  violacea  are  climbers. 
Cuttings.     Very  light  rich  soil. 

BESOM,  or  Broom,  received  its  se- 
cond name  from  being  often  made  of 
the  Broom  plant ;  but  the  best,  both  for 
flexibility  and  durability,  are  made  of 
the  ling  or  heath.  Birch  brooms  are 
the  most  common,  and  whatever  the 
material,  they  will  endure  much  longer 
if  soaked  in  water  for  some  time  before 
using.  If  kept  constantly  in  water  they 
would  be  still  less  brittle.  Where 
walks  are  liable  to  become  mossy,  a 
broom  made  of  wire   is  frequently  em- 


planls.    Seeds  or  division.    Sandy  peat,  i  ployed  for  sweeping  them.     If  the  wire 


BELLOWS  are  employed  for  fumi- 
gating, ■differing  only  liom  the  common 
bellows  by  having  a  receptacle  for  ig- 
nited tobacco  in  the  pipe  of  its  nozzle, 
through  which  the  air,  being  gently 
forced  in  the  usual  vvay,  propels  the 
smoke  in  any  desired  direction,  where 
the  insects  to  be  destroyed  appear. 

BELOPERONE  oblongata.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

BENGAL  QUINCE.  Agle  Marmelos. 

BENJAMIN  TREE.  Ficus  Benja- 
mina. 

BENJAMIN  TREE.  Laurus  Ben- 
zoin. 


be  iron,  it  ought  to  be  well  dried  and 
dipped  in  oil  after  being  used,  or  it  is 
soon  destroyed  by  the  rust. 

BESSERA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  Peat 
and  sand. 

BETA.  Beet.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
biennials.  B.  trigyna  is  an  herbaceous 
perennial.     Seeds.     Rich  mould. 

BETEL  NUT.     Piper  Betle. 

BETONICA.  Betony.  Ten  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Suckers. 
Common  garden  soil. 

BETONY.     Betonica. 

BETONY.     Teller ium  betonicum. 

BETULA.    Birch.   Twenty-two  spe- 


B  IB 


87 


B  I  L 


cies.  Chiefly  hardy  deciduous  trees 
and  shrubs.  B.  carpinifolia,  B.  pon- 
tica,  B.  populifolia,  are  evergreens. 
Grafting  or  budding,  and  layers  for  the 
dwarf  species.     Common  garden  soil 


capreolata  is  hardy,  and  -B.  Carolina, 
B.  picta,  and  B.  jas7ninoides,  are  green- 
house climbers.  B.  grandiflora  bears 
some  resemblance  to  our  native  cruci- 
gera,  but   is    far   more    desirable :    its 


B  I  B  I  O  marci,  St.  Mark's    Fly,  of  showy  flowers   are    borne  in  large   ra- 
•which  Mr.  Curtis  gives  the    following    cemes,  which     expand   in    succession. 


particulars  :  — 


;ind  thus  continue   in   bloom  for  many 


The  larva;  of  this  insect  are  generally    weeks;  it  is  from  China,  but  quite  hardy 


gregarious,  living  in  large  groups  of  a 
hundred  or  more  in  strawberry-beds, 
vine  borders,  flower  pots,  and  similar 
undisturbed  spots,  feeding  upon  the 
roots,  and  sometimes  destroying  the 
entire    plant.     Bouche   says  they  com 


at  Philadelphia;  and  from  its  rapid 
growth  admirably  adapted  for  walls, 
arbours,  pillars,  &c.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat.  B.  venusta  is  cultivated  as 
follows  by  Mr.  Brown,  gardener  to 
Lord     Southampton,     at     Whittlebury 


pletely  demolished  his  bed  of  Ranuncu-  Lodge, 
luses  for  several  successive  years,  by  I  The  situation  in  which  it  mostdelighta 
eating  up  the  tubers.  The  larva  is  of  a  '  is  a  dark  bed,  where  the  roots  can  run 
dark  brown  colour,  somewhat  cylindri-'  at  liberty  among  the  tan  ;  train  upright 
cal,  the  belly  flattened,  moderately  until  it  reaches  the  top  lights,  then  train 
broad,  and  nearly  linear;  the  head   is  >long  the  house.     Towards  the  end  ol 


comparatively  small,  deep  brown,  some 
times  of  a  chestnut  colour,  and  very 
shining  ;  they  change  to  pupa;  generally 
towards  the  end  of  March  ;  these  are 
of  a  pale  ochreous  colour,  the  head 
being  brighter. 

Tlie  female  lays  her  eggs  in  the  earth, 
and  in  the  dung  of  horses  and  cows,  in 
May  ;  they  do  not  hatch  until  August. 
— Gard.  Chron. 

BIDENS.  Fourteen  species.  Chiefly 
hardy  plants.  Seeds,  suckers,  division, 
according  to  their  habit  and  duration. 
Common  soil. 

BIENNIAL,  is  a  plant  which,  being 


December,  cut  the  plant  into  six  or  ten 
feet,  when  it  remains  dormant  through 
the  winter.  In  the  beginning  of  March, 
young  shoots  in  abundance  break  from 
the  apparently  dead  wood;  a  sufficient 
number  of  these  to  be  trained  along  the 
house,  and  these  again  produce  laterals; 
and  at  the  end  of  each  a  cluster  of  blos- 
som buds  is  formed.  On  the  production 
of  these  lateral  shoots  depends  the  free 
blooming  of  the  plant,  to  encourage 
which  a  damp  atmosphere  is  to  be  kept 
by  pouring  water  over  the  pathways, 
and  by  frequently  syringing  the  plant. 
All  superfluous  shoots  are  stopped  ;  and 


produced   from  seed  in  one  year,  per-  j  it  is  necessary  to  pay  a  good  deal  of  at 

fects  its  seed  and  dies  during  the  year  ;  tention  to  this,  for  an  over  abundance 

following.  Biennials  may  often  be  made  :  of  shoots  would  soon  be  produced  that 


to  endure  longer  if  prevented  ripening 
their  seeds,  and  many  exotics,  biennials 
in  their  native  climes,  are  perennials  in 
our  stoves. 

Hardy  Biennials.  —  Some  of  these 
ripen  their  seeds  as  early  as  August,  in 
which  case  they  may  be  sown  as  soon 
as   harvested.       Others    ripenincr    their 


would  form  a  complete  thicket.  The 
plant  commences  flowering  about  the 
beginning  of  September. — Gard.  Chron. 

BILBERRY.     Vaccinium    myrtillus. 

BILLMBI  TREE.     Aierrhoa  bilimbi. 

BILL  (Fig.  21),  a  sharp-edged  tool, 
emplo\ed  in  cutting  hedges,  sharpen- 
ing stakes,  &c.    It  should  never  be  used 


seeds  later  must  have  these  reserved  !  in  pruning  valuable  trees  ;  but  where  the 
from  sowing  until  May.  The  double,j  branch  is  too  strong  to  be  cut  with  the 
varieties  of  wall-flowers,  stocks,  &c.,  knife,  the  saw  oughtalwaystobeapplied. 
are  propagated  by  cuttings. 


Frame  Biennials. — These  required 
the  shelter  of  a  frame  during  the  early 
stages  of  their  growth  ;  to  be  removed 
thence  in  May  to  the  borders,  where 
thev  bloom  in  .lulv  and  August. 

B  I  F  R  E  N  A  R  I  A.  Three  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.     Division. 

B  I  G  N  0  N  I  A.  Sixty-one  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  climbers.     B. 


Fig.  21. 


BILLARDIERA.  Six  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings. 
Rich  loam  and  peat. 


BIL  88 

— ♦ 

BILLBERGIA.    Ten  sppcies.    Stove  | 
epiphytes.     Suckers.     Rich  mould.        | 

BILLOTIA    acerosa.       Green-house 
everprRen  shrub.  Cuttirif^s.   Sandy  peat. 

B 1 N  DW  K 1 :  D .     Con  volvulus . 

BINDWHKD.     Smilnx  Aspera.  , 

BIOPHYTVM sensitiium.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seeds.     Common  soil. 

BIRCH.     Betula. 

BIRCH.     Carpinus  Betulus. 

BIRDS  are  benefactors  as  well  as  in- 
jurera  of  the  gardener.  They  destroy 
millions  of  grubs,  caterpillars,  and  : 
aphides,  which  would  have  ravaged  his 
crops  ;  but  at  the  same  time  they  com-  : 
mit  sad  havoc  upon  his  fruit  and  seeds. 
The  wisest  course,  consequently,  is  to 
scare  them  from  the  garden  at  such 
times,  or  from  the  portions  of  it  in 
which  they  can  be  prejudicial,  but  to 
leave  them  to  visit  it  unmolested  when- 
ever and  wherever  they  cannot  be  mis-  j 
chievous.  Thus  in  early  spring  a  boy  : 
or  two  will  drive  them  away  during] 
such  time  as  the  buds  of  the  gooseberry, 
currai't,  and  plum,  are  open  to  their 
attacks  ;  and  again  during  the  time  that 
the  cherries  are  ripe.  To  keep  them 
from  the  fruit  of  late  gooseberries  and 
currants,  it  is  sufficient  to  interlace 
thickly  the  bushes  with  red  worsted. 
To  keep  them  from  attacking  peas  and 
other  vegetables  just  emerging  from  the 
soil,  a  similar  display  of  white  thread 
fastened  to  pegs  about  six  inches  from 
the  surface,  is  also  efficiently  deterrins;. 
Nets,  where  availal)le,  are  also  suffi- 
cient guardians.  By  these  aids,  but 
especially  by  the  watching  during  cer- 
tain seasons,  the  gardener  may  protect 
himself  from  injury  at  a  very  trifling  ex- 
pense, without  depriving  himself  of  the 
services  of  the  most  sharp-sighted,  most 
unwearying,  and  most  successful  of  all 
insect  killers;  and,  it  should  also  be 
added,  one  of  the  most  agreeable  ap- 
pendages to  rural  life.  Without  birds, 
next  to  flowers,  the  cotintry  would  be 
desolate.  What  delightful  associations 
and  recollections  present  themselves  as 
we  call  to  mind  the  chir[)ing  of  the 
wren,  the  homeh'  notes  of  the  familiar 
cat-bird,  the  gambols  of  the  martin,  and 
the  periodical  visits  of  the  confiding 
robin  and  snow-bird. 

BIRD  CHERRY.     Cerasus  padus. 

BIRD    PEPPER.      Capsicum  bacca- 
tum. 

BIRD'S  BILL.     Trigonella  ornitho- 
podioides. 


BL  A 


BIRD'S  EYE.    Primula  farinosa. 

BIRD'S  FOOT.     Orthinopus. 
.  BIRD'S  FOOT,    Euphorbia  orthino- 
pus. 

BIRD'S  FOOT  TREFOIL.    Lotuf. 

BIRD'S  NEST.     Asplenium  Nidus. 

BIRD'S  TONGUE.  Ornitho  gios- 
sum. 

BIRTHWORT.     Aristolochia. 

BISCUTELLA.  Twenty-three  spe- 
cies. Hardy  annuals  and  herbaceous 
perennials.     Seeds.     Loam  and  peat. 

BISERRULA  pelecinus.  Hatchet 
vetch.  Hardy  annual.  Seeds.  Sandy 
loam  or  peat. 

BITTER  SWEET.  Solanum  Ihd- 
camara. 

BIVON.^A  LUTEA.  Annual. 
Seeds.     Dry  sandy  soil. 

BIXA.  Three  species.  Stove  ever- 
green trees.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

BIZARRE.     See  Carnation. 

BLACK  ARCH  MOTH.  SeeBomhjx. 

BLACK  CATERPILLAR.  See^<Aa- 
lia. 

BLACK  FLY.  Haltica  nemorum. 
This  is  only  one  of  the  several  popular 
names  by  which  the  turnip  fly  is  known. 
The  gardener  is  not  so  liable  to  suffer 
as  is  the  farmer,  from  its  ravages,  yet 
he  is  sufficiently  open  to  them  to  ren- 
der a  knowledge  of  its  habits  desirable. 
Mr.  Curtis  says  : — 

"  The  eggs  of  the  common  striped 
turnip  fly  are  laid  on  the  under  side  of 
the  rough  leaf  of  the  turnip  from  Aprd 
to  September  ;  they  hatch  in  two  days. 
Their  maggots  live  between  the  two 
skins  or  cuticles  of  the  rough  leaf,  and 
arrive  at  maturity  in  sixteen  days.  The 
chrysalis  is  buried  just  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  where  it  remains 
about  a  fortnight.  The  beetles  live 
through  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state, 
and  revive  in  the  spring,  when  they  de- 
stroy ihe  first  two  leaves,  called  the 
cotyledonous  or  seed  leaves  of  the 
young  turnip.  There  are  five  or  s;x 
broods  in  a  season.  These  insects  are 
most  to  be  feared  in  fine  seasons. 

"  Heavy  rains,  cold  springs,  and  long 
droughts,  destroy  them.  Their  scent  is 
very  perfect  :  the  beetles  fly  against 
the  wind,  and  are  attracted  from  a  dis- 
tance. The  rapid  growth  of  the  plant 
is  the  best  security  against  them  :  to 
secure  which,  sow  plenty  of  seed  all  of 
the  same  age.  Burning  the  surface  of 
the  land  is  beneficial,  by  destroying  the 


BL  A 


89 


BLI 


chrysnlids.    Sheep  folding  must  destroy  other  materials.     The  flavour  is  better, 

the  insect  in  every  state.     Deep  diiijiing  and  decay  is  less  liable  to  be  induced, 

is  an  excellent  |)raciice,  when  the  cliry-  Lettuces    and    cabbages     are    usually 

salids  are  in  the  soil.     Drilliiitr  is  a  tar  whitened    by  tying  the  leaves  over  the 

superior   practice  to  sowing  the   seed  heart  or  centre  bud,  but  even  in  these 

broadcast.     Long  raw  manure  harbours  instances   the    blanching    pot  operates 

the  beetles.     The   benefit  derived  (Vom  much    more    effectually.       In     remote 

the  application  of  lime  and  soot  is  very  country  i)Iaces  blanching  pots  may  not 

doubtful.    Mangold  wurzel  is  not  favour-  be   readily  obtained  ;  an  equally  useful 
able  to   the   beetles,   and   Swedes   are ,  aid  is  found  by   placing   together  two 

probably  less  attractive  than  white  tur-  boards  of  a  convenient  length,  so  as  to 

nips.   Mixing  while  turnips  with  Swedes  form  as  it  were  two  sides  of  a  triangle, 

18  not  desirable,  as  the  beetles  may  be  or  double  pitched  roof. 


attracted  by  the  strong  scent  of  the  for- 
mer. Early  sowing  is  attended  with 
disadvantages.  Destroy  charlock,  it 
affords  support  to  the  beetles  before 
the  turnips  come  up." 

The  most  effectual  banisho^nt  of  the 
turnip  fly,  I  think,  is  securedT^f  sowing 


HLANDFORDIA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous  perennials. 
Suckers  or  seeds.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

BLAST  or  BLIGHT,  is  the  popular 
name  for  any  withering  of  plants  of 
which  neither  the  scientific  title  nor  the 


the  surface   of  the   soil  with  gas  lime  causes  are  known  to  the  observer.    The 

(liydro-sulphuret  of  lime)  the  next  morn-  mildew    of  corn  ;    the    honey   dew   on 

ing  but  one  after  the  turnip   seed   has  fruit  trees;    the   withering   occasioned 

been  sown.     This  is  so  offensive  to  the  by  violent  cold  winds   in   early  spring, 


insect  as  to  drive  it  away  just  at  the 
time  the  young  plants  are  appearing 
above  ground.  The  most  certain  pro 
cess  is,  at\er  all,tosow  very  thickly  ;  the 
flies  will  have  their  share — if  too  many 
remain,  thin  out. 

BLACK  VARNISH  TREE.  See 
Melanorrhaa. 

BLACKWELLIA.  Six  species. 
Stove  or  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
.Sandy  peat. 

BLADDER  BLICHT.    See  Peach. 

BLiF^RIA.  Eleven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

BLAKK.\.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

BLANCHING,  or  etiolation,  is 
effected  by  making  plants  grow  in  the 
dark,  and  the  more  completely  the  light 


and  the  ravages  of  the  hawthorn  cater- 
pillar, are  all  spoken  of  by  the  unin- 
formed under  the  above  titles. 

BLECHNUM.  Thirteen  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  herbaceous  pe- 
rennial ferns.  B.  serriilatum  is  hardy. 
Seeds  or  division.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

BLECHUM.  Four  species.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennial  ferns.  Cuttings. 
Loamy  peat. 

BLEEDING.     See  Eitravasated  Sap. 

BLEPHARIS.  Five  species.  Stove 
and  green-house  plants.  B.furcata  is 
an  evergreen  shrub.  IL  procumbens  an 
evergreen  trailer.  Seeds.  Loam  and 
peat. 

BLEPIIILIA.  Two  species, 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
mon  soil. 

BLETIA.      Eleven   species, 
orcbideous   plants.      Division. 


is  excluded   the   more  entire  is  the  ab-  j  peat  and  light  loam 


Hardy 
.  Com- 

Stove 
Sandy 


sence    of  colour  from    the  leaves  and 

stenvs   of  the    plants.      The    colouring  j  evergreen  tree 

matter  of  these  is  entirely   dependent    peat 

upon  their  power  to  decompose  water 


liUCUl A sapida.   AkeeTree.   Stove 
Cuttings.     Loam  and 


BLIND  PLANTS  frequently  occur 
and  carbonic  aciit  gas,  a  power  they  do  in  the  cabbage  and  others  of  the  bras- 
not  possess  when  light  is  absent.  The  sica  tribe.  They  are  plants  which  have 
effect  of  blanching  is  to  render  the  parts    failed  to  produce  central  buds,  and    as 


more  delicately  flavoured,  more  ])ieas- 
ing  to  the  eye,  and  more  crisp,  proper- 
ties very  desirable  in  sea  kale,  celery. 


these  are  produced  from  the  central 
vessels,  if  the  top  of  their  stems  be  cut 
away,  they  usually  emit  lateral  or  side 


rhubarb,  endive,  lettuces,  &c.     Wher-  i  buds  from  the  edge  of  the  wound.     See 


ever  it  can  be  accomplished,  blanching 
pots  should  be  employed,  in  preference 
to  covering    the  plants  with  earth  or 


Barren  Plants. 

BLITE,  or  Strawberry  Spinach.  {Bli- 
tum.) 


B  L  I 


90 


BLO 


BLITUM.  Five  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

BLOOD.     See  Animal  Matters. 

BLOOM  or  BLOSSOM,  is  the  popu- 
lar name  for  the  flowers  of  fruit-bearing 
plants. 

"  The  organs  of  fructification  are  ab- 
solutely necessary,  and  are  always  pro- 
ducible by  garden  plants  properly  culti- 
vated. They  may  be  deficient  in  leaves, 
or  stems,  or  roots,  because  other  or- 
gans may  supply  their  places;  but 
plants  are  never  incapable  of  bearing 
flowers  and  seeds,  for  without  these 
they  can  never  fully  attain  the  object 
of  their  creation,  the  increase  of  their 
species. 

"  Every  flower  is  composed  of  one 
or  more  of  the  following  parts,  viz.  : 
the  calyx,  which  is  usually  green  and 
enveloping  the  flower  whilst  in  the 
bud  ;  the  corolla,  or  petals,  leaves  so 
beautifully  coloured,  and  so  delicate  in 
most  flowers ;  the  stamens  or  male 
portion  of  the  flower,  secreting  the  pol- 
len or  impregnating  powder;  the  pistils 
or  female  portion,  impregnatable  by 
the  pollen,  and  rendering  fertile  the 
seeds;  and  lastly,  the  pericarp  or  seed- 
vessel. 

"  The  stamens  are  the  only  portion 
of  a  flower  which  can  be  removed  with- 
out preventing  the  formation  of  fertile 
seed,  and  their  loss  must  be  supplied 
by  the  induction  to  the  pistils  of  pollen 
from  some  kindred  flower. 

"  The  calyx  is  not  useless  so  soon 
as  it  ceases  to  envelope  and  protect  the 
flower,  for  the  nower  stalk  continues 
increasing  in  size  until  the  seed  is  per- 
fected, but  ceases  to  do  so  in  those 
plants  whose  calyces  remain  long  green 
if  these  be  removed  ;  on  the  other 
hand,  in  the  poppy  and  other  flowers, 
from  which  the  calyx  falls  early,  the 
flower  stalk  does  not  subsequently  en- 
large. 

"  The  corolla  or  petals,  with  all  their 
varied  tints  and  perfumes,  have  more 
important  oflices  to  perform  than  thus 
to  delight  the  senses  of  mankind.  Those 
bright  colours  and  their  perfumed  honey 
serve  to  attract  insects,  which  are  the 
chief  and  often  essential  assistants  of 
impregnation  ;  and  those  petals,  as  ob- 
served by  LinuEus,  serve  as  wings, 
giving  a  motion  assisting  to  eff"ect  the 
same  important  process.  But  they  have 
a  still  more  essential  oflice,  for  although 
they  are  absent  from  some  plants,  yet 


if  removed  from  those  possessing  them 
before  impregnation  is  completed,  the 
fertilization  never  takes  place.  They 
therefore  perform  in  such  cases  an 
essential  part  in  the  vegetable  econo- 
my ;  and  that  they  do  so  is  testified  by 
all  the  phenomena  they  exhibit.  They 
turn  to  the  sun  open  only  when  he  has 
a  certain  degree  of  power,  and  close 
at  the  setting  of  that  luminary  ;  their 
secretions  are  usually  more  odorous, 
more  saccharine,  and  totally  differing 
from  those  of  the  other  organs  of  plants  ; 
and  in  the  absence  of  light  those  secre- 
tions are  not  formed. 

"The  corolla  is  not  always  short- 
lived, for  although  in  some,  as  the 
cistus,  the  petals  which  open  with  the 
rising  sun^  strew  the  border  as  it  de- 
parts, so  some,  far  from  being  epheme- 
ral, continue  until  the  fruit  is  perfected. 
The  duration  of  the  petals,  however, 
is  intimately  connected  with  the  im- 
pregnation of  the  seed,  for  in  most 
flowers  they  fade  soon  after  this  is  com- 
pleted ;  and  double  flowers,  in  which 
it  occurs  not  at  all,  are  always  longer 
enduring  than  single  flowers  of  the 
same  species.  Then,  again,  in  some 
flowers,  they  become  green  and  per- 
form the  function  of  leaves  after  im- 
pregnation has  been  effected.  A  fiimi- 
liar  example  occurs  in  the  Christmas 
rose,  (Helleborus  niger,)  the  petals  of 
which  are  white,  but  which  become 
green  so  soon  as  the  seeds  have  some- 
what increased  in  size,  and  the  stamens 
and  other  organs  connected  with  fer- 
tility have  fallen  off. 

"  It  is  quite  true  that  some  fruit  will 
not  ripen  if  the  part  of  the  branch  be- 
yond is  denuiied  of  leaves,  but  this 
only  shows  that  those  fruits  cannot  ad- 
vance when  deprived  of  leaves  as  well 
as  of  calyx  and  corolla,  the  only  organs 
for  elaborating  the  sap  ;  and  there  are 
some  flowers,  as  the  Daphne  mezereon, 
Autumn  crocus,  and  sloe,  that  have 
their  flowers  perfected  and  passed 
away  before  the  leaves  have  even  ap- 
peared. 

"  That  the  petals  perform  an  im- 
portant part  in  elaborating  the  sap  sup- 
plied to  the  fruit  is  further  proved  by 
the  flower  being  unable  to  bloom  or  to 
be  fertile  in  an  atmosphere  deprived  of 
its  oxygen;  and  by  their  absorbing  more 
of  that  gas,  and  evolving  more  car- 
bonic acid,  than  even  a  larger  surface 
of  leaves  of  the  same  plant. 


B  L  U 


91 


BOM 


"  No  seed  ever  attains  the  power  of  spotted    form.      Its   caterpillar  injures 
germinating,  unless  the  pollen  from  the   the  wood  of  the  elm,  apple,  pear,  horse- 
stamens  in  the  same,  or  some  nearly  al-   chestnut  and  walnut, 
lied  flower,  has  reached  and  impregnated        M.  Kollar,  in  his  valuable  work  on 
its  pistils." — Johnson's  Princ.  of  Gard.   predatory  insects,  says  : — "  The  cater- 


BLUMENliACFHA.      Two    species 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.     Rich  loam. 
BOBARTIA.  Three  species.  Green 


pillar  of  this  niotli  is  smaller  than  that 
of  the  preceding  sjiecies,  its  length  be- 
ing  only  one   inch   and    a  half  or  two 


house  herbaceous  perennials.  D.auran-    inches.  It  is  hatched  in  August,  moults 
tiaca  is  hardy.     Division.     Sandy  peat,    for  the  first  time   in  September,  and  is 
BO(X()NIA.  Two  species.  Stove  ever-    full  grown  in  June  of  the  following  year. 


green  shrubs.      Cuttinu.s.     Loam 

BCF:BERA.     Two  sjiecies 
sanlhemoides  is  a  hardy  annual.     B 
cana,  a  green-house  evergreen  shrub. 
Seeds.     Loamy  peat  or  common  soil. 

BOG-EARTH,  or  peat  earth,  is  the 
soil  required  for  a  class  of  plants  that 
are  generally  designated  American, 
though   not  all  of  them  are  natives  ol 


From  its  existence  till  its  transforma- 
B.  chry-   tion  it  is  yellow,  with  raised  shiny  black 
"    '       dots,  on  each  of  which  there  is  a  fine 
short  hair. 

"  It  undergoes  its  transformation  in  a 
strong  web  under  the  bark,  becoming 
a  brownish-yellow  pupa,  capable  of 
much  extension,  dark  brown  at  both 
extremities,   with  short  wingsheaths. 


156 
2 

110 


that  (piarter  of  the   globe.     Bog-earth  j  horn-like   point    bent    forward    on    the 

head,  and  fine  hooks  on  the  back  of  the 
abdominal  segments. 

"  The  moth  appears  in  August  to- 
wards evening,  and  is  a  native  of  almost 
all  Europe.  It  is  very  remirkable  from 
its  colour;  the  ground  is  white  on  vari- 
ous parts,  on  which  steel  blue  dots  are 
scattered.  It  measures,  with  extended 
wings,  two  inches  and  a  half. 

"  The  female  introduces  her  round 
orange-coloured  eggs,  by  means  of  her 
strong  ovipositor,  into  the  trees  before 
named." 

B.  bucephala.  Buff-tip  moth,  produces 
a  caterpillar  which  feeds  on  the  leaves 
of  the  lime,  beech,  birch,  alder,  oak, 
willow,  and  more  rarely  on  those  of  the 
rose,  apple  and  pear.  M.  Kollar  says: 
— "  This  caterpillar  does  not  appear  till 
the  latter  end  of  June  or  the  beginning 


of  the  best  description  is  thus  consti 

luted  : — 

Kine  siliceous  sand       .     . 

Unaltered  vegetable  fibre 

Decomposing    vegetable) 

matter  ) 

Silica  (Flint) 103 

Alumina  (clay) IG 

O.'iide  of  iron 4 

Soluble    vegetable    and)  . 

saline  matter  J 

Muriate  of  lime        ....         4 


Loss 


BOG  EARTH  PLANTS.  See  Ameri- 
can Plants. 

BOLBOPHYLLUM.  Nineteen  spe- 
cies. Stove  epiphytes.  Division.  They 
require  a  strong  damp  heat. 

BOLDOA.  Two  species.  Stove 
jilants.       B.    lanceolata    an    evergreen 


shrub.     B.  purpurescens  an  herbaceous  '  of  July,  and  feeils  to  the  end  of  Septem- 


perennial.     Cuttings.     Sandy  peat 

BOLEUM  Asperum.  Half  hardy  ever- 
green shrub.     Seed.     Sandy  peat. 

BOLIVARIA  trifida.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat 


ber;  when  fully  grown  it  measures 
nearly  two  inches  long,  and  is  about  as 
thick  as  a  goosecjuill.  It  is  thinly  haired,' 
dark  brown,  with  interrupted  slender 
yellow  longitudinal  stripes,  which  are 
intersected  by  a  yellow  cross,  and  be- 


BOLTONIA.  Two  species.  Hardy  her-    tween  each  segment. 


Division.    Sandy 


Four 
Half 


baceous    perennials 
loam. 

BOiMBAX.  Silk  cotton  tree, 
species.  Stove  evergreen  trees 
ripened  cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

BOM  BYX,  a  gen  us  of  moths,  of  which 
the  following  are  injurious  to  the  gar- 
dener. 

B.  asculi,  the  horse-chestnut,  or  wood 


"  The  moth  appears  in  May  and  June, 
when  it  sits  with  its  wings  bent  down- 
wards, covering  the  whole  body  so  that 
it  resembles  a  scroll.  When  its  wings 
arc  expanded,  it  measures  from  two  and 
a  half  to  three  inches  wide,  the  abdo- 
men is  pale  yellow,  spotted  with  black 
on  the  sides.  The  upper  wings  are 
notched,  ash-grey,   and    silver-grey   at 


leopard  moth,  the   last  being   the  most   the  base  and  inner  edge,  a  pale  yellow, 
appropriate  name,  as  descriptive  of  its   or  silver   grey   kidney-shaped    spot  is 


BOM 


92 


BOM 


placed  in  the  middle  between  two  y el- i  bark,  and  afterwards,  when  they  are 


low  cross  lines.  The  under  wings  are 
of  a  yellowish-white  ;  and  have  near 
the   inner  angle   a  greyish-brown   and 


stronger,  penetrating  into  the  wood. 

"  When  we  have  actually  ascertained 
the  existence  of  one  of  these  creatures 


often  faint  double  stripe.  As  the  cater-  |  in  a  trunk,  by  the  extruded  excrement, 
pillars  when  they  appear  are  gregarious,!  relief  comes  too  late  for  the  tree,  even 
they  can  easily  be  destroyed  by  picking    if  we  are  able  to  kill  the  caterpillar,  the 


them  off  when  young.' 

B.  cossus,  Goat-moth.  Its  caterpillar 
is  most  destructive  to  the  wood  of  fruit 
trees,  though  the  elm,  oak,  willow, 
poplar,  and  walnut  also,  are  liable  to 
its  attacks.  M.  Kollar  says: — '-It  is 
one  of  the  largest  caterpillars  known 
in  Europe,  measuring  more  than  four 
inches  in  length.  It  is  smooth  and 
shining,  beset  only  here  and  there  with 


mischief  being  already  done.  Notwith- 
standing this,  the  caterpillar  should  ne- 
ver be  left  undisturbed,  and  an  attempt 
should  be  made  to  reach  it,  by  enlarg- 
ing the  opening  with  a  garden  knife;  or 
endeavouring  to  kill  it  by  thrusting  a 
piece  of  p'l.iited  wire  up  the  hole  of  the 
tree." 

B.    dispar,   Gipsy    Moth.     Its    little 
caterpillar  is  found  in  early  spring  on 


single   short  hairs.     It  is  dark   red  on  '  the  leaves  of  fruit  trees,  as  they  burst 


the  back,  and  the  spiracles  situated  at 
both  sides  are  of  the  same  colour.  The 
sides  and  lower  part  of  the  body  are 
flesh-coloured;  the  head  is  black,  the 
first  segment  also  rnarked  with  black 
above. 

"  After  remaining  more  than  two  years 
in  the  larvaj  state,  and  casting  its  skin 
eight  times,  the  caterpillar  becomes  of 
a  light  ochre  yellow  hue,  shortly  be- 
fore pupation,  which  usually  takes  place 
in  spring  ;  when  it  makes  a  strong  co- 


from  the  bud.  M.  Kollar,  to  whose  pages 
I  am  so  much  indebted  for  accurate  in- 
formation relative  to  this  species,  says 
that — 

"In  unfavourable  weather  they  col- 
lect upon  the  trunk  near  the  top,  or  in 
the  forks  of  the  branches,  and  enclose 
themselves  in  a  web  ;  but  when  they 
feed,  they  disperse  themselves  all  over 
the  tree.  They  are  immediately  dis- 
tinguished from  other  caterpillars  by 
their  large   yellow-spotted    head,  and 


coon  of  chips  of  wood  and  small  pieces  I  by  the  six  pairs  of  red  dots  on  the 
of  bark,  which  it  has  gnawed  off.  The  '  hinder  part  of  the  back, 
abdomen  of  the  pupa  is  yellow,  and  the  I  "The  males  are  dark  brown,  and 
segments  are  deeply  indented  and  ca-  their  forevvings  have  three  or  four  undu- 
pable  of  much  extension.  The  back  is  :  lating  blackish  stripes.  The  females 
furnished  with  strong  pointed  spines,  [  are  whitish-grey,  and  their  (brewings 
sometimes  of  a  reddish-brown  colour,  are  traversed  by  brownish  stripes. 
The  cocoon  is  situated  immediately 
within  the  opening  in  the  tree,  so  that 
the  pupa  when  arrived  at  maturity  can 
press  itself  half  out  of  the  hole  when 
the  shell  bursts,  and  the  moth  comes 
forth  usually  in  the  month  of  June  or 
July,  after  having  reposed  in  the  pupa 
state  for  an  indefinite  time.  When  at 
rest  the  wings  are  folded  together  over 
the  back  in  the  form  of  a  roof;  it  sits 
quietly  in  the  daytime  on  the  stems  of 
trees,  and  is  difficult  to  be  distinguished 
on  account  of  its  grey  colour.  It  mea- 
sures with  extended  wings,  from  one 
tip  to  the  other,  nearly  three  inches, 
and  many  specimens  are  more  than  this; 
the  female  is  usually  larger  than  the 
male. 

"  The  female  is  provided  with  a 
strong  ovipositor,  with  which  she  in- 
troduces her  eggs  in  the  bark  of  the 
tree,  the  young  caterpillars  living  at 
first  in  and  between  the  outer  and  inner 


The  moth  lays  iier  eggs  in  various 
places  in  August  and  September,  but 
chiefly  on  the  trunks  of  the  fruit  trees, 
on  which  the  caterpillars  lived.  It  also 
lays  its  eggs  in  places  that  are  not  very 
near  fruit  trees,  viz.,  on  garden  buildings, 
palings  and  walls,  so  that  the  young 
caterpillars  have  to  go  a  considerable 
distance  in  search  of  food,  which  is 
seldom  the  case  with  insects.  The 
eggs  lie  in  a  shapeless  mass  one  inch 
long,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  high,  to 
the  number  of  two  to  five  hundred 
together,  and  are  surrounded  with  yel- 
lowish hair,  which  preserves  them  from 
the  winter's  cold." 

B.  monacha,  Black  arch  moth.  Its 
caterpillar  prefers  the  leaves  of  the  fir 
tribe,  but  also  attacks  fiuit  trees,  the 
oak,  aspen,  elm,  lime,  and  willow.  M. 
Kollar  states  that — "The  moth  is  of 
the  medium  size.  It  sitsduring  the  day, 
with  its  wings  lying  close  to  its  body 


BOM 


93 

♦ — 


BOM 


in  a  slanting  direction  ;  and  when  its 
wings  are  expanded,  they  measure 
above  two  inches  from  one  point  to 
the  other.  There  are  four  or  five  black 
notched  lines  on  the  upper  wings,  on  a 
white  ground,  and  there  is  a  black 
spot   between   the  middle   ones.     The 


Its  caterpillar  usually  confines  its  at- 
tacks to  the  leaves  of  the  white  and 
black  thorn,  but  sometimes  spreads  to 
our  fruit  trees.  M.  Kollar  observes 
that — "  [n  the  day  time  it  sits  quietly 
on  a  leaf,  or  on  a  wall,  and  suflers  itself 
to  be  caught  in  the  h;ind.     It  has   re- 


front  of  the  body  is  white,  with  black    ceived  its  name  from  the  posterior  part 


spots,  and  the  abdomen  varied  with 
black  rings,  and  red  incisions,  which, 
however,  are  sometimes  wanting. 

"  The  caterpillar,  when  fully  grown, 
measures  from  one  and  a  half  to  one 


of  its  body  being  covered  with  a  round 
mass  of  golden  yellow  hair.  Its  fore- 
wings  are  of  a  dazzling  whiteness,  as 
is  also  the  greater  part  of  its  body ; 
only  the  principal  vein  of  the  forewinu 


and  three-quarter  inches,  the  transverse    of  the  male  is  brown  on  the  under  side. 


diameter  one  line  and  a  half.  It  is 
usually  of  a  brown  grey  mixed  with 
black,  and  occasfonally  entirely  black; 
sometimes,  but  still  more  rarely,  it  is 
of  a  whitish  colour.  The  head  is  large, 
covered  with  short  hairs,  and   it  has  a 


and  it  has  also  sometimes  a  few  black 
dots  on  its  wings. 

"  At  the  end  of  June  this  moth  usu- 
ally appears,  seeks  a  companion,  and 
continues  its  species.  The  female 
usually  lays  her  eggs  on  the  under  side 


brownish  line  alond  the  forehead,  which  of  the  leaf,  in  a  small  heap  or  mass, 
ends  in  a  triangular  spot  of  the  same  and  covers  them  with  hair  from  her 
colour  over  the  mouth.  Wherever  it  1  tail.  Hence,  nothing  is  seen  of  the 
goes  it  spins  a  thread  after  it  out  of  the  eggs,  as  they  lie  in  rows  under  the 
spinnerds  under  the  mouth.  If  its  rest-  '  covering  of  hair.  The  number  of  eggs 
ing-place  be  shaken,  it  hastily  lets  itself  in  the  heap  amounts  to  from  two  to  three 

hundred  ;  they  arc  round,  and  of  a  gold 
colour;  when  the  female  has  laid  her 
eggs  she  dies,  after  having  applied  all 
the  hair  from  her  tail'  to  form  the  co- 
vering. The  caterpillars  are  usually 
hatched  at  the  end  of  July.  They  have 
a  dirty-yellow  appearance,  a  black 
head,  and  a  black  ring  round  the  neck; 
they  are  thickly  covered  with  hair,  and 


down  and  curls  itself  up.  It  usually 
goes  into  the  pupa  state  from  the  begin- 
ning of  June  to  July,  when  the  cater- 
pillar is  fully  grown  ;  the  pupa  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  slight  web,  which  is 
sometimes  formed  among  the  foliage, 
and  sometimes  over  hollows  of  the 
bark  ;  after  which  the  caterpillar  skin 
is  cast  oft"  in  three  or  four  days.     The 

pupa  is  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long;  have  four  rows  of  blackish  dots  along 
at  first  green,  then  a  brownish  red,  and  the  back.  They  change  their  skins  in 
afterwards  becomes  somewhat  darker,  :  August.  In  the  middle  of  September 
or  rather  blackish,  with  a  metallic  ap-  ,  they  cease  feeding,  and  in  October  they 


pearance. 


only  come    out   of  their   nest    in   very 


The  moth  sometimes  appears  in  '  warm  days,  when  they  lie  on  the  out- 
the  last  days  of  July  or  beginning  of  side,  but  return  to  the  nest  in  the  even- 
August ;  but  the  late  ones  do  not  appear  ing.  They  become  benumbed  in  No- 
till  September.  Af\er  pairing,  the  fe-  i  vember,  and  even  in  extreme  cold  they 
male  lays  her  eggs  by  means  of  her  1  only  become  benumbed,  and  resume 
ovipositor,  in  the  cracks  of  the  bark  of  j  their  activity  when  warm  weather  sets 
the  old  trees,  in  the  form  of  a  bunch  of  in.  Before  the  buds  on  the  trees  have 
firapes,  to  the  amount  of  twenty  or  begun  to  burst  in  sprint',  some  of  the 
thirty  in  each  cluster.  As  the  oviposi-  caterpillars  come  out  of  their  nests  and 
tor  cannot  he  used  on  the  beach,  oak,  eat  the  folded  leaves.  In  the  course  of 
and  birch,  she  lays  her  eggs  on  the  bark,  a  few  days  they  are  found  in  multitudes 
and  (laps  her  wings  over  them,  to  cover  at  the  forks  of  the  branches  in  the  side 
thorn  with  the  dust  from  her  wings  and  of  the  tree  exposed  to  the  sun." — Kol- 
body.      One    female    usually   lays    one    lar. 

hundred  and  twenty  eggs  in  the  course  B.  caruleocepha/a.  Figure-of-eight 
of  twenty-lour  hours,  at  three  or  four  moth.  Its  caterpillar  selects  the  leaves 
intervals.  They  are  not  spherical,  but  of  the  black  and  white  thorn,  almond, 
flat  on  two  sides,  and   very  sharp  and    apricot,  and  peach,  though  it  will  attack 


rough  to  the  touch. 


those  of  other  trees.       Kollar  tells  us 


B.  chrysorrhixa.  Yellow-tailed  moth.  [  that — '•  At  the   tune  of  pupation  these 


BOM 


94 


BOM 


caterpillars  repair  to  the  stems  of  the  |  and  oak  most  plentifully;  elm  very 
trees,  or  to  walls  and  hedges,  where!  plentifully;  most  fruit  trees  the  same  ; 
they  make  for  themselves  cases  of  moss,    blackthorn   plentifully;    rose-trees    the 


lime,  dust,  and  small  chips  of  wood 
oval  on  the  upper  side  and  flat  below, 
in  which  they  do  not  become  pupa:  till 
the  third  week.  The  pupa  small,  cylin- 
drical, reddish-brown,  dull,  in  some 
degree  powdered  with  blue. 

"  The  perfect  insect  or  moth  mea- 
sures, with  e.ftended  wings,  from  tip  to 
tip,  one  inch  and  from  six  to  nine  lines. 
The  forewings  bluish  grey,  rather  shin- 


same  ;  on  the  willow  and  poplar  scarce. 
None  have  been  noticed  on  the  elder, 
walnut,  ash,  fir,  or  herbaceous  plants. 
With  respect  to  fruit  trees,  the  injuries 
they  sustain  are  most  serious,  as  in 
destroying  the  blossoms  as  yet  in  the 
bud,  they  also  destroy  the  fruit  in  em- 
bryo ;  the  owners  of  orchards,  there- 
fore, have  great  reason  to  be  alarmed. 
"  This  moth  is  so  closely  related  to 


ing,  divided  by  three  incisions    at  the  !  the  yellow-tailed   moth,  and  its  habits 


sides,  and  situated  between  two  blackish 
undulated  cross  lines,  have  been  some- 
times compared  to  a  pair  of  spectacles 
(or  a  figure  of  eight)." 

B.  luhricipeda.  Spotted  buff  moth. 
The  caterpillars  of  this  feed  on  the 
leaves   of   elder,    horse-radish,    lilacs, 


so  similar,  that  the  means  suggested 
for  the  destruction  of  the  one  may  be 
advantageously  ai'opted  for  the  other. 

"  In  the  month  of  June,  when  al- 
most full  grown,  this  caterpillar  mea- 
sures nearly  two  inches,  and  is  of  the 
thickness  of  a    very  thick   quill  ;  it  is 


beans,  |uid  indeed  seem  to  be  oninivo-  |  very  juicy,  of  a  yellowish-green  colour, 

with  black  tubercles,  each  of  which 
bears  a  single  hair,  and  has  three  pale 
yellow  stripes,  running  longitudinally  ; 
the  middle  one  extending  rather  broadly 
along  the  back.  It  has  a  small  bluish 
head,  with  two  black  round  spots  on  it. 

"  At  the  time  of  pupation,  these  cat- 
erpillars repair  to  the  stems  of  the 
trees,  or  to  w^lls  and  hedges,  where 
they  make  for  themselves  cases  of 
moss,  lime-dust,  and  small  chips  of 
wood,  oval  on  the  upper  side,  and  flat 
below,  in  which  they  do  not  become 
pupae  till  the  third  week.  The  pupa  is 
small,  cylindrical,  reddish-brown,  dull 
in  some  degree,  powdered  with  blue." 
— Kollar. 

B.  antiqua,  Vapourer,  or  brown  tus- 
sock moth.  This  moth  appears  from 
August  to  October.  Mr.  Curtis  informs 
us  that — "  The  males  then  fly  about  in 
pursuit  oftheir  consorts,  who  are  desti- 


rous.  The  larva;  appear  in  June  and 
July,  and  are  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Curtis  : — 

"The  back  is  dark  green,  and  the 
under  side  pale  green,  with  a  wavy 
white  line  down  each  side,  from  the 
head  to  the  tail.  The  spiracles  also 
are  white;  the  whole  animal  is  covered 
with  little  nist-coloured  cushions,  which 
produce  brushes  of  longish  reddish- 
brown  hairs,  so  that  it  resembles  a 
little  bear's  skin.  When  full  grown, 
they  retire  to  the  stems  of  plants  and 
the  chinks  in  walls,  to  change  to  black 
shining  chrysalids,  in  an  oval  loose 
cocoon,  composed  of  silk,  and  the  hairs 
from  their  skin. 

"  The  moth  rests  with  its  wings  de- 
flexed  ;  is  of  a  pale  ochre,  or  buff 
colour;  the  antenna  are  black,  and 
bipectinated  in  the  male;  the  eyes, 
palpi,  and  legs  are   also  black,  except- 


ing the  thighs,  which  are  of  an  orange  tute  of  wings,  and  afterdepositing  alarge 
colour,  and  the  tibia  and  tarsi  are  va-  number  of  eggs,  fall  down  exhausted  and 
riegatfd  with  huff;  the  upper  wings  die.  These  eggs  are  somewhat  ovate, 
have  two  long  black  spots  upon  the  i  depressed,  and  hollow  on  the  crown, 
costal  margin,  with  one  or  more  dots 
near  the  base,  in  a  transverse  line.  As 
the  moths  stick  about  plants  and  walls, 
often  in   pairs,  in  May  and  June,  they 


round  which  is  a  brown  ring.  They 
are  of  a  pinky-white  colour,  and  are 
fastened  as  they  are  laid,  by  a  gluti- 
nous substance,  to  the  bark  of  the  tree, 
are    easily    detected,    and    it    becomes  '  or  whatever  the  parent  happens  to  rest 


necessary  to  kill  them  to  prevent  the 
havoc  they  make  with  the  foliage." — 
Card.  Chron. 

B.  phtEorrhaa.  Brown-tailed  moth. 
M.  Kollar  states  that — "  According  to 
Curtis,  the  caterpillar  of  the  brown- 
tailed  moth  is  found  on   the  hawthorn 


upon,  frequently  to  the  web  containing 
the  shell  of  the  pupa;  they  are  hatched 
the  following  April,  when  the  larvae 
attack  a  great  variety  of  trees,  feeding 
upon  the  leaves  of  roses,  brambles,  the 
apple,  plum,  sloe,  hawthorn,  oak,  lime, 
alder,   and   sallow.      The    caterpillars 


BON 


95 


B  0  R 


often   do   considerable  mischief  to  the  riance  and  beauty  of  his  flowers.     One 

rose-trees,  bv  eating  large  holes  in  the  pound  of  bone-dust  mixed  with  twelve 

leaves;    and",    keeping    on    the    under  ounces  of  sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vitriol), 

sides,  they  are  seldom  visible  until  they  and  twelve  ounces  of  water,  if  left  to 

are  full-grown,  when  they  are  often  an  act   upon  each    other  for  a  day,    form 

inch  in    length,    and    ramble  about   to  super-phosphate  of  lime,  a  wine-glass 


select  some  suitable  crevice  in  the  bark 
of  a  tree  or  other  secure  place  to  spin 
their  fine  white  silken  web,  strengthen- 
ed and  protected  with  the  different 
hairs  from  their  own  bodies  ;  in  this 
web  they  change  to  pitch  colour,  and 
rather  hairy  chrysalides,  from  whence 
the  moths  are  produced  at  various  pe- 
riods."— Gard.  Chron. 


full  of  which  has  been  found  beneficial 
to  pelargoniums.  Applied  as  a  top- 
dressing,  mixed  with  half  its  weight  of 
charcoal  dust,  it  is  a  good  manure  for 
onions,  and  may  be  applied  at  the  rate 
of  nine  pounds  to  the  square  rod. 
There  is  little  doubt  of  this  super-phos- 
phate being  good  for  all  our  kitchen- 
garden  crops,  being  more  prompt  in  its 


BON  .\  P  .\RT  E  A  .     Two  species,    effects  upon   a   crop  than   simple  bone- 
Stove    epiphytes.     Seed.     Rich    sandy    dust,  because  it  is  soluble  in  water,  and 


loam. 


therefore  more  readily  presented  to  the 


BONATEA  speciosa.  Stove  epiphyte. !  roots  in  a  state  for  them  to  imbibe. 


Division.     Sandy  peat  and  loam 

BONES  are  beneficial  as  a  manure, 
because  their  chief  constituent  (phos- 
phate of  lime)  is  also  a  constituent  of 
all  plants;  and  the  gelatine  which  is 
also  in  bones  is  of  itself  a  source  of  food 
to  them.     The  bones  of  the  ox,  sheep, 


BONNETIA  palustris.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.    Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

B  O  N  T  I  A  daphnoides.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

BORAGE  (Borago  officinalis).  Its 
young  leaves  are  sometimes  used  in 
salads,    or   boiled    as    spinach.     Being 


horse,  and  pig,  being  those  usually  em-    aromatic,  its  spikes  of  flowers  are  put 
ployed,  their  analyses  are  here  given: —    into  negus  and  cool  tankards. 

Ox  Sheep  Horse  Fig  Soil  and  Situation. — For  the  spring 
and  summer  sowing,  any  light  soil  and 
open  situation  may  be  allotted,  provid- 
ed the  first  is  not  particularly  rich  ;  but 
for  those  which  have  to  withstand   the 


Phosph.  of  lime 
Carb.  of  lime 
Animal  matter 
The  bones    must 


55      70 

4  I     5 
33  I  25 
be    applied    to    the  !  winter,  a  light  dry  soil,  and  the  shelter 


crops  in  very  small  pieces  or  powder;    of  a  south  fence,  is  most  suitable.     A 


and  ten  pounds  at  the  time  of  insertin<: 
the  seed  is  enoug'ii  for  thirty  square 
yards,  if  sown  broadcast ;  and  a  much 
smaller  quantity  is  suthcient  if  sprinkled 
along   the  drills  in    wiiich  the   seed  is 


very  fertile  soil  renders  it  super-luxu- 
riant, and  injures  the  intensity  of  its 
flavour. 

Times   and  mode   of  sowing. — It    is 
propagated  by  seed,  which  is  sown  in 


sown.     There   is   no    doubt   that   bone    .March  or  April, and  at  the  close  of  July, 


dust  may  be  employed  with  advantage 
in  all  gardens  and  to  all  garden-crops, 
but  it  has  been  experimented  on  most 
extensively  with  tlie  turnip  and  potato, 
and  with  unfailing  benefit.  Mixed  with 
sulphur,  and  drilled  in  with  the  turnip 
seed,  it  has  been  found  to  preserve  the 
young  plants  from  the  fly.  Mr.  Knight 
found  it  beneficial  when  applied  largely 
to  stone-fruit,  at  the  time  of  planting  : 
and  it  is  (|uite  as  good  for  the  vine.   To 


for  production  in  summer  and  autumn, 
and  again  in  August  or  September,  for 
the  supply  of  winter,  and  succeeding- 
spring.  These  sowings  to  be  performed 
in  shallow  drills,  six  inches  asunder. 
When  of  about  six  weeks'  growth,  the 
plants  are  to  be  thinned  to  six  inches 
apart,  and  the  plants  thus  removed  of 
the  spring  and  autumn"sowing,  may  be 
transplanted  at  a  similar  distance  ;  but 
those  ofthe  summer  seldom  will  endure 


awns,  the  dust  has  been  applied  with  the  removal,  and  at  all  times  those  led 
great  advantage  when  the  grass  was  unmoved  prosper  most.  At  the  time  of 
becoming  thin.  As  a  manure  for  the  transplanting,  if  at  all  dry  weather,  they 
shrubbery,  parterre,  and  green-house,  must  be  occasionally  watered  mode- 
it  is  also  most  valuable  ;  and  crushed  as  rately  until  established:  water  must 
well  as  ground,  is  employed  generally  also  be  frequently  applied  to  the  seed 
to  mix  with  the  soil  of  potted  plants,  bed  of  the  summer  sowing,  otherwise 
Mr.  Maund  finds  it  promotes  the  luxu-  j  the  vegetation  will  be  slow  and  weak. 


B  OR 


B  OR 


To  obtain  seed. — To  save  seed,  some 
of  those  plants  which  have  survived  the 
winter  must  be  left  ungatliered  from. 
Tliey  will  begin  to  flower  about  June  ; 
and  when  their  seed  is  perfectly  ripe, 
the  stalks  must  be  gathered,  and  dried 
completely  before  it  is  rubbed  out. 

BORAGO.  Six  species.  Hardy.  Di- 
vision or  seed.     Common  soil. 

BORASSUS  flahellifnrmis.  Stove 
palm.     Seed.     Loam  and  peat. 

BORBONIA.  Nine  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

BORDER,  is  a  name  applied  to  that 
narrow  division  of  the  garden  which 
usually  accompanies  each  side  of  a 
walk  in  the  pleasure-grounds,  and  to 
the  narrow  bed  which  is  close  to  the 
garden  wall  on  one  side,  and  abuts  on  a 
walk  on  the  other.  The  walls  being 
mostly  occupied  by  fruit  trees,  the  lat- 
ter may  be  considered  as  the  fruit-bor- 
ders, and  the  first-named  as  the  flower- 
borders. 

1.  Fruit-bordeis. — Next  to  the  wall 
should  be  a  path  three  feet  wide,  fori 
the  convenience  of  pruning  and  gather- 
ing. Next  to  this  path  should  be  the 
border,  eight  or  nine  feet  wide;  and 
then  the  broad  walk,  which  should  al- 
ways encompass  the  main  compart- 
ments ofthe  kitchen  garden.  The  whole 
of  the  breadth  from  the  wall  to  the  edge 
of  this  main  walk  should  be  excavated 
to  the  depth  of  four  feet ;  the  bottom  of 
the  excavation  rammed  hard  ;  brickbats 
and  large  stones  then  put  in  to  the  depth 
of  one  foot  and  a  half;  and  the  remain- 
ing two  feet  and  a  half  filled  up  with 
suitable  soil.  From  the  underdrainage 
of  brickbats,  &c.,  draining  pipes  should 
be  laid,  with  an  outfall  into  some  neigh- 
boring ditch.  No  fruit  tree  will  be 
healthy  if  it  roots  deep,  or  if  its  roots 
are  surrounded  by  superfluous  water — 
that  is,  more  water  than  the  soil  will 
retain  by  its  own  chemical  and  capil- 
lary attractions.  Shallow  rooting  crops 
do  no  harm  to  the  trees  grown  on  fruit 
borders  sufficient  to  require  their  total 
banishment. 

2.  Flower  borders. — These,  like  the 
preceding,  and  indeed  like  every  other 
part  ofthe  garden  not  devoted  to  aqua- 
tic and  marsh  plants,  should  be  well 
drained.  In  plotting  them  it  must  also 
be  remembered,  that  if  narrow,  no  art 
will  impart  to  them  an  aspect  of  bold- 
ness and  grandeur.   Indeed  narrowness 


of  surface  is  inseparably  connected  with 
an  impression  that  the  grounds  are  of 
limited  extent,  and  no  disposal  of  the 
plants  will  remove  the  littleness  thus 
suggested.  If  the  pleasure  grounds  are 
small,  narrow  borders  are  permissible, 
but  even  then  the  broader  they  are  the 
less  is  the  appearance  of  meanness. 
Neatness  must  be  the  presiding  deity 
over  flower  borders,  and  no  application 
ofthe  hoe  and  rake,  no  removal  of  de- 
cayed leaves,  no  tying  up  of  straggling 
members,  can  be  too  unremitting. 

For  the  arrangement  of  the  plants, 
see  Flowers;  and  for  particular  culti- 
vation, each  will  be  found  under  the 
name  ofthe  plant. 

BORECOLE,  Brassica  olerarea  fim- 
briata. 

Varieties. — Of  the  following,  1,  2,  3. 
5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  and  16,  are  the 
best. 

1.  Brussels  Borecole,  or  Sprouts. 

2.  Green  Borecole,  Brassica  oleracea 
selenisia. 

3.  Purple  Borecole,  B.  oleracea  laci- 
niata. 

4.  Variegated  Borecole. 

5.  German  or  Curled  Kale,  or  Cur- 
lies. 

[  6.  Scotch  or  Siberian  Kale,  B.  o. 
'  sabdlica. 

7.  Chou  de  Milan. 

8.  Egyptian  or  Rabi  Kale. 

9.  Ragged  Jack. 

I      10.  Jerusalem  Kale. 

11.  Buda-Russian,  or  Manchester 
Kale. 

12.  Anjou  Kale. 

13.  One-thousand-headed  cabbage. 

14.  Palm  Borecole. 

15.  Portugal  or  large  ribbed. 

16.  Woburn  perennial. 

j  Woburn  kale  may  be  propagated  by 
cuttings,  six  inches  long,  planted  where 
to  remain  in  March  or  April. 

Buda  kale  is  greatly  improved  by 
blanching  under  a  pot,  like  sea  kale. 

Sowing. — The  first  crop  sow  about 
j  the  end  of  March,  or  early  in  April,  the 
seedlings  of  which  are  fit  for  pricking 
out  towards  the  end  of  April,  and  for 
final  planting  at  the  close  of  May,  for 
production  late  in  autumn  and  com- 
mencement of  winter.  The  sowing 
must  be  repeated  about  the  middle  of 
May;  for  final  planting,  during  July, 
and  lastly  in  August,  for  use  during 
winter  and  early  spring. 

Pricking    out,  —  Their    fitness    for 


B  OR 


97 


B  OT 


pricking  out  is  when  their  leaves  are 
about  two  inches  in  breadth  ;  they  must 
be  set  six  inclies  apart  each  way,  and 
watered  frequently  until  established. 
In  four  or  five  weeks  tiiey  will  be  of 
sufficient  growth  for  final  removal. 

Planting. — When  planted,  they  must 
be  set  in  rows  two  feet  and  a  half  apart 
each  way,  the  last  plantation  may  be 
six  inches  closer.  They  must  be  wa- 
tered and  weeded,  and  as  they  are  of 
large  spreading  growth,  the  earth  can 
only  be  drawn  about  their  stems  during 
their  early  growth.  If  during  stormy 
weather  any  of  those  which  acquire  a 
tall  growth  are  blown  down,  they  must 
be  supported  by  stakes,  when  they  will 
soon  firmly  re-establish  themselves. 

To  raise  seed. — For  the  production  of 
seed,  such  plants  of  each  variety  as  are  ' 
of  the  finest  growth  must  be  selected, 
and  either  left  where  grown  or  removed  I 
during  open  weather  in  November,  or 
before  the  close  of  February,  the  earlier 
the  better,  into  rows  three  feet  apart  i 
each  way,  and  buried  down  to  their 
heads.  The  seed  ripens  about  the  be- 
ginning of  August.  I 

BORONIA.  Twelve  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

BORRERIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
or  green-house.  Cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

BOSCI.V  senegalensis.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  clayey 
loam. 

BOSFiA  yervamora.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

BOSTRICHUS,  a  class  of  beetles, 
many  of  which  arc  very  injurious  to  the 
crops  of  the  garden. 

B.  dispar,  Apple  bark  beetle.  The 
female  of  this  insect  bores  into  the 
wood  of  the  apple  tree,  and  there  depo- 
sits her  eggs,  generally  in  the  month  of 
May  ;  and  its  perforations  are  so  nume- 
rous and  extensive,  as  frequently,  on  the 
continent,  to  destroy  the  tree.  In  Eng- 
land it  rarely  occurs.  The  perforations 
are  confined  to  the  alburnum  of  the 
wood. 

B.  typographus.  Typographer  bark 
beetle.  This  attacks  the  pine  tribe, 
especially  the  silver  fir. 

B.  pinaslri,    Pinaster,   or   red    bark 

beetle,  confines  its  attacks  to  the  pines, 

leaving  the  firs  untouched,  as  the  B. 

larius  lives  exclusively  on  the  larch, 

7 


and  the  B.  orthogi-aphus  on  the  spruce 
fir. 

BOSWELLIA,  Alibanum  tree.  Two 
species.  Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

BOTANY  BAY  TREE,  Smilax  gly- 
cyphylla. 

BOTRYCHIUM,  Moonwort.  Six  spe- 
cies. Hardy  ferns.  Division,  or  seed. 
Loam  and  peat. 

BOTTOM  HEAT.  Naturally  the 
temperature  of  the  soil  always  bears  a 
due  relative  proportion  to  that  of  the 
air.  When  the  temperature  of  the  air 
decreases,  that  of  the  soil  also  de- 
creases, but  very  slowly  ;  and  when  the 
atmospheric  heat  increases,  that  of  the 
soil  also  gradually  rises.  Bottom  heat, 
or  heat  applied  below  the  roots  of 
plants,  is  the  artificial  mode  of  imitating 
this  proceeding  of  nature  in  our  hot- 
houses, and  other  structures  of  that 
kind.  If  the  temperature  of  the  soil  be 
too  cold  in  proportion  to  the  temperature 
of  the  atmosphere,  the  roots  are  not 
stimulated  sufficiently  to  imbibe  food  as 
fast  as  it  is  required  by  the  branches 
and  foliage,  and  as  a  consequence  the 
leaves  or  fruit  will  fall  or  wither.  On 
the  otherhand,if  the  temperature  of  the 
soil  be  too  great  in  proportion  to  that 
of  the  atmosphere,  the  roots  absorb  food 
faster  than  it  can  be  elaborated  by  the 
branches  and  leaves,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence, over  luxuriant  shoots,  and  an 
extra  development  ofleaves,  are  caused 
instead  of  blossoms,  and  a  healthy  pro- 
gress in  all  the  parts. 

Every  plant  obviously  will  have  a 
particular  bottom  heat  most  congenial 
to  it.  Plants  growing  in  open  plains, 
as  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  will  re- 
quire a  higher  bottom  heat  than  those 
growing  in  the  shade  of  the  South  Ame- 
rican forests,  though  the  temperature  of 
the  air  out  of  the  shade  niay  be  the  same 
in  each  country.  That  gardener  will 
succeed  in  exotic  plant-culture  best, 
who  among  his  other  knowledge  has 
ascertained  the  relative  temperature  of 
the  air  and  soil  in  which  any  given  plant 
grows  naturally.  At  present,  such  in- 
formation from  actual  observation  is 
not  obtainable,  but  it  is  not  so  difiicult 
to  ascertain  the  maximum  and  minimum 
temperature  of  the  air  of  a  country  ; 
and  this  being  obtained,  the  gardener 
may  adopt  this  as  a  safe  rule.  Let  the 
bottom  heat  for  plants  of  that  country 
be  always  5*  higher  than  the  average 


BOU 


98 


B  RE 


temperature,  or  if  the  average  maximum  <  for  insects ;  it  should  not  be  allowed  to 
temperature  of  the  air  olily  be  known,!  rise  higher  than  six  or  eight  inches,  and 
let  the  bottom  heat  be  less  by  10°  than  ;  as  much  in  breadth — if  necessary  to  re- 
the  maximum  temperature  of  the  air.      |  strain  its  growth,  transplant.     The  best 

Dr.  Lindley  very  justly  observes  upon  seasons  for  planting  box  are  at  mid- 
this  subject,  that  "  we  have  doubtless  summer,  and  early  in  the  spring.  Small 
much  to  learn  as  to  the  proper  manner  rooted  slips  are  employed,  and  are 
of  applying  bottom  heat  to  plants,  and  planted  against  the  perpendicular  side 
as  to  the  amount  they  will  bear  under  '  of  a  small  trench  along  the  edge  of  the 
particular  circumstances.  It  is  in  par-  border  or  bed  they  are  desired  to  bound, 
ticular  probable,  that  in  hot-houses  The  best  month  for  clipping  box  is 
plants  will  not  bear  the  same  quantity  •  June,  and  it  should  be  done  in  showery 
of  bottom   heat  as  they  receive  in  na-  j  weather. 

ture,  because  we  cannot  give  them  the  '  BllABEJUM  s<eZ/a?«m.  Green-house 
same  amount  of  light  and  atmospheric  [  evergreen  shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Sandy 
warmth  ;  and    it  is   necessary  that  we  j  loam  and  peat. 

should  ascertain  experimentally  whether  \  BRACHYCOME '/6erzrf//"oZza.  "Seeds 
it  is  not  a  certain  proportion  between  '  of  this,"  says  Dr.  Lindley,"  should  be 
the  heat  of  the  air  and  earth  that  we  sown  in  March  in  pots  or  shallow  pans, 
must  secure,  rather  than  any  absolute  !  filled  with  light  rich  soil,  and  well 
amount  of  bottom  heat.  I  drained,  and  the  pots  should  be  plunged 

"It  may  also  be,  indeed  it  no  doubt  is, ,  in  a  gentle  hot-bed.  As  soon  as  the 
requisite  to  apply  a  very  high  degree  of<  young  plants  are  established,  they  must 
heat  to  some  kinds  of  plants  at  particu-  j  be  kept  in  a  green-house  :  shilt  into 
lar  seasons,  although  a  very  much  lower  :  larger  pots  as  they  require  it.  Those 
amount  is  suitable  afterwards  ;  a  remark  i  that  are  to  be  grown  out  of  doors  should 
that  is  chiefly  applicable  to  the  natives  i  be  planted  out  in  a  prepared  bed  early, 
of  what  are  called  extreme  climates,  '  say  by  the  end  of  May,  in  order  that 
that  is  to  say,  where  a  very  high  sum-  i  they  may  perfect  their  seeds  in  Sep- 
mer  temperature  is  followed  by  a  very  ,  tember  or  early  in  October." — Gard. 
low  winter  temperature  ;  such  countries  |  Chron. 

are  Persia,  and  many  parts  of  the  United  1  BllACHYL^NA  nereifoUa.  Green- 
States,  where  the  summers  are  exces-  house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
sively  hot,  and  the  winter's  cold  intense. '  peat. 

The  seeming  impossibility  of  imitating  |  BRACHYSEMA.  Two  species, 
such  conditions  artificially,  will  proba-  Green-house  evergreen  climbers.  Lay- 
bly  account  for  many  of  the  difficulties  j  ers,  cuttings,  or  seeds.  Sandy  loam 
we  experience  in  bringing  certain  fruits,    and  peat. 

the   Newtown   pippin,  the  cherry,  the  \      BRACHYSTELMA.     Two    species, 
grape,  the  peach,  and  the  almond,  to  i  Stove  tuberous-rooted  perennials.    Cut- 
the   perfection    they   acquire    in    other :  tings.     Sandy  loam. 
counXnes.'->— Theory  of  Horticulture.      \      BRASSAVOLA.       Twelve    species. 

BOURGEON,  or  Burgeon.     See  Bud.  \  gtove  epiphytes.    Division.    Wood. 

nrMTT^nt-nTA      Two  Species.    Stove,      r,DiccTA       v\  ■      •  Cf 

'^  -  '      BRASSIA.     Eleven  species.     Stove 

epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 

BRASSICA.  The  cabbage  tribe.  See 


BOURRERIA 

evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandv  loam. 

BOUSSINGAULTIA  baselloides.— 
Half-hardy  bulbous  perennial.  Seeds. 
Common  soil. 

BOUVARDIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house or  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings or  division.     Loam  and  peat. 

BOWER.     See  Arbor. 

BOX  {Buxus  sempervirens),  is  noticed 


Brocoli,  Cauliflower ,  S,-c. 

BRAYA.  Two  species.  B.  alpina. 
a  hardy  herbaceous  perennial ;  B.pilosa. 
a  hardy  evergreen  shrub.  Seeds.  Loamy 
peat. 

BREAKING.     A    Tulip's   flower  is 


by  the  gardener  chiefly  as  a  plant  suita-  j  broken  when  it  has  attained  its  perma- 
ble  for  edgings.  For  this  purpose  it  is  [  nent  colors.  A  bulbous  root  is  said  to 
neat,  and  certainly  the  best  article  used.  1  ormA;  when  its  foliage  begins  to  be 
In  some  gardens  it  is  suffered  to  attain  1  thrust  forth. 


too  great  bulk,  and  then  becomes  rather 
a  defect  than  ornament,  exhausting  the 
soil,  and  presenting  a  safe  lurking  place 


BREMONTIERA  ammoxylon.    Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam. 
BRESIA.     Three  species.    Stove 


BRI 


99 


BRI 


evergreen  trees.    Cuttings.    Turfy  loam  i 
and  peat. 

BRICKS.  As  the  gardener  often 
may  require  to  know  how  many  bricks 
will  be  required  for  an  intended  struc- 
ture, it  will  be  a  guide  for  him  to  know 
that  all  bricks  sold  in  England  are  re- 
quired by  statute  (17  Oeo.  3,  c.  42)  to 
be  eight  and  a  half  inches  long,  four 
inches  wide,  and  two  and  a  half  inches 
thick.  Pantiles,  by  the  same  authority, 
must  be  thirteen  and  a  half  inches- long, 
nine  and  a  half  inches  wide,  and  half 
an  inch  thick. 

BRIDGES*  are  inconsistent  with  tlie 
nature  of  a  lake,  but  characteristic  of  a 
river  ;  they  are  on  that  account  used  in 
landscape  gardening  to  disguise  a  ter- 
mination ;  but  the  deception  has  been 
so  often  practised,  that  it  no  longer  de- 
ceives, and  a  bolder  aim  at  the  same 
effect  will  now  be  more  successful.  If 
the  end  can  be  turned  just  out  of  sight, 
a  bridge  at  some  distance  raises  a  belief, 
while  the  water  beyond  it  removes 
every  doubt,  of  the  continuation  of  the 
river;  the  supposition  immediately  oc- 
curs, that  if  a  disguise  had  been  in- 
tended, the  bridge  would  have  been 
placed  further  back,  and  the  disregard 
tluis  shown  to  one  deception  gains  credit 
for  the  otffer. 

As  a  bridge  is  not  a  mere  appendage 
to  a  river,  but  a  kind  of  property  which 
denotes  its  character,  the  connexion 
between  them  must  be  attended  to  ; 
from  the  want  of  it,  the  single  wooden 
arch  once  much  in  fashion,  seemed 
generally  misplaced  ;  elevated  without 
occasion  so  much  above  it,  it  was  to- 
tally detached  from  the  river  ;  and  often 
seen  straddling  in  the  air,  without  a 
glimpse  of  the  water  to  account  for  it, 
and  the  ostentation  of  it  as  an  orna- 
mental object  diverted  all  that  train  of 
ideas  which  its  use  as  a  communication 
might  suggest.  The  vastness  of  Walton 
Bridge  cannot  without  alfectation  be 
mimicked  in  a  garden  where  the  mag- 
nificent idea  of  inducting  the  Thames 
under  one  arch  is  wanting  ;  and  where 
the  structure  itself,  reduced  to  a  narrow 
scale,  retains  no  pretension  to  great- 
ness. Unless  the  situation  make  such  a 
height  necessary,  or  the  point  of  view 
be  greatly  above  it,  or  wood  or  rising 
ground  instead  of  sky  behind  it  fdl  up 
the  vacancy  of  the  arch,  it  seems  an 
effort  without  a  cause,  forced  and  pre- 
posterous. 


The  vulgar  footbridge  of  planks,  only 
guarded  on  one  hand  by  a  common  rail, 
and  supported  by  a  few  ordinary  piles, 
is  often  more  proper.  It  is  perfect  as  a 
communication,  because  it  pretends  to 
nothing  further,  it  is  the  utmost  sim- 
plicity of  cultivated  nature;  and  if  the 
banks  from  which  it  starts  be  of  a  mode- 
rate height,  its  elevation  preserves  it 
from  meanness. 

No  other  species  so  effectually  cha- 
racterizes a  river  ;  it  seems  too  plain  for 
an  ornament,  too  obscure  for  a  disguise  ; 
it  must  be  for  use,  it  can  be  a  passage 
only  ;  it  is  therefore  spoiled  if  adorned, 
it  is  disfigured  if  only  painted  of  any 
other  than  a  dusky  colour.  But  being 
thus  incapable  of  all  decoration  and  im- 
portance, it  is  often  too  humble  for  a 
great,  and  too  simple  for  an  elegant 
scene.  A  stone  bridge  is  generally 
more  suitable  to  either,  but  in  that  also 
an  extraordinary  elevation  compepsates 
for  the  distance  at  which  it  leaves  the 
water  below. 

A  gentle  rise  and  easy  sweep  more 
closely  preserve  the  relation  ;  a  certain 
degree  of  union  should  also  be  formed 
between  the  banks  and  the  bridge,  that 
it  may  seem  to  rise  out  of  the  banks, 
not  barely  to  be  imposed  upon  them  ;  it 
ought  not  generally  to  swell  much 
above  their  level,  the  parapet  wall 
should  be  brought  down  near  to  the 
ground,  or  end  against  some  swell,  and 
the  size  and  tlie  uniformity  of  the  abut- 
ments should  be  broken  by  hillocks  or 
thickets  about  them  ;  every  expedient 
should  be  used  to  mark  the  connexion 
of  the  building,  both  with  the  ground 
from  which  it  starts,  and  the  water 
which  it  crosses.  ' 

In  wild  and  romantic  scenes  may  be 
introduced  a  ruined  stone  bridge,  of 
which  some  arches  may  be  still  stand- 
ing, and  the  loss  of  those  which  are 
fallen  may  be  supplied  by  a  few  planks, 
with  a  rail  thrown  over  the  vacancy.  It 
is  a  picturesque  object,  it  suits  the  situ- 
ation and  the  antitjuity  of  the  passage; 
tiie  care  taken  to  keep  it  still  open, 
though  the  original  building  is  decayed, 
the  apparent  necessity  which  thence  re- 
sults lor  a  communication,  give  it  an 
imposing  air  of  reality. —  Whateley. 

BRINING.     See  Steeping. 

BROADCAST,  is  a  mode  of  sowing 
now  rapidly  falling  into  disuse  in  the 
garden  as  well  as  in  the  field.  It  has 
no  one  advantage  over  sowing  in  drills. 


B  RO 


100 


B  RO 


except  that  the  work  of  sowing  is  done 
more  expeditiously.  Subsequently,  the 
saving  is  all  on  the  side  of  the  drill  sys- 


case  choose  a  spot  shaded  from  the 
mid-day  sun,  and  cover  the  bed  with 
straw  litter,  lightly  spread  over  the  siir- 


tem.  See  Drilling.  I  know  of  no  ,  face,  which  suifer  to  remain  until  the 
sowing  where  the  broadcast  mode  is  1  seeds  sprout,  when  it  should  be  imme- 
preferable,  except  in  the  case  of  grass  1  diately  removed.     Bass  mats  or  cloths 


seeds  upon  lawns.  Loudon  thus  do 
scribes  the  operation  of  broadcast  sow- 
ing:— "The  seed  is  taken  up  in  por- 
tions in  the  hand,  and  dispersed  by  a 
horizontal  movement  of  the  arm  to  the 
extent  of  a  semicircle,  opening  the  hand 
at  the    same    time,  and  scattering  the 


are  sometimes  used  for  this  purpose; 
they  should  be  removed  every  evening, 
and  replaced  in  the  morning,  etse  the 
seed  loses  the  benefit  of  the  dew. 

"  A  few  observations  only  are  neces- 
sary as  to  the  progressive  culture  of 
the  l)roccoli.     Having,  in  the  first  place, 


seeds  in  the  air,  so  as  they  may  fall  as  ,  selected  a  deeply  dug,  rich  piece  of 
equally  as  possible  over  the  breadth ;  ground,  and  planted  them  therein  as 
taken  in  by  the  sower  at  once,  and '  you  would  cabbage  plants,  allowing 
which  is  generally  six  feet,  that  being  them  rather  more  room,  do  not  neglect 
the  diameter  of  the  circle  in  which  his  to  hoe  and  stir  the  ground,  keeping  it 
hand  moves  through  half  the  circum- i  perfectly  clean  and  free  from  weeds; 
ference.  In  sowing  broadcast  on  the  \  when  they  are  six  or  eight  inches  high, 
surface  of  his  beds,  and  in  narrow  strips    land    them   up,  that    is,  with    the   hoe 


or  borders,  the  seeds  are  dispersed 
between  the  thumb  and  fingers  by  hori- 
zontal movements  of  the  hand  in  seg- 
ments of  smaller  circles." 

BROCCOLI.     The  same  in  Eng.,  Fr., 


draw  around  the  base  of  the  plants 
some  of  the  loose  soil,  forming  it  like  a 
basin,  the  stock  of  the  plant  being  the 
centre.  If  dry  weather  ensue,  give  an 
occasional  watering,  which  will  greatly 


and  Ital.  Italienische  Kohl,  Ger.  Bro-  ,  facilitate  their  growth. 
culi.  Span.  "  This  exquisite  vegetable  j  "  The  earlier  sowings  will  commence 
resembles  the  cauliflower  in  growth,  ap-  1  heading  early  in  the  autumn  ;  the  latter 
pearance,  and  flavour,  and  is  supposed  sown  plants,  many  of  them  will  show  no 
to  have  originated  from  it.  Some  of  the  appearance  of  heading  before  winter, 
varieties    produce  white  heads,  others    On  the  approach  of  black  fro^  they  are 


purple,  sulphur  coloured,  &c.  It  is  cul- 
tivated with  less  trouble  than  the  cauli- 
flower, and  heads  with  more  certainty. 
The  autumn  is  the  season  in  which  it  is 
generally  perfected,  but  with  proper 
management  may  frequently  be  had 
throughout  the  winter  and  spring. 

"  The  varieties  are  extensive,  and 
differ  in  the  time  of  ripening,  as  well  as 
hardiness.  Those  we  have  cultivated 
with  most  success  are  the  purple  cape 


to  be  removed  to  some  sheltered  situa- 
tion, and  "  laid  in,"  after  the  manner  of 
winter  cabbage  ;  that  is,  burying  the 
stalk  entirely  up  to  the  lower  leaves, 
the  crown  projecting  at  an  angle  of 
45  degrees.  Thny  are  more  tender 
than  the  cabbage,  and  require  to  be 
protected  against  severe  frost,  which 
may  readily  be  done  by  setting  over 
them  frames,  such  as  are  placed  on  hot- 
beds, and   cover   with   shutters,  or   by 


sulphur  coloured,  and  early  cauliflower  :  setting  boards  on  edge  around  them,  the 


broccoli.  There  are  also  several  other 
autumnal  kinds,  such  as  the  green  cape, 
early  purple,  early  white,  cream-co- 
loured, or  Portsmouth,  &c. ;  but  the 
purple  cape  is  much  the  most  certain 
to  head,  indeed   the  only  one  to  be  re- 


back  the  highest,  on  which  lay  a  cover- 
ing of  boards  similar  to  a  roof.  Thus 
they  are  sheltered  from  frost,  and  undue 
quantities  of  rain.  As  the  winter  ad- 
vances, and  the  frost  becomes  more  se- 
vere, give    an   additional    covering,  of 


lied  on  in  this  climate.  Our  plan  of,  straw  scattered  loosely  immediately 
cultivation  has  been,  to  sow  the  seed  ,  over  the  plants  inside  the  board  cover- 
from  the  middle  to  latter  end  of  spring;  j  ing.  In  this  situation  they  will  remain 
transplanting  them  when  they  attain  the  I  secure,  some  of  them  heading  from  time 
size  at  which  cabbage  plants  are  gene-  j  to  time  during  the  winter,  and  most  of 


rally  put  out. 


them_  producing   fine   heads  in  spring. 


"Should  the  weather  prove  very  dry  |  Care  should  be  observed  to  remove  the 
at  tbfi  periods  in  which  it  is  proper  to  I  straw  covering  on  the  arrival  of  spring, 
BOW,  some  difliculty  may  be  found  in  and  to  raise  the  shutters  or  boards  in 
getting  the  seed  to   vegetate ;    in  that !  fine  weather,  that  air  may  be  freely  ad- 


BRO 


101 


BRU 


mitted,  removing  them  entirely  the  lat- 
ter part  of  March. 


BROTERA,  corymhosa.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.     Division.  Loam  and 


It  is  the  practice  of  some  who  have    peat 
light  dry  cellars,  to  place  them  therein,         BROUGHTONIA.      Two      species, 
when    removing   them  in  the  autumn,   Stove  epiphytes.     Division.     Wood, 
burying  the  roots  and  stalks  as  above         BROUSSONETIA.      Two    species, 
directed.      In   that   situation    they    re-   Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Cuttings.  Light 
quire    no    further    care    or   protection,    open  soil. 

Broccoli  is  someiimes  sown  about  the  BROWALLIA.  Four  species.  Green- 
middle  of  September,  the  plants  pre-  house  annuals.  Seeds.  Rather  sandy 
served  in  frames  during  winter,  and  put   soil. 

BROWNEA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

BROWXLOWIA  elata.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loamy 
soil. 

BRUCHUS,  a  genus  of  beetles. 

B.  graiiarius  and  B.  pisi  are  greatly 

destructive  to  our  pea  crops.    They  are 

small  brownish  beetles,  usually  found 

at  the  same  time  the  plants  are  in  flower, 


out  in  the  spring.  They  are  by  no 
means  certain  to  succeed  well  at  that 
season  ;  a  few  nevertheless  might  be 
thus  managed,  as  they  will  generally 
head  in  the  autumn,  when  tailing  to  do 
so  during  the  summer  months. 

"All  the  Brassica  or  Cabbage  tribe  is 
subject  to  be  preyed  upon  by  various 
insects,  the  most  destructive  of  which 
in  this  country  is  the  '  Black  Fly' 
(Ilaltica  nemorum) ;  and  in  such  im- 
mense quantities  do  they  sometimes  and  they  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  ten- 
appear,  and  so  voracious  their  appetite,  der  seeds  of  leguminous  plants,  and 
that  extreme  difficulty  is  found  in  pro-  sometimes  in  different  kinds  of  corn, 
tecting  the  young  plants  from  their  In  these  the  larva,  a  small  white  lieshy 
depredations.  As  soon  as  they  appear. ,  grub,  tinds  both  a  suitable  habitation 
take  wood  ashes,  mixed  with  one-third  j  and  an  abundance  of  food.  It  under- 
air-slaked  lime,  and  sprinkle  over  the  goes  all  its  transformations  in  the  seed, 
entire  plants,  first  wetting  the  leaves  j  and  the  perfect  insect  remains  in  it  till 
that  the  dust  may  adhere  ;  this  should  i  the  spring,  though  in  fine  autumns  the 
be  repeated  as  often  as  it  flies  ofl^,  or  is  perfect  insects  appear  at  that  season 
washed  olf  by  rain.  An  application  of]  also.  The  larva;  possess  the  singular 
lime  water  is  also  beneficial  ;  it  is  disa-  instinct  of  never  attacking  the  vital  part 
preeable  to  the  fly  as  well  as  the  slug  ;  j  of  the  seed  till  the  last, 
the  latter  insect  preys  much  upon  them  |  We  have  often  observed  the  seed 
in  damp  weather.  But  the  most  certain  \  pods  of  chorozema,  and  other  delicate 
preventive  is  a  solution  of  whale-oil  '  and  scarce  leguminous  plants  in  green- 
soap — a  solution  of  common  soft-soap  houses,  pierced  by  the  Brnchus  pisi. 
or  brown-soap,  would  probably  answer  i  The  more  effectual  remedy  is  to  pull 
the  purpose;  the  alkali  therein  is  par- i  up  and  burn  the  haulm  and  pods  alto- 
ticularly  offensive  to  that  troublesome    gether,  and  not  attempt  to  get  a  crop 


intruder." — Rural  Register 
BRODL^EA.    Two  species 


B.  con- 


at  all.    Peas  infested  with  B.  granarius, 
are  always  known  by  a  small  hole  being 


g:e.s/rt,  green-house  ;  B.  grandiflora,  half!  on  one  side,  and   these  should  be  care- 
hardy     bulbous    peren'nials.       Offsets,    fully  picked  out,  as  they  not  only  spoij 


Sandy  peat. 


the  appearance  of  a  sample,  but  spread 


BllOMELIA.  Fifteen  species.  Chiefly  the  injury 
Btove  herbaceous  perennials.  B.  disco-  BRUGMANSIA.  Four  species. 
lor  is  an  evergreen  shrub;  B.  exudans.  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  B.  Way- 
an  epiphvte.   Suckers.    Rich  loamy  soil.    7?innu' is  a  stove   evergreen  tree.     Cut- 

BROMHEADIA  pa/us^r/s.  Stove  epi- 
phyte.    Offsets.     Peat  and  potsherds. 

BRONGNIARTIA,  podalyrioides. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

BiioOM.     See  Besom. 

BROSIMUM.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loamy 
soil. 


tings.     Rich  soil 

BRUISE.     See  Canker. 

BRUNIA.  Eighteen  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

RRUNNICHIAc/rr/iosa.  Green-house 
evergreen  climber.  Cuttings.  Loamy 
soil. 

BRUNONIA  australis.    Hardy  herb- 


B  RU 


J02 


BUD 


aceous    perennial.      Division.     Loamy  [  than  if  the  buds  were  left  upon  the  pa- 
soil.     A   frame  or  cool  green-house  is  :  rent.     Delicate  kinds  are  strenj^thened 


suited  for  its  growth 

B  R  U  N  S  F  E  L  S  I A 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttin^ 
rich  soil. 

BRUNSVIGIA.  Thirteen  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets.    Rich  mould. 


by  being  worked,  as  it  is  technically 
Four  species,  termed,  upon  more  robust  stocks,  as 
Good  I  when  a  tender  vine  is  budded  on  the 
Syrian,  and  the  double  yellow  rose  upon 
the  common  China.  Variegated  roses 
often  lose  their  distinctive  marks  if 
grown  upon   their  own    roots.     Roses 


The  bulbs,  while  dormant,  which  is  j  budded  npon  the  common  brier  afford 
during  winter,  are  kept  in  a  cool  green-  finer  flowers  than  upon  their  own  stems, 
house,  in  as  dry  and  airy  a  place  as  '  Buds  from  seedling  peaches  and  pears 
possible,  until  they  begin  to  show  leaves;  are  earlier  productive — and  produce 
then  to  be  potted  in  three  parts  good  finer  fruit — budded  upon  a  robust 
turfy  loam,  one  part  leaf-mould  and  j  stock  ;  but  buds  of  the  pear  inserted 
a  little  silver  sand,  and  placed  so  that  i  earlier  than  the  close  of  August,  pro- 
they  have  the  full  benefit  of  the  light.     !  duce  branches  and  not  blossoms.  Where 

When  the  leaves  have  grown  to  about  the  bud  comes  in  contact  with  the  wood 
twelve  inches  in  length,  plunge  in  a  |  of  the  stock,  a  confused  line  is  visible, 
strong  bottom  heat,  and  allow  to  remain  [  between  which  line  and  the  bark  of  the 
till  the  flower-stem  pushes  clear  of  the  I  bud  new  wood  is  produced,  having 
leaves,  which  will  be  in  about  four  or  I  solely  all  the  characteristics  of  the  pa- 
five  weeks.  They  must  then  be  gra- 1  rent  of  the  bud.  Buds  of  almost  every 
dually  hardened  off  and  returned  to  the  !  species  succeed  with  most  certainty  if 
green-house,  there  to  expand  their  bios-  ;  inserted   in  shoots  of  the  same  year's 


soms,  which  consist  of  a  number  of  from 
twenty  to  thirty  flowers. 

After  flowering,  every  care  must  be 
taken  of  the  foliage,  by  exposing  it  to 
the  full  influence  ofthesuB,and  giving 
plenty  of  water. 

When  the  plants  show  an  inclination 
to  rest,  water  must  be  altogether  with- 
held. 

BRYA.  Two  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.  Cuttings  or  seed.  Very 
rich  soil. 

BRYOPHYLLUM  calicinum.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub. ~  Leaves.  Rich  loamy 
soil. 

BUCIDA  buceras.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.     Ripe  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

BUDS.  The  buds  are  organized  parts 
of  a  plant,  of  an  ovate  or  conical  form, 
and  containing  the  rudiments  of  future 


growth  :  but  the  small  walnut  buds  suc- 
ceed best  which  are  taken  from  the  base 
of  the  annual  shoots,  where  these  join 
the  year  old  wood  of  that  from  which 
the  bud  is  taken.  Buds  are  usually  two 
years  later  than  grafts  in  producing 
fruit,  but  then  every  bud  will  produce  a 
new  plant,  but  each  graft  has  at  least 
three  upon  it.  Buds  succeed  more  rea- 
dily than  grafts,  and  if  a  graft  inserted 
in  the  spring  has  failed,  a  bud  may  suc- 
ceed in  the  summer  of  the  same  year. 
Buds  are  ready  for  removal  when  their 
shield,  or  bark  attached  to  them,  sepa- 
rates readily  from  the  wood.  This  is 
usually  in  July  or  August,  and  is  inti- 
mated by  the  buds  being  well  developed 
in  the  axillae  of  the  presentyear's  leaves. 
Scallop-budding  may  be  done  almost  at 
anv  season.  Buds  should  be  taken  from 


branches,  leaves,  and  flowers,  which  !  the  middle  of  the  shoot ;  those  from  its 
remain  latent  until  circumstances  favour  |  point  are  said  to  make  wood  too  freely, 
their  development.  The  same  buds  ac-  and  those  from  the  base  to  be  more  un- 
cordingly,  as  circumstances  vary,  pro-  excitable,  and  consequently  less  prompt 
duce  either  flowers   or   leaves.      Buds    to  vegetate. 

spring  from  the  alburnum,  to  which  Stocks  for  budding  may  be  much 
they  are   always  connected  by  central    smaller  than  for  grafting,  even  on  the 


vessels. 

BUDDING  is  the  art  of  making  a  bud 
unite  to  the  stem  or  branch  (then  called 
the  stock)  of  another  tree  or  shrub,  in- 
dependently from  its  parent.     The  ob- 


same  year's  shoot.  Several  buds  may 
be  inserted  on  older  branches,  and  thus 
a  good  head  be  obtained  at  once.  On 
stocks  of  long  standing,  scallop-bud- 
ding is  to  be  adopted.    Just  after  rain, 


ject  thus  attained  is  a  rapid  multiplica-  and  when  there  is  no  violent  wind,  is  a 
tion  of  that  parent ;  and  in  the  case  of!  time  to  be  preferred  for  budding.  What- 
seedlings,  an  earlier  production  of  fruit    ever  mode  of  budding  is  adopted,  quick- 


BUD 


103 


BUD 


ness  in  the  operation  is  indispensable, 
for  if  the  wound  in  the  stock  or  that  of 
the  bud  becomes  dry,  the  buddiiHr  will 
fail.  The  bark  of  the  stock  should  be 
cut  and  raised  first,  and  if  possible  on 
its  north  side.     A  piece  of  moist  bass 


the  bnd  is  preparinjr,  and  the  moment 
this  is  done,  it  sliould  be  inserted,  and 
the  ligature  put  on  furthwith. 

There  are  twenty-three  modes  of 
budding  described  by  M.  Thouin,  but 
only  one — shield-budding,  (Fig.  22) — is 


may  be  twisted  over  the  wound  whilst  I  generally  practised  in  Great  Britain  and 

Fig.  22. 


the  United  States.  The  annexed  cut  will 
convey  a  tolerably  clear  idea  of  the  pro- 
cess ;  a  is  the  stock  or  tree  to  bebudded. 
Shield-budding  and  Scallop-budding  : — 
"  With  the  budding-knife  make  a  hori- 
zontal cut  across  the  rind,  quite  through 
to  the  firm  wood  at  b  ;  from  the  middle 
of  this  transverse  cut  make  a  slit  down- 
ward perpendicularly,  an  inch  or  more 
long,  going  also  quite  through  to  the 
wood.  This  done,  proceed  with  all 
expedition  to  take  off  a  bud,  holding 
the  cutting  or  scion  in  one  hand  with 
the  thickest  end  outward,  and  with  the 
knife  in  the  other  hand  enter  it  about 
half  an  inch  or  more  below  a  bud,  cut- 
ting near  halfway  into  the  wood  of  the 
shoot,  continuing  it  with  one  clean 
slanting  cut  about  half  an  inch  or  more 
above  the  bud,  so  deep  as  to  take  off 
part  of  the  wood  along  with  it,  the 
whole  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
represented  by  c ;  then  directly  with 
the  thumb  and  finger,  or  point  of  the 
knife,  slip  off  the  v/oody  part  remain- 
ing to  the  bud  ;  which  done,  observe 
whether  the  eye  or  gem  of  the  bud 
remains  perfect;  if  not,  and  a  little 
hole  appears,  in  that  part  it  is  imperfect 
or,  as  gardeners  express  it,  the  bud  has 
lost  its  root  and  another  must  be  pre- 
pared.   If,  however,  it  is  found  imprac- 


ticable to  remove  this  woody  part  with- 
out leaving  a  hole,  let  it  remain,  it  ia 
not  absolutely  objectionable.  When  the 
bud  has  been  thus  prepared,  slip  it  down 
between  the  wood  and  bark  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  slit ;  the  next  operation  is  to 
cut  off  the  top  part  of  the  shield,  even 
with  the  horizontal  first-made  cut,  in 
order  to  let  it  completely  into  its  place, 
and  to  join  exactly  the  upper  edge  of 
the  shield  with  the  transverse  cut,  that 
the  descending  sap  may  immediately 
enter  the  bark  of  the  shield,  and  pro- 
trude granulated  matter  between  it  and 
the  wood,  so  as  to  effect  a  living  union. 
The  parts  are  now  to  be  immediately 
bound  round  with  a  ligament  of  fresh 
bass,  previously  soaked  in  water  to 
rendf-r  it  pliable  and  tough,  beginning 
a  little  below  the  bottom  of  the  perpen- 
dicular slit,  proceeding  upwards  closely 
round  every  part  except  just  over  the 
eye  of  the  bud,  and  continuing  it  a  little 
above  the  horizontal  cut,  not  too  tight, 
but  just  sufficient  to  keep  the  whole 
close,  and  exclude  the  air,  sun,  and  wet, 
as  represented  at  d.  If  the  stock  and 
bud  are  both  in  fit  condition,  budding  is 
usually  performed  with  uniform  suc- 
cess :  it  is  a  simple  mechanical  opera- 
tion, and  those  accustomed  to  the  work 
execute  it  with  great  rapidity ;  an  ac- 


BUD 


104 


BUD 


tive  nursery-hand  will  readily  insert 
1000  buds  in  a  day.  In  most  of  the  New 
Jersey  nurseries  boys  are  employed  for 
budding  peaches,  and  by  much  practice 
become  perfect  adepts  at  it.  The  mode 
just  described  is  called  shield  or  T 
budding,  from  the  shield-like  form  of 
the  portion  of  bark  containing  the  bud 
to  be  inserted,  and  the  resemblance 
which  the  horizontal  and  perpendicular 
cuts  made  for  its  admission  into  the 
stock,  bear  to  the  two  principal  bars  of 
the  letter  T. 

"  In  selecting  buds,  those  that  are 
very  young  should  be  avoided;  for  in 
that  case  they  are  closely  connected 
with  the  greenish  substance  composing 


the  bud  had  attached  itself,  the  ligature 
last  applied  was  taken  off,  but  the  other 
was  sufi'ered  to  remain.  The  passage 
of  the  sap  upwards  was  in  consequence 
much  obstructed,  and  buds  inserted  in 
June  began  to  vegetate  strongly  in  July. 
When  these  had  afforded  shoots  about 
four  inches  long,  the  remaining  ligature 
was  taken  off  to  permit  the  excess  of 
sap  to  pass  on,  and  the  young  shoots 
were  nailed  to  the  wall.  Being  there 
properly  exposed  to  light,  their  wood 
ripened  well  and  afforded  blossoms  in 
the  succeeding  spring." 

In  the  fii-t  week  of  July  the  thorns 
should  be  removed  from  those  places 
on    the    stocks    intended    for    budding 


the  pith  at  the  tender  age  of  the  shoot  I  roses.  If  they  be  not  taken  away, 
producing  tiiem  ;  and  on  this  substance  the  operation  is  rendered  needlessly 
they  then  doubtless  too  much  depend  [  troublesome;  and  it  is  best  done  then, 


for  nourishment  to  be  safely  deprived 
of  it. 

"  It  is  a  sign  that  they  are  duly  con- 
stituted when  they  begin  to  emit  woody 
substance;  and  this  will  form  a  crite- 
rion of  their  fitness  to  shift  for  them- 
selves. 

"  Buds  taken  from  fruit-bearing  trees 
on  walls  are  apt  to  fall,  owing  to  the 
prevalence  of  blossom-buds  which  will 
not  produce  shoots. 

"  Scallop-budding  consists  in  paring 
a  thin   tongue-shaped   section  of  bark 


as  time  is  thus  allowed  for  the  bark's 
healing.  The  best  time  for  budding  the 
rose  is  towards  the  end  of  that  month  ; 
a  dormant  eye  being  employed  just  after 
a  fall  of  rain,  and  when  no  strong  dry 
wind  is  moving.  An  attention  to  these 
circumstances  ensures  that  the  sap  is 
flowing  freely,  and  avoids  a  rapid  eva- 
poration so  often  preventing  success. 
Moist  bass  is  usually  employed  for  clos- 
ing the  wound  of  the  stock,  but  it  is  far 
preferable  to  use  worsted,  and  over  this 
a  coating  of  the  grai'ting  wax,  made  ac- 


from  the  side  of  the  stock  ;  and  in  tak-  j  cording  to  the  following  recipe: — 


ing  a  similar  section  or  shield  from  the 
shoot  of  buds,  in  neither  case  removing 
the  wood.  The  section  or  shield  con- 
taining the  bud,  is  then  laid  on  the  cor- 
responding scallop  in  the  stock ;  its 
upper  edge  exactly  fitted  as  in  shield- 
budding,  and  at  least  one  of  its  edges  as 
in  whip-grafting — after  this  it  is  tied  in 
the  usual  way.  The  advantages  of  this 
mode  are,  that  it  can  be  performed 
when  the  wood  and  bark  do  not  sepa- 
rate freely  ;  on  trees  having  very  stiff, 
thick,  suberose  bark,  and  at  any  season 
of  the  year.  Its  disadvantages  are,  that 
it  requires  longer  time  to  perform  the 
operation,  and  is  less  certain  of  suc- 
cess." 

"  Mr.  Knight  was  accustomed  on 
some  occasions  to  employ  two  distinct 
ligatures  to   hold  the  bud  of  his  peach 


1 


Burgundy  pitch      ....     1  oz. 

Common  pitch        ....     4 

Yellow  wax 4 

Tallow 2 

Nitre    (carbonate     of) 
potash)  powdered  .  J 

These  must  be  melted  slowly  in  an  . 
earthen  pipkin,  and  applied  whilst 
warm.  Common  diachylon  sold  in 
rolls  by  chemists  answers  as  well  as 
the  above.  A  laurel  leaf  fastened  at 
each  end  by  a  ligature  round  the  stock, 
so  as  to  arch  over  the  bud,  will  com- 
plete the  arrangement,  and  thus  the 
sun's  rays,  the  air,  and  wet,  will  be 
most  effectually  excluded,  the  admit- 
tance of  any  one  of  which  are  fatal  to 
the  union  of  the  bud  with  the  stock. 

The  great  point  is  to  apply  the  liga- 
ture   firmly    without  cutting  the   bark, 


trees  in  its  place.  One  was  first  placed  and  to  relax  and  re-tie  it,  when,  after 
above  the  bud  inserted,  and  upon  the  |  some  time,  the  bark  shall  be  found 
transverse  section  through  the  bark  ;  i  swelling  a  little  over  it.  It  is  not  de- 
the  other,  which  had  no  further  office  sirable  to  remove  the  ligature  finally, 
than  that  of  securing  the  bud,  was  em-  until,  from  the  greenness  and  plump- 
ployed  in  the  usual  way.     As  soon  as  |  ness  of  the  bud,  and  the  slight  swelling 


BUD 


105 


B  U  L 


which  takes  place  in  it,  evidence  is  sending  out  fibres  from  the  base,  and 
had  that  the  operation  has  succeeded.  |  so  converting  itself  into  a  new  indi- 
VVithin  a  fortnight  after  the  bud  has  I  vidual.  Every  bulbous-rooted  plant 
been  inserted,  its  fresh  swelling  aspect  ]  has  some  peculiar  point  in  its  manage- 
•will  intimate  if  it  has  united  to  the  I  ment,  but  there  are  a  few  rules  of 
stock.  At  the  end  of  the  third  week,  general  applicability.  They  should 
if  bass  or  worsted  have  been  used  as  never  be  moved  except  whilst  in  a 
ligatures,  these  must  be  loosened,  and  state  of  rest ;  this  occurs  to  the  sum- 
in  about  ten  days  more  removed.  Very  mer-flowering  bulbs  in  autumn,  and  to 
early  in  the  spring  following,  the  heads  the  autumn-flowering  in  early  summer, 
of  the  stocks  must  be  removed  by  an  '  They  require  to  be  taken  up  annually, 
oblique  cut  terminating  about  one- :  or  at  farthest  every  second  or  third 
eighth  of  an  inch  above  the  shield  of-  year,  to  remove  the  accumulated  off- 
the  bud,  or  six  inches  of  the  stock  may  |  sets.  No  bulb  should  be  kept  out  of 
be  left  for  the  Tfirst  year,  to  which  to    the  ground  for  more  than  a  month,  and 


fasten  the  shoot  as  a  support. 

BUDDLEA.  Twelve  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  B. 
globosa  is  hardy.  Layers  or  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

BUFF-TIP  MOTH.     See  Bombyx. 

BUGINVILL.T:A    spectabUis.    Stove 


even  during  that  time  it  is  desirable  to 
keep  it  from  drying  by  burying  it  in 
sand. 

"  Some  bulbs,"  says  Mr.  Loudon, 
"  multiply  so  fast  by  throwing  out  off- 
sets, that  they  soon  cease  to  send  up 
flower  stems.  Of  these  may  be  men- 
tioned   the    Ornithosalum    umhellatum 


evergreen  climber.     Cuttings.     Loamy    /u^eum,  and  some  other  species ;  some 


soil 

BUGLE.    See  Ajuga. 

BUISSON,  is  a  fruit  tree  on  a  very 
low  stem,  and  with  a  head  closely 
pruned. 

BULBINE.  Twenty-one  species. 
Chiefly  green-house  herbaceous  peren- 
nials.    B.  frutescens,  B.  rostrata,   B. 


species  of  Scilla  Muscari,  Iris,  Allium, 
Oxalis,  and  others.  These  should 
eitlier  be  annually  taken  up,  their  off- 
sets removed,  and  the  parent  bulb  re- 
planted, or  the  offsets,  as  soon  as  they 
send  up  leaves,  should  be  destroyed. 
Indeed,  whenever  strong  blowing  bulbs 
is    the    principal    object,    the     offsets 


swar/s  are  evergreen  shrubs;  B.bisul-  should  never  be  allowed  to  attain  any 
cata,  is  a  hardy  bulb.  Cuttings,  offsets,  !  size,  but  as  soon  as  they  indicate  their 
suckers.     Sandy  loam  or  rich  mould.      |  existence    by    showing    leaves    above 

BULBS,  are  really  underground  j  ground,  they  should  be  removed  with 
buds  ;  their  fibrous  or  real  roots  die  I  a  blunt  stick,  or  in  any  way  least  in- 
annually,  but  the  bulbs  remain  stored  Ijurious  to  the  parent.  By  this  practice 
with  elaborated  sap,  and  retaining,  |  a  great  accession  of  strength  is  given  to 
though  latent,  the  vital  powers  of  the  the  main  plant,  both  for  the  display  of 
plant,  ready  for  reproduction  at  the  blossom  during  the  current  season,  and 
a[)propriate  season.  Beside  root  bulbs,  for  invigorating  the  leaves  to  prepare 
as  are  the  onion,  crocus,  &c.,  there  are  and  deposit  nutriment  in  the  bulb  for 
stem  or  culinary  bulbs,  equally  efficient  the  next  year.  In  pursuance  of  the 
for  |)ropagation.  same   objects,   every  flower  should  be 

The  culinary  bulb  consists  of  a  num-  pinched  off  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  de- 
ber  of  small  scales  closely  compacted  I  cay,  but  the  flower-stalk  may  remain 
together  in  an  ovate  or  conical  form,  till  it  begins  to  change  colour  with  the 
enclosing  the  rudiments  of  a  future  leaves." — Enc,  Uard. 
plant,  and  originating  sometimes  in  the  j  "  The  rule  to  observe  with  newly 
axil  of  the  leaves,  as  in  Dentaria  bulbi-  ,  imported  bulbs,  is  to  place  them  where 
fera  and  several  liliaceous  plants,  and  \  they  absorb  moisture  very  slowly.  The 
sometimes  at  the  base  of  the  umbel  of  driest  earth  is  full  of  water,  which  can 
flowers,  as  in  Allium  carinatum  and  only  be  driven  off"  by  the  application  of 
others,  in  both  which  cases  it  is  nou-  intense  heat.  A  bulb,  therefore,  should 
rislied  by  the  parent  plant  till  it  has  be  planted  in  what  is  called  dry  soil, 
reached  maturity,  at  which  period  the  and  placed  in  a  shady  part  of  a  green- 
bond  of  connexion  is  dissolved,  and  the  house  until  it  has  become  plump  and 
bulb  falls  to  the  ground,  endowed  with  begun  to  shoot.  If  it  has  begun  to 
the  power  of  striking  root  in  the  soil  by  |  shoot   when   received,   still   the   same 


BUL 


106 


BUR 


treatment  should  be  observed,  and  the  the  surface  to  the  depth  of  nine  inches 
driest  soil  used  to  plant  it  in.  or  a  foot. 

"It  is  only  when  decisive  signs  of,  "As  spring  advances,  these  materials 
natural  growth  can  be  detected  that  a  may  be  gradually  removed,  and  all  the 
very  little  water  should  be  given,  while  care  that  will  be  afterwards  required, 
the  temperature  is  at  the  same  time  |  will  consist  in  tying  up  the  flower-stems 
slightly  increased  ;  and  no  considerable  as  they  increase  in  growth.  Unless  the 
quantity  of  water  should  be  adminis-  weather  is  very  dry  the  beds  will  not 
tered  until  the  leaves  are  an  inch  or  \  need  water;  if  such  should  be  the  case 
two  above  ground,  and  evidently  dis-  it  should  be  liberally  supplied,  since  the 
posed  to  grow  rapidly.  If  these  pre- i  want  of  moisture  in  the  growing  season 
cautions  are  taken,  no  failures  are  ever  ,  is  just  as  destructive  to  Ixias,  as  a  super- 
likely  to  occur  ;  if  neglected,  no  sue-  abundance  of  it  during  their  period  of 
cess  can  be  anticipated.  rest.     If   such    beds    are    kept   dry  in 

"  To  this  class  belong  the  numerous  winter,  they  will  lasf  for  many  years 
beautiful  tribes  of  Gladiolus,  Ixia,  Spar-  without  replanting, 
axis,  Watsonia,  &c.,  all  of  which  are  so  '  "  There  are  many  more  interesting 
closely  allied,  that  the  same  treatment  bulbs  upon  which  it  is  needless  here  to 
is  applicable  to  the  whole  of  them.  To  ,  dwell,  as  they  will  for  the  most  part 
these  may  be  added  the  Hyacinth.  The  thrive  in  the  borders  amongst  other 
two  principal  points  to  be  attended  to    plants. 

in  the  successful  cultivation  of  the .  "  These  are  the  ErA'thronium  dens 
Gladiolus  and  Ixia  are,  to  protect  the  canis  and  americanum  ;  Tigridia  pa- 
beds  in  which  the  bulbs  are  planted  vonia ;  Pardanthus  chinensis ;  Zephy- 
from  frost  and  from  heavy  rains,  both  :  ranthes  Atamasco  and  Candida  ;  Fritil- 
of  which  are  equally  destructive.  For  ;  laria  imperialis  and  meleagris  ;  Leuco- 
both  tribes,  the  beds  should  be  com-  jum  aestivum  and  pulchellum ;  Scilla 
posed  of  prepared  soil,  at  least  one  foot  amoena,  campanulata  and  prtecox  ;  As- 
deep,  with  perfect  drainage  at  the  phodelus  ramosus,  tauricus  and  lacteus; 
bottom.  Van  Thol,  Sans  eye  and  Parrot  tulips; 

"'  That  for  Gladioli  should  consist  of  Ornithogalum  pyramidale,"  &c. 
two  parts  turfy  loam,  one  of  leaf  mould,        BULBOCODIUM.     Two  species, 
and  the  remainder  of  well-rotted  cow    Hardy    bulbous     perennials.       Offsets, 
dung  and  sand.     For  Ixias,  the  greater    Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
portion  of  the  soil  should  be  formed  of:      BULLACE  TREE.    Prunusinsititia. 
sandy  peat  without  any  manure.  !      BULL  GRAPE,     litis  rotundifolia. 

"  In  both  cases  the  beds  may  be  made  '•  BULLIARDA  vaillanti.  Hardy 
level  with  the  surrounding  surface,  and  ;  aquatic  annual.  Seeds.  Loam  and  peat, 
towards  the  latter  end  of  this  month  the  ;  BUINIELIA.  Fourteen  species.  Stove 
bulbs  may  be  planted  upon  them  in  i  evergreen  trees,  or  hardy  deciduous 
rows,  six  inches  apart  each  way  ;  when  shrubs  or  trees.  Cuttings.  Loamy  soil, 
covered  over  with  soil,  the    beds  will  i  or  loam  and  peat. 

thus  be  raised  a  few  inches  above  the  B  U  N  C  H  O  S  FA  .  Eleven  species, 
bulbs;  a  small  pyramid  of  sand  should  I  Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings, 
be  formed  over  each,  to  assist  in  pro-  \  Loam,  sand  and  peat, 
tecting  them  from  damp.  Gladioli  I  BUPLEURUM.  Forty  species, 
should  be  covered  three  inches  with  ]  Chiefly  hardy  annuals,  biennials,  peren- 
soil ;  Ixias  not  more  than  two  inches.     [  nials,  and  a  few  evergreen  shrubs.    OfF- 

"After   planting,  a  layer  of  dry  de-    sets  or  seeds.     Common  soil, 
cayed  leaf  mould,  or  tan  from  a  spent  I      BUPTHALMUM.        Nine     species, 
bark  bed,  should  be  spread  three  inches    Hardy  annuals  and  perennials,  or  green- 
thick  over  the  beds.  I  house  evergreen  shrubs.    For  the  green- 

"  Either  of  these  will  resist  the  rain  '  house  species,  cuttings,  loamy  soil.  For 
for  some  time;  but  if  thcre'should  be  a  '  the  herbaceous  species,  suckers,  com- 
continuance  of  wet,  the  beds  should  mon  soil.  The  annuals  merely  require 
also  be  protected  with  mats  secured  sowing  in  the  open  ground, 
upon  hoops.  The  tan  or  leaves  will  BURCHARDIA  umbellata.  Green- 
likewise  assist  materially  in  excluding  '  house  herbaceous  perennial.  Offsets 
frost.  When,  however,  this  sets  in  I  or  division.  Sandy  peat,  or  peat  and 
severely,  dry  leaves  should  be  laid  over  i  loam. 


BURSERA 

evergreen    trees. 
Loam  and  peat. 


BUR 

Two   species. 


107 


Stove  i  Ripe  cuttings. 


Cuttings    or   seeds,  i  peat. 


CAB 

Rich  soil,  or  loam  and 


,„.,.......  ,,vc...  BYSTROPOGON.    Four  species. 

BURTONIA.  .Fourspecjes.    Green-   Green-house   evergreen   shrubs.     Cut- 


house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Very 
sandy  loam  and  peat. 

BUSHEL.    See  Basket. 

B  U  T  E  A  .  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

BUTOMUS.  Flowering  Rush.  Two 
species.  Hardy  aquatic  perennials. 
Division.     Rich  loam. 

BUTTER  AND  EGGS.  See  Narcis- 
sus. 

BURCHELLIA.  Two  species.  Stove 


tings.     Lo.'im  and  peat. 

CABBAGE.  (Brassica  oleracea  capi- 
tata.)  "  The  cabbage  tribe  is,  of  all  the 
classes  of  cultivated  vegetables,  the 
most  ancient,  as  well  as  the  most  ex- 
tensive. The  Brassica  oleracea  being 
extremely  liable  to  sport  or  run  into  va- 
rieties and  monstrosities  has,  in  the 
course  of  time,  become  the  parent  of  a 
numerous  race  of  culinary  productions, 
so  various  in  their  habit  and  appear- 
ance, that  to  many  it  may  not  appear  a 


evergreen  shrubs.  B.  capensis  is  easily  j  little  extravagant  to  refer  them  to  the 
propagated    either    bv    cuttings  of  the  j  same  origin. 

roots  or  seed,  in  very  sandy  loam  and!  "We  have  made  our  selection  from  the 
leaf  mould.  It  requires  close  pruning,  many  which  abound  ;  it  embraces  the 
to  restrain  over  luxuriance.  |  earliest,  the  latest  and  those  which  ripen 

BURLINGTONIA.       Two     species.  I  intermediately,  and  have   been  chosen 
Stove    epiphytes.       Division.      Wood,    on  account  of  their  superior  worth  and 


with  a  little  moss. 

BURNET.     Poterium. 

BURN  ONION.     See  Potato  Onion. 

BURSARIA  spinosa.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat 


suitableness  for  the  peculiarities  of  our 
climate  ;  having  found  from  experience, 
that  some  varieties  highly  esteemed  in 
Europe,  are  not  so  desirable  in  this 
country.  Short  descriptions  of  the  kinds 
we  are  cultivating,  may  prove  interest- 


BUTTERFLY.     The  caterpillars  of  ing  to  those  who  lack  knowledge  of  the 
some  of  these  insects  are  very  injurious    subject,  and  seek  information. 


to  the  gardener,  though  those  of  the  moth 
are  still  more  numerous  and  destructive. 
The  butterflies  which  are  the  chief  causes 
of  mischief- in  our  gardens  are  Pontia 
brassica:,  P.  rap<e,  P.  napi,  and  Pieris 


''TheEarly  Yorkisthe  earliest  variety, 
(with  the  exception  of  the  early  dwarf, 
which  is  very  small,  and  not  worth 
growing  to  any  extent.)  It  is  a  delicious 
tender  cabbage,  and  well  known  to  all 


crategi.  The  smells  of  coal  tar  and  ofi  possessing  any  knowledge  of  gardening 
gas  lime  are  particularly  offensive  both  j  Those  from  American  seeds  produce 
to  butterflies  and  moths,  and  those  may  '  heads  firmer  and  larger  than  is  pro- 
be readily  strewed  about  the  plants  !  duccd  by  the  imported.  The  entire 
liable  to  become  the  depositories  of  J  crop  does  not  ripen  so  nearly  together 
their  eggs.  If  shreds  of  flannel  are  i  as  the  imported,  in  which  respect  it  is 
placed  in  the  branches  of  gooseberries,  j  also  superior;  for  whilst  some  among_ 
or  among  cabbages,  &c.,  the  parent  in-  i  them  will  be  as  early  as  the  earliest  of 
sects  are  said  to  place  their  eggs  there  j  the  imported,  others  will  succeed  them, 


in  preference  to  the  leaves 

BUTTERFLY-PLANT 
Papilio. 

BUTTON  FLOWER.     Gornphia. 

BUTTON  TREE.     Conocarpus. 

BUXUS.  Four  species  and  many 
varieties.  Chiefly  hardy  evergreen 
shrubs.  Suckers  or  layers.  Common 
soil.     See  Box. 

B  Y  B  L  I  S    linijlora.     Green-house 


thus  answering  better  for  family  use  ; 
Oncidium  !  and  for  the  market  it  is  also  an  advan- 
tage, those  coming  in  last  being  of  an 
increased  size  and  hardness.  It  is, 
moreover,  hardier  than  the  imported, 
and  having  become  acclimated,  with- 
stands the  heat  better,  which  gives  it  a 
great  advantage  over  the  foreign,  es- 
pecially at  the  south. 

"  Method  of  cult  ii'at  ion  nt  Philadelphia. 


aquatic  perennial.    Seeds.    Loamy  soil, '  — Sow  the  seed  from  about  the  10th  to 
and  immersed  in  water.  the  20th  of  September.    If  sown  earlier,^ 

BYRSONLMA.  Thirteen  species,  the  plants  are  apt  to  "  shoot,"  and  if 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  B.  later,  may  not  get  sufficiently  strong  to 
volubilis  is  an  evergreen  twining  plant,    stand  the  winter.     That  the  seed  may 


CAB 


108 


CAB 


vegetate  freely,  observe  the  directions  leaves  are  exposed.    This  is  done  about 

for  sowing  Broccoli.     About  the  latter  the    middle   of  October.     When   cold 

part  of  October,  remove  them  to  a  spot  weather  approaches,  they  give  a  slight 

of  ground  previously  prepared  in  which  covering  of  straw,  brush,  or  corn-stalks', 

they  are  to  be  preserved  during  the  en-  spread  from  ridge  to  ridge.     Should  the 

suing  winter.     Such   situations    should  winter  prove  mild  the  plants  will  suc- 

be  protected  from  northerly  winds,  and  ceed  very  well,  and  come  into  head  be 


lav  exposed  to  the  south.  The  best  way 
13  to  set  a  frame,  provided  with  a  shut- 
ter, in  which  plant  them  with  a  dibble, 
allowing  each  plant  an  inch  square.  In 
this    situation    suffer   them    to    remain 


fore  those  planted  in  the  spring.  The 
covering  is  removed  the  laiter  end  of 
March  or  beginning  of  April,  and  the 
ridges  gradually  cut  down  to  a  level 
by  the  culture  of  the  crop — deep  tillage 


without  cover,  until  the  middle  or  close    is  essential  to  success  with  this  vege- 
of  November,  according  as  the  season 
may  be  mild  or  otherwise.     Have   the 
shutter  at  hand  to  use  on  any  sudden 
cold;  it  may  be  slid  on  at  night,  and  re- 


table. 

"  Having  neglected  to  sow  in  Septem- 
ber, or  from  any  accident  having  failed 
to  get  the  plants  at  that  time,  prepare  a 


moved  in  day  time,  either  entirely  or  hot-bed  in   February,  and   therein  sow 

partially,  as    the  weather  may  require  the  seed,  by  itself,  or  mixed  with  celery, 

throughout  the  winter;  air  them  freely  radishes,  or  lettuce, 
in   clear  weather  when  not    too    cold,        ^'Landreth^s  Large  York. — This  is  a 

and  examine  them  from  time  to  time,  to  variety  that  originated  at  Philadelphia, 

guard  against  the  depredations  of  mice  It  is  not  what  gardeners  term  a  pure 

which  sometimes  harbour  in  the  frames,  kind;  that   is,  the  heads  differ  some- 

As  early  in  the  latter  part  of  March  or  what  in  form;   but  it  is  one  of  the  finest 

beginning  of  April,  as  the  weather  will  varieties  we  are  acquainted  with.  When 

permit,  and  the  ground  admit  of  being  planted  at  the  same  time  with  the  Early 

worked,  set  them  out  in  a  compartment  York,  it  immediately  succeeds  it.     For 


of  the  garden  protected  from  northerly 
blasts.  The  ground  should  be  deeply 
dug  and  manured  very  highly  with  well 
rotted  stable  dung;   the  richer  the  earth 


the  market  it  is  a  profitable  kind,  the 
heads  being  large,  firm,  and  heavy.  It 
differs  from  what  is  known  in  England 
as  the  "  Large  Early  York,"  that  being 


is,  the  more  luxuriant  will  be  the  growth ,    termed  here  the  Early  York.     Mode  of 


and  earlier  the  crop. 


cultivation  same  as  that  of  the  Early 


"  Should  the  fly  attack  them,  give  fre-  York, 

quent    sprinklings  of  wood-ashes   and  '■^Early  Sugarloaf — has    a    conical 

air-slaked    lime,    previously    watering  formed  head,  hence  its  name.    It  never 

the  plants   that   it   may  adhere;    or  if  becomes  firm  and   hard,  and  is  princi- 

practicable  sprinkle  with  a  solution  of  pally  used  for    boiling;  is  esteemed  a 

soap.    If  any  run  to  seed  remove  them,  delicate  variety  ;  ripens  with  the  Large 

and  supply  their  place  with  fresh  plants.  York;    is  but   little   cultivated   around 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add,  that  fre-  Philadelphia.     Treatment   same  as  for 

quent  deep  hoeing  should  be  given,  to  the  York. 


destroy  weeds  and  loosen  the  earth, 
that  it  may  receive  the  dews;  when 
they  have  attained  a  sufficient  size  earth  I 


Early  Batiersea — is  in  high  repute  in 
England  as  a  second  early  variety. 
'^Philadelphia — a  variety  which  origin- 


them  up,  that  they  may  the  more  effect- 1  ated  near  the  city  of  its  name.     It  suc- 


ually  withstand  drought. 

"The  market  gardeners  around  Phila- 
delphia, plant  out  considerable  quanti- 


ceeds  the  Large  York  ;  produces  a  firm 
compact  head,  of  large  size,  and  is  a 
profitable  kind  for  market :  the  whole 


ties  of  Early  York  in    the  autumn,  to  crop  not  ripening  at  once,  but  heading 

stand    over   winter;    their   plan    is   to  successively;  it  withstands  the  heat  well, 

prepare    a    piece   of   ground    with    a  and  with  Landreth's  Large  York  forms 

southern  aspect;  throw  up  ridges  of  a  the  main  early  summer  crops  of  exten- 

foot  high,  two  and  a  half  feet  apart,  run-  sive  gardeners  who  supply  the  Philadel- 

ning   from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.,  about  half  phia  market. 

way  up  the  side  of  the  ridge,  and  on  ''Large   Drumhead  —  Flat    Dutch  — 

the  southerly  side  they  place  the  plants.  Large     Bergen  —  Drumhead    Savoy  — 

putting  them  in  the  ground  so  deeply  Curled  Savoy — These  are  all  calculated 

that  nothing  but  the  heart  and   upper  for  the  winter  supply.     The  first  three 


CAB 


109 


C  AC 


produce  firm,  large  heads,  and  differ  i  CACALIA.  Cliiefly  stove  evergreen 
but  little.  The  Drumhead  has  a  large  shrubs  and  trees,  or  hardy  herbaceous 
roundish  head;  the  t)utch  is  flattened  perennials;  some  are  annuals.  C. 
on  the  top;  the  Bergen  somewhat  re-  bicolor  is  deciduous;  C.  radicajis,  an 
sembles  it,  with  short  stalk,  heading  evergreen  creeper ;  C.  scandens,  an 
near  the  ground.  The  Savoys  have  evergreen  climber.  Cuttings.  Division, 
curly  leaves,  and  are  much  preferable   Sandy  loam. 

to  the  others  tor  boiling;  arc  very  CACTUS.  Four  species.  Stove 
tender  and   delicately  flavoured  when    evergreen  shrubs. 

touched  by  the  frost.  The  Drumhend  Soil. — "  The  soil  for  young  plants, 
Sat'Oi/ has  been  introduced  of  late  years,  one-half  peat,  with  equal  quantities  of 
The  head  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  Drum-  strong  yellow  loam,  pigeons'  or  sheep's 
head,  firm  and  compact — hence  its  dung,  and  river  sand  that  has  been  at 
name.  It  keeps  well  throughout  the  least  exposed  twelve  months  to  the 
winter,  and  until  very  late  in  the  spring,  weather,  and  frequently  turned.  Never 
and  is  decidedly  worthy  of  general  cul-  mix  the  soil  before  it  is  wanted  for  use. 
ture,  having  all  the  delicacy  of  the  VVell  silt,  and  the  lumps  place  over  the 
curled  variety.  Time  of  sowing  winter  potsherds  for  drainage.  When  the 
cabbage  is  April  and  May,  to  be  trans-  plants  have  attained  a  proper  size  for 
planted  in  June  and  early  part  of  .luly,  blooming,  add  more  of  the  loam  in  re- 
choosing  cloudy  weather,  when  it  looks  potting  them,  particularly  to  C.  spe- 
likely  for  rain.  An  occasional  watering  |  ciosissitnus,  and  in  all  cases  give  plenty 
in  dry  weather  will  assist  them  in  taking  j  of  drainage." — Gai-d.  Chron. 


fresh  root. 


Sowing 


Fill    the  seed-pots  with 


"  To  preserve  them  during  winter. —  cinders,  to  within  two  inches  of  the 
In  November  remove  them  to  a  sheltered  top,  and  make  them  up  with  very  sandy 
situation,  burying  the  entire  stalk,  so  peat,  and  a  little  clean  sand  on  the  top ; 
that  nothing  but  the  heads  remain  above  the  pots  arc  then  watered  and  the  seeds 
ground.  In  December  give  a  slight  ,  sown  ;  after  which  as  much  dry  sand  is 
covering  of  straw,  with  brush  laid  onto  sprinkled  over  them  as  will  just  fill  ujt 
prevent  its  blowing  off.  In  this  manner  the  spaces  between  them.  The  whole 
they  will  keep  well  throughoutthe  winter  is  then  pressed  down  gently,  and  the 
— the  Savoys  until  late  in  the  spring.       !  pots   are   put  by  in    any  warm  place, 

''Late  Ba^crsea— cultivated  in  Eng-  i  where  they  are  kept  moist.  The  seeds 
land  for  an  autumnal  crop— but  little  ^ill  vegetate  in  ten  or  twelve  days,  and 
grown  here,  having  been  superseded  by  ni"st  then  be  very  gently  watered,  for 
other  kinds.  i  ^'^'^''  °^  displacing  them,  till  they  make 

"Red  Dutch— is  used  principally  for  |  'heir  little  roots  and  get  firm  hold  of 
pickling,  either  with  other  vegetables,  h.'ie    soil;    after    which    they    may    be 


or  shredded  by  itself  as  "  slaugh."  For 
early  summer  sup[)ly  sow  in  September, 
as  directed  for  Early  York,  and  in  April 
and  May  for  the  autumn  and  winter 
stock,  treating  as  directed  for  Drum- 
head and  Savoy. 

"Green  Glazed — grown  extensively  at 
the  south,  where  it  is  thought  to  resist 
the  worm  ;  does  not  succeed  well  in  this 
latitude.  Culture  similar  to  the  other 
summer  varieties." — Rural  Register, 

The  cabbage  is  liable  to  the  Mildew 
and  Amhury,  which  see. 

CABBAGE  BUTTERFLY.  See 
Pontia. 

CABBAGE  FLY.     See  Anthomyia. 

CABBAGE  GARDEN  PEBBLE 
MOTH.     See  Pyralis. 

CABBAGE  MOTH.    See  Mamestra. 


freely  and  regularly  watered.  The 
seeds  to  he  sown  quite  thin  in  the  first 
instance,  and  not  to  transplant  the  seed- 
lings till  they  begih  to  get  crowded  in 
the  pots,  in  a  year  or  two.  These  di- 
rections are  equally  applicable  to  the 
seeds  of  other  succulents."  —  Card. 
Chron. 

Dr.  Lindleyadds,  that  "  the  best  way 
to  bloom  C.  speciosus  and  speciosissi- 
mus,  is  to  grow  them  in  an  enriched 
soil,  and  keep  them  in  a  warm,  light 
house,  while  they  are  making  their 
shoots,  exposing  them  entirely  during 
August  and  September.  By  the  latter 
practice  they  will  become  brownish 
and  unhealthy-looking  for  a  time, 
though  they  will  soon  recover  this." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

"  The  seeds  of  cacti  may  be  gather- 
ed and  sown  as  soon  as  they  are  ripe. 


C  AC 


110 


C  AC 


Being  produced  in  a  large  pulpy  berry, 
this  never  bursts  of  itself;  but  its  ap- 
pearance will  tell  you  when  it  is  mature. 
All  the  treatment  they  require  is,  to 
remove  the  pulpy  matter  from  them, 
and  this  may  be  best  done  by  wash- 
ing."'— Ga7-d.  Chron. 

Grafting. — The  end  of  August  is  the 
best  time  for  this  operation,  and  Mr. 
Green,  already  quoted,  gives  these  di- 
rections : — 

"  I  grow  for  stocks,  Pereskia  acu- 
leate, Cereus  hexagonus,  and  Cereus 
speciosissimus.  I  prefer  the  latter  on 
account  of  its  hardy,  lasting,  and  robust 
habit.  I  grow  the  stocks  freely  till 
they  attain  the  height  that  I  want  them. 
Some  I  grow  with  five  or  six  stems, 
from  one  to  five  feet  high  ;  others  I 
grow  with  one  stem,  from  one  to  four 
feet.  The  short  stems  I  engraft  at  the 
top  with  the  Emphyllum  speciosum,  and 
Ackermannii ;  the  tall  single  stems 
with  E.  truncatum,  and  some  from  the 
surface  of  the  soil  to  the  top,  all  of 
■^vhich  is  of  course  according  to  indi- 
vidual fancy  ;  E.  truncatum  should  al- 
ways be  engrafted  high,  without  which, 
from  its  drooping  habit,  the  greater 
part  of  the  beauty  of  the  bloom  is  lost. 
The  shoots  to  be  about  one  and  a  half 
or  two  inches  long.  I  pare  off  the 
outer  skin  or  bark  for  about  half  an 
inch  at  the  base  of  the  graft,  and  cut 
what  is  intended  to  be  inserted  into  the 
stock  in  the  shape  of  a  wedge  ;  I  then 
make  an  incision  in  the  angles  or  top 
of  the  stock  with  a  pointed  stick,  made 
the  same  shape  as  the  scion. 

"  When  the  grafts  are  first  put  in,  to 
prevent  their  slipping  out,  I  pass 
through  each  a  small  wooden  peg,  or 
the  spine  of  a  thorn  j  I  then  cover  each 
with  a  small  piece  of  moss,  and  place 
them  in  a  shady,  damp  house,  and 
syringe  them  over  the  tops  occasionally 
in  the  evening ;  they  will  all  adhere  to 
the  stocks  in  ten  days  or  a  fortnight, 
and  make  good  plants  by  winter.  By 
engrafting  the  showing  kinds  of  cacti 
on  the  stocks  that  I  recommend  above, 
noble  specimens  can  be  grown  in  a  few 
years,  from  one  to  ten  feet  high  if  re- 
quired, and  the  size  and  colour  of  the 
blooms  are  much  superior  to  what  they 
ever  produce  when  grown  on  their  own 
roots.  E.  truncatum,  by  the  above 
treatment,  becomes  quite  a  hardy  green- 
house plant,  and  will  bloom  three  i 
months  later  than  it  does  when  grown  | 


in  the  stove  on  its  own   roots  in  the 
usual  way." — Gard.  Chron. 

Varieties  and  Species. — The  follow- 
ing are  cultivated  around  Philadelphia, 
and  are  among  the  more  desirable.  A 
superb  collection,  perhaps  the  most  so 
in  the  Union,  is  in  the  possession  of 
Caleb  Cope,  President  of  the  Pennsyl- 
i  vania  Horticultural  Society  : 
Cereus  grandiflorus. 

monstrosus. 

cylindricus. 

^^Mallisouia. 

Smithii. 

llagelliformis. 

horrida. 

gladiata. 

gemniatus. 

speciosissimus. 

heptagonus. 

Epiphyllum  speciosa. 

splendens. 

Jenkinsonia. 

truncatus. 

Russellianus. 

atropurpurea  su- 

perba. 

vandesia. 

Mammillaria  prolifera. 

Wildeana. 

rhodantha. 

stellata. 

radiata. 

rubra. 

Echinocactus  Eyreisii. 


decora. 


■  ottonis. 
'  dis-color. 

simplex. 

pulchella. 


Opuntia,  microdysa. 
— '■ ,  leuacantha. 

Cuttings  and  Culture. — "  The  best 
time  for  propagating  by  cuttings  is  when 
the  plants  are  growing  freely;  make 
them  of  whatever  size  can  be  spared 
from  the  plants  ;  and  those  that  are  of 
young  and  unripe  shoots,  lay  on  a  dry 
shelf  in  the  green-house  for  a  fortnight 
to  dry  up  the  sap,  which  prevents  them 
from  rotting,  and  causes  them  to  emit 
roots  much  sooner.  Plant  them  singly 
in  small  pots,  and  place  them  in  a 
moderate  hot-bed  frame  ;  when  they 
have  filled  the  pots  with  roots,  re-pot 
and  place  in  an  intermediate,  or  pelar- 
gonium-house, to  remain  for  the  sum- 
mer, and  receive  a  good  supply  of 
water. 

"  In  the  autumn  allow  thera  to  cct 


C  AC 


111 


C  AL 


quite  dry,  and  winter  in  a  dry,  airy 
part  of  the  green-house.  In  spring, 
again  remove  to  the  pelargonium- 
house,  and  use  a  very  little  water, 
which  increase  as  the  season  advances. 
"  By  the  end  of  the  second  summer 
they  will  have  grown  to  the  size  of 
good  blooming  plants ;  and  in  the 
autumn  they  should  be  placed  out  in  a 
warm  airy  part  of  the  garden,  to  ripen 
the  shoots  thoroughly. 

"  About  the  usual  time  of  housing 
other  green-house  plants  they  should 
be  again  dried,  and  put,  as  before,  in 
the  green-house ;  place  the  first  for 
forcing  in  the  intermediate  stove  about 
the  1st  of  February,  and  continue  a 
succession,  till  they  bloom  in  the  green-  [ 
house,  which  is  about  June. 

"  Such  plants  will  bear  the  greatest  ^ 
extremes  of  dryness  and  moisture,  and 
without  proper  attention  is  paid  at  the 
season  of  rest  to  keep  them  quite  cool 
and  dry,  they  never  will  bloom  proper- 
ly. The  forcing  must  be  commenced 
at  a  low  temperature,  and  water  at  first 
given  sparingly. 

"  When  they  have  begun  to  grow 
freely,  and  the  bloom-buds  are  well 
started,  they  must  be  watered,  not  by  a 
continued  dripping,  but  by  copious  ap- 
plications, and  at  intervals  of  a  fort- 
night, during  the  growing  season,  with 
liquid  manure. 

"  Wlien  the  bloom-buds  are  sufH- 
ciently  advanced,  thin  out  all  those 
which  are  large  and  small,  leaving 
them  as  near  one  size  as  possible,  and 
at  proper  distance  to  allow  the  blooms 
to  e.xpand.  When  they  have  flowered, 
keep  the  plants  rather  dry  for  a  short 
time,  and  place  them  in  a  cool  shady 
part  of  the  green-house,  or  under  a 
north  wall.  In  a  few  weeks  they  will 
again  assume  their  usual  firm  and 
healthy  appearance,  and  begin  to  grow  ; 
and  then  clear  off  all  the  decayed 
blooms  and  seed-pods,  and  place  the 
plants  for  the  autumn  in  the  garden  in 
a  south  aspect,  where  there  is  a  free 
circulation  of  air,  giving  them  a  good 
supply  of  water ;  after  this  they  are 
moved  to  the  green-house  and  treated 
as  before.  Train  them  to  iron  stakes, 
made  to  fit  the  outside  of  the  pots  or 
tubs,  and  fasten  them  with  wire.  At- 
tention should  be  paid  to  early  training, 
and  to  stopping  all  shoots  as  soon  as 
they  attain  tlie  required  height ;  all  use- 
less side  and  bottom  shoots  rub  off,  and 


occasionally  some  of  the  old  shoots  cut 
out,  and  replace  with  young  ones." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

CADIA  purpurea.  Stove  ever-green 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Light  loamy  soil. 

C.T:LESTINA.  Three  species.— 
Green-house  and  half-hardy  perennials. 
C.  micrantha  is  a  half-hardy  evergreen 
shrub.     Seeds.     Common  open  soil. 

CiENOPTERIS.  Five  species.  Stove 
and  green-house  ferns.  Division.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CiESALPINA.  Twenty-one  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  C. 
scandens  is  a  climber ;  C.  gilliesii  is 
deciduous.  Seeds.  Sand,  peat  and 
open  loam. 

C.i^SIA  vittata.  Green-house  tuber- 
ous-rooted perennial.  Seeds.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

CALABASH.     Crcscentia. 
CALABA   TREE.     Calophyllum 
calaba. 

CALADENIA.  Ten  species.  Half- 
hardy,  or  stove  orchids.  Division. 
Peat,  loam,  and  sand. 

CALADIUM.  Twenty-eight  species. 
Chiefly  stove  herbaceous  perennials  or 
evergreen  shrubs.  Tubers.  Rich  soil. 
Some  grow  best  in  water  ;  C.  simsii  is 
a  climber. 

C  A  L  A  M  I  N  T  H  A.  Nine  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous  perennials ; 
two  are  evergreen  shrubs.  Suckers. 
Light  loam. 

CALAMPELIS  scabra.  Half-hardy 
evergreen  climber.  Cuttings.  Light 
loam. 

CALAMUS.  Six  species.  Palms. 
Seeds.  Rich  sandy  loam.  A  moist  at- 
mosphere suits  them. 

CALANDRINIA.  Seven  species. 
Stove,  green-house,  or  hardy  herbaceous 
plants.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

C.\LANTHE.  Nine  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  orchids.  Division.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CALASHEA.  Eleven  species.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Sandy 
peat. 

CALATHIAN  VIOLET.  Gentiana 
pneumonanthe. 

CALCAREOUS  SOIL  is  a  soil  in 
which  chalk  (carbonate  of  lime)  pre- 
dominates. When  in  great  excess  it 
renders  the  colour  a  near  approach  to 
white,  in  proportion  to  that  e.\ce.-s.  No 
soil  is  productive  which  does  not  con- 
tain some  chalk,  or  in  which  it  exceeds 


C  A  L 


112 


C  AL 


nineteen  parts  out  of  twenty.  From  one 
to  five  per  cent,  is  the  usual  proportion 
in  fertile  soils.  Calcareous  soils  are 
rarely  productive  ;  they  are  so  feebly 
retentive  of  moisture  that  the  crops 
upon  them  are  burnt  up  in  summer; 
and  they  reflect  the  sun's  rays  so  fully, 
that  vegetation  is  late  upon  them  in 
spring.  The  best  addition  to  such  soils, 
to  improve  their  staple,  is  clay. 

CALCEOLARIA.  Thirty-one  spe- 
cies, and  many  varieties.  Chiefly  green- 
house herbaceous  perennials,  or  ever- 
green shrubs.  Cuttings  or  seeds.  Any 
rich,  open,  sandy  soil. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — "  The 
plant  should  be  shrubby  ;  the  foliage 
thick,  and  dark  green  ;  the  habit  bushy  ; 
the  wood  strong. 

"The  flower-stems  should  be  short 
and  strong;  the  foot-stalks  of  the 
blooms  elastic,  and  branching  well 
away  from  each  other,  to  form  a  rich 
mass  of  flowers  without  crowding. 

"  The  individual  blooms  depend  en- 
tirely on  the  form  of  the  purse,  and  it 
should  be  a  perfect  round  hollow  ball.    ! 

"  The  orifice  and  calyx  cannot  be  too 
small,  nor  the  flower  too  large.     The 
colour  should  be  very  dense,  and  whe- 
ther it  be  a  spot  in  the  middle,  or  stripes 
or  blotches,  should    be   bold   and  well 
defined,  and  the  ground  should  be  all  i 
one  colour  or   shade,  whether   white,  ! 
straw-colour,   sulphur,  yellow,  or  any  ' 
other.     The  colour  of  a  self  should  be 
brillianl,  and  all   over  the  same  actual  , 
shade.     Dark  flowers,  with  pale  edges, 
or  clouded    or  indefinite   colours,   are 
bad,  and    unfit  to    show.     The  bloom 
should  form    one   handsome    bunch  of 
pendant    flowers,    which    should    hang 
gracefully,  and  be  close  to  each  other  ; 
the  branches  of  the  flower-stems  hold- 
ing them  out  to  form  a  handsome  spread-  i 
ing  surface." — Hort.  Mag.  j 

Raising  from  Seed.  —  "  The  pods  j 
should  be  taken  oft'  when  turning  yel- 
low, and  laid  to  dry  on  a  large  sheet  of 
paper,  under  a  hand-glass,  that  the 
wind  may  not  disturb  it.  In  the  early 
spring  this  may  be  sown  thinly  in  pans 
well  drained  with  crocks,  and  covered 
with  a  hand-glass,  in  the  green-house 
or  under  the  glass  of  a  garden-frame; 
when  they  have  attained  a  suflicient 
size  to  handle,  they  may  be  pricked  out 
into  other  seed-pans,  an  inch  apart,  and 
allowed  to  grow  until  they  are  large 
enough  to  be  in  each  other's  way.  They  I 


may  then  be  potted  in  sixty-sized  pots, 
and  placed  in  a  pit  or  frame,  there  to 
grow,  under  tolera^y  attentive  manage- 
ment as  to  being  kept  neither  dry  nor 
wet.  If  the  green-fly  make  its  appear- 
ance, they  must  be  fumigated  with  to- 
bacco smoke,  not  too  strongly,  as  it  has 
been  known  to  kill  all  the  young  shoots. 
If  the  roots  reach  the  sides  of  the  pot, 
and  begin  to  mat  a  little,  they  may  be 
changed  to  size  forty-eight;  and  if  they 
should  after  that  grow  still  stronger, 
they  may  be  once  more  shifted  to  size 
thirty-two,  in  which  they  will  bloom  to 
great  advantage." — Hort.  Mag. 

Cuttings  and  Division. — "  About  the 
middle  of  July,  when  the  plants  have 
done  flowering,  preparation  should  be 
made  for  propagating  the  different  kinds 
— the  herbaceous,  by  dividing  the  roots; 
the  shrubby,  by  cuttings.  The  plants 
should  be  encouraged  in  their  growth, 
a  short  time  previously  to  this  opera- 
tion, by  judicious  watering,  the  remain- 
ing flowers  picked  off,  and  the  stems 
allowed  to  die  down,  that  no  nourish- 
ment may  escape.  The  cuttings  from 
the  shrubby  sorts  should  be  struck 
singly  in  small  sixties,  in  a  frame  with  a 
gentle  bottom  heat,  kept  shaded,  and 
rather  sparingly  watered  ;  when  rooted, 
air  may  be  more  freely  admitted,  and 
the  plants  gradually  hardened.  As  soon 
as  the  roots  appear  through  the  soil, 
they  will  require  shifting  into  forty- 
eights,  and  to  be  placed  in  a  house 
where  they  may  receive  plenty  of  top 
air,  side  air  and  drafts  being  prejudicial 
to  the  free  growth  of  the  Calceolaria  ; 
when  the  sun  bears  considerable  power, 
the  plants  should  remain  on  the  shady 
side  of  the  green-house;  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  house  should  be  from  45°  to 
503."— Gnrd.  Chron. 

Layering.  —  A  writer  in  the  same 
work,  who  thoroughly  understands  his 
subject,  says  : — "  At  the  time  they  have 
done  flowering,  which  is  under  ordinary 
circumstances  about  the  latter  end  of 
June,  divest  them  of  their  flower-stalks 
and  dead  leaves,  and  top-dress  them 
for  about  an  inch  deep,  with  silver-sand 
and  yellow  loam  in  equal  portions, 
taking  care  that  all  the  ripe  joints  of 
the  young  shoots  are  covered  for  about 
half  that  depth  ;  place  them  in  a  cool 
and  shaded  situation,  until  the  begin- 
ning or  middle  of  September,  giving 
occasional  waterings  during  that  period. 
By  this  time  most  of  the  shoots  so  co- 


C  AL 


113 


C  A  L 


vered  have   rooted  so  as  to  permit  of  house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings,  seeds, 
their  being  removed  with  safety  from    Loam  and  peat. 


the  parent  plant." — Gard.  Chron. 


CALEPINA  corvini.     Hardy  annual. 


Potting. — The    same    authority  says    Seeds.     Common  soil 
on  ttiis  point  of  their  culture  : — "  Plant        CALLA.  Four  species.  Chiefly  green- 
them  in  forty-eight  sized  pots,  or  smaller    house  herbaceous  perennials.  C.  palus- 

tris  is  an  aquatic  ;  C.  pertusa  an  ever- 
green creeper.  Seeds  or  division.  Rich 
soil. 

CALLICARPA.  Twelve  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CALLICHROA  platyglossa.     Hardy 


if  necessary,  and  place  them  in  a  frame, 
on  a  gentle  bottom  heat  of  tan,  taking 
care  at  this  period  to  guard  against  the 
direct  influence  of  the  sun,  until  they 
are  fairly  established  in  their  pots. 

"  The  compost  for  the  first  potting  is. 
three  parts  of  yellow  loam,  four  of 
well   decomposed    leaf-mould,    one    of  annual.     Seed.     Common  soil 


cow-dung  which  has  lain  at  least  twelve 

months,  and  two  of  silver-sand.     This    house      evergreen     shrub 
soil  to  vary  as  the  plants  strengthen  and    Fibrous  peat  and  sand, 
approach  their  flowering  season,  until 


CALLICOMA  serratifolia.      Green- 
Cuttings. 


C  A  LL  IGO  N  UM  i5a7/os/a.  Hardy 
the  proportions  are  five  of  loam,  two  of  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  open 
leaf-mould,  two  of  cow-dung,  and  one  loam, 
of  silver-sand, 
plants   are    wel 


From    the    time    the        CALLIOPEA  aurea.     Hardy   herba- 
established    in    their  !  ceous  perennial.  Division.  Loamy  soil. 


CALLIOPSIS. 


Four  species.  Hardy 
Coni- 


pots,  give  them  no  particular  attention 

beyond  that  of  slightly  fumigating  them  '  annuals  and  perennials.     Seed 

once  a  week,  until  about  the  beginning    mon  loam 

of  January,  when  shift  them  into  larger 


CALLIPRORA  lutea.  Hardy  bulbous 


pots,  and  place  them  on  the  front  stage    perennial.     Offsets.     Peat 


CALLISIA  repens.     Stove  tuberous- 
Division.      Sandv 


of  a  geranium  house,  the  temperature 

of  which  is  kept  at  about  45o.,  with  an    rooted    perennial. 

exceedingly    humid     atmosphere.      In    fibrous  peat. 

shifting  always  sink  the  bail  a  little  to        CALLISTACHYS.       Five      species. 

admit  of  a  top-dressing  of  fresh  mould    Greenhouse  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 

being  put  over  the   ripe  joints  of  the    Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

young    wood,    which  very    soon   emits        CALLISTEJVI.MA.     Two  species  and 

roots;  an  operation   which  tends  mate-    many  varieties.   Hardy  annuals.  Seeds. 

rially  to  increase  the  size  and  strength    Common  soil. 

CALLISTEMON.  Nineteen  species. 
Ripe 


of  the  plants.     Be   very   particular 

drainage,  never  allowing  a  particle   of  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs, 
the  old  drainage  to  be  removed,  and  by    cuttings.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand 
the  time  they  are  placed  in  their  flow- 
ering pots,  have  a  complete  open  drain,    house  evergreen   trees 
from  within  a  few  inches  of  the  surface,    loam 
down"  to  the    bottom   of  the  pot,  with 


CALLITRIS.  Three  species.  Green- 
Seed.     Sandv 


CALLUS  is  the  matter  exuded  from 
the  exception  of  the  layers  of  fresh  turf,    the  edges  of  the  wound  of  a  plant  in  the 
which   always  introduce    between    the 
mould  and  potsherds." — Gard.  Chron. 

CALDASIA  heterophylla.  Stove  an- 
nual.    Seeds.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

GALEA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

CALEACTE  urtictefolia.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

CALEAN'.\.  Two  species.  Green- 
house orchids.  Division.  Peat,  loam, 
and  sand. 

CALENDULA.      Marigold.     Twen- 
ty-one species.  Hardy  annuals  or  green- 
S 


process  of  healing.  It  is  exuded  from 
the  horizontally  communicating  cells  of 
the  plant;  and  in  cuttings  it  is  from  and 
through  this  exuded  matter  that  the  roots 
and  the  perpendicular  vesselsconnected 
with  them  proceed. 

CALOCHJLUS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  rooted  orchids.  Sandy 
peat  and  light  loam. 

CALOCHORTUS.  Six  species.  Half- 
hardy  bulbous  perennials.  Offsets. 
Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

Sowing. — Dr.  Lindley  says  : — "  The 
seeds  should  be  sown  as  soon  as  ripe, 
or  as  soon  as  possible  after^^H^ds,  in 
pans  filled  with  very  sandy  peat ;  the 


C  A  L 


114 


CAM 


seeds  covered  rather  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  an  inch  in  depth  ;  and  the  pans 
placed  in  any  cold  pit  secured  from 
wet.  They  require  only  water  enough 
to  keep  the  soil  damp  during  the  win- 
ter. They  will  bear  being  placed  in  a 
warmer  situation,  but  not  where  there 
is  a  moist  heat.  The  young  plants 
should  be  kept  growing  as  long  as  pos- 
sible, by  keeping  them  rather  moist  dur- 
ing the  summer.  They  must  not  be  re- 
moved from  the  seed-pan  until  after  the 
second  too  quickly,  or  kept  dry  too 
long,  particularly  the  first  season  ;  at 
that  time  they  are  very  small,  and  are 
apt  to  be  dried  up  and  exhausted,  if  care 
is  not  taken  to  prevent  it." — Gard. 
Chron. 

CALODENDRON  capense.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loamy 
soil. 

CALOPHACA  wolgarica.'  Hardy  de- 
ciduous shrub.  Division.  Loam  and 
peat. 

CALOPHANES  oblongifoUa.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Loam 
and  peat. 

C ALOVOGOfi  pulchellus.  Greenhouse 
orchid.     Division.     Peat  and  loam. 

CALOSTEMMA.  Three  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

CALOTHAMNUS.  Four  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

CALOTIS  cuneifolia.  Green-house 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

CALOTROPIS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  or 
seeds.     P..ich  soil. 

CALTHA.  Six  species  and  many 
varieties.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Seeds  or  division.  Common  rather  moist 
soil. 

CALTROPS,  Tritmlus. 

CALYCANTHUS.  Five  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Layers.  Open 
loam. 

CALYPSO  borealis.  Half  hardy  or- 
chid.    Offsets.  Sandv  loam  and  peat. 

CALYPTRANTHES.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Layers.  Sandy 
peat. 

CALYPTRION  auhletii.  Stove  ever- 
green climber.     Seeds.  Peat  and  loam. 

CALYSTEGIA.  Seven  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  twining  or  trailing 
plants.     Division.  Common  loamy  soil. 

CALYTHRIX.  Five  species.  Green- 


house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

CAMASSIA  esculenta.  Hardy  bulb- 
ous perennial.     Seeds.     Peat. 

CAMELLIA.  Japonica.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub. 

Messrs.  D.  Landreth  &  Fulton,  of 
Philadelphia,  who  are  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  culture  of  this  charming 
plant  at  the  old  Landreth  Nurseries, 
where  was  made  the  earliest  col- 
lection of  the  Camellia  in  America, 
present  the  following  as  a  desirable 
selection.  Those  marked  t  are  per- 
fectly double,  with  the  petals  neatly  ar- 
ranged, and  are  among  the  choicest  in 
cultivation.  Those  marked  with  a  star 
are  of  American  origin. 

The  catalogues  of  some  European 
Nurserymen  contain  upwards  of  five 
hundred  varieties;  it  may  be  readily 
presumed  that  many  of  them  are  com- 
paratively worthless  :  a  goodly  number 
of  such  have  been  imported  by  the 
American  florists,  and  though  some  of 
them  were  once  esteemed,  are  now,  by 
the  introduction  of  more  desirable  va- 
rieties, no  longer  worthy  a  place  in  a 
choice  collection.  We  append  a  list  of 
a  few  such  faded  beauties. 

CHOICE    CAMELLIAS. 

tAlba-pleno,  double  white. 

t Fimbriata,  fringed  do. 

*Americana,  blush  with  rose  spots. 

Albertii,  white. 

Althffiiflora,  crimson. 
t*Amabile,  rose  and  red. 
t*Binneyii,  light  rose. 

Bealii,  large  red. 

Carswelliana,  dark  red. 

Chandleri,  white  and  crimson. 
t*Caroline,  pink. 

Colvelleii,  white  with  rose  stripes. 
tConcinna,  dark  red. 
tCandidissima,  purest  white. 

Conspicua,  large  red. 
tCoquette. 

Campbellii,  white  and  red. 

Donklarii,  white  rose  and  crimson. 
tDuchess  de    Orleans,   crimson   with 

white  stripes. 
tExemia,  saimon. 
*Estherii,  \vhite  and  rose. 

Elegans,  rose. 
tElata,  crimson. 

Eclipse,  white  with  rose  stripes. 
*Floyii,  rose  red. 
tFordii,  dark  rose. 

Fairlea,  crimson. 


CAM 


115 


C  AM 


Fulgida,  crimson. 
t*Feastii,  white  and  rose. 

Gilesii,  crimson  and  white. 
t*Gunnelli,  white. 
*Grahamii,  wliite. 
*Hosackii,  crimson. 
t*Hempsteadii,  dark  rose. 
+Henry  Favre,  rose, 
tlrabricata,  crimson  and  white. 

Alba,  white  and  rose. 

*Imbricata  (Dunlap's). 
tincarnata,  Lady  Humes'. 

Invincible,  rose,  red  spots. 

Kingii,  white,  rose  spots. 

Kermosina,  crimson. 
t*Landrethii,  rose  and  white. 
t*Martha  (Buist-s),  white. 

Mutabilis,  changeable  crimson. 
tMyrtiroIia,  light  red. 

Mutabilis  triversi,  rose. 
t*Mr8.  Fetter's,  rose  and  white. 

Ochraleuca,  white. 
*Philadelphia,  rose  red. 
+*Prattii,  light  rose. 

Pomponia,  white. 

Queen  {Fielder's),  light  rose 

Reticulata,  rose. 
tRosea,  rosy  purple. 

Rex  Batavia,  white,  rose  striped. 

Rubro-pleno,  old  red. 
tSasanqua  rosea,  light  rose. 

Sweetii,  rose,  spotted  with  red. 
tSacoi  vera. 

Speciosa,  crimson  and  white. 

Cunningham's,    rose 


and 


white. 
*tSarah  Frost,  dark  red. 

Spicata,red. 
t*Sherwoodi,  crimson  and  white. 

Tricolor,  white  rose  and  crimson. 

Triumphans,  rose  spotted  with  wliite. 

Thea,  black  tea. 

Vandesia  superba,  crimson. 

Variegata,  rose  and  white. 

Viridus,  green  tea. 
tVictoria    (Priestley-s),    red,    white 


Corallina. 

Conchaflora. 

Celestina. 

Carnca. 

Decora. 

Dorsctia. 

Elphinstonia. 

Francofurtensis. 

Florida. 

Goussonia. 

Hendersonia. 

Juliana. 

Lawrenceana. 

Oleafera. 

Parksii. 

Pendula. 

Paeoniaflora. 

Rosa  Sinensis. 

Rosa  mundi. 

Sabina. 

Woodsii. 

Soil. — The  camellia  delights  in  a  rich 
soil,  but  will  not  hear  manure  directly 
applied.     The  following  is  the  compost 
used  at  the  Landreth  Nurseries — sandy 
wood  earth  (the  decomposed   vegetable 
matter  found   at  the   roots  of  trees  in 
I  forests)  and  well  rotted  sod,  or  loam,  in 
I  equal  parts,  thoroughly  mixed,  and  pass- 
ed through  a  No.   1  sieve,  retaining  all 
I  the  fibrous  particles  in  the  soil. 
j      Propagation. — "  The  usual  methods 
^  of  propagation  are  by  inarching  or  graft- 
!  ing  and  budding  on  the   single  red  Ca- 
mellia, cuttings  of  which  are  found  to 
I  strike    root   more   readily   than    of  the 
\  double  varieties. 

"  The  cuttings  are  taken  in  July  and 
August,  or  as  soon  as  the  young  shoots 
are  sutiiciently  ripe  at  the  base.  They 
are  carefully  prepared  by  being  cut 
smoothly  over  with  a  sharp  knife  at  a 
joint,  and  divested  of  one  or  two  leaves 
at  the  bottom,  and  then  planted  firmly 
about  two  inches  deep  in  pots  half  filled 
with  the  Camellia  compost  before  de- 
scribed, and  the  upper  half  with  fine 
white  sand.  They  are  then  well  watered, 


stripes. 
Welbankiana,  greenish  white. 
tWilliam  the  4th,  rose  spotted  with    and  the  pots  plunged  in  a  tanbed,  which 


white. 
t*Washington,  white. 
Wardii,  crimson. 

RF.JKCTED  CAMELLIAS. 

Alba  simplex. 

Aitonia. 

Anemoniflora. 

Rosea. 

Alba. 

Atrorubens. 
Bruceana. 


gives  out  a  gentle  warmth,  and  kept 
closely  shaded  for  three  or  four  months, 
,  by  which  time  short  fibres,  or  a  callus 
from  which  they  afterwards  diverge,  are 
produced. 

"  When  sufficiently  rooted  to  bear 
removal,  they  are  potted  singly  in  small 
pots,  the  sand  being  then  carefully  re- 
moved ;  the  pots  should  be  well  drain- 
ed and  filled  with  the  Camellia  compost, 
with  the  addition  of  a  little  white  sand. 


CAM 


116 


CAM 


"  They  are  afterwards  to  be  sprinkled  tection  in  severe  weather,  like  the  Myr- 
with  water,  and  placed  in  a  close  frame  tie;  and  if  the  plants  are  kept  just  above 
or  pit  until  they  begin  to  root  afresh,  the  freezing-point,  they  will  succeed 
and  by  degrees  exposed  to  the  air.  The  much  better  than  when  grown  in  a  high 
succeeding  season   they  may  be  potted  I  temperature. 


in  the  same  soil  as  the  other  Camellias, 
and  similarly  treated,  and  many  of  the 


"  At  the  time  they  are  making  their 
growth,  an  increase  of  heat  will  be  ad- 


plants  will  then  have  attained  sufficient    vantageous." — Gard.  Chron. 
size  and  strength  for  inarching  or  bud-        Grafting. — Dr.  Lindley  says,  "For 
ding,  and  all  of  them  by  the  following    grafting,    well-ripened    young     shoots 

should  be  taken  when  they  are  just  be- 
ginning to  grow,  and  before  the  buds 
are  far  advanced. 

"They  should  be  worked  under  hand- 
glasses   in    a    stove    or    forcing-house. 


season. 

"  The  best  time  for  inarching  is  early 
in  the  spring,  just  before  the  plants  be- 
gin to  grow,  and  for  budding  as  soon 
as  the  new  wood  is  sufficiently  ripened  ; 


but  it  may  be  done  at  almost  any  season    vvhere  a  temperature  of  from  60°  to  70° 


of  the  vear." — Gard.  Chron. 


is  kept  up.     Whip  grafting  without  the 


Culture. — The  same  authorities  state  tongue  is  perhaps  the  best  method ;  and 
that,  "  The  proper  season  for  the  gene-  it  is  advisable  to  retain  a  few  leaves  on 
ral  shifting  is  when  the  young  growth:  the  stock  above  the  graft,  in  order  to 
has  hardened,  and  the  blossom  buds  for:  draw  on  the  sap.  The  single  red  makes 
next  year  can  be  detected  at  the  ex-  the  best  stock,  as  it  strikes  freely  from 
tremity  of  the  shoots.  i  cuttings." — Gard.  Chron. 

"After  shifting  all  those  that  require  Forcing.  —  Mr.  Robert  Errington, 
it,  they  may  be  placed  in  the  open  gardener  at  Charlton  Park,  has  pub- 
air,  or  retained  in  the  green-house;  as  ,  lished  a  most  excellent  essay  upon  this 
much  air  as  possible  should  be  admit-'  subject,  from  which  the  following  are 
ted,    and    occasionally    sprinkling    the  :  extracts  : — 

foliage  will  improve  the  appearance,  as  '      "Draining  and  Potting. — In  potting, 
■well  as  be  beneficial  to  the  health  of  the  ,  place  three  or  four  potsherds  first,  the 


plants. 


one   overlapping  the  other,  to  insure  a 


"  At  all  times  attention  must  be  paid  ■  certain  and  speedy  passage  for  the 
to  watering  them  properly,  the  roots  water,  then  a  sprinkling  of  pounded 
being  apt  to  become  matted  in  the  pots,  I  crocks,  the  size  of  horse-beans;  and 
80  as  to  render  the  ball  of  earth  im-  finally  another  sprinkling,  finer  still ;  on 
pervious  to  moisture  ;  hence  it  is  neces-  this  put  a  thin  layer  of  sphagnum,  which 
sary  to  see  that  the  ball' of  earth  is  has  been  dried,  but  not  decomposed, 
moistened  by  the  water  poured  upon  it, '  "  Re-pot  soon  after  they  have  made 
instead  of  the  web  of  fibres  only.  This  |  their  young  growth — as  soon,  in  fact,  as 
renders  an  examination  of  the  roots,  or  !  the  young  leaves  are  perfectly  develop- 
reducing  and  replanting  them  at  least  ed,  and  the  end  of  the  young  wood,  at 
once   a  year,  a  measure  almost  indis-    the  point  of  junction  with  the  wood  of 


pensable. 


the  former  year,  begins  to  turn  a  little 


At  the  respective  periods  of  growth  brown.  In  potting,  the  soil  should  be 
and  flowering,  the  plants  will  require  rather  lumpy  than  otherwise,  and  tole- 
plentiful  watering  ;  during  the  latter,  if  rably  dry,  and  should  be  rather  put 
not  regularly  supplied,  the  bloom-buds  round  the  ball  in  regular  layers,  and 
will  infallibly  fall  off,  instead  of  ex-  dressed  tolerably  firm,  but  not  hard,  as 
panding  into  flower;  at  other  times  a  the  layers  are  thrown  in,  pressing  every 
regular  moderate  supply  is  essential,  layer  a  little,  so  that  no  crevice  be  left. 
The  eff'ect  of  constant  watering  may  be  The  ball  of  the  plant  should  be  rather 
presumed  to  diminish  or  destroy  the  moist  at  shifting,  and  when  it  is  in  a  poi- 
fertility  of  the  small  quantity  of  earth  bound  state  it  should  be  immersed  in 
allotted  to  each  plant,  therefore  w'hen  tepid  water  for  an  hour,  about  three 
the  annual  re-potting  occurs,  carefully  days  previous,  allowing  a  day  or  two  for 
take  away  as  much  of  the  former  ball  ;  the  sriperfluous  water  to  drain  away  be- 
of  earth  as  can  be  done  without  injuring  '  fore  potting;  place  the  ball  immediately 
or   cutting   the    roots.     The    Camellia  {  on  the  sphagnum. 

maybe  considered   as   a   hardy  green- I      "JReriod  of  Growth. — Thethermome- 
liouse  plant,  requiring  only  a  slight  pro-  j  ter  should  be  kept  from  60°  to  65''  by 


CAM 


117 


CAM 


day,  and  50°  to  55°  by  night.  The 
treatment  should  now  be  of  a  close  and 
moist  character,  giving  air  in  modera- 
tion, and  with  caution,  every  morning 
from  eight  O'clock  until  noon,  and  then, 
unless  very  hot  weather,  shutting  close 
up. 

"There  should  be  a  little  fire-heat 
every  morning  from  seven  o'clock  until 
eleven,  when  it  should  be  taken  away 
until  four  o'clock,  and  then  applied  for 
the  evening. 

"The  pipes,  flues,  and  floors  should 
be  watered  abundantly  directly  the  air 
is  taken  away;  then  a  good  syringing  at 
three  o'clock  ;  and  the  flues,  &c.,  Stc, 
wetted  as  before  between  five  o'clock 
and  six.  Watering  at  the  root  must  be 
carefully  attended  to  when  necessary, 
using  weak  liquid  manure. 

"Period  of  Forming  the  Blossom-bud. 
— Shading  will  now  be  indispensable, 
the  best  material  for  which  is  coarse 
canvas;  those  who  are  not  too  busy 
should  remove  it  every  afternoon  at  four 
o'clock,  and  replace  it  at  nine  on  the 
following  morning. 

"  The  temperature  should  range  from 
65°  to  70°  by  day,  and  from  55°  to  60° 
by  night,  and  be  accompanied  with  a 
free  circulation  of  air,  avoiding  all  cut- 
ting winds. 

"  The  plants  must  be  very  sparingly 
watered,  in  fact  a  good  smart  syringing 
every  afternoon  immediately  the  air  is 
to  be  taken  away,  say  four  o'clock,  w  ill 
be  nearly  sufficient.  The  fire  put  out 
on  a  warm  sunny  day,  about  three 
o'clock;  but  it  should  be  put  entirely 
out  about  five  o'clock,  as  it  is  only  re- 
quisite to  warm  the  pipes  or  flues  suf- 
ficient to  produce  a  genial  vapour  for 
the  night;  and  half  an  hour  after  the 
fire  is  pulled  out  the  whole  of  the  flues, 
pipes  and  floors,  should  be  saturnted 
with  water,  to  be  evaporated  by  the 
next  day's  ventilation. 

"Period  of  Feeding  the  Bud.— The 
fires  may  now  be  dispensed  with  entirely, 
merely  observing,  in  the  case  of  sunny 
afternoons,  to  make  free  use  of  sun 
heat,  by  shutting  up  the  house  early  in 
the  afternoon,  say  from  three  to  four 
o'clock,  according  to  the  weather.  Air 
should  be  given  freely  at  all  opportuni- 
ties, and  the  plants  should  be  syringed 
heavily  at  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
and  again  at  four  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, saturating  the  floors  and  flues,  or 
pipes,  with  water  in  the  evening. 


•'  The  plants  may  be  well  watered  at 
the  root  whenever  they  require  it. 

"Period  of  Blooming. — Free  water- 
ing, and  the  use  of  liquid  manure  as 
before  recommended,  must  be  persisted 
in,  avoiding,  however,  excess.  The 
plants  require  to  be  kept  decidedly  moist 
at  the  root  while  in  the  flowering  state, 
rather  more  so,  indeed,  than  at  any 
other  period;  and  if  the  potting  and  soil 
be  right,  and  the  drainage  complete, 
little  harm  will  ensue  from  a  liberal  use 
of  water;  still,  any  great  extreme,  either 
of  drought  or  wet,  will  be  fatal  to  the 
bud.  Syringing  must  be  entirely  dis- 
pensed with,  and  in  lieu  thereof  a  de- 
posit of  dew  should  take  place  every 
afternoon  at  three  or  four  o'clock. 

"Rest  Period. — The  temperature  at 
this  period  should  be  from  50°  to  55°  by 
day,  and  from  45°  to  50°  by  night.  No- 
thing is  necessary  in  addition  to  a  lower 
temperature,  but  syringing,  steaming 
and  regular  watering,  with  a  moderate 
circulation  of  air." — Gard.  Chron. 

An  interesting  work  republished  at 
Boston  with  notes  and  additions,  entitled 
"  Monograph  of  the  Camellia,"  is 
worthy  a  place  on  the  shelf  of  every 
admirer  of  this  splendid  plant. 

C  A  M  E  R  .\  R  1  A  .  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CAMOMILE  or  CHAMOMILE.  (An- 
themis  nohilis.) 

Varieties. — There  are  two  varieties, 
the  common  single  and  the  double 
flowering. 

Soil  and  Situation. — They  require  a 
poor  dry  soil,  otherwise  they  grow  very 
luxuriant,  and  become  not  only  less 
capable  of  withstanding  severe  winters, 
but  also  less  powerful  in  their  medicinal 
qualities.  They  will  grow  in  any  situa- 
tion almost,  but  the  more  open  the 
better. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Propagation. — It  is 
generally  propagated  by  parting  the 
roots  and  by  oflsets,  which  may  be 
planted  from  the  close  of  P^ebruary  until 
the  end  of  May;  the  earlier,  however, 
it  is  performed  the  better.  This  is  the 
most  favourable  season,  but  it  may  be 
practised  in  the  autumn.  It  is  also 
raised  from  seed,  the  proper  time  of 
sowing  which  is  in  any  of  the  early 
spring  months,  but  as  parting  the  roots 
gives  much  less  trouble  it  is  generally 
pursued,  but  after  a  lapse  of  several 
years  raise  fresh  plants,  the  old  ones 


CAM 


118 


CAN 


often  declining  in  production  after  such 
lapse  of  time. 

Cultivation. — They  should  not  be 
planted  nearer  to  each  other  than 
eighteen  inches,  as  that  also  gives  an 
opportunity  to  employ  the  hoe.    Water 


house  herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings 
or  division.     Light  loam  and  peat. 

CANDLEBERRY  MYRTLE.  Myr- 
tica. 

CANDOLLEA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house   evergreen     shrubs.       Cuttings. 


must  be  given  moderately  at  the  time  of  I  Loam,  peat  and  sand. 


planting,  if  dry  weather.  If  raised  from 
seed  they  recjnire  no  further  cultivation 
than  to  be  kept  free  from  weeds  in  the 
seed-bed ;  and  when  three  or  four 
inches  high,  to  be  thinned  to  about  six 
inches  apart,  and  may  remain  thus  until 
the  following  spring,  then  to  be  thinned 
and  remain,  or  to  be  removed  to  the 
above-mentioned    distance    apart.      A 


CANDY  TUFT.    Iheris. 

CANELLA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Ripe  leafy  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat  and  sand. 

CANKER.  This  disease  is  accompa- 
nied by  different  symptoms,  according 
to  the  species  of  the  tree  which  it  in- 
fects. In  some  of  those  whose  true  sap 
contains  a  considerable  quantity  of  free 


very  small  bed  will  supply  the  largest    acid,  as  in  the  genus  Pyrus,  it  is  rarely 


family 

Gathering 


accompanied  by  any  discharge.  To  this 
-In  July,  the  flowers  are  '  dry  form  of  the  disease  it  would  be  well 


generally  in  perfection   for   gathering  ;  ^  to  confine  the  term  canker,  and  to  give 


the  period  for  performing  it,  however 
must  be  governed  by  the  flowers  them- 
selves, as  the  best  time  is  when  they 
are  just  ojiened.  Particular  care  must 
be  taken  to  dry  them  thoroughly  before 
they  are  stored,  otherwise  they  will  not 
keep.  Ifseed  be  required,  the  only  at- 
tention necessary  is  to  leave  some  of  the 
first  opening  flowers  ungathered  ;  the 
seed  will  ripen  early  in  September, 
when  it  may  be  dried  and   rubbed  out. 

CAMPANULA.  One  hundred  and 
thirty-nine  species,  and  many  varieties. 
Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous  perennials; 
some  green-house  or  hardy  annuals,  bi- 
ennials, and  evergreen  shrubs. 

Dr.  Lindley,  writing  of  their  propa- 
gation, says  : — '•'  Either  sow  the  seeds, 
or  pot  cuttings'  from  the  old  roots,  in 
leaf  mould  and  sandy  peat;  as  soon 
as  they  are  strong  enough,  pot  them 
oif  in  sixty-sized  pots  regularly,  shift- 
ing them  into  larger  sizes  as  the 
plants  require  them;  when  they  have 
gained  a  little  strength,  give  them  a 
rich  loamy  soil,  well  incorporated  with 
a  small  proportion  of  bone  dust,  and  at 
intervals  supply  them  liberally  with 
manure  water.'' — Card.  Chron. 

CAMPELIA  zanonia.  Stove  herba- 
ceous perennial.     Seeds.     Rich  soil. 

CAMPHOR    TREE.      Cinnamomum 
camphor  a. 
.     CAMPION.     Cucubatus. 

CAMPYLANTHUS  saholoides. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

CANADA  ONION.     See  Onion. 

CANARINA.  Two  species.     Green- 


it  the  scientific  name  of  gangra^na  sicca. 
In  other  trees,  whose  sap  is  character- 
ized by  abounding  in  astringent  or  mu- 
cilaginous constituents,  it  is  usually  at- 
tended by  a  sanious  discharge.  In  such 
instances  it  might  strictly  be  designated 
ulcer,  or  gangraina  saniosa.  This  dis- 
ease has  a  considerable  resemblance  to 
the  tendency  to  ossification,  which  ap- 
pears in  most  aged  animals,  arising  from 
their  marked  appetency  to  secrete  the 
calcareous  saline  compoundsthatchiefly 
constitute  their  skeletons.  The  conse- 
quence is,  an  enlargement  of  the  joints, 
and  ossification  of  the  circulatory  ves- 
sels and  other  parts,  phenomena  very 
analogous  to  those  attending  the  canker- 
ing of  trees.  As  in  animals,  this  tend- 
ency is  generally  throughout  their  sys- 
tem, but  as  is  observed  by  Mr.  Knight, 
"  like  the  mortification  in  the  limbs  of 
elderly  people,  it  may  be  determined 
as  to  its  point  of  attack  by  the  irritabi- 
lity of  that  part  of  the  system." 

This  disease  commences  with  an  en- 
largement of  the  vessels  of  the  bark  of 
a  branch  or  of  the  stem.  This  swelling 
invariably  attends  the  disease  when  it 
attacks  the  apple  tree.  In  the  pear  the 
enlargement  is  less,  yet  it  is  always 
present.  In  the  elm  and  the  oak  some- 
times no  swelling  occurs;  and  in  the 
peach  I  do  not  recollect  to  have  seen 
any.  I  have  never  observed  the  disease 
in  the  cherry-tree,  nor  in  any  of  the 
pine  tribe.  The  swelling  is  soon  com- 
municated to  the  wood,  which  if  laid 
open  to  view  on  its  first  appearance  by 
the  removal  of  the  bark,  exhibits  no 
marks  of  disease  bevond  the  mere  un- 


CAN 


119 


CAN 


natural  enlargement.  In  the  course  of|  about  the  canker  of  an  elm,  that  500 
a  few  years,  less  in  number  in  propor-  pounds  weight  of  its  wood  must  have 
tion  to  the  advanced  age  of  the  tree,!  been  destroyed.  There  is  no  doubt 
and  the  unfavourable  circumstances  un-  that  such  a  discharge  is  deeply  injuri- 
der  which  it  is  vegetating,  the  swelling  ous  to  the  tree  ;  but  the  above  learned 
is  greatly  increased  in  size,  and  the  i  chemist  appears  to  have  largely  erred, 
alburnum  has  become  extensively  dead  ;  for  he  calculated  from  a  knowledge  of 
the  superincumbent  bark  cracks,  rises    the   amount  of  the  saline  constituenta 


in  discoloured  scales,  and  decays  even 
more  rapidly  than  the  wood  beneath. 
If  the  caries  is  upon  a  moderately-sized 
branch,  the  decay  soon  completely  en- 
circles it,  extending  through  the  whole 
alburnum  and  bark.     The  circulation  of 


n  the  healthy  sap,  whereas  in  the  dis- 
eased state  these  are  much  and  unna- 
turally increased.  I  once  was  of  opi- 
nion that  the  disease  does  not  arise 
from  a  general  diseased  state  of  the 
tree,  but  that  it  is  brought  on  by  some 


the  sap  being  thus  entirely  prevented, ,  bruise  or  injury,  exasperated  by  an  un- 
all  the  parts  above  the  disease  of  ne-  healthy  sap  consequent  to  an  unfavour- 
cessity  perish.  In  the  apple  and  the  able  soil,  situation,  and  culture;  but 
pear,  the  disease  is  accompanied  by  more  extensive  and  more  accurate  ex- 
scarcely  any  discharge  ;  but  in  the  elm  ]  aminations  convince  me,  that  the  dis- 
this  is  very  abundant.  The  only  che-  ,  ease  is  in  the  tree's  system  ;  that  its 
mists  who  have  examined  these  morbid  '  juices  are  vitiated,  and  that  disease  will 
products,  are  Sir  H.  Davy  and  Vauque-  continue  to  break  out  independent  of 
lin  ;  the  former's  observations  being  :  any  external  injury  so  long  as  these 
confined  to  the  fact,  that  he  often  found  {juices  continue  peccant  and  unaltered, 
carbonate  of  lime  on  the  edges  of  the    This    conclusion    will    be    justified,   I 


canker  in  apple  trees. 


think,  by  the   preceding   facts,  as  well 


Vauquelin  has  examined   the   sanies    as  by  those  distributed  through  the  fol- 
discharged   from  the  canker  of  an  elm  j  lowing  pages. 

with  much  more  precision.  He  found  j  The  disease  is  not  strictly  confined  to 
this  li(iuor  nearly  as  transparent  as  '  any  particular  period  of  the  tree's  age. 
water,  sometimes  slightly  coloured,  at  i  I  have  repeatedly  noticed  it  in  some  of 
other  times  a  blackish-brown,  but  al- |  our  lately  introduced  varieties  that  have 
ways  tasting  acrid  and  saline.  From  ]  not  been  grafted  more  than  five  or  six 
this  liquor  a  soft  matter  insoluble  in  years  ;  and  a  writer  in  the  Gardener's 
water  is  deposited  upon  the  sides  of  the  [  Magazine,  vol.  v.,  p.  3,  states,  that  the 
ulcer.  The  bark  over  which  the  trans-  |  trees  in  his  orchard,  though  "only  of 
parent  sanies  flows,  attains  the  appear-  four  years'  growth,  are  sadly  troubled 
ance  of  chalk,  becoming  white,  friable.  With  the  canker."  Although  young 
crystalline,  alkaline,  and  effervescent  trees  are  liable  to  this  disease, yet  their 
with  acids.  A  magnifier  exhibits  the  old  age  is  the  period  of  existence  most 
crystals  in  the  forms  of  rhomboids  and  •  obnoxious  to  its  attacks.  It  must  be 
four-sided  prisms.  When  the  liquid  is  remembered  that  that  is  not  conse- 
dark-coloured,  the  bark  a[)pears  black-  quently  a  young  tree  which  is  lately 
ish,  and  seems  as  if  coated  with  varnish,  grafted.  If  the  tree  from  which  the 
It  sometimes  is  discharged  in  such  scion  was  taken  be  an  old  variety,  it  is 
quantities  as  to  hang  from  the  bark  like  only  the  multiplication  of  an  aged  in- 
stalactites.  The  matter  of  which  these  j  dividual.  The  scion  may  for  a  few 
are  composed  is  alkaline  soluble  in  years  exhibit  signs  of  increased  vigour, 
water,  and  with  acids  effervesces.  The  '  owing  to  the  extra  stimulus  of  the  more 
analysis  of  this  dark  slimy  matter  shows  abundant  supply  of  healthy  sap  supplied 
it  to  be  compounded  of  carbonate  of  by  the  stock  ;  but  the  vessels  of  the 
potass  and  ulmin,  a  product  peculiar  to  '  scion  will,  after  the  lapse  of  that  period, 
the  elm.     The  white  matter  deposited    gradually  become   as  decrepid    as   the 


round  the  canker  was  composed  of 
Vegetable  matter  ....  605 
Carbonate  of  potass  .  .  .  342 
Carbonate  of  lime  ....  50 
Carbonate  of  magnesia     .     .         3 


parent  tree.  The  unanimous  experi- 
ence of  naturalists  agrees  in  testifying 
that  every  organized  creature  has  its 
limit  of  existence.  In  plants  it  varies 
from  the  scanty  period  of  a  few  months 


Vauquelin  calculated  from  the  quantity    to  the  long  expanse  of  as  many  centu- 
of  this  white   matter   that   was  found    ries  ;  but  of  all  the  days  are  numbered  ; 


CAN 


120 


CAN 


and  although   the  gardener's,  like  the  ''  they  sustain,  however  young  and  vigor- 
physician's  skill,  may  retard  the  onward  I  ous  they  were  when  first  planted. 
pace  of  death,  he   will  not  be  perma-        How  inductive  of  this  disease  is  a  wet 
iiently  delayed.     In  the  last  periods  ofi  retentive  subsoil,  if  the  roots  penetrate 


life  they  show  every  sym[)tom  that  ac- 
companies organization  in  its  old  age, 
not  only  a  cessation  of  growth,  but  a 
decay  of  former  development,  a  languid 
circulation  and  diseased  organs. 

The  canker,  as  already  observed, 
attends  especially  the  old  age  of  some 
fruit  trees,  and  of  these  the  apple  is 
most  remarkably  a  sufferer.  "  I  do  not 
mean,"  says  Mr.  Knight,  "  to  assert 
that  there  ever  was  a  time  when  an 
apple-tree  did  not  canker  on  unfavoura- 
ble soils,  or  that  highly  cultivated  va- 
rieties were  not  more  subject  to  the 
disease  than  others,  where  the  soil  did 
Tiot  suit  them.  But  I  assert  from  my 
own  experience  and  observation  within 
the  last  twenty  years,  that  this  disease 
becomes  progressively  more  fatal  to 
each  variety,  as  the  age  of  that  variety 
beyond  a  certain  period  increases  ;  that 
if  an  old  worn-out  orchard  be  planted 
with  fruit  trees,  the  varieties  of  the 
apple,  which  I  have  found  in  the  cata- 
logues of  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  are  unproductive  of  fruit,  and 
in  a  state  of  debility  and  decay." 

Among  the  individuals  particularly 
liable  to  be  infected,  are  those  which 
have  been  marked  by  an  excessively 
vigorous  growth  in  their  early  years.  I 
had  one  in  my  garden  at  Great  Totham, 
which  for  the  first  twelve  years  of  its 
existence  was  remarkable  lor  the  un- 
naturally large  size  and  abundance  of 
its  annual  shoots.  It  then  became 
grievously  affected  by  canker,  which  a^t 
length  destroyed  it. 

Trees  injudiciously  pruned  or  grow- 
ing upon  an  ungenial  soil,  are  more 
frequently  attacked  than  those  advanc- 
ing under  contrary  circumstances.    The 


it,  appears  from  the  statement  of  Mr. 
VVatts,  gardener  to  R.  G.  Russell,  Esq., 
of  Chequers  Court,  in  Buckinghamshire. 
— A  border  beneath  a  south  wall  had  a 
soil  three  feet  and  a  half  in  depth,  ap- 
parently of  the  most  fertile  staple,  twice 
re-made  under  the  direction  of  the  late 

j  Mr.  Lee,  of  the  Vineyard,  Hammer- 
smith.    In  this  the  trees,  peaches  and 

^  nectarines,  flourish  for  the  next  three 
or  four  years  after  they  are  planted,  but 

1  are    then    rapidly    destroyed    by    the 

I  canker  and  gum.  The  subsoil  is  a  stiff 
sour  clay,  nearly  approaching  to  a  brick 
earth  ;  and  the  disease  occurs  as  soon 
as  it  is  reached  by  the  roots  of  the  tree. 
But  this  is  certainly  not  a  conclusion 
warranted  by  the  premises,  because  the 
acridity  of  the  sap,  whatever  may  be  its 
source,  would  be  likely  to  injure  and 
corrode,  in  the  first  instance,  those  parts 
where  the  vessels  are  most  weak  and 
tender;  now  these,  past  dispute,  are  in 
the  branches.  Moreover,  we  generally 
see  the  youngest  branches  the  earliest 
sufferers. 

Pruning  has  a  powerful  influence  in 
preventing  the  occurrence  of  the  canker. 
I  remember  a  standard  russet  apple- 
tree  of  not  more  than  twenty  years' 
growth,  with  a  redundancy  of  ill-ar- 
ranged branches,  that  was  excessively 
attacked  by  this  disease.  I  had  two  of 
its  three  main  branches,  and  the  laterals 
of  that  remaining,  carefully  thinned  ; 
all  the  infected  parts  being  at  the  same 
time  removed.  The  result  was  a  total 
cure.  The  branches  were  annually  re- 
guhited,  and  for  six  years  the  disease 
never  re-appeared.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  the  tree  had  to  be  removed,  as  the 
ground  it  stood  upon  was  required  for 


oldest  trees  are  always  the  first  attack-  another  purpose.  John  Williams,  Esq., 
ed  of  those  similarly  cultivated.  The  I  of  Pitmaston,  from  long  experience 
golden  pippin,  the  oldest  existing  varie-  concludes,  that  the  golden  pippin  and 
ty  of  the  apple,  is  more  frequently  and  '  other  apples  may  be  preserved  from 
more  seriously  attacked  than  any  other.  I  this  disease,  by  pruning  away  every 
The  soil  has  a  very  considerable  influ-  year  that  part  of  each  shoot  which  is 
ence  in  inducing  the  disease.  If  the  ,  not  perlectly  ripened.  By  pursuing  this 
subsoil  be  a  ferruginous  gravel,  or  if  it  I  method  for  six  years,  he  brought  a 
is  not  well  drained,  and  the  soil  be  alu-  i  dwarf  golden  pippin  tree  to  be  as  vigor- 
niinous,  and  effective  means  are  not  |  ous  and  as  free  from  canker  as  any  new 
adopted   to    free    it    of   superabundant    variety. 

moisture,  the  canker,  under  any  one  of  j  All  these  facts  unite  in  assuring  us 
these  circumstances,  is  almost  certain  that  the  canker  arises  from  the  tree's 
to  make  its  appearance  amongst  the  trees  i  weakness,  from  a  deficiency  in  its  vital 


CAN 


121 


CAN 


energy,   and    consequent    inability    to  I  applied.   It  must  be  only  a  tree  of  very 
imbibe  and  elaborate  the  nourisliment  I  weak  vital  powers,  such  as  is  the  golden 


necessary  to  sustain  its  Irame  in  vigour, 
and  much  less  to  supply  the  healthy 
development  of  new  parts.  It  matters 
not  whether  its  energy  be  broken  down 


pippin,  that  will  bear  the  general  cut- 
ting of  the  annual  shoots  Tis  pursued  by 
Mr.  Williams  ;  a  new  vigorous  variety 
would  exhaust  itselfthe  following  year 


by  an  unnatural  rapiility  of  growth,  by  |  in  the  production  of  fresh  wood.  No 
a  disproporlioned  excfss  of  branches  thing  beyond  a  general  rule  for  the 
over  the  mass  of  roots,  by  old  age,  or  j  pruning  can  be  laid  down,  and  it 
by  the  disorganiz:ition  of  the  roots  in  an  |  amounts  to  no  more  than  the  direction 
u'ngenial  soil  ;  they  render  the  tree  in-  j  to  keep  a  considerable  vacancy  between 
capable  of  e.\tracting  sufficient  nourish-  j  every  branch,  both  above  and  beneath 
nient  from  the  soil,  consequently  inca- j  it,  and  especially  to  provide  that  not 
pable  of  developing  a  sufficient  foliage  ;!  even  two  twigs  shall  chafe  against 
and  therefore  unable  to  digest  and  ela-  [  each  other.  The  greater  the  intensity 
borate  even  the  scanty  sap  that  is  sup-  i  of  light,  and  the  freer  the  circulation  of 
plied  to  them.  The  reason  of  the  sap  !  air  amongst  the  foliage  of  the  tree,  the 
becoming  unnaturally  saline,  appears  to  ]  better  the  chance  for  its  healthy  vege- 
be,  that  in  proportion  as  the  vigour  of  tation.  If  the  disease  being  in  a  jruit 
any  vegetable  declines,  it  loses  the  tree  be  a  consequence  of  old  age,  it  is 
power  of  selecting  by  its  roots  the  I  probably  a  premature  senility  induced 
nourishment  congenial  to  its  nature. ;  by  injudicious  management,  for  very 
An  ungenial  soil  would  have  a  debili-  j  few  of  our  varieties  are  of  an  age  that 
tating  influence  upon  the  roots,  in  a  ,  insure  to  them  decrepitude.  I  have 
proportionate  though  less  violent  de-1  never  yet  known  a  tree,  unless  it  was 
gree  than  a  corrosive  poison  ;  and  as  i  in  the  last  stage  of  decay,  that  could 
these  conse(iuently  would  absorb  solu-  not  be  recovered  by  giving  it  more  air 
ble  bodies  more  'freely,  and  without  and  light,  by  careful  heading  in  pruning, 
that  discrimination  so  absolutely  ncccs-  improvement  of  the  soil,  and  cleansing 
sary  for  a   healthy  vegetation,  so    the  j  the  bark 


other  most  essential  organs  of  nutrition, 
the  leaves  of  the  weakened  plants, 
would  promote  and  accelerate  the  dis- 
ease. These,  reduced  in  number  and 
size,  do  not  properly  elaborate  the  sap  ; 
and  I  have  always  found  that  under 
such  circumstances  these  stunted  or- 
gans exhale  the  aqueous  policies  of 
the  sap  very  abundantly,  wmlst  their 
power  of  absorption  is  greatly  rcduceil. 
The  sap  thus  deficient  in  quantity  and 
increased  in  acridity  seems  to  corrode 
and  atl'ect  the  vascular  system  of  the 
tree  in  the  manner  already  described. 
These  facts  afford  us  most  important 
guides  in  attaining  the  desired  objects, 
the  prevention  and  cure  of  the  disease. 
If  super-luxuriance  threaten  its  intro- 
duction, the  best  remedy  is  for  the  cul- 
tivator to  remove  one  of  the  main  roots 
of  the  tree,  and  to  be  particularly  care- 
ful not  to  add  any  fertile  addition  to  the 
soil  within  tlieir  range.  On  the  con- 
trary, it  will  he  well,  if  the  continued 
exuberant  growth  shows  the  necessity, 
for  the  staple  of  the  soil  to  be  reduced 
in  fertility,  by  the  admixture  of  one  less 


If  the  soil  by  its  ungenial  character 
induces  the  disease,  the  obvious  and 
only  remedy  is  its  amelioration  ;  and  if 
the  subsoil  is  the  cause  of  the  mischief, 
the  roots  must  be  prevented  striking 
into  it.  In  all  cases  it  is  the  best  prac- 
tice to  remove  the  tap  root.  Many 
orchardists  pave  beneath  each  tree  with 
tiles  and  broken  bricks.  If  the  trees 
are  planted  shallow,  as  they  ought  to 
be,  and  the  surface  kept  duly  fertile, 
there  is  not  much  danger  of  the  roots 
striking  into  the  worse  pasturage  of  the 
subsoil.  On  this  point  the  experience 
of  Mr.  \V.  Nichol,  the  gardener  at 
Newick-place  in  Sussex,  agrees  with 
my  own.  He  says,  that  the  canker 
may  be  avoided  in  most  instances,  by 
paying  proper  attention  to  the  soil  in 
which  the  tree  is  planted.  Canker,  he 
thinks,  will  seldom  occur  if  the  surface 
soil  is  good,  for  in  that  case  the  roots 
will  never  descend  into  the  prejudicial 
subsoil,  but  spread  out  their  radicles 
near  the  surface,  where  they  find  food 
most  abundant.  If  this  is  not  kept  up, 
the   roots  descend   into  the  obnoxious 


fertile,  or  even  of  drift  sand.     If  there  i  substratum,  and  the   disease  assuredly 

be  an  excess  of  branches,  the  saw  and    follows. 

the  pruning   knife    must  be  gradually!      It  remains  for  me  to  detail  the  course 


CAN 


122 


CAN 


of  treatment  that  I  have  always  found  t  the  disease.  Mr.  Forsyth,  formerly 
successful  in  effecting  a  cure  in  any  j  gardener  at  Kensington  Palace,  made  a 
variety,  not  decrepid  from  age,  if  the  j  considerable  sensation   at  the  close  of 


caniier  has  not  spread  to  the  roots. 


the  last  and   at  the  commencement  of 


Having  completely  headed  down,  if  the  present  century,  by  the   wonderful 


the  canker  is  generally  prevalent,  or 
duly  thinned  the  branches,  entirely  re- 
moved every  small  One  that  is  in  the 
least  degree  diseased,  and  cut  away 
the  decayed  parts  of  the  larger,  so  as 
not  to  leave  a  single  speck  of  the  de- 
cayed wood,  I  cover  over  the  surface  of 
each  wound  with  a  mixture  while  in  a 
melted  state,  of  eijual  parts  tar  and 
rosin,  applying  it  with  a  brush  imme- 
diately after  the  amputation  has  been 
performed,  taking  care  to  select  a  dry 


effects  produced  upon  trees,  as  he  as- 
serted, by  the  following  composition, 
used  as  a  plaster  over  the  wounds  from 
which  the  decayed  or  cankered  parts 
had  been  cut  out : — One  bushel  of  fresh 
cow-dung  ;  half  a  bushel  of  lime  rub- 
bish, that  from  ceilings  of  rooms  is 
preferable,  or  powdered  chalk  ;  half  a 
bushel  of  wood-ashes  ;  one-sixteenth  of 
a  bushel  of  sand  ;  the  three  last  to  be 
sifted  fine.  The  whole  to  be  mixed 
and  beaten  together  until  they  form  a 


day.     I  prefer  this  to  any  composition    fine  plaster. 

with  a  basis  of  cow-dung  and  clay,  be-  [  Mr.  Forsyth  received  a  parlimentary 
cause  the  latter  is  always  more  or  less  grant  of  money  for  his  discovery  ;  but 
absorbent  of  moisture,  and  is  liable  to  this,  as  Mr.  Knight  observes,  "  affords 
injury  by  rain  and  frost,  causing  alter-  |  a  much  better  proof  that  he  was  paid 
nations  of  moisture  and  dryness  to  the  I  for  an  important  discovery,  than  that  he 
wounds,  that  promote  decay  rather  than  ;  made  one." 

their  healing,  by  the  formation  of  new  [  It  has  been  very  ingeniously  sug- 
wood  and  bark.  The  resinous  plaster  |  gested,  that  if  a  destruction  of  the  bark 
seldom  or  never  requires  renewal.  Mr.  i  by  external  violence,  and  consequently 
Forsyth,  the  arch-advocate  of  earthy  j  likely  to  terminate  in  canker,  has  oc- 
and  alkaline  plasters,  finding  that  they  i  curred,  it  would  be  a  good  plan  to  in- 


promoted  decay,  if  applied  to  the 
wounds  of  autumn-pruned  trees,  re- 
commends this  important  act  of  culti- 
vation to  be  postponed  to  the  spring. 
Such  a  procrastination  is  always  liable 
to  defer  the  pruning  until  bleeding  is 
the  consequence.  If  a  resinous  plaster 
be  employed,  it  excludes  the  wet,  and 
obviates  the  objection  to  autumnal 
pruning.  Mr.  Forsyth's  treatment  of 
the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees, 
namely,  scraping  from  them  all  the 
scaly  dry  exuvia  of  the  bark,  is  to  be 
adopted  in  every  instance.  He  recom- 
mends them  to  be  brushed  over  with  a 
thin  liquid  compound  of  fresh  cow-dung, 
soap-suds,  and  urine,  but  I  very  much 
prefer  a  brine  of  common  salt;  each 
acts  as  a  gentle  stimulus,  which  is  their 
chief  cause  of  benefit,  and  the  latter  is 
more  efficacious,  destroying  insects,  and 
does  not,  like  the  other,  obstruct  the 
perspiratory  vessels  of  the  tree.  The 
brine  is  advantageously  rubbed  in  with 
a  scrubbing  or  large  painter's  brush. 
Some  persons  recommend  a  liquid 
wash,  containing,  as  prominent  ingre- 
dients, quick-lime  and  wood-ashes, 
which,  as  the  disease  arises  from  an 
over-alkalescent  state  of  the  sap,  can- 
not but  prove  injurious,  and  aggravate 


sert,  as  in  budding,  a  piece  of  living 
bark,  exactly  corresponding  to  the  ex- 
cision, from  a  less  valuable  tree. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  enforce  upon 
the  orchardist's  attention  the  import- 
ance of  obtaining  his  grafts  or  buds 
from  trees  not  affected  by  the  disease, 
because  apparently  it  is  hereditary  ; 
and,  altlujugh  after-culture  may  eradi- 
cate the  malady,  it  is  always  far  better 
to  avoid  the  infection,  than  to  have  to 
employ  a  specific.  Having  noticed  the 
gangrene  as  it  appears  in  various  forms 
upon  our  trees,  we  may  now  turn  to  a 
few  of  the  many  instances  where  it  oc- 
curs to  our  fruits  and  flowers,  liir  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that  scarcely  a 
cultivated  plant  is  within  our  enclo- 
sures that  is  not  liable  to  its  inroads. 
It  assumes  different  aspects,  and  varies 
as  to  the  organs  it  assails  ;  \ct  still  in 
some  mode,  and  in  some  of  their  parts, 
all  occasionally  suffer,  for  it  is  the  most 
common  form  of  vegetable  disease. 

The  canker  in  the  auricula  is  of  this 
nature,  being  a  rapidly-spreading  ulcer, 
which,  destroying  the  whole  texture  ot 
the  plant  where  it  occurs,  prevents  the 
rise  of  the  sap.  Some  gardeners  be- 
lieve it  to  be  infectious,  and  therefore 
destroy  the  specimen  in  which  it  occurs, 


CAN 


123 


CAP 


unless  it  be  very  valuable;  but  this  lithe  market  gardeners  near  London, 
believe  to  be  an  erroneous  opinion,  the  which  are  supplied  without  stint  with 
reason  of  its  appearing  to  be  infections  tlie  most  fertilizing  manure,  this  dis- 
or  epidemic  beinn,  that  it  occurs  to  '  ease  of  tlie  potato  is  comparatively 
many  when  they  are  subjected  to  the    unknown 


same  injurious   treatment  which   gives 
birth  to  the  disease. 


The  stems  of  succulent  plants,  such 
as  the  cacti  mesemhryanthemums,  and 


It  appears  to  be  caused  by  the  appli-  the  balsam,  as  well  as  the  fruit  of  the 
cation  of  too  much  water,  especially  if  cucumber  and  melon,  and  the  stalk  of 
combined  with  superabundant  nourish-  the  grape,  are  all  liable  to  moist  gan- 
ment.  Therefore,  although  cutting  out  grene,  all  requiring  for  the  development 
the  decayinir  part,  when  it  first  appears,  of  the  disease  excessive  moisture  in 
and  applVing  to  the  wound  some  finely-  the  air,  though  the  immediate  cause 
powdered  charcoal,  will  effect  a  cure'if  of  its  outbreak  is  usually  a  sudden  re- 
tlie  disease  has  not  penetrated  too  deep- 
ly, yet  it  will  be  liable  to  return  im- 
mediately if  a  less  forcing  mode  of  cul- 
ture be  not  adopted.  No  auricula  will 
sud'cr  from  this  disease  if  it  be  shifted 
annually,  and  the  tap  root  at  the  time  of 
moving  be  shortened;  a  thorough  system 
of  draining  being  adopted,  either  by 
using  one  of  the  pots  suggested  in  an 


duction  of  temperature. — Principles  of 
Gardening. 

CANNA.  Thirty-eight  species  and 
some  varieties.  Stove  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. Seed  or  division.  Ilich  light 
soil. 

C.  iridijiora  is  the  most  splendid;  a 
writer  in  the  Gardener's  Chronicle  says, 
that  "  so  far  from  requiring  stove  heat, 
othc'r  part  of  this  work,  or'by  having  the    few  plants  cultivated  in  a  green-house 
pot  used  one-fourth  filled  with  pebbles,    are  more  hardy.     It  only  requires  pro- 
and  excessive  damp  during  the  winter    tection  from  frost,  and  the  border  of  the 

conservatory  is  its  proper  place,  where 
it  continues  growing,  with  the  thermo- 
meter varying  between  35'^  and  45'^." 

CANTERBURY  BELL.  Campanula 
medium. 

CANTHIUM  dubium.     Green-house 

evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.     Rich  soil. 

CAPE  JASMINE.     Gardenia  fiorida. 

CAPE  PHILLYREA.   Cassine  capen- 

CAPER  TREE.     Capparis. 

CAPPARIS.  Capers.  Twenty-nine 
species.  Chiefly  stove  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

CAPRIFOLIUM.    Goat  Leaf.   Seven- 


being  prevented  by  proper  shelter. 

Parsley  grown  in  a  poor  soil  is  also 
liable  to  canker  in  the  winter.  Mr. 
Barnes  says,  he  never  found  any  appli- 
cation which  eradicated  this  disease  so 
etfectually  as  a  mixture  in  equal  parts  of 
soot  and  slaked  lime,  sown  over  the 
plants.  The  cure  is  complete  in  a  few 
davs,  the  vigour  of  the  plants  restored 
indicating,  that  this  species  of  ulcer- 
ation, like  that  which  is  found  in  the 
dwellings  of  the  poor,  arises  from  de- 
ficient nourishment. 

The  tubers  of  the  potato  also  are 
liable  to  the  speck,  black  spot,  or  dry 


gancrene,    a    disease    which    I    once    teen  species  and  some  varieties.  Chiefly 


thought  was  occasioned  by  the  calcare 
ous  earth,  lime,  or  chalk  contained  by 
the  soil,  but  more  lengthened  observa- 
tion has  convinced  me  of  my  error;  and 
having  observed  it  in  all  soils,  and  in 
seasons  characterized  by  opposite  ex- 
tremes of  wetness  and  dryness,  I  am 
induced  to  consider  that  the  disease 
arises  from  some  detect  in  the  sets  em- 
ployed, or  to  potatoes  being  grown  too 


hardy  deciduous,  or  evergreen  twming 
or  climbing  plants.  Cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

CAPSICUM.  Twenty-four  species 
and  some  varieties.  Stove  evergreen 
shrubs,  or  hardy  and  stove  annuals. 
Seeds.     Rich  open  soil. 

The  following  are  the  kitchen  garden 
species  and  varieties. 

Capsicum    Annuum.  —  Capsicum    or 


of\en    on   the   same   site.     It   is  quite  ,  Guinea  Pepper.     Of  this  there  are  five 
certain,  from  my  own  experience,  that 
in  ground  tired  of  potatoes,  the  disease 
invariably,  and    most    extensively,  ap-  i 
pears.     This   suggests  that  it  is  occa-  j 
sioned   by  a  deficiency  of  some   con- 
stituent in  the  soil,  a  suggestion  con- 
firmed by  the  fact,  that  in  the  fields  of. 


varieties: — 

1.  Long-podded. 

2.  Heart-shaped. 

3.  Short-podded. 

4.  Angular-podded. 
Round  Short-podded. 


C.  Cerasiforme. — Capsicum  or  Cherry 


CAR 


124 


CAR 


Pepper.     Qf  this  there  are  three  varie- 
ties: 

1.  Cherry-shaped. 

2.  Bell-shaped,  or  Ox-heart. 

3.  Yellow-podded. 

C.  grossum. — Capsicum,  or  Bell  Pep- 
per.   Of  this  there  are  three  varieties: — 

1.  Old  Bell-shaped  or  Buii^nose. 

2.  Sweet  or  Spanish. 

3.  Tomato-shaped. 

So/7  ayid  Situation. — The  soil  best 
suited  for  them  is  a  rich  moist  loam, 
rather  inclining  to  lightness  than  te- 
nacity. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — They  are 
propagated  by  seed,  which  may  be  sown 
towards  tlie  end  of  March  or  beginning 
of  April  in  a  hot-bed  of  moderate  size, 
with  the  shelter  of  a  frame;  or  some- 
what later  on  an  open  border,  protected 
from  cold  winds:  when  the  plants  are 
sufficiently  advanced  they  may  be  trans- 
planted to  their  permanent  position  in 
the  garden. 

To  obtain  Seed. — For  the  production 
of  seed  a  {)lant  bearing  some  of  the  for- 
wardest  and  finest  fruit  of  each  Variety 
must  be  preserved,  that  it  may  be  ripe 
before  the  frosts  commence,  the  first  of 
which  usually  kills  the  plants.  When 
completely  ripe,  the  pods  are  cut  and 
hung  up  in  the  sun, or  in  a  warm  room, 
until  completely  dry,  in  which  state 
they  are  kept  until  the  seed  is  wanted 
for  sowing. 

CARAGANA.  Fourteen  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Grafts, 
layers  or  seeds.     Sandy  open  loam. 

CARALLIA  lucida.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.     Cuttings.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

CARALLUMA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  brick  rubbish. 

CARAPA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
sandy  peat. 

CARAWAY.     Carum  Carui. 

CARDAMLNE.  Lady's  Smock.  Ele- 
ven species.  Hardy  herbaceous  plants. 
Division.     Peat  and  lonni. 

CARDL\AL  FLOWER.  Lobelia car- 
dinnlis. 

CARDOON.     {Cynara  cardunculus.) 

The  stalks  of  the  inner  leaves,  when  j 
rendered  tender  by  blanching,  are  used 
in  stews,  soups,  and  salads. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  light  rich  soi 
is  most  suitable  to  this  vegetable,  dur 
deep  and  well  pulverised.  The  situa- 
tion must  be  open,  and  free  from  trees 


Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — It  may 
be  sown  at  the  close  of  March,  but  for 
the  main  crop  not  until  the  early  part  of 
April,  those  plants  raised  from  earlier 
sowings  being  apt  to  run  at  the  close  of 
autumn  ;  for  a  late  crop,  a  sowing  may 
be  performed  in  June.  The  best  prac- 
tice is  to  sow  in  patches  of  three  or 
four  rows  four  feet  apart  each  way,  to 
be  thinned  finally  to  one  in  each  place, 
the  weakest  being  removed.  If,  how- 
ever, they  are  raised  in  a  seed  bed, 
they  will  be  ready  for  transplanting  in 
about  eight  or  ten  weeks  from  the  time 
of  sowing,  and  must  be  set  at  similar 
distances  as  are  specified  above. 

The  plants  of  the  first  sowing  are 
generally  three  weeks  before  they  make 
their  appearance;  those  from  the  latter 
ones  about  two.  If  after  a  lapse  of 
these  times  they  do  not  appear,  it 
should  be  ascertained  if  the  seed  is  de- 
cayed, and  in  thnt  case  the  sowing  re- 
newed. The  seed  must  be  sown  rather 
thin,  and  covered  about  half  an  inch. 
When  about  a  month  old,  the  seed- 
lings, when  too  thick,  must  be  thinned 
to  four  inches  apart,  and  those  removed 
may  be  pricked  out  at  a  similar  dis- 
tance. When  of  the  age  sufficient  for 
their  removal  they  must  be  taken  up 
carefully,  and  the  long  straggling  leaves 
removed.  The  bed  for  their  reception 
must  be  dug  well  and  laid  out  in 
trenches  as  for  celery,  or  a  hollow  sunk 
for  each  plant ;  but  as  they  are  liable 
to  suffer  from  excessive  wet,  the  best 
mode  is  to  plant  on  the  surface,  and 
form  the  necessary  earthing  in  the  form 
of  a  tumulus.  Water  must  be  applied 
abundantly  at  the  time  of  planting,  as 
well  as  subsequently,  until  they  are 
established  ;  and  also  in  August,  if  dry 
weather  occurs,  regularly  every  other 
night,  as  this  is  found  to  prevent  their 
running  to  seed.  The  only  other  ne- 
cessary point  to  be  attended  to  is,  that 
they  may  be  kept  free  from  weeds  dur- 
ing every  stage  of  their  growth.  When 
advanced  to  about  eighteen  inches  in 
height,  which  according  to  the  time  of 
sowing  will  be  in  August,  and  thence 
to  October,  the  leaves  must  be  closed 
together  by  encircling  them  with  a  hay- 
band,  and  earth  placed  round  each 
plant,  a  dry  day  being  selected  for  per- 
forming it.  As  they  continue  to  grow, 
fresh  bands  and  earth  must  be  constant- 
ly appli(;d  until  they  are  blanched  to 
the   height  of  two   feet,  or  about  two- 


CAR 


125 


CAR 


thirds  of  their  stems.  They  will  be  fit  j 
for  use  in  eight  or  ten  weeks  after  the  , 
earthing  first  commences.  Care  must 
be  had  in  earthing  them  up,  to  prevent 
the  earth  falling  in  between  the  leaves, 
which  IS  liable  to  induce  decay.  The 
surface  of  the  soil  should  likewise  be 
beaten  smooth  to  throw  oft"  the  rain.  In 
severe  weather  their  tops  should  be 
covered  with  litter,  by  which  they  may 
be  preserved  in  a  serviceable  state 
throughout  the  winter. 

To  obtain  Seed — Which  in  this  coun- 
try seldom  comes  to  maturity,  but  in  dry 
seasons  a  few  plants  should  be  set  in  a 
sheltered  situation  of  the  April  sowing, 
not  earthed  up,  but  allowed  the  shelter 
of  mats  or  litter  in  frosty  weather.  The 
flowers  make  their  appearance  about 
the  beginning  of  July,  and  the  seed  is 
ripe  in  September. 

CARDUXCELUS.  Two  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Common  soil. 

CARDUUS.  Thirty-eight  species. 
Hardy  annuals,  biennials,  and  peren- 
nials. Seeds  or  division.  Common 
soil. 

CAREYA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreens  ;  C.  herbacea  is  a  splendid 
herbaceous  stove  plant.  Division.  Light 
loam  and  sandy  peat. 

CARCilLLIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  open  loam. 

CARICA.  Six  species.  Chiefly  stove 
evergreen  trees.  Leafy  cuttings.  Loamy 
soil. 

CARISSA.  Five  species.  Stove  ever- 
green trees.     Cuttings.    Peat  and  loam. 

C.\RLINA.      Ten    species 
plants ;    C.    lyrata    is    a    green-house 
biennial.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CARLOVVIZIA  salicifoUa.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

CARLUDOVICA.        Five      species. 
Stove  evergreen  climbers,  or  herbace- 
ous perennials.     Suckers, 
and  loam. 

CAR.^HCHAELIA  australis.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat. 

CARNATION.  Dianthus  caryophyl- 
lus.  The  Carnation  is  a  prominent 
flower  at  the  horticultural  shows  in 
England,  and  exciting  contests  tor  the 
premiums  are  annually  exhibited.  In 
the  United  States  it  succeeds  but  indif- 
ferently well,  and  a  really  good  col- 


lection of  Carnations  is  a  rarity  :  in- 
deed so  rare,  that  but  few  of  us  have 
seen  what  a  British  amateur  would 
deem  worth  looking  at.  We  reprint 
the  whole  of  the  article  on  the  subject 
as  it  originally  stood  in  the  Dictionary, 
for  the  benefit  of  those  who  m.iy  be 
disposed  to  make  importations  and  em- 
bark in  the  culture  of  this  charming 
flower. 

Mr.  J.  F.  Wood,  of  the  Coppice, 
Nottingham,  gives  the  following  list  of 
varieties. 

Scarlet  Bizarres. — Twitchett's  Don 
John  ;  Martin's  Splendid  ;  Headley'a 
Achilles;  Headley's  William  Cobbett; 
Bucknall's  Earl  Fitzharding  ;  Strong's 
Duke  of  York;  Wilmer's  Conquering 
Hero. 

Crimson  Bizarres. — Puxley's  Prince 
Albert ;  Holmes'  Count  Paulina  ;  Maus- 
ley's  Robert  Burns  ;  Ely's  Lord  Milton  ; 
Jacques' Georgiana  ;  Chambers'  Kate; 
Jacques'  Iris;  Parker's  Sophia. 

Scarlet  Flakes. — Twitchett's  Queen 
of  Scarlet ;  Wigg's  Earl  of  Leicester  ; 
Bucknall's  Ulysses  ;  Wilson's  William 
the  Fourth  ;  Wilmer's  Hero  of  Middle- 
sex ;  Addenbrook's  Lydia. 

Purple  Flakes. — Mausley's  Beauty  of 
Woodhousc  ;  Headley's  Empress  of 
Purples;  Headley's  Incognita;  Pol- 
lard's First-rate;  Wilmer's  Solander; 
Millwood's  Premier  ;  Strong's  Esther. 

Rose  Flakes. — Brooks'  Flora  Gar- 
land ;  Greasley's  Village  Maid  ;  Wil- 
son's Harriet ;  Ely's  Lady  Ely  ;  Sicla- 
more's  Lady  Rowley  ;  Pearson's  Madam 
Mara. 

Scarlet  Bizarres. — Jolly  Dragoon 
Hardy  (Ely's)  ;  Game  Boy  (Rainforth's) ;  Lead- 
er (Hepworth's) ;  Don  John  (Mer- 
chant's) ;  Lady  of  the  Manor  (Mill- 
wood's) ;  Patriarch  (Ilulton's)  ;  Union 
Jack  (Ward's) ;  Sir  Robert  Peel 
(Groves')  ;  Locomotive  (Morris') ;  Duke 
of  Leeds  (Hoyle's)  ;  Prince  Albert 
(Hoyle's) ;  Splendid  (Martin's)  ;  Con- 
Sandy  peat,  quering  Hero  (Wilmer's)  ;  Brutus  (Col- 
cut's)  ;  Juba  (Colcut's)  ;  Charles  the 
Twelfth  (Mausley's)  ;  William  the 
Fourth  (Walmsley's)  ;  Colonel  (Lee's) 
Duke  of  Devonshire  ;  Mars  (Walms- 
ley's). 

Crimson  Bizarres. — Duke  of  Bedford 
(Ely's) ;  Count  Paulini  (Holmes') ;  Duch- 
ess of  Kent  (Brown's);  Bloomsbury 
(Soorn's) ;  Hector  (Brown's) ;  Lord  Mil- 
ton (Ely's);  Lord  Brougham  (tiicas- 
ley's);    Squire     Plumtree    (Hufton's) ; 


CAR 


126 


CAR 


Mrs.  Brand  (Ely's)  ;  William  Caxton 
(Ely's);  Robert  Burns  (Mausley's)  ; 
Tally-ho  (Woolley's) ;  Bonpland  (Wil- 
mer's) ;  Dord  Durham  (Tomlinson's)  ; 
Rainbow  (Cartwright's) ;  Squire  Ray 
(Hufton's)  ;  Betty  (Lovegrove's)  ;  King 
Alfred  (Gregory's)  ;  Eclipse  (Eason's) ; 
Taglioni  (Pickering's). 

Scarlet  Flakes. — Beauty  of  Cradley 
(Wallis') ;  Ringleader  (Toane's) ;  Bright 
Venus  (Ely's);  Premier  (Creswell's) ; 
Lord  Morpeth  (Ely's)  ;  Captain  Ross 
(Ely's) ;  Mary  Anne  (Greasley's). 

Rose  Picotees. — Few  of  this  class  are 
grown  near  Nottingham  ;  the  following 
are  amongst  the  best :  Queen  Victoria 
(Green's) ;  Favourite  (Giddens') ;  Fanny 
Irby  (Wilson's)  ;  Marchioness  oi' West- 
minster (Evans')  ;  Queen  Victoria 
(Wains');  Ann  Page  (Lovegrove's);  Mar- 
quis of  Granby  (Simpson's) :  Earl  of 
Errol  (Wilmer's);  Wellington  (Foster's); 
Earl  of  Leicester  (Wigg's) ;  Rob  Roy 
(Orson's);  Madame  Mara  (Pearson's)  ; 
William  the  Fourth  (Wilson's) ;  Lady 
Hill  (Pugh's);  Fox  Hunter  (Hufton's): 
Donna  Maria  (Millwood's);  Red  Rover 
(Fletcher's) ;  Bishop  of  Gloucester 
(Brown's). 

Rose  Flakes. — Lovely  Anne  (Ely's) ; 
Rosea  (Hulton's);  Queen  Victoria  (Hy- 
ron's) ;  Lady  Gardiner  (Ely's) ;  Lady 
Ely  (Ely's);  Elizabeth  (Easum's); 
Village  Maid  (Greasley's);  Lady  Flora 
(Hudson's) ;  Sarah  (Hastings') ;  Brew- 
ing (Hoyle's)  ;  Miss  Walker  (Ash- 
worth's)  ;  Mrs.  Pickering  (Pickering's) ; 
Lovely  Nancy  (Hoyle's);  Eliza  (Par- 
kinson's) ;  Emma  (Lakin's) ;  Miss  Molly 
(Ely's)  ;  Queen  of  England  (Fletcher's); 
Luna  (Brown's) ;  Lady  Egertou  (Low's); 
Lady  Grey  (Malpas'). 

Purple  Flakes. — Mango  (Ely's) ;  Beau- 
ty of  Woodhouse  (Mausley's);  Bellero- 
phon  (Leighton's) ;  Prince  Charlotte 
(Turner's);  Premier(Millwood's);  Squire 
Meyneli  (Brabbin's);  Sir  J.  Plastain 
(Bates') ;  British  Queen  (Elliot's)  ;  In- 
vincible (Simpson's) ;  Major  (Spray's); 
Miss  Thornton  (Hudson's) ;  Enchanter 
(Pearson's);  Rev.  J.  Gisborne  (Brab- 
bins') ;  Miignilicent(Ely's) ;  Queen  Vic- 
toria (Ely's);  Cleopatra  (VVeldon's) ; 
First  Rate  (Pollard's)  ;  Platoff  (Hall's) ; 
Major  Cartwright  (Hall's). 

Red  Picotees. — Mrs.  Flower  (Ely's) ; 
Miss  Bacon  (Wollard's) ;  Little  Won- 
der (Wollard's) ;  Duke  of  Wellington 
(Sharp's) ;  Mary  (Morris') ;   Pilot  (Mor- 


ris') ;  Will  Stakely  (Hutton's) ;  Derby 
Willow  (Maw's) ;  King  of  the  French 
(Green's) ;  Royal  Briton  (Hardy's)  ;  Ma- 
tilda (Parkinson's)  ;  Venus  (Hudson's)  ; 
Mary  Antony  (Benii's);  Hector  (Sharp's); 
Cornelius  (Barraud's) ;  Colonel  Foreman 
(Barraud's);  Teazer  (Giddens');  Cresar 
(Giddens')  :  Criterion  (Sharp's);  Cathe- 
rine (Hardy's) ;  Nulli  Secundus  (Maus- 
ley's) ;  Bloomsbury  (Clegg's)  ;  Mrs.  Jud- 
son  (Wheatley's)  ;  Lady  Peel  (Pullen's); 
Vespasian  (Giddens');  Victoria  (Mus- 
croft's) ;  Queen  ofSheba  (Wakefield's); 
Nottingham  Hero  (Robinson's);  Mr. 
Mugglestone  (Robinson's);  Hope  (Brink- 
ler's)  ;  Trip  to  Cambridge  (Dickson's)  ; 
Grace  Darling  (Ely's) ;  Pluperfect  (Wil- 
son's) ;  Queen  Victoria  (Kirkland's)  ; 
Nehemiah  (Hufton's)  ;  Delight  (Jack- 
son's) ;  Victoria  (Crask's)  ;  Isabella 
(Hufton's);  Miss  Hunter  (Hufton's),  alias 
Toones,  Miss  Garey  ;  Mary  (Lee's). 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — Mr. 
Orson,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Floricultural 
Society,  made  these  excellent  observa- 
tions : — "  Carnations  were  originally 
divided  into  three  classes,  viz.,  Bizarres, 
Flakes,  and  Picotees  ;  but  the  latter  are 
now  considered  a  distinct  variety.  Bi- 
zarres were  distinguished  by  having  two 
colours,  and  flakes  by  having  only  one 
colour  upon  a  white  ground  ;  these  two 
principal  classes  being  subdivided  into 
scarlet,  crimson,  pink,  and  purple  bi- 
zarres—  scarlet,  purple,  and  pink  or 
rose  flakes.  In  some  counties  pink, 
purple,  and  crimson  bizarres  were  all 
classed  under  the  head  of  pink  bizarres, 
whereas  in  other  parts  of  the  country 
they  were  known  as  crimson  bizarres. 

"  The  calyx,  or  pod,  should  be  long, 
firm,  and  entire,  of  sufficient  substance 
to  support  the  petals,  which  should  be 
thick,  broad,  and  substantial,  smooth, 
and  free  from  indenture  on  the  edge. 
The  guard  petals  should  rise  gracefully 
above  the  pod,  and  turn  in  a  horizontal 
direction,  having  a  gradual  disposition 
to  cup,  but  not  terminating  in  an  abrupt 
curl,  at  the  outer  edge,  the  whole  form- 
ing a  complete  circle.  The  interior 
petals  should  rather  decrease  in  size  as 
they  approach  the  centre,  each  row  be- 
ing regularly  and  alternately  arranged 
above  the  other,  and  not  have  a  loose 
and  gaping  appearance,  in  fact,  the 
spaces  should  be  only  sufficient  to  dis- 
play the  colouring  distinctly.  The  num- 
ber of  petals  in  a  first  rate  flower 
should  not  be  less  than  seventeen,  three 


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• 

of  them  being  placed  in  the  centre,  to  I  very  full  picotees  are  not  to  be  advo- 


form  a  crown. 


cated,  a  medium  fulness  is  best.     The 


"The  whole  would  then,  if  well  ar- I  same  disqualifications  with  regard  to 
ranged,  produce  the  form  of  the  half  of  I  the  petal  and  pod  are  applicable  as  to 
an  oval  or  elliptic,  when  held  on  a  side  '  the  carnation." — Card.  Chron. 
view;  having,  when  seen  from  above,  j  Soil. — Dr.  Horner  recommends — 
a  circular  appearance.  The  colours, }  "  Two  parts  old  pasture  sods,  two  years 
whether  bizarre  or  flake,  should  be  old,  and  one  part  old  frame  manure, 
strong,  brilliant,  and  distinct  through- '  three  years  old,  with  a  sufficient  addi- 
oiit.  The  ground  colour  should  be  a  I  tion  of  coarse  river  sand,  to  prevent  te- 
pure  white;  free  from  speck,  spot,  tint,  [  nacity  ofthe  soil.  Pasture  sods  reduced 
or  tin^eof  any  sort.  Theflakes  should  I  to  mould,  are  preferable  to  soil  taken 
be  bro'ad  and  bold,  commencing  at  the  from  a  greater  depth,  inasmuch  as  they 
extreme  edge,  ofa  proportionate  width  |  contain  the  fibrous  roots  of  the  grass, 
to  the  petal,  running  through  to  the  cen-  I  which  during  their  gradual  decay  afford 
tre,  or  as  far  as  the  eye  can  discern,  and  '  a  constant  supply  of  most  acceptable 
diminishing  in  breadth  as  they  approach  [  nourishment." — Gard.  Chron. 
the  centre,  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  pe-  |  "  Propagation. — Pipings  stuck  in  this 
tal.  The  distribution  of  colours  should  !  monld  are  to  be  covered  with  a  hand- 
be  equal  in  every  respect:  in  a  flake,  \  light,  exposed  fully  to  the  sun  ;  but  in 
not  less  than  three  divisions  in  each  j  hot  weather,  in  the  evening,  water 
petal;  in  a  bizarre,  not  less  than  five  |  poured  over  the  hand-light;  pick  out 
divisions,  and  properly  arranged  ;  their  ^  worms  and  slugs.  If  the  pipings  are 
respective  and  united  beauties  should  |  placed  in  a  box,  covered  first  with  a 
be  strikingly  apparent.  |  bell-glass,  which  is  to  be  exchanged  for 

"  Size  should  not  be  lost  sight  of,  '  a  small  hand-glass,  or  a  larger  bell- 
though  it  should  never  take  precedence,  |  glass,  as  the  pipings  begin  to  grow,  the 
unless  the  other  general  properties  were  j  boxes  placed  on  a  stage  on  the  north 
equal.  The  disqualifications  of  a  car-  i  side  ofa  tree,  and  the  stage  resting  on 
nation  are — a  dead,  loose,  mutilated,  j  feeders,  filled  with  lime-water,  there  is 
or  split  petal,  a  petal  having  no  white  ;  less  trouble  with  insects,  and  the  pipings 
on  the  upper  side  ;  a  petal  having  (if  a  ;  will  grow  very  well,  but  not  so  rapidly." 
flake)  no  colour  upon  the  white  on  the  — Gard.  Chron.  For  the  best  mode  of 
upper  side;  a  petal  upon  which  (if  a  :  obtaining  piping's,  see  PinTc. 
bizarre)  there  are  not  two  colours  upon  j  Raising  Varieties. — Dr.  Lindley  says, 
the  white  on  the  upper  side;  if  the  pod  ]  —  "  The  fertilization  of  carnations 
be  split  down  to  the  sub-calyx,  or  cut  I  should  be  performed  as  soon  as  the  stig- 
away  in  any  part." — Gard.  Chron.  j  mas  unfold.     The   action  of  pollen  is 

"  The  properties  of  the  picotee,  with  '  not  instantaneous,  but  slow;  and  it  is 
regard  to  form  and  petal,"  says  the  same  j  necessary  that  it  should  adhere, 
authority,  "  are  the  same  as  in  the  car-  I  *'  Although  it  may  produce  no  effect 
nation,  with  this  exception,  that,  as  the  at  the  time  of  applying  it,  yet  it  will 
colour  of  the  picotce  is,  or  ought  to  be,  eventually  fertilize  the  seed-vessel,  if 
confined  to  the  margin  of  the  petal,  a  |  the  flower  be  kept  dry.  If  the  seed- 
greater  degree  of  fulness  was  admissi- i  vessel  grows,  and  yet  the  seed  does 
ble,  proportionate  with  the  lightness  or  not  swell,  it  is  because  fertilization  has 
narrowness  of  the  marking.  The  co-  not  taken  place.  It  would  increase  the 
lour  should  be  clear  and  distinct,  con-  probability  of  procuring  seed,  to  place 
fined  to  the  edge  of  the  petal,  and  not  the  pots  near  a  south  wall.  It  is  of  no 
running  down  orbarring;  neither  should  use  to  cut  out  the  centre  petals  when 
the  white  in  the  slightest  degree  run  the  flower  is  very  double." — Gard. 
through  to  the   edge  of  the  petals,  but    Chron. 

whether  lightly  or  heavily  marked,  the  Sowing. — "The  surface  ofthe  soil 
colour  should  be  regular,  at  an  equal  should  be  finely  pulverized,  and  the  bed 
distance  from  the  edge  all  round  the  raised  somewhat  above  the  level  ofthe 
petal,  each  petal  having  the  same  re-  adjoining  ground.  The  seed  may  be 
gularity  of  colouring  throughout  the  scattered  broadcast  over  the  bed,  and 
flower 


„^..  afterwards  lightly  pressed  with  the  back 

"  Although  a  full  floweris  not  so  ob-  '  ofa  rake." — Gard.  Chron. 
jectionable  as  in  the  carnation,  yet,  as  !     "  Seedlings  are  always  more  vigorous 


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than  those  that  have  been  in  cultivation 
for  a  length  of  time. 

"  It  is  not  usual  for  carnations  and 
pinks  to  bloom  the  first  season.  When 
the   seed   is  sown   early,   flower-stems 


The  method  of  performing  the  work 
is  as  follows: — First  provide  a  quan- 
tity of  small  hooked  sticks,  three  or 
four  inches  long,  with  which  to  peg 
the  layers  down,    also  in    a  barrow 


are  occasionally  thrown   up  late  in  the  i  quantity  of  light  rich  mould  to  raise  tive 


autumn,  and  all  destroyed  by  frost. 
Gard.  Chron. 

The  plants  generally  come  up  in  a 
month  after  sowing ;  give  occasional 
watering  and  weeding,  and  in  July  they 
will  be  fit  to  prick  out  into  nursery  beds, 
which   prepare   in    an    open    situation, ; 


earth,  if  required,  around  each  plant; 
and  provide  also  a  sharp  penknife. 
Having  all  these  ready,  then  proceed 
to  the  work  of  layering  :  first,  strip  oHT 
all  the  leaves  from  the  body  of  the 
shoots,  and  shorten  those  at  the  top  an 
nch  or  two  evenly;  and   then,  fixing 


three  feet  wide  ;  and  taking  advantage  j  upon  a  strong  joint  about  the  middle  of 
of  moist  weather,  prick  the  plants  there-  the  shoot,  and  on  its  under  side,  cut 
in  four  inches  apart,  and  finish  with  a  j  the  joint  half  way  through,  directing 
general  watering,  which  repeat  occa-  your  knife  upward,  so  as  to  slit  the 
sionally  till  all  the  plants  have  taken  shoot  up  the  middle  almost  to  the  next 
good  root.  Here  let  them  remain  till 
September, — when  they  will  be  so  well 
advanced  in  growth  as  to  require  more 
room  ;  and  should  have  their  final  trans- 
plantation into  other  three-feet-wide 
beds  of  good  earth,  in  rows  lengthways 
the  bed,  nine  inches  asunder,  and  the 
same  distance  in  the  lines,  placing  them 
in  the  quincunx  order;  and  here  they  are 
to  remain  all  the  winter,  and  until  they 
flower,  and  have  been  increased  by 
layers  ;  until  which  periods  all  the  cul- 
ture they  require  is,  that  if  the  winter 
prove  very  severe,  an  occasional  shel- 
ter of  mats,  during  the  hardest  frost, 
will  be  of  much  advantage  ,  and  in 
spring,  loosen  the  ground  between  them 
with  a  hoe.  Keep  them  always  clear 
from  weeds,  and  when  their  flower- 
stalks  advance,  tie  them  up  to  sticks. 
They  will  flower  in  June,  July,  and 
August,  at  which  times,  as  soon  as  the 
singles  and  doubles  are  distinguishable, 
all  the  singles  may  be  rejected. 

When  fully  blown,  examine  their  pro- 
perties ;  the  finest  may  be  marked  for 
stage  flowers,  and  the  others  are  furni- 
ture for  the  borders  ;  all  of  which  may 
be  increased  by  layers  the  same  year 


joint  above  ;  of  which  joint  the  thin 
skinny  part  must  be  trimmed  off,  for 
the  layers  always  form  their  root  at 
that  part.  This  done,  loosen  the  earth 
around  the  plant,  and,  if  necessary,  add 
some  fresh  mould  to  raise  it  for  the 
more  ready  reception  of  the  layers  ; 
then  with  your  finger  make  a  hollow  or 
drill  in  the  earth  to  receive  the  layer, 
which  bend  gently  down  horizontally  in 
the  opening,  raising  the  top  upright,  so 
as  to  keep  the  gash,  or  slit  part  of  the 
layer,  open,  and  with  one  of  the  hooked 
sticks  peg  down  the  body  of  the  layer 
to  secure  it  in  its  proper  place  and  po- 
sition, still  preserving  the  top  erect  and 
the  slit  open,  and  draw  the  earth  over 
it  an  inch  or  two,  bringing  it  close  about 
the  erect  part  of  the  shoot ;  and  when 
all  the  shoots  of  each  plant  are  thus 
layered,  give  some  water  to  settle  the 
earth  close,  repeating  the  waterings 
often  in  dry  weather;  and  in  five  or  six 
weeks  the  layers  will  have  formed  good 
roots,  when  they  should  be  separated 
with  a  knife  from  the  old  plants,  and 
planted  in  beds  or  pots^ 

Taking   off   and    transplanting    the 
Layers. — The  layers  are  generally  well 


Propagation  by  Layers. — The  proper    rooted  in  six  weeks  after  layering,  vvhich 


parts  lor  layers  are  those  leafy  shoots 
arising  near  the  crown  of  the  root, 
which,  when  about  five  inches  long,  are 
of  a  proper  degree  of  growth. 

The  general  season  tor  this  work  is 
Jurie,  July,  and  beginning  of  August, 
and  the  sooner  it  is  done  after  the  shoots 
are  ready  the  better,  that  they  may 
have  sufficient  time  to  acquire  strength 
before  winter.  Those  layered  in  June 
and  July  will  be  fit  to  take  off  in  Au- 
gust and  September. 


you  will  observe  by  opening  the  earth  a 
little,  and  examining  the  bottom,  or 
root  part;  and  if  it  has  emitted  plenty 
of  fibres,  they  should  be  taken  off,  and 
planted  out. 

They  must  be  cut,  or  separated  with 
a  knife  from  the  old  plant,  gently  rais- 
ing them  out  of  the  earth  with  the  point 
of  a  trowel,  to  preserve  the  fibres,  or 
roots  of  the  layers;  and  when  thus  taken 
up,  cut  off  the  naked  sticky  part  at  bot- 
tom close  to  the  root,  and  trim  the  tops 


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of  the  leaves  a  little :  they  are  then 
ready  for  planting,  either  into  beds  or 
pots,  but  rather  into  nursery-beds  of 
good  earth,  to  remain  six  vveeiss,  and 
then  the  fine  sorts  may  be  potted. 
Therefore,  choosing  a  bed  or  border  of 
rich  light  earth,  let  it  be  then  neatly 
dug,  and  the  surface  raked  smooth,  and 
here  plant  the  layers,  %fith  a  dibble,  at 


tirely  off,  for  if  much  covered  it  would 
draw  them  up  weak  and  tender. 

Be  careful  also  that  the  drainage  in 
the  pots  is  very  good. 

Thus  continue  your  care  of  the  potted 
plants  till  spring,  and  then  shift  them 
into  large  pots,  to  remain  to  blow,  as 
directed  in  tiieir  spring  culture. 

In  respect  to  those  in  the  open  beds, 


six  or  eight  inches  distance;  give  di- |  although  they  commonly  stand  the  win- 
rectly  a  good  watering,  and  repeat  it,  [  ter  tolerably,  yet,  if  you  have  any  spare 
in  dry  weather,  every  day  or  two,  for  a  i  frames,  or  the  beds  arched  over,  to  be 
week  or  a  fortnight,  when  the  plants  ^  covered  with  mats  or  long  dry  litter  in 
will  have  taken  fresh  root,  and  begin  to  ]  severe  frosts,  it  will  be  of  much  advan- 


advance 

In  this  bed  let  them  take  their  growth 
^till  October,  then  the  fine  varieties  may 
be  potted  insmall  pots  (forty-eights)  for 
moving  to  occasional  shelter  from  hard 
frosts,  till  spring,  then  into  large  pots, 
to  remain  to  flower;  therefore,  at  the 
above-mentioned  time  in  autumn,  take 
up  the  layers  of  the  prime  sorts  from 
the  nursery  beds  into  small  pots,  and 
give  a  moderate  watering,  and  place 
them  in  a  warm  situation,  in  the  full 
air,  till  November,  then  move  them  to 
occasional  shelter,  as  directed  in  their 
winter  culture. 

The  more  common  sorts  may  either 
at  the  above  time  in  autumn  be  trans- 
planted into  the  borders  or  other  com- 
partments ofthe  pleasure  ground,  where 
they  are  to  remain  to  flower,  or  may  be 
continued  in  the  beds  until  spring;  and 
then  a  due  quantity  may  be  disposed  in 
the  borders,  or  retained  in  the  same 
bed,  for  flowering. 

IVinte?-  Culture. — In  November,  the 
varieties  in  pots  should  be  moved  to  a 
sunny,  sheltered  situation  for  the  win- 
ter ;  and  if  placed  in  a  frame,  &c.,  to 
have  occasional  protection  from  hard 
frost,  it  will  be  of  much  advantage. 
The  pots  may  be  placed  close  together, 
or  if  the  bod  is  raised  three,  four,  or 
six  inches,  with  a  light  dry  earth,  sand. 


tage. 

Spring  Culture,  Shifting,  SfC. — In 
the  latter  end  of  February,  or  some 
time  in  March,  the  layers  in  the  small 
pots,  or  such  as  are  in  beds,  and  that 
you  intend  shall  blow  in  pots,  should 
be  transplanted  with  balls  into  the  large 
pots,  where  they  are  to  remain. 

The  pots  proper  for  their  reception 
for  flowering,  should  be  nine  or  ten 
inches  at  least  in  the  clear  at  top,  but 
if  a  foot  the  better,  that  there  may  be 
due  room  to  lay  the  layers,  at  the  pro- 
per season,  for  a  further  increase, 
which  is  an  essential  point  to  be  con- 
sidered. 

The  pots  being  ready,  put  some 
pieces  of  tile  or  oyster  shells  over  the 
holes  at  the  bottom;  add  plenty  of 
drainage,  and  fill  them  halfway  with 
earth,  then  turn  the  plants  out  of  the 
pots,  &c.,  with  the  ball  of  earth  about 
their  roots ;  and  after  taking  away  a 
little  of  the  earth  around  the  sides  of 
the  ball,  place  one  plant  in  each  of 
the  large  pots,  filling  up  the  vacancy 
around  the  ball  with  fresh  compost, 
bringing  it  also  close  up  about  the 
body  of  the  plant,  which  should  stand 
nearly  as  high  as  the  rim  of  the  pot ; 
and  finish  each  pot  with  a  moderate 
watering. 

Being  thus   potted,  place  them  in  a 


or  ashes,  and  so  plunge  the  pots  in  it  to  sheltered  sunny  situation  in  the  full  air, 
their  rims,  it  will  be  a  greater  protec-  ]  and  in  dry  weather  supply  them  with 
tion  for  their  roots,  covering  them  oc-  1  water  twice  a  week,  and  here  let  them 
casionally  with  the  glasses  in  hard  |  remain  till  they  are  considerably  ad- 
frosts,  &c.;  but  for  want  of  frames,  a  j  vanced  towards  flowering,  then  the  fine 
bed  prepared  as  above  may  be  arched  sorts  may  be  placed  on  the  Carnation 
over  with   hoops,  to  be  covered  occa-  !  stage. 

Summer  Culture. — During  dry  warm 


sionally  with  mats. 

Under  either  of  those  shelters  the  !  weather  continue  the  care  of  watering 
plants  are  to  be  covered  with  glasses  |  those  in  pots  every  day  or  two.  Like- 
or  mats  only  in  time  of  severe  frost,  j  wise  clear  out  all  weeds,  and  at  times 
but  must  enjoy  the  full  air  in  all  open  i  lightly  stir  the  surface.  In  May  and 
weather,  by  having  all  covering  en- |  June  the  flower-stems  of  the  plants  will 
9 


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advance,  when  sticks  should  be  placed  stage,  by  means  of  small  neat  rails, 
for  their  support,  which  should  be  two  carried  along  lengthways  of  the  stage, 
feet  and  a  half  or  a  yard  long,  either  just  over  the  place  where  each  row  of 
round  or  square,  but  perfectly  straight,  pots  stand,  and  from  which  rails  up- 
an(ftaporiiig  from  the  bottom:  sharpen-  '  right  sticks  half  an  inch  thick  are  car- 
ing the  lower  end  thrust  one  down  by  '  ried  to  another  such  rail  above,  placing 
every  plant,  to  which  tie  the  flower-  them  at  such  distances  that  there  be 
stems  in  a  neat  manner,  which  repeat  two  to  each  pot,  and  so  train^  the 
as  they  advance  in  height.  flower-stems   up  to  the   outside  of  the 

In   June,   or  beginning   of  July,  the  sticks, 

plants   will   be   considerably   advanced  With   respect  to  the   cups   of  vrater 

towards  flowering,  when  those  intended  above   mentioned,  they  are   earthen  or 

for  the  stage  should  be  placed  there,  to  leaden,  about  fifteen   inches  wide,  and 

prevent  th'e   depredation  of  slugs  ;  the  three  or  four  deep,  having  a  hollow  or 


posts  or  supporters  of  the  stage  should 
be  surrounded  at  the  bottom  by  small 
cups  of  water;  and  by  placing  the 
plants  on  a  stage,  having  tlie  platform 
eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  high,  the 
flowers  are  viewed  to  more  advantage  ; 
and  if  there  is  erected  an  awning   over 


vacancy  in  the  middle  sis  inches  wide, 
like  a  socket  to  receive  the  posts  ;  and 
is  formed  by  a  raised  rim  in  the  middle, 
equal  in  height  to  that  of  the  circum- 
ference, and  the  hollow  or  socket  so 
formed  as  to  receive  the  bottom  of  the 
posts  quite  through  to  the  ground  ;  and 


the  top,  supported  four  feet  above  the  the  space  between  the  outer  and  inner 
platform,  the  flowers  being  screened  rim  is  filled  with  water,  so  that  each 
from  the  heat  of  the  mid-day  sun,  and  ,  post  standing  in  the  middle  of  such  a 
defended  from  heavy  rains,'  are  con-  |  cistern,  sufficiently  guards  the  plants 
tinued  much  longer  in  beauty.  |  against  creeping   insects,  for  they  will 

Some     Carnation     stages'  are    con-  ;  not  attempt  to  cross  the  water, 
structed  upon  very  elegant  plans,  both  ]      For  want  of  a  covered  stage  to  screen 
to  render  them  useful  and  ornamental,    i  the  flowers,  you  may  contrive  a  kind  of 

But  as  to  the  general  construction  of  small  umbrellas  or  round  spreading 
a  common  Carnation  stage,  it  is  formed  caps,  either  of  tin  or  canvas,  nine  or 
entirely  of  slight  timber  work,  thus — a  ten  inches  diameter,  one  for  each  plant; 
boarded  platform  is  erected  eighteen  having  a  socket  in  the  middle  to  receive 
inches  or  two  feet  in  height,  formed  by  the  tops  of  the  support-sticks  ;  those 
two  ranges  of  planks,  to  contain  two  umbrellas  which  are  formed  of  tin  are 
rows  of  pots  lengthways,  supported  on  the  best,  but  if  you  make  them  of  can- 
posts,  ransed  either  in  one  row  along  vas,  first  make  little  round  frames, 
under  the'^middle  of  the  platform,  or  in  having  the  rim  formed  with  slips  of 
two  ranges,  one  on  each  side  ;  and  lead,  wire,  cane,  &c.,  the  above  width, 
over  is  erected  a  roof  of  open  work,  with  cross  slips  of  the  same  materials; 
five  or  sis  feet  high,  to  be  covered  with  contriving  a  socket  of  lead  or  tin  in  the 
painted  canvas,  supported  either  by  a  middle  for  the  support-stick  to  go  quite 
range  of  neat  posts  on  each  side,  or  by  through,  as  just  observed  ;  and  upon 
one  row  ranging  along  the  middle,  be-  these  frames  paste  or  sow  canvas, 
tween  the  planks  of  the  platform,  which  which  paint  with  oil-colour,  that  they 
is  the  most  eligible  ;  the  roof  may  be  may  stand  the  weather  ;  either  of 
formed  either  archways  or  like  the  which  covers  are  placed  over  the 
ridge  of  a  house,  having  the  arches  or  flowers  by  running  the  support-stick  up 
spars  about  a  foot  asunder,  and  stiff'ened  through  the  hole  or  socket  in  the  mid- 
by  thin  slips  ofdeal, carried  across  them  die,  and  resting  the  cap  upon  a  piece 
the  whole  length  of  the  stage  ;  and  the  |  of  wire  put  across  the  stick  at  such  a 
roof  thus  formed  may  be  covered  with  ,  height  from  the  flower  as  to  screen  it 
coarse  canvas  painted  white.  ;  effectually  from  the  sun  and  rains. 

All  the  wood  work  of  the  stage  Give  attention  to  continue  to  tie  up 
should  be  painted  white,  both  to  pre-  neatly  the  flower-stalks  of  the  plants  as 
serve  it  from  the  weather,  and  give  it  they  advance  in  stature.  When  they 
a  more  lively  appearance.  In  con-  are  arrived  at  their  full  height,  support 
structing  Carnation  stages,  some  con- i  them  erect  at  top  with  wires,  having  a 
trive  sticks  for  the  support  of  the  |  small  eye  or  ring  at  one  end,  for  the 
flower-stalks,  fixed  to  the  work  of  the    reception  of  the   flower-stalk ;  so  put 


CAR 


131 


CAR 


the  other  end  into  holes  made  in  the 
support-sticks.  These  wires  should  be 
five  or  six  inches  long,  and  several  holes 
are  made  in  the  upper  part  of  tlie  sticks; 


full  width  and  extent,  the  longest  un- 
dermost, and  the  next  longest  upon 
these,  and  so  of  the  rest  quite  to  the 
middle,  observing  that  the  collar  must 


the  first  at  the  height  of  the  bottom  of:  nowhere  appear  wider  than  the  flower 
the  flower  pod,  the  other  above  that,  an  |  when  it  begins  to  burst, 
inch  or  two  distant ;  and  place  the  wires  Continue  the  care  of  watering  the 
in  the  holes  lower  or  higher,  that  the  |  pots,  which  in  dry  hot  weather  will  be 
eye  or  ring  may  be  just  even  with  the  necessary  every  day,  being  essential  to 
case  of  the  calyx,  to  support  the  flower  I  promote  the  size  of  the  flowers,  and 
in  an  upright  position  ;  and  by  drawing  !  increase  the  strength  of  the  shoots  of 
the  wire  less  or  more  out,  the  flower  is    the  plants  at  bottom  for  layers. 

And  as  in  June  and  July  these  layers 
will  have  arrived  at  proper  growth  for 
layering,  they  should  also  be  layered  to 
continue  )'0ur  increase  of  the  approved 
varieties,  and  so  continue  layering  the 
shoots  of  each  year's  growth  at  the 
above  season,  managing  them  always 
as  before  directed. 

As  to  the  border  carnations,  i.  e., 
such  as  you  intend  shall  flower  in  bor- 
ders or  beds,  in  the  open  ground,  any 
of  the  varieties  may  be  employed  ;  and 
their  propagation  both  by  seed  and 
layers  is  the  same  as  already  directed. 
The  season  for  transplanting  them  into 
the  places  of  their  final  destination  for 
flowering,  is  October  or  beginning  of 
November,  for  the  autumn  planting ; 
and  for  that  of  the  spring,  any  time  in 
March  or  first  fortnight  in  April  ;  re- 
moving them  with  little  balls  about  their 
roots,  planting  them  about  two  feet  from 
the  edge  of  the  border;  and  as  to  cul- 
ture, it  is  principally  tying  up  the  flower- 
stalks  as  they  advance  in  stature,  and 
to  make  layers  of  all  the  approved 
sorts  annually,  in  June  or  July. — Aber- 
crombie. 

Carnation  Pots. — The  pots  commonly 
made  and  used  for  the  purpose  of 
blooming  carnations  in,  are  called  wide- 
mouthed  twelves.  Two  plants  are  put 
in  each  pot,  and  they  are  made  wide  at 
the  top  for  the  convenience  of  layering 
the  plants  in. 

Disease. — The  "  black  spot*'  on  the 
leaves  of  carnations,  is  an  infection 
propagating  itself  in  the  same  manner 
as  rust  in  corn,  or  mildew  of  plants, 
each  spot  being  composed  of  innumera- 
ble small  fungi. 

CAIIOR  TRF:E.     Ceratonia. 
CAROLINF:a.    Four  species.    Stove 
evergreen  trees.    Cuttings.    Rich  loamy 


preserved  at  any  distance  from  the  sup 
port  as  shall  seem  necessary  to  give  it 
proper  room  to  expand  ;  and  if  two  or 
three  of  the  like  wires  are  placed  also 
in  the  lower  parts  of  the  support-sticks, 
placing  the  stem  of  the  flowers  also  in 
the  eye  of  the  wires,  all  the  tyings  of 
bass,  &c.,  may  be  cut  away. 

To  have  as  large  flowers  as  possible, 
clear  off  all  side  shoots  from  the  flower- 
stem,  suffering  only  the  main  or  top 
buds  to  remain  to  flower. 

When  the  flowers  begin  to  open,  at- 
tendance should  be  given  to  assist  the 
fine  varieties  to  promote  their  regular 
expansion, particularly  the  large  burster 
kinds,  they  being  apt  to  burst  open  on 
one  side  ;  and,  unless  assisted  by  a  little 
art,  the  petals  will  break  out  of  com- 
pass, and  the  flower  become  very  ir- 
regular; therefore,  attending  everyday 
at  that  period,  observe,  as  soon  as  the 
calyx  begins  to  break,  to  cut  it  a  little 
open  at  two  other  places  in  the  indent- 
ings  at  top,  with  narrow-pointed  scis- 
sors, that  the  openings  be  at  equal  dis- 
tances, and  hereby  the  more  regular 
expansion  of  the  petals  will  be  pro- 
moted ;  observing  if  one  side  of  any 
flower  comes  out  faster  than  another, 
to  turn  the  pot  about,  that  the  other  side 
of  the  flower  be  next  the  sun,  which  will 
also  greatly  assist  the  more  regular  ex- 
pansion of  the  flower. 

Likewise,  when  intended  to  blow  any 
particularly  fine  flowers  as  large  and 
spreading  as  possible,  florists  place 
spreading  paper  collars  round  the  bot- 
tom of  the  flower,  on  which  to  spread 
the  petals  to  their  utmost  expansion  ; 
these  collars  are  made  of  stiff  white 
paper,  cut  circular,  about  three  or  four 
inches  diameter,  having  a  hole  in  the 
middle  to  receive  the  bottom  of  the 
petals,  withinside  of  the  calyx,  the 
leaves  of  which  are  made  to  spread  flat  CARPINUS. 
for  its  support  ;  and  then  spread  or  draw  manv  varieties. 
out  the  petals  upon  the  collar  to  their,  Seeds  or  layers, 


Three  species,  and  as 
Hardy  deciduous  trees. 
Common  soil. 


CAR 


132 


CAS 


CARPODONTUS  lucida.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CARRICHTERA  vella.  Hardy  an- 
nual. Seeds.  Common  soil.  A  dry 
situation  suits  it  best. 

CARROT.  {Dnucus  carota.)  "The 
Carrot  is  a  hardy  biennial.  The  root  of 
the  plant  in  its  wild  state  is  small  ;  dry, 
sticky,  of  a  white  colour,  and  strong 
flavoured." 

Varieties. — Those  with  a  regular  fusi- 
form root,  are  named  long  carrots;  and 
those  having  one  that  is  nearly  cylin- 
drical, abruptly  terminating,  are  de- 
nominated horn  carrots.  The  first  are 
employed  for  the  main  crops,  the  se- 
cond, "on  account  of  their  superior  deli- 
cate flavour,  are  advantageously  grown 
for  early  use,  and  for  shallow  soils. 

"  The  principal  sorts  are  the  Long 
Orange,  best  for  the  main  crop;  the 
Early  Horn,  for  early  summer  use  ; 
and  the  Altringham  and  Large  White, 
for  field  culture. 

"  The  cultivation  of  all  the  varieties 
is  the  same.  The  plant  requires  a 
deeply  dug  or  ploughed  soil,  in  good 
tilth,  otherwise  the  root  is  apt  to  branch 
or  become  forked.  For  the  early  sup- 
ply drill  the  seed  (allowing  12  or  14 
inches  space  between  the  drills),  in  a 
warm  protected  border,  any  time  during 
spring  ;  the  main  crop  need  not  be  put 
in  before  its  close.  When  the  plants 
are  up  two  or  three  inches  in  growth, 
they  will  require  thinning,  and  cleaning 
from  weeds,  either  by  hand  or  small 
hoeing;  thin  from  three  to  five  inches 
distance,  such  as  are  designed  for  draw- 
ing, in  young  and  middling  growth  ;  but 
the  main  crop,  intended  for  large  and 
full  sized  roots,  thin  to  six  or  eight 
inches  distance;  keep  the  whole  clean 
from  weeds  in  their  advancing  young 
growth. 

"To  preserve  them  during  the  win- 
ter, remove  them  to  the  cellar,  and  pile 
them  up  with  alternate  layers  of  earth 
or  sand  ;  or  they  may  be  placed  in  heaps 
in  the  garden,  with  sufficient  soil  over 
them  to  exclude  frost.  The  Carrot  is  a 
tolerably  hardy  root,  and  but  little  diffi- 
culty attends  its  preservation. 

"  It  is  a  valuable  food  for  stock,  and 
in  an  especial  manner  worthy  of  exten- 
sive field  culture.  When  grown  for 
that  purpose  sow  in  drills  three  feet 
apart,  and  cultivate  thoroughly — the 
Long  Orange  is  perhaps  the  best  even 


for  this  purpose — does  not  grow  so 
arge  as  the  White,  but  is  of  superior 
quality." — Rural  Register. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Leave  some  where 
raised,  but  if  this  is  impracticable,  some 
of  the  finest  roots  should  be  selected, 
and  their  tops  not  cut  so  close  as  those 
for  storing ;  these  likewise  must  be 
placed  in  sand  until  March,  then  to  be 
planted  out  two  feet  asunder,  in  a  stifl 
loamy  soil.  Those  left  where  grown,  or 
those  planted  at  the  close  of  autumn, 
must,  during  frosts,  have  the  protection 
of  litter,  it  being  invariably  removed, 
however,  during  mild  weather.  As  the 
seed  ripens  in  August,  which  is  known 
by  its  turning  brown  about  the  end  of 
August,  each  umbel  should  be  cut ;  for 
if  it  is  waited  for  until  the  whole  plant 
decays,  much  of  the  seed  is  often  lost 
during  stormy '  weather.  It  must  be 
thoroughly  dried  by  exposure  to  the  sun 
and  air,  before  it  is  rubbed  out  for  stor- 
ing. For  sowing,  the  seed  should  al- 
ways be  of  the  previous  year's  growth  ; 
if  it  is  more  than  two  years  old  it  will 
not  vegetate  at  all. 

CARROT  MAGGOT.  This  under- 
ground enemy  of  the  carrot  is  banished 
by  mixing  spirit  of  tar  with  sand  until 
saturated,  and  applying  it  to  the  soil 
previously  to  digging,  at  the  rate  of 
about  one  gallon  to  sixty  square  yards. 
— Gard.  Chron. 

CARROT  MOTH.     See  Tinea. 

CARTHAMUS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
annuals.  Seeds.  Sandy  loam  or  com- 
mon soil. 

CARTONEMA  spicatum.  Stove  her- 
baceous perennials.  Seeds.  Sandy 
peat. 

CARUM  carui.  Caraway.  Hardy 
biennial.     Seeds.    Common  soil. 

CARYA.  Ten  species,  and  some 
varieties.  Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Seeds 
or  layers.     Common  soil. 

CARYOCAR.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy  open 
loam,  or  loam  and  peat. 

CARYOPHYLLUS  aromaiicus. 
Clove  Tree.  Stove  evergreen  tree. 
Cuttings.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

CARYOTA.  Three  species.  Stove 
palms.  Seeds.  Rich  soil  and  a  moist 
warm  atmosphere. 

CASCADE,  or  Waterfall,  is  an  im- 
portant adjunct  in  landscape  gardening, 
but  agreeable  only  when  properly  as- 
sociated with  the  scenery  around  ;  that 
association  is  a  bold  broken  ground,  and 


CAS 


133 


CAT 


a  dense  plantation  of  trees;  nothing  is  I 
more  misplaced  or  tasteless  than  a  sheet 
of  water  falling  into  another  uniform 
collection  of  water,  in  an  open  un- 
wooded  plain.  Mr.  Whateley  justly 
observes,  that   "  a  rill  cannot  pretend 


without  that  appearance  of  effort  which 
raises  a  suspicion  of  art.  To  obviate 
such  a  suspicion,  it  may  sometimes  be 
expedient  to  begin  the  descent  out  of 
sight;  for  the  beginning  is  the  difficulty:  if 
that  be  concealed,  the  subsequent  falls 


to  any  sound  beyond  that  of  a  little  seem  but  a  consequence  of  the  agita- 
waterfall  ;  the  roar  of  a  cascade  belongs  tion  which  characterizes  the  water  at  its 
only  to  larger  streams:  but  it  maybe  first  appearance,  and  the  imagination  is, 
introduced  by  a  rivulet  to  a  considera-  at  the  same  time,  let  loose  to  give  ideal 
ble  degree,  and  attempts  to  do  more  extent  to  the  cascades ;  when  a  stream 
have  generally  been  unsuccessful;  a  issues  from  a  wood,  such  management 
vain  ambition  to  imitate  nature  in  her  will  have  a  great  effect,  the  bends  of  its 
great  extravagancies  betrays  the  weak-  .  course  in  an  open  exposure  may  afTord 
ness  of  art.  Though  a  noble  river  frequent  opportunities  for  it,  and  some- 
throwing  itself  headlong  down  a  preci-  times  a  low  broad  bridge  may  furnish 
pice  be  an  object  truly  magnificent,  it  the  occasion,  a  little  fall  hid  under  the 
must  however  be  confessed,  that  in  a  arch  will  create  a  disorder,  in  conse- 
single  sheet  of  water  there  is  a  formality  quence  of  which,  a  greater  cascade  be- 


which  its  vastness  alone  can  cure,  but 
the  height,  not  the  breadth  is  the 
wonder:  when  it  falls  no  more  than  a 
few  feet,  the  regularity  prevails,  and  its 
extent  only  serves  to  expose  the  vanity 


low  will  appear  very  natural." 

CASCARIA.      Six    species.      Stove 

evergreen    shrubs.      Cuttirtgs.      Sandy 

loam. 

CASINE.      Seven    species.     Green- 


of  affecting  the  style  of  a  cataract  in  an  house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings, 

artificial  cascade;  it  is  less  exceptionable  Loam  and  peat. 

if  divided  into  several  parts,  for  then  CASSIA.  One  hundred  species, 
each  separate  part  may  be  wide  enough  Chiefly  stove  or  green-house  evergreen 
for  its  depth;  and  in  the  whole,  variety,  shrubs.  Some  are  annuals,  and  a  few 
not  greatness,  will  be  the  predominant  herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings.  Light 
character.  But  a  structure  of  rough,  loamy  soil,  or  loam  and  peat, 
large,  detached  stones  cannot  easily  be  CASSINIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
contrived  of  strength  sufficient  to  sup-  house  evergreen  shrubs.  C.  aurea  is 
port  a  great  weight  of  water,  it  is  some-  an  herbaceous  perennial.   C.  spectahilis. 


times  from  necessity  almost  smooth  and 
uniform,  and  then  it  loses  much  of  its 
effect :  several  little  falls  in  succession 
are  preferable  to  one  greater  cascade, 
which  in  figure,  or  in  motion,  ap- 
proaches to  regularity. 

"  When  greatness  is  thus  reduced  to 
number,  and  length  becomes  of  more 
importance  than  breadth,  a  rivulet  vies 
with  a  river,  and  it  more  frequently  runs 
in  a  continued  declivity,  which  is  very 
favourable  to  such  a  succession  of  falls.  ' 


an  evergreen  annual.  Division,  cut- 
tings, or  seed.     Loam  and  peat. 

CASTANEA.  Chestnut.  Five  species 
and  some  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
trees.  C.  indica  is  a  stove  evergreen. 
Seeds  or  grafts.     Common  soil. 

C  A  S  T  A  N  0  S  P  E  R  M  U  M  (I ws/ ra /?. 
Green-house  evergreen  fruit  tree.  Lay- 
ers.    Loamy  soil. 

CASTELEA  erecta.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

CASTILLEJA.     Four  species.    The 


Half  the  expense  and  labour  which  are  stove  evergreen  shrubs  succeed  in  loam 
sometime  bestowed  on  a  river  to  give  it  and  peat,  and  increase  by  cuttings.  The 
at  the  best,  a  forced  precipitancy  in  any  hardy  herbaceous  and  annuals  by  divi- 
one  spot  only,  would  animate  a  rivulet  sion  or  seeds.  Sandy  peat, 
through  the  whole  of  its  course  ;  and  CASUARINA.  Nine  species.  Green- 
after  all  the  most  interesting  circum-  house  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
stance  in  falling  waters,  is  their  anima-  loam  and  peat. 

tion  :  a  great  cascade  fills  us  with  sur-  ,  CATALPA.     Three  species.     Hardy 

prise,  but  all  surprise  must  cease;  and  deciduous  and   stove  evergreen  trees. 

the  motion,  the  agitation,  the  rage,  the  Seed,  layers,  or  cuttings.     Loam  and 

froth,  and  the  variety  of  the  water  are  peat. 

finally  the  objects  which    engage    the  CATANANCHE.     Two  species.     C. 

attention;    for  these    a  rivulet   is   suf-  ctfr«/ea,hardy  herbaceous  perennial.  C 

ficient,  and  they  may  there  be  produced  /jz/ea,  an  annual.    Seed.    Common  soil. 


CAT 


134 


C  AU 


CATAPHAGUS,  a  synonyme  oC Ela- 
ter.     See  Wireworm. 

CATASETUM.  Seventeen  species 
and  some  varieties.  Stove  epiphytes. 
Division.     Wood. 

CATCUFLY.     See  Silene. 


spring  ;  and  to  behold  some  acres  over- 
spread with  such  glasses,  gives  a 
stranger  a  forcible  idea  of  the  riches 
and  luxury  of  the  metropolis.  In  Eu- 
rope it  is  had  in  fine  perfection  during 
a   great  portion  of  the  year,  and  with 


CATERPILLAR.    This  is  the  young  scarcely  more  trouble  than  attends  the 

of  either  the   butterfly  or  the  moth,  in  growing   of  the   cabbage.     But  in   this 

its  first  state  after  emerging  from  the  country  it  is  at  best  very  uncertain, and 

egg.     There   are   many  kinds,  and  the  unless  the  summer  prove  cool,  seldom 

best  mode  of  preventing  their  invasions,  succeeds. 

is  to  destroy  every  hutterjiy,  moth,  chry-  "  For  the  main  summer  crop  sow  the 
sa/«s,  and  egg  that  can  be  found.  Hand-  seed  early  in  autumn,  and  that  it  may 
picking,  dusting  with  lime,  or  soot,  and  vegetate  freely,  observe  the  directions 
other  modes  of  destroying  the  caterpil-  for  sowing  Broccoli.  Having  succeeded 
lar,  are  mentioned  when  noticing  the  in  getting  the  seeds  to  sprout,  an  occa- 
plants  they  attack.  Wherever  a  solu-  sional  watering  is  given  if  dry  weather 
tion  of  ammonia,  in  the  proportions  of  ensue.  The  plants  remain  in  the  seed- 
one  to  nine  of  water  can  be  applied  by  bed  until  the  close  of  autumn,  by  which 
the  syringe,  it  will  destroy  many  minute 
caterpillars  undiscerned  by  the  eye. 
Sparrows  and  other  small  birds  in  early 
spring   should   not  be  scared  from  the 


time  they  will  be  good  sized  plants, 
having  four  or  five  leaves.  Then  place 
a  frame  provided  with  a  sash,  in  a 
sheltered  situation,  on  rich  earth,  deep- 
garden,    for   they    destroy    myriads    of  ly    dug,    loose,    and    finely    raked,    in 


caterpillars.  At  that  season  they  can 
do  no  harm  if  the  gardener  properly 
guards  his  seed  beds.  Boys  paid  a  halt-    square 


which  the  plants  should  be  pricked  out 

at   distances    of  two    to    three    inches 

When  the  bed  is  filled,  water 


penny  per  dozen  for  leaves  having  eggs  them  gently  through  a  fine  rose.     Thus 

or  smaller  caterpillars  upon  them,  have  they  remain   until    frosty  nights  render 

been  found  to  keep  a  garden  free  for  a  it  prudent  to  run  on  the  sash  ;  observ- 

whole  season  for  about  seven  shillings,  ing  to  remove  the  sash  entirely  in  very 

'CATESBjEA.   Three  species.  Stove  fine   days,  or  elevate  to  a  greater  or 

evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.     Cuttings,  less  degree,  as  the  temperature  of  the 


Light  turfy  loam  and  peat. 


atmosphere   demands.      Even   in    cool 


CATHARANTHUS.      Two   species    weather  during   the    winter,    more    or 
and  varieties.     Stove  evergreen  shrubs. ,  less  air  should   be  admitted,  especially 


Seeds  or  cuttings.     Common  soil. 


if  the   sun  shine  ;  taking  care   to   put 


C.  pusillus  is  an  annual,  and  requires  ;  down  the  sash  before  sunset,  and  cover- 


ing all  snug  for  the  night.    During  mild 
Twenty-two    species    showery   weather  the    sash   should   be 
Stove  epiphytes,    occasionally  drawn  off,  which  will  re- 
fresh the  plants. 

"  As  the  winter  advances  and  cold 
increases,  a  mat  covering  at  night  will 


a  light  rich  soi 

CATTLEYA 
and  some   varieties 
Division.     Wood 

CAULIFLOWER.  {Brassica  oleracea 
cauliflora.) 


"  The  Cau///Zou,'er  is  one  of  the  most ,  be  requisite,  and  as  the  weather  be- 
delicate  and  curious  of  the  whole  bras-  j  comes  still  colder,  an  additional  one, 
sica  tribe;  the  flower-buds  forming  a  or  a  quantity  of  loose  straw  so  placed 
close,  firm,  cluster  or  head,  white  and  over  the  sash,  and  round  the  edges, 
delicate,  and  for  the  sake  of  which  the    that  the  severe  frost  may  be  excluded. 


plant  is  cultivated. 


'  As  early  in  the  spring  as  the  weather 


These  heads  or  flowers  being  |  will  admit,  prepare  a  piece  of  ground 
boiled,  wrapped  generally  in  a  clean  ,  to  plant  them  in;  let  it  be  deeply  dug, 
linen  cloth,  are  served  up  as  a  most  and  richly  manured  with  thoroughly 
delicate  vegetable  dish.  'Of  all  the  decomposed  stable  dung.  In  selecting 
flowers  in  the  garden,'  Dr.  Johnson  ]  the  ground  in  which  to  plant  them, 
used  to  say,  '  I  like  the  Cauliflower.'  ;  choose  that  which  is  convenient  to 
"  For  the  early  supply  of  the  London  ,  water,  for  in  dry  seasons,  irrigation  will 
market  very  great  quantities  of  Cauli-  j  promote  their  growth,  and  increase  the 
flowers  are  fostered  under  hand-glasses  j  chance  of  success.  (Select  the  evening 
during    winter    and    the   first    part    ofi  for  watering,  having  previously  drawn 


C  E  A 


135 


C  E  L 


the  earth  around  each  plant,  in  the  form 
of'a  basin.) 

"  Before  removing  the  plants  from  the 
beds,  murk  as  many  of  the  strongest  as 
the  frame  will  hold,  allowing  eighteen 
inches  square  to  each  plant ;  there  per- 
mit them  to  remain  undisturbed,  re- 
taining the  sasiies,  and  treating  them  as 
if  in  a  hot-bed.  They  will  come  for- 
ward before  tliose  transplanted,  and 
frequently  do  well,  when  the  latter  fail. 
We  would  advise  that  the  plants  to  be 
put  out,  be  divided,  one  half  placed  on 
a  warm  border  with  southern  exposure, 
under  the  lee  of  a  building  or  board 
fence,  the  others  in  an  open  compart- 
ment of  the  garden. — For  this  reason, 
if  the  spring  prove  cold,  those  on  the 
border  will  be  hastened  and  protected 
from  late  frosts,  and  if  the  early  part  of 
summer  prove  dry  and  hot,  those  in  the 
open  compartment  will  be  more  favour- 
ably situated.  Hand  glasses,  flower 
pots,  or  boxes  put  over  them  at  night, 
during  cool  weather,  are  highly  advan- 
tageous. When  they  begin  to  show  signs 
of  heading,  break  a  leaf  over  them,  to 
protect  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun. 

"  To  force  Caulijlowcrs ;  make  a  hot- 
bed at  close  of  winter,  planting  them 
therein,  from  the  cold  bed  or  frame,  at 
the  distances  of  fifteen  inches.  A  pret- 
ty free  admission  of  air  is  necessary, 
otherwise  they  will  advance  too  rapid- 
ly, and  become  weak  and  spindling; 
during  mild  days  in  April,  the  sash 
should  be  drawn  off,  and  as  the  wea- 
ther becomes  warm,  plentiful  irrigation 
should  be  administered. 

"  JMte  Caulijlowers  are  sown  at  the 
same  time  with  the  Broccoli ;  they  head 
as  it  does,  and  re()uire  similar  treat- 
ment, though  not  so  certain  to  succeed." 
— Rural  Register. 

CEAXOTHUS.  Twenty-two  species. 
Chiefly  stove  or  green-house  evergreen 
shrubs  ;  some  are  hardy  deciduous.  C 
perennis  is  herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CECIDOMYIA.  C.  nigra.  Black 
Gall  Midge.  This  insect  lays  its  eggs 
in  the  blossom  of  the  pear  early  in  the 
spring,  and  the  larva;  thence  born  con- 
sume the  pulp  of  the  embryo  fruit. 
Sometimes  they  eat  their  way  through 
its  skin,  and  at  others  remain  within  its 
core  until  it  falls. 

CECROPIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 


CEDAR  OF  GOA.  Cupressus  lusi- 
tanica. 

CEDAR  OF  LEBANON.  Cedrus  Li- 
bani. 

CEDRELA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.    Light  loam. 

CEDRUS.  Cedar.  Two  species. 
Hardy  evergreen  trees.  Seeds.  C. 
deodara,  grafts  readily  on  the  common 
larch.     Sandy  loam. 

CELASTRUS.  Twenty-seven 
species.  Chiefly  green-house  or  stove 
evergreen  shrubs,  trees,  or  climbing 
plants.  C.  bullatus  and  C.  scandens, 
are  hardy  deciduous  climbers.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam'  and  peat. 

CELERLVC,  or  TURNIP-ROOTED 
CELERY  {ylpium  rapaceum). 

Time  and  Mode  of  Solving. — It  may 
be  sown  in  March,  April,  and  May,  to 
atford  successive  plantations  in  June, 
July,  and  August.  The  seed  must  be 
sown  in  drills  six  inches  apart,  and  kept 
regularly  watered  every  evening  in  dry 
weather,  otherwise  it  will  not  germi- 
nate. The  bed  must  be  kept  free  from 
weeds,  and  when  about  three  inches 
high,  they  may  be  pricked  out  into 
another  border  in  rows  three  inches 
apart  each  way  ;  giving  water  abund- 
antly and  freciuently :  by  adopting  the 
precautions  mentioned  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  celery,  the  same  seed  bed  will 
afford  two  or  three  distinct  prickings. 
In  the  neighbourhood  of  Dresden,  where 
this  vegetable  is  grown  in  great  perfec- 
tion, they  sow  in  February  or  March,  in 
a  hot-bed  under  glass,  and  the  plants 
are  removed  in  April,  when  two  or 
three  inches  high  to  another  hot-bed, 
and  set  an  inch  and  a  half  apart.  The 
fineness  of  the  plants  is  there  attributed 
to  the  abundance  of  water  with  which 
they  are  supplied. 

When  live  or  six  inches  high,  they 
are  fit'for  final  planting;  they  must  be 
set  in  rows  two  feet  asunder,  and  the 
plants  eight  inches  apart,  on  the  level 
ground,  or  in  drills  drawn  with  the  hoe 
at  most  three  inches  deep,  as  they  do 
not  require  earthing  up.  In  dry  weather 
they  should  be  watered  plentifully,  at 
least  every  other  evening.  The  only 
additional  attention  they  require,  is  to 
keep  them  free  from  weeds.  They 
require  a  very  light  fertile  soil. 

Saving  Seed. — The  directions  given 
for  saving  the  seed  of  Celery,  are  in 
every  respect  applicable  to  this  vege- 
table. 


C  EL 


136 


C  E  L 


CELERY.  (Apiumgraveolens).  "The 
Celery  is  a  hardy  biennial  plant,  a  na- 
tive of  Britain,  and  known  in  its  wild 
stale,  by  the  name  of  smallage  ;  the 
whole  plant  has  a  rank  coarse  taste, 
and  the  effects  of  cultivation  in  pro- 
ducing from  it  the  mild  sweet  stalks  of 
Celery,  are  not  a  little  remarkable. 

"  Tiie  blanched  leaf  stalks  are  used 
raw  as  a  salad;  they  are  also  stewed, 
and  put  in  soups.  In  Italy  the  unblanch- 
ed  leaves  are  used  for  soups,  and  when 
neither  the  blanched  nor  the  green 
leaves  can  be  had,  the  seeds  bruised, 
form  a  good  substitute. 


those  which  have  been  transplanted 
into  the  nursery-bed  just  described, 
have  reached  the  height  of  six  to  twelve 
inches,  they  may  be  removed  into  the 
trenches  for  further  growth  and  blanch- 
ing. These  trenches  are  formed  in 
deep  well  cultivated  soil,  in  straight 
lines,  three  feet  apart,  twelve  to  four- 
teen inches  wide,  and  six  inches  deep, 
incorporating  with  the  soil  abundance 
of  well  rotted  manure  ;  therein  set  the 
plants,  four  or  five  inches  apart,  (having 
removed  them  with  all  their  roots,  cut 
off  the  straggling  fibres,  and  a  third  of 
the  tops,  and  slit  off  the  suckers  or  side 


"  In  Europe,  they  enumerate  several  i  shoots,)  water  them  Jreely,  and   shade 
varieties  of  Celery,  two  only  of  which  !  them  from  the  hot  sun  for  some  days. 


we  cultivate,  viz  :  Large  Solid  Stalked 
White,  Large,  Solid,  Stalked  Red. 

"  It  delights  in  damp  rich  soil,  deeply 
dug,  and  heavily  manured  with  decom- 
posed vegetables  or  manure,  from  the 
barn  yard,  thoroughly  rotted. 

"  For  a  very  early  crop,  sow  the  seed 
in  a  hot-bed  very  early  in  the  spring, 
either  by  itself,  or  among  Radishes, 
Salad,  or  Cabbage.     For  the  main  au- 


Experience  has  shown  that  this  vegeta- 
ble may  be  more  successfully  cultivated 
by  having  a  liberal  portion  of  manure 
placed  on  the  surface  around  the  plants, 
rather  than  by  the  old  plan  of  placing 
it  in  excessive  quantity  in  the  bottom 
of  the  trench,  which  in  dry  seasons  fre- 
quently injure  the  plants.  Cedar  brush, 
corn  stalks,  or  boards,  laid  across  the 
trenches,  afford  ample    shade,  for  the 


tumnal  and  winter  supply,  sow  in  the  !  newly    transplanted    plants,    observing 


open  ground  on  a  damp  spot,  conveni- 
ently situated  to  apply  water,  which 
give  freely  in  dry  weather,  even  after 
the  plants  are  well  grown. 

*'  That  intended  for  the  early  supply, 
may  be  planted  out  by  the  close  of 
spring.  Make  several  plantings  through 
the  early  part  of  summer,  of  such  as 
are  intended  for  the  later  supply. 

It  will  greatly  strengthen  the  plants 


to  remove  them  in  the  evening,  and 
replace  them  in  the  morning.  In  the 
course  of  a  few  weeks,  the  plants  will 
have  grown  sufficiently  to  admit  of 
'  earthing  up,'  which  is  performed  by 
drawing  the  loose  earth  around  the 
stalks,  taking  care  to  keep  the  leaf 
stems  together,  and  the  heart  of  the 
plant  uncovered.  The  operation  should 
be   gradual,  not   drawing  at  once   too 


if  they  be  transplanted  into  nursery  '  great  a  body  of  earth  around  them,  lest 
beds,  after  they  attain  the  height  of  two  ;  its  application  should  cause  the  young 
or  three  inches.  Such  beds  it  is  re-  |  shoots  to  rot.  It  is  not  advisable  early 
commended  to  form  '  of  old  hot-bed  j  to  commence  earthing  up,  sucli  as  are 
dung,  (decomposed  manure  from  the  '  intended  for  the  late  autumn  and  win- 
barn  yard  will  answer  the  same  pur- { ter  supply,  because  the  plant  soon  per- 
pose,)  very  well  broken,  laid  sis  orjishes  after  it  becomes  fully  blanched, 
seven  inches  thick  on  a  piece  of  ground  |  especially  in  warm  weather, 
which  has  lain  some  time  undisturbed,  |  "  To  preserve  Celery  during  the  win- 
or  has  been  made  hard  by  compression  ;  |  ter,  is  sometimes  attended  with  trouble, 
the    situation    should    be    sunny  ;    the  j  the  frequent  changes  of  temperature  in 


plants  set  six  inches  apart  in  the  dung 
without  soil,  water  well  when  planted, 
and  frequently  afterwards.'  From  this 
bed  they  are  in  due  time  transplanted, 
where  they  are  to  remain.  A  stalk 
which  had  been  thus  treated,  was  raised 
near  Manchester,  which  weighed  nine 
pounds  when  washed,  with  the  roots 
and  leaves  attached  to  it,  and  measured 
four  feet  six  inches  in  height. 
"  When  the  plants  in  the  seed-bed,  or 


our  climate  causing  it  to  decay.  The 
usual  practice  is  to  cut  down  the  earth 
of  one  row  in  a  perpendicular  line  near 
the  plants,  against  which,  as  if  it  were 
a  wall,  the  stalks  from  the  other  rows 
are  compactly  arranged,  tops  erect :  the 
earth  is  then  banked  up  as  before,  and 
again  cut  down,  to  make  room  for  an- 
other row,  thus  continuing,  until  the 
entire  crop  is  placed  side  by  side, 
within   the    compass   of  a  single  bed. 


C  E  L 


137 


CES 

Seeds.      Division. 


On  either  side  of  the  bed,  earth  is  piled  I  Two  are  biennial. 

up  to  tiie  thickness  of  three  feetat  least.    Common  soil. 

On  the  top,  (through  which  the  extreme  ;      CENTROCLINIUM.     Two   species, 

ends  only  of  the  plants   appear,)  some  I  one  a  stove  annual,  the  other  an  ever- 


dry  straw  litter  is  placed,  to  save  them 
from  the  frost,  and  keep  them  green. 
Boards  placed  over  the  beds  so  as  to  t 
turn  off  the  rain,  are  very  useful,  for 
much  moisture  frequently  proves  ruin-  [ 
ous.  In  taking  out  for  use,  begin  at] 
one  end,  digging  down  to  the  roots,! 
always  observing  to  keep  the  aperture 
closed  with  straw.  i 


jreen  shrub.  Seeds.  Light  vegetable 
soil.  / 

CENTROSPERMUM  chrysanthum. 
Hardv  annual.     Seeds.     Common   soil. 

CENTAURY.     Centaurea. 

CENTUNCULUS  minimus.  Bastard 
pimpernel.  Hardy  annual.  Seeds. 
Sandy  loam. 

CEPHAELIS.    Eight  species.    Stove 


"  Some  take  up  the  crop  on  the  ap-  j  evergreen     shrubs,    two     are    trailing 
proach  of  winter,  and  place  it  in  a  eel-  ;  plants.      Cuttings.      Peat    and    sandy 


lar,  with  alternate  layers  of  dry  sand  ; 
but  it  is  apt,  when  thus  treated,  to  1 
become  tough  and  wilted.'" — Rural  Reg. 
To  Save  Seed. — To  raise  seed,  some 
plants  must  be  left  where  grown,  or  in  j 
February  or  March,  some  may  be  care- 
fully taken  up,  and  after  the  outside 
leaves  are  cut  off  and  all  laterals  re- 
moved, planted  in  a  moist  soil  a  foot 
apart.  Those  which  are  most  solid,  and 
of  a  middling  size,  are  to  be  selected. 
When  they  branch  for  seed,  they  must 
be  early  attached  to  a  stake  to  preserve 


them  from  being  broken  by  the  violence  ;  loam. 


loam. 

CEPHALANTHERA.  Three  spe- 
cies. Hardy  orchids.  Division.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CEPHALANTHUS  occidentalis  and 
variety.  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings  or  layers.  Sandy  peat  and 
loam. 

CEPH  ALOTUS  follicularis.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennial.  Offsets. 
Boggy  soil. 

CERANTHERA  suhintegrifolia. 
Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 


of  winds.  The  flower  appears  in  June, 
and  the  seed  is  swelling  in  July ;  if  dry 
weather  occurs  they  should  be  watered 
every  other  night.  In  August  the  seed 
will  be  ripe,  and  when  perfectly  dry, 
may  be  rubbed  out  and  stored. 

CP^LOSIA.  Cockscomb.  Fourteen 
species  and  some  varieties.  Chiefly 
stove  or  green-house  annuals.  C.  echi- 
nata,  C.  glauca  are  evergreen  shrubs. 
Seeds.     Rich  mould.     See  Cockscomb. 

CELSIA.  Nine  species.  Chiefly  half 
hardy  biennials,   some   stove    annuals 


CERASUS.  Twenty-eight  species 
and  many  varieties  ;  chiefly  hardy  de- 
ciduous fruit  trees  and  shrubs,  a  few 
evergreens.  C.  occidentalis,  and  C. 
spharocarpa,  are  stove  evergreens. 
Seeds.     Budding  or  grafting. 

CERATIOLA  er/co/des.  Half  hardy 
green-house  evergreen  under  shrub. 
Cuttings.    Sandy  peat. 

CERATOPETALUM  gummiferum. 
Green-house  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

CERERA.     Six  species.    Stove  ever- 


C.  orientalis  is  a  hardy  annual.     Seeds,  i  green  trees  or  shrubs.     Cuttings.    Rich 


Peat  and  loam. 

CELTIS.  Eleven  species  and  two 
varieties.  Stove  evergreen  trees  or 
hardy  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 
Seeds  or  layers.     Common  soil. 

CENTAUREA.  One  hundred  and 
fifty-two  species  and  some  varieties. 
Chiefly  hardy  and  half  hardy  herbaceous 
perennials;  a  few  annuals  and  biennials. 
C.  ragusina  is  a  green-house  evergreen 
shrub.    Seeds.    Division.    Common  soil. 

CENTRANTHUS.  Three  species, 
and  variety.  Hardy  annual  and  her- 
baceous perennials.  Seeds.  Common 
soil. 

CENTROCARPHA.  Nine  species. 
Chiefly    hardy   herbaceous   perennials. 


ould. 

CERCIS.  Two  species  and  varie- 
ties. Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Seeds. 
Light  loamy  soil. 

CEREUS.  One  hundred  and  thirty- 
one  species.  Stove  cactaceous  plants. 
Cuttings,  dried  before  planting.  Sandy 
loam. 

CERINTHE.  Five  species.  Hardy 
annual  or  biennial  plants.  Seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

CEROPEGIA.  Thirteen  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  evergreen  twining 
or  deciduous  climbing  plants,  tuberous 
rooted  perennials  and  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

CESTRINUS   carthamoides.     Hardy 


C  ES 


138 


CH  A 


herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

CESTRUM.  Twenty-eight  species. 
Stove  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.  Peat  and  loam.  C.  auran- 
tiacum  is  the  prettiest  species  for  the 
green-house. 

CETONIAaura/flt.  Green  rose  chafer, 
is  most  severely  felt  by  the  gardener 
when  it  attacks  his  strawberries,  which 
it  does  in  May  or  June.  It  is  described 
by  Mr.  Curtis  as  being  "  one  of  our 
largest  and  most  beautiful  beetles,  being 
of  a  briglit  burnished  green,  often  re- 
flecting a  rich  golden  or  copper  tint; 
the  horns  are  short  with  a  small  club. 
The  scute]  tbrras  an  elongated  triangle; 
the  wings  are  very  long,  brownish,  and 
folded  beneath  the  horny  wing-cases, 
which  have  a  few  scattered  white  lines 
placed  transversely,  resembling  cracks 
in  the  green  epidermis;  the  under  side 
is  of  a  fine  copper  tint  often  inclining  to 
rose  colour.  From  its  nestling  and 
reposing  in  the  flower  of  the  rose,  it  is 
generally  called  the  rose-chafer,  but  it 
is  also  attached  to  the  white-thorn, 
candy-tuft,  elder,  mountain-ash,  peeony 
and  strawberry,  the  flowers  of  which  it 
feeds  upon.  The  female  rose-chafers 
lay  their  eggs  in  the  ground,  and  the 
larvae  they  produce  are  no  doubt  often 
confounded  with  those  of  the  cock- 
chafer {Melolontha  vulgaris),  being  as 
large  and  very  similar,  and  probably, 
under  the  name  of  "  Leverblanc," 
they  have  contributed  in  no  small  de- 
gree to  augment  the  ravages  in  the 
rose-tree  nurseries  ofFrance.  Although 
these  larv«  are  very  much  alike,  it  is 
not  difficult  to  distinguish  them,  those 
of  the  rose-chafer  being  downy,  and 
covered  with  transverse  series  of  short 
hairs;  and  the  feet  are  pointed; whereas, 
the  grubs  of  the  cock-chafer  are  naked, 
and  the  feet  are  blunt  and  rather  dilated 
at  the  trips. 

"  These  maggots  are  fat,  the  head- 
horns  and  six  pectoral  feet  are  rusty 
ochreous ;  the  tips  of  the  strong  jaws 
are  black,  the  extremity  of  the  abdo- 
men is  of  a  pale  ink  colour  from  the 
food  shining  through  the  transparent 
skin  ;  but  in  the  rose-chafer  there  is  a 
large  horny  bright  rust-coloured  spot  on 
each  side  of  the  first  thoracic  segment. 
The  simplest  remedy  is  to  collect  the 
beetles,  which  are  large  and  conspicu- 
ous, into  bottles  or  cans  of  water,  in 
the   morning  and   evening,  or   in  dull 


weather  during  the  day,  for  they  fly 
very  well,  when  the  sun  shines,  which 
renders  it  difficult  to  capture  them 
unless  a  net  be  used  :  when  the  search 
is  ended,  the  contents  of  the  vessel 
should  be  emptied  into  boiling  water." 
— Gard.  Chron. 

CH^.TACHL^NA  odorata.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennial.  Seed. 
Sandy  loam. 

CHiETANTHERA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Peat  and  loam. 

CH^TOCALYX  vincentina.  Stove 
evergreen  climber.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

CH.'ETOGASTRA.  Two  species. 
Stove  annual  and  herbaceous  peren- 
nial.    Seed.     Peat  and  loam. 

CHALK.  Carbonate  of  lime,  con- 
tains, when  pure — 

Carbonic  acid      ....     45 

Lime 55 

But  as  it  usually  occurs  it  contains  about 
twenty-four  per  cent,  of  water,  and  five 
per  cent,  of  silica  (flint),  alumina  (clay), 
and  oxide  (rust)  of  iron.  After  these 
deductions  it  will  be  apparent  that  if 
fifty  tons  of  lime  be  applied  to  land,  it 
will  be  equal  to  more  thaiji  one  hundred 
of  chalk,  a  subject  worthy  of  considera- 
tion when  it  has  to  be  conveyed  from 
afar.  Chalk  is  usually  employed  in 
large  quantities  to  improve  the  staple  of 
a  soil.  It  makes  heavy  soils  less  re- 
tentive of  moisture,  and  light  sandy 
soils  more  retentive.  On  wet  sour  lands 
it  neutralizes  the  acids  which  render 
them  unproductive.  Some  chalks  con- 
tain phosphate  of  lime,  and  this  being  a 
constituent  of  all  plants,  such  chalk  is 
to  be  preferred.  Some  contains  a  large 
proportion  of  carbonate  of  magnesia, 
which  is  less  beneficial. 

CHAMiEDOREA.  Two  species. 
Palms.     Rich  sandy  loam.     Suckers. 

CHA.MMLEDON procumbens.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrub.    Layers.    Sandy  peat 

CHAMjELIRIUM  carolinianum 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennial.  Division 
Peat  and  loam. 

CHAMISSOA  altissima.  Stove  ever 
green  shrub.     Cuttings.     Common  soil 

CHAMiEROPS.  Seven  species 
Palms.     Suckers.     Rich  mould. 

CHAMOMILE.  Anthemis.  See 
Camomile. 

CHAPTALIA  tomentosa.  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennial.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 


CH  A 


139 


C  H  A 


CHARCOAL.  Soot,  a  chief  consti- 
tuent of  winch  is  charcoal,  lias  long 
been  known  as  a  very  eifective  fertil- 
izer ;  and  burning  has  still  longer  been 
known  as  a  mode  of  reducing  stubborn 
soils  to  prompt  productiveness.  But 
both  these  sources  of  fertility  might 
owe  their  etliciency  to  other  causes 
than  their  allbrding  carbon  to  plants  ; 
and  it  is  only  within  these  very  few 
months  that  anything  like  a  general 
knowledge  has  been  difl'used  that  mere 
charcoal  is  one  of  the  best  of  manures. 
The  fact  lias  been  known  for  many 
years  to  individuals,  as,  for  example, 
to  Mr.  Barnes,  of  Bicton  ;  but  it  is  only 
very  lately  that  gardeners  generally 
have  learned,  and  I  am  happy  in  being 
able  to  join  my  voice  to  that  excellent 
cultivator's  in  announcing,  that — char- 
coal is  a  most  efficient  manure  to  all 
cultivated  plants,  especially  to  those 
under  glass.  Heaths,  rhododendrons, 
cucumbers,  roses,  orchidaceous  plants, 
hydrangeas,  camellias,  melons,  and  pine 
apples,  have  been  the  subjects  of  ex- 
tended and  most  successful  experi- 
ments. The  advocates  are  too  well 
known  to  require  more  than  naming, 
for  among  them  are  Dr.  Lindley,  Mr. 
Barnes,  Mr.  jMaund,  Mr.  Suow  of  S win- 
ton  Gardens,  Mr.  Stewart  of  Stradsett 
Hall  Gardens,  and  Mr.  Rivers.  I  think 
no  cultivated  plant  would  be  unbene- 
fited  by  having  charcoal  applied  to  the 
soil  in  which  it  is  rooted.  It  should  be 
broken  into  small  pieces,  about  the  size 
of  a  nut,  and  for  potted  plants  may  be 
mixed  in  the  proportions  of  one  part 
charcoal  to  twenty  parts  earth.  If  ap- 
plied to  the  open  ground,  one-fourth  of 
a  bushel  may  be  sown  over  a  square 
rod,  and  dug  in  just  before  inserting  the 
crop.  The  reason  of  charcoal  being  so 
useful  as  a  manure  is  very  apparent. 
MM.  Sennebier,  Ruckert,  Saussure, 
and  others,  have  demonstrated  that 
plants  are  rendered   much  more  luxuri 


long  since  shown  to  be  otherwise  by 
Count  Runiford  ;  and  may  easily  be  de- 
monstrated to  be  incorrect,  by  confining 
a  few  ounces  of  fresh  and  moistened 
charcoal  powder,  mixed  with  earth,  in 
a  glass  receiver  full  of  oxygen,  over 
lime  water;  carbonate  of  lime  will 
form,  showing  the  gradual  evolution  or 
carbonic  acid.  The  following  com- 
munication from  Mr.  Barnes  shows, 
that  carbonized  vegetables  are  a  better 
manure  for  onions  than  even  bone- 
dust. 

"  A  piece  ofground  that  was  cropped 
with  colcworts  last  autumn,  (1843,)  was 
cleared  early,  and  the  refuse  trenched 
in  during  the  winter.  95  feet  in  length 
and  10  feet  in  width,  was  planted  with 
small  onions  on  the  14th  of  February, 
which  onions  had  been  sown  the  se- 
cond week  of  September  in  the  pre- 
vious autumn.  They  were  planted  in 
rows  one  foot  apart,  and  six  inches 
from  plant  to  plant — with  the  intention 
of  drawing  every  alternate  one  for  use 
through  the  summer — but  the  whole 
nine  rows  did  not  get  entirely  thinned. 
The  following  is  the  weight  when  ripe 
for  storing  on  the  1st  of  August. 

"  Five  rows  grown  where  4  lbs.  of 
bone-dust  to  each  row  had  been  sown 
in  a  drill  drawn  3  inches  deep  and 
filled  up,  and  the  onions  planted  over 
it — producing  420  lbs.  weight  of  onions 
— each  row  yielding  from  82  to  8S  lbs. 

''  The  other  4  rows  had  applied  to 
them  of  fresh  dry  charred  refuse  and 
ashes,  made  from  the  garden  rubbish- 
heap,  two  common  buckets  full,  weight 
14  lbs.  They  produced  366  lbs.  of 
onions,  the  rows  weighing  respectively 
99,  89,  9.3,  and  S3  lbs.  The  last  row 
being  injured  by  a  roy  of  red  cabbage 
growing  near. 

''  Many  of  the  foregoing  onions, 
which  were  a  mixture  of  the  Globe, 
Deptford,  and  Reading,  measured  in 
circumference  from   14  to  16.V  inches, 


ant  and  productive,  by  having  carbonic  !  and  weighed  as  many  ounces.  I 
acid  applied  to  their  roots,  than  other  j  weighed  12  together,  that  turned  the 
plants  to  whose  roots  no  such  applica-  scale  at  12  lb.  9  oz.  I  can  only  fancy 
tion  was  made.  Now  charcoal  kept ,  what  a  wonderful  saving  and  benefit  it 
moist,  as  when  buried  in  the  soil,  slow-  j  would  be  to  the  country,  to  char  the 
ly  combines  with  oxygen,  and  emits  1  refuse  of  old  tan,  chips,  sawdust,  ditch 
carbonic  acid — in  fact,  it  slowly  dis-  scourings  containing  sods,  weeds, 
solves.  I  am  sorry  to  differ  from  such  bushes,  and  refuse.  By  keeping  the 
an  authority  as  Liebig,  who  broadly  surface  of  the  earth  well  stirred,  no 
asserts  that  -'Carbon  never  combines  j  crops  appear  to  suffer  by  drought  that 
at  common  temperatures  with  oxygen,  are  manured  by  charrings,  but  continue 
BO  as  to  form  carbonic  acid."   This  was  '  in  the  most  vigorous  health  throughout 


C  H  A 


140 


CHE 


the  season,  never  suffering  materially 
by  either  drought  or  moisture." 

On  spring  sown  onions  and  on  tur- 
nips, Mr.  Barnes  finds  charred  or  car- 
bonized vegetable  refuse  equally  bene- 
ficial. Three  rows,  each  95  feet  long, 
of  the  white  globe  onion,  manured  with 
bone-dust,  weighed  251  lbs.;  whilst 
three  similar  rows  of  the  same  variety, 
and  grown  under  precisely  similar  cir- 
cumstances, but  manured  with  char- 
rings,  weighed  289  lbs. 

CHARD.     See  Artichoke. 

CHARDOON.     See  Cardoon. 

CHARi^'.AS  graminis.  Antler  or 
grass  moth,  has  a  yellowish-brov/n 
head  and  back — upper  wings  brownish 
grey,  appears  in  July  and  August.  Its 
caterpillar  brown  or  blackish,  with  five 
lighter  stripes  down  the  back.  This 
lives  at  the  roots  of  grasses,  and  eats 
their  young  blades. 

CHASMONIA  incisa.  Hardy  annual. 
Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CHEILANTHES.  Fourteen  species. 
Ferns.  Green-house,  stove  or  hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CHEIMATOBIA  brumata.  Winter 
moth.  This  is  the  parent  of  that 
scourge  of  fruit  trees,  the  greenlooper 
caterpillar.  It  appears  in  November. 
One  female  will  lay  200  eggs,  deposit- 
ing them  on  the  bends  and  bark  of  the 
upper  branches  of  the  apple  and  other 
fruit  trees.  The  caterpillars  appear 
with  the  bursting  of  the  buds,  on  the 
tips  of  the  leaves,  petals,  and  calyxes 
of  which  they  feed.  They  form  a  small 
web  within  the  blossom,  and  glue  and 
gnaw  its  petals  so  as  to  destroy  it. 
When  the  fruit  is  formed,  that  becomes 
their  favourite  ftiod.  They  descend 
and  bury  themselves  in  the  earth,  to 
assume    the  chrysalis   form  about   the 


end  of  May.  Frosts  in  November,  ants 
and  birds,  are  their  natural  enemies. 
As  the  females  have  no  wings,  a  thick 
coating  of  gas-lime  sprinkled  a  foot 
broad  over  tiie  surface,  round  the  stems 
of  fruit  trees  at  the  end  of  October,  and 
renewed  once  or  twice  in  November 
and  December,  would  prevent  their 
ascent ;  or  a  broad  band  of  bird  lime 
might  be  smeared  round  the  stems 
themselves.  An  advantage  of  espalier 
and  dwarf  fruit  trees  is,  that  their  buds 
are  easily  examined  for  these  cater- 
pillars and  other  marauders. 

CHEIRANTHUS.  Eleven  species, 
and  many  varieties.  Green-house  or 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  C.fruti- 
culosus,  C.  ochroleucus  are  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials.  Cuttings.  Rich  com- 
mon soil.     See  Wallflower. 

CHEIROSTEMON  ■platanoides . 
Stove  evergreen  tree.  Leafy  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

CHELIDONIUM.  Two  species.— 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Di- 
vision.    Common  soil. 

CHELONE.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CHENOLEA  diffma.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light  rich 
soil. 

CHERLERIA  sedoides.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Division.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

CHERMES.     See  Psylla. 

CHERRY.     (Cera^us.) 

Varieties. — There  are  eighty  in  the 
London  Horticultural  Society's  list,  of 
which  some  are  quite  inferior  and  others 
scarcely  differ  except  in  name.  The 
following  we  extract  from  the  Cata- 
logue of  D.  Landreth  &  Fulton,  Phila- 
delphia : 


CHE 


141 


Explanation  of    Abbreviations.  —  Colour  — 
y  yellow.     Size — i,  large;  m   medium;  s   small. 

Those  marked  *  are  of  American  origin 


CHE 

b    black ;  1    light ; 


red 


NAME. 

COLOUR. 

FORM. 

Id 
N 

H 

Of 

SEASON. 

Belle  deChoisey    . 

r 

round 

M 

June 

*  Bleeding  Heart     . 

b 

heart 

1, 

June 

Black  Tartarian 

b 

heart 

L 

June 

Carnation 

1  r 

round 

L 

July 

*Downer's  Late  Red 

1  r 

round 

L 

July 

Downton 

1  r 

round 

L 

July 

Knight's  Early  Black     . 

b 

round 

L 

June 

Late  Duke 

r 

heart 

L 

1 

July 

May  Duke,  Early 

r 

heart 

L      1 

June 

Mazzard  Black 

b 

round 

S 

2 

July 

Morello,  English    . 

r 

heart 

L 

1 

July 

Morello,  French     . 

r 

heart 

L 

1 

July 

Morello,  Plumstone 

r 

heart 

L 

2 

July 

Morello,  Kentish    . 

r 

heart 

L 

1 

July 

*Morello,  Rumsey's  Late 

r 

heart 

L      1 

August 

Ox  Heart 

y  «• 

heart 

L      1 

July 

White  Heart 

y  «■ 

heart 

L      1 

July 

Yellow  Spanish 

r 

heart 

I,      1 

July 

The  annexed  drawings  and  descrip- 
tions of  a  few  valuable  varieties  may 
interest  some  of  our  readers. 

Fig.  23. 


Belle  de  Choisev.  Thomp.:  Pom. 
Mag.  {Cereise  Doucette,  Cereise  Pa- 
lembre.)  (Fig.  23.)  "  The  Bon  Jar- 
dinier   speaks   highly   of  this   variety, 


which  was  produced  at  Choisey,  near 
Paris,  many  years  ago.  It  has  proved 
hardy  and  well  adapted  to  this  country, 
and  we  can  recommend  it  as  among 
the  very  best  of  its  class.  The  fruit  is 
middle  sized,  roundish  ;  skin  red,  mot- 
tled with  amber,  exhibiting   the  flesh 

Fig.  24.— (P.  142.) 


CHE 


142 


beneath,  which  is  amber  coloured,  deli- 
cate and  sweet.  The  habit  of  tlie  tree  is 
not  unlike  the  well  known  May  Duke, 
with  which  it  ripens." — Rural  Reg. 

Carnatio;*.  Thomp.:  Lind. :  Coxe. 
(Fig.  24.)  "This,  though  an  old,  is 
still  a  highly  popular  variety.  Coxe 
says,  '  one  of  our  most  excellent  Cher- 
ries.' More  recently  introduced  sorts 
have  divided  our  attention,  but  it  is 
among  those  most  frequently  ordered 
from  the  Nurseries.  The  size  is  large, 
round.  Skin  beautifully  variegated, 
red  and  yellow.  It  ripens  in  July,  and 
hangs  long  without  decaying :  highly  es- 
teemed for  preserving." — Rural  Reg. 

Fig.  25. 


DowNTON.  Lind. :  Thomp.  (Fig.  25.) 
"The  Downton  is  especially  valuable 
from  its  time  of  ripening,  which  is  after 
most  good  cherries  have  declined,  or 
disappeared.  The  fruit  is  roundish,  of 
large  size,  and  of  prepossessing  appear- 
ance. Skin  creamy  white,  red  on  the 
sunny  side.  Flesh  yellowish,  rich  and 
well  flavoured." — Rural  Reg. 

May  Duke.  Miller;  Lind.:  Thomp. 
(Fig.  26.)  It  would  occupy  some 
space  to  enumerate  all  the  English  and  | 
French  synonymes  of  this  widely  known, 
and  as  widely  esteemed  variety.  Per- 
haps the  entire  catalogue  of  the  London  I 


Horticultural  Society  does  not  contain 
one  so  universally  esteemed.  Downing 
justly  remarks,  among  all  the  new  va- 
rieties, none  has  been  found  to  sup- 
plant the  May  Duke. 

The  fruit  is  large,  obtusely  heart 
shaped,  produced  in  clusters;  when 
perfectly  ripe  of  a  deep  purple  hue. 
Flesh  tender,  juicy,  and  when  in  per- 
fection, all   that  can    be  desired  in   a 

Fig.  27.— (P.  143.) 


CHE 


143 


cherry.     Ripens  at  Philadelphia,  latter 
end  of  May  and  early  in  June. 

Plum  Stone  Morf.i.lo.  Thomp. — 
(Fig.  27.)  There  is  some  difiVrence  of 
(ipinion  as  to  the  merits  of  this  va- 
riety— it  has,  however,  many  admirers, 
and  is  on  the  whole,  worthy  of  culture; 
though  we  cannot  pronounce  it  of  first 
quality.  It  ripens  late  in  the  season, 
possesses  good  flavour,  and  has  a  pre- 
possessing appearance,  all  of  which 
are  desirable  properties,  and  render  it 
popular.  The  fruit  is  large,  of  a  deep 
red  colour.  Flesh  juicy  and  acid,  as  is 
the  case  with  all  Morellos.  Ripe  at 
Philadelphia,  middle  to  close  of  July. 

Fig.  28. 


cellent,  and  must  always  remain  a 
favourite,  even  though  newer  varieties 
contest  the  claim  to  our  esteem.     It  ia 

Fig.  30.— (P.  144.) 


Knight's  Early  Black.  Pom.  Mag.: 
Thorn.      (Fig.   28.)      "  This    is,   as    its 
name    imports,   one    of   Mr.    Knight's 
seedlings,    raised    in     England,    about  | 
1810.     It  is  not,  externally,  unlike  the  ' 
Black  Tartarian,  of  which  such  exagge- 
rated   descriptions    have    been    given,! 
ripens  earlier  than  it — at  IMiiladelphia,  I 
about  the    1st  of  June.      The   fruit  is! 
over  medium  size,  heart  shaped.      Skin 
deep    purj^e,    when     fully    ripe    quite  1 
black.     Flesh  delicate,  juicy,  and  weir 
flavoured.      Taken    altogether   it   may 
be   pronounced    a    cherry   of  the    first 
order." — Rural  Reg.  { 

Elton.  Pom.  Mag. :  Thomp.  —  | 
(Fig.  29.)  "  The  Elton  is  an  English  I 
cherry,  raised  in  1806.     It  is  truly  ex-  ' 


CHE 


144 


CHE 


above  the  medium  size,  ripens  early, 
shortly  after  the  May  Duke.  The  flesh 
is  tender,  abounding  in  luscious  juice  ; 
skin  pale  yellow,  with  a  blush  on  the  sun- 
ny side.  The  tree  is  of  strong  growth, 
and  on  that  account  additionally  en- 
titled to  our  regard." — Rural  Reg. 

Late  Duke.  Pom.  Mag. :  Thomp. 
{June  Duke  of  Coxe.  Shippen  Cherry.) 
(Fig.  30.)  "  This  is  a  valuable  variety, 
similar  to  its  predecessor,  the  May 
Duke.  It  ripens  considerably  later 
than  it,  and  has  the  property  of  hang- 
ing long  on  the  tree.  The  fruit  is 
large,  rather  flattened  ;  when  fully 
ripe,  rich  dark  red  ;  flesh  yellow, 
abounding  in  juice,  scarcely  so  rich  as 
the  May  Duke;  its  habit  is  robust; 
bears  abundantly.  Coxe  calls  it  the 
most  valuable  cherry  of  the  season." — 
Rural  Reg. 

Propagation. — Although  grafting  is 
sometimes  adopted,  budding  is  far  pre- 
ferable. The  stock  for  standards  should 
be  the  wild  cherry,  but  for  dwarfs  or 
walls  the  mahaleb.  If  the  stones  be 
sown  eitlier  for  stocks  or  to  raise  varie- 
ties, they  are  best  committed  to  the 
ground  in  September.  They  will  vege- 
tate the  following  spring,  and  when  one 
year  old  are  fit  for  budding  if  dwarfs 
are  required,  but  four  years  usually 
elapse  before  they  attain  the  height  of 
six  feet,  required  for  standards. 

Walls. — No  fruit  is  more  improved 
by  a  good  aspect  than  the  cherry.  Allot 
a  south  wail  to  the  best  sorts,  and  east 
and  west  for  succession.  The  Morello 
will  be  productive  on  a  north  wall,  but  on 
a  south  wall  it  is  very  superior  fruit.  No 
garden  should  be  without  one  so  grown. 

Wall  pruning. — In  May  or  June  dis- 
bud all  unnecessary  and  foreright  shoots. 
Train  in  the  best-placed,  lateral  and 
terminal  shoots  as  required.  When  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  prune  away  all  ir- 
regular, unproductive  branches,  train- 
ing in  their  place  first  laterals.  Never 
shorten  a  shoot  unless  absolutely  requi- 
site from  want  of  space,  much  less 
prune  so  as  to  have  numerous  foreright 
spurs.  All  cherries  bear  upon  very 
short  studs  with  a  terminal  bud,  on  the 
branches  from  two  years  old  and  up- 
wards. The  Morello  bears  chiefly  on 
the  previous  year's  shoots,  and  very 
scantily  on  studs  of  the  older  branches. 
The  Morello,  therefore,  requires  the 
older  laterals  to  be  removed  as  often  as 
their  placea  can-be  supplied  by  young 


shoots.  All  studs  and  foreright  shoots 
should  be  removed,  especially  from  the 
Morello. 

Diseases. — The  leaves  are  liable  to  be 
honey-dewed,  especially  in  ill-drained 
soils;  but  gumming  is  the  most  weaken- 
ing disease.  (See  Honey-dew  and  Ex- 
travasated  sap.) 

The  Aphis  cerasi,  a  black  species,  and 
the  red  spider,  sometimes  attack  the 
cherry  on  walls;  and  a  still  rarer  enemy 
is  described  as  follows,  by  Mr.  Nai- 
smith: — 

"Our  cherry  trees, both  in  the  open  air 
and  on  the  natural  walls,  particularly  the 
tops  of  the  young  shoots,  are  much  at- 
tacked with  a  small  black  insect,  provin- 
cially  called  the  black  beetle.  The 
remedy  I  have  found  most  effectual  for 
their  destruction  is  a  mixture  of  pitch 
with  one-sixteenth  part  of  powdered 
orpiment;  one-sixteenth  part  ofsulphur, 
dissolved  over  a  slow  fire  in  an  earthen 
pipkin,  until  they  be  well  incorporated; 
when  cold,  divide  into  small  pieces, 
about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  and  burn 
it  under  the  trees  with  damp  straw,  di- 
recting the  smoke  as  much  as  possible 
where  the  insects  are  most  numerous. 
In  an  hour  afterwards,  (if  the  state  of 
the  fruit  will  admit,)  give  the  trees  a 
good  washing  with  the  garden  engine, 
which  generally  clears  oft"  the  half  dead 
beetles,  and  prevents  the  spreading  of 
the  red  spider." — Enc.  Gard. 

Forcing. — Mr.  G.  Shills,  of  Erskine 
House  Gardens,  says: — "  For  accelera- 
ting the  ripening  of  cherries,  I  prefer  the 
open  flued  wall.  The  cherries  setting 
well  without  artificial  assistance,  and 
ripening  in  succession  from  the  latter 
end  of  April  till  the  latter  end  of  June  or 
beginning  of  July,  and  with  sufficient 
rapidity  to  supply  a  family  with  a  dish 
daily  during  that  period.  About  the 
middle  of  February,  or  when  the  buds 
naturally  begin  to  swell,  a  little  fire-heat 
is  supplied  in  the  evening  and  in  dull 
cloudy  weather,  kept  up  during  the  day; 
but  in  bright  sunshine  the  fire  is  stopped 
about  nine  or  ten  A.  M.,  and  set  on  again 
about  two  P.  M.  This  practice  is  fol- 
lowed until  the  middle  or  Ijtter  end  of 
May,  when  the  fire-heat  is  discontinued. 

"A  little  before  the  expansion  of  the 
blossom,  which  is  about  the  beginning 
of  March,  the  net  is  put  over  the  tree, 
by  fixing  the  upper  side  of  it  on  nails 
fastened  in  the  joints  of  the  coping  near 
the  edge,  and  the  under  side  is  tied  to 


CHE 


145 


CHI 


temporary  stakes  about  three  feet  in 
height,  placed  three  feet  from  the  wall. 
About  tiie  middle  of  April  the  woollen 
net  or  double  herring-net,  together  with 
the  stakes,  are  taken  away,  and  a  single 
herring-net  put  close  over  the  tree,  to 
protect  the  ripening  fruit  from  birds." 
— Card.  Chron. 

The  trees  are  trained  in  the  fan  form, 
with  lateral  bearing  branches  of  from 
one  to  three  feet  in  length,  according 
to  their  strength,  trained  in  between  the 
principal  branches.  In  all  parts  of  the 
tree,  these  are  allowed  to  continue 
several  years.  When  they  become  bare 
of  spurs,  or  inclined  to  get  too  luxuri- 
ant, they  are  cut  out — young  shoots  to 
supply  their  place  being  previously  pre- 
pared. 

CHERVIL,  Parsley-leaved.  Charo- 
phyllum  sativum.  Fern-leaved  chervil, 
or  Sweet  Cicely,  C.  aromaticum,  for 
soups,  salads,  &c.  They  are  still  culti- 
vated by  the  Dutch,  but  in  this  country 
are  not  often  found  in  the  kitchen  gar- 
den. 

Soil  and  Situation.  —  The  soil  for 
these  plants  must  be  light,  with  a  large 
portion  of  calcareous  matter  from  super- 
abundant moisture.  The  situation  can- 
not be  too  open  ;  but  a  shelter  from  the 
meridian  sun  is  beneficial. 

Time  and  Modes  of  Sowing. — The 
only  sowing  that  can  be  depended  upon 
must  be  performed  in  early  autumn,  im- 
mediately after  the  seed  is  ripe;  for  if 
kept  until  the  following  spring  it  will 
seldom  germinate,  or  the  seedlings  are 
generally  weak  and  die  away,  during 
the  hot  weather.  If,  however,  it  should 
fortunately  retain  its  vegetative  powers, 
it  may  be  sown  early  in  the  spring  at 
short  intervals,  for  use  in  spring  and 
summer,  and  towards  the  end  of  .Tuly 
for  autumn  supply.  Sow  in  drills  eight 
inches  apart.  The  plants  are  to  be 
thinned  to  eight  inches  asunder,  and  to 
remain  where  they  are  raised.  The 
only  after  cultivation  required  by  them 
is  to  he  kept  clear  of  weeds. 

The  perennial  sort,  C.  aromaticum, 
must  be  trimmed  as  directed  for  Sage. 
The  leaves  are  fit  to  be  gathered  when 
from  two  to  four  inches  in  growth  ;  in 
doing  which  they  should  be  cut  close, 
when  the  phints  will  shoot  afresh. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Some  of  the  autumn- 
raised  plants  must  be  left  ungathered 
from;  they  flower  in  April,  and  ripen 


their   seed    about  June. 
10 


species,  some  must  in  a  like  manner  be 
left  untouched;  they  will  flower  about 
.June,  and  ripen  their  seed  in  July  or 
August. 

CHESTNUT.  Fagtts  castanea.— In 
the  London  Horticultural  Society's  list 
are  twenty  varieties  enumerated.  If  the 
seedlings  arc  left  ungraftcd,  they  are 
about  thirty  years  before  they  bear  fruit, 
but  grafts  inserted  upon  these  seedling 
stocks  from  bearing  branches,  afford 
blossoms  the  next  year,  and  are  fruitful 
much  earlier. 

Soil. — A  dry  subsoil  is  the  great  re- 
quisite for  this  tree.  It  thrives  best  in 
a  sandy  w-ell-drained  soil. 

After-culture. — No  other  attention  is 
required  than  to  thin  the  over-crowded 
and  to  remove  over-wrapping  branches. 

Nuts. — These  are  ripe  about  October. 
Thev  are  best  preserved  in  sand. 

CHICORY.     See  Succory. 

CHICKASAW  PLUM.  Cerasus  chi- 
casa. 

CHILODIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CHILOGLOTTIS  diphylla.  Half- 
hardy  orchid.  Division.  Light  turfy 
loam,  turfy  peat,  and  sand. 

CHIMAPHILA.  Two  species, 
flardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings. 
Peaty  soil. 

CHIMONANTHUS  fragrans,  and 
varieties.  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs. 
Layers  or  cuttings.  Loam  and  peat,  or 
any  common  soil. 

CHINA  ASTER.     CalHstema. 

CHINA  HOSE.  Hibiscus rosasinensis. 

CHINESE  TRP:E.     Ptzonia  moutan. 

CHIOCOCCA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

CIIIONANTHUS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  and  stove  deciduous  shrubs  and 
trees.  Seeds,  buds,  or  grafts.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CHIRONIA.  Eleven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

C.decussata  should  be  potted  in  light 
rich  soil,  and  liberally  watered  during 
the  summer  months.  Keep  it  in  a  good 
situation  near  the  glass,  where  it  gets 
plenty  ol'  light  and  air.  Always  keep 
some  young  plants  to  take  the  places  of 
the  old  ones. 

CHITONIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs  and  trees.     Cuttings. 


Of  the  other  '  Peat  and  loam. 


CHI 


146 


CHR 


CHIVE  or  CIVE  {Allivm  Schano- 
prasum).  Is  used  as  a  very  superior 
substitute  for  young  onions  in  spring 
saladinp.  A  single  row  a  few  yards 
Jong,  will  supply  a  family. 

Soil. — A  light  rich  soil  is  most  suit- 
able, but  it  vvill  grow  anywhere  not 
overshadowed. 

Plant  the  offsets  of  the  bulbs  early  in 
spring.  They  are  to  be  inserted  by  the 
dibble  eight  or  ten  inches  apart,  and 
eight  or  ten  offsets  in  each  hole.  The 
only  cultivation  required  is  to  keep 
them  free  from  weeds.  By  autumn  they 
multiply  into  large-sized  bunches,  and 
if  required  may  be  taken  up  as  soon  as 
the  leaves  decay,  and  be  stored  as  a 
substitute  for  the  onion.  The  leaves, 
which  are  fit  for  use  as  long  as  they 
remain  green,  must,  when  required,  be 
cut  down  close  to  the  ground,  when 
they  will  speedily  be  succeeded  by 
others. 

CHLIDANTHUS  fragrans.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennial.  Division. 
Two-thirds  sandy  loam,  one-third  sand 
and  peat. 

CHLOANTHES.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CHLORA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CHLORANTHUS.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  C.  monas- 
tachye  is  herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

CHLORIDE  OF  LIME,  or  Bleaching 
Powder,  is  composed  of 

Chlorine 63.23 

Lime 36.77 

Exposed  to  the  air  it  is  converted  into 
chalk,  and  muriate  of  lime,  a  salt  which 
absorbs  moisture  from  the  air  very 
powerfully.  By  this  conversion  it  be- 
comes a  useful  addition  to  soils  ;  and  as 
it  also  gives  out  some  chlorine  gas,  so 
offensive  and  destructive  to  insects,  it 
has  been  suggested  as  a  useful  applica- 
tion to  the  land  at  the  time  of  turnip 
sowing. 

CHLORODYLON  swietenia.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

CHOCOLATE-NUT.     Theohroma. 

CHOISYA  ternata.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

CHOKE.     Cerasus  hyemalis. 

CHOMELIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 


CHORISPORA  tenella,  and  variety. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.    Common  soil. 

CHOROMOZEMA,  Eight  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Seeds 
or  cuttings.     Peat,  loam,  and  sand. 

CHOU  DE  MILAN.      See  Borecole. 

CHRISTMAS  ROSE.  Helleborus 
niger. 

CHRIST'S  EYE.  Inula  oculus 
Christi. 

CHRIST'S  THORN.     Paliitrus. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM.  C.  sinense. 
Often  designated  the  Chinese  chrysan- 
themum. 

Varieties  of  this  flower  are  numerous, 
but  the  following  is  as  good  a  selection 
as  can  be  made.  Those  to  which  an 
asterisk  is  prefixed,  are  most  deserving 
of  attention: — 

Abelard,  quilled  pink. 

Achmet  Bey,  dark  purple. 

Adventure,  yellow. 

Annie  Jane,  brownish  red. 

Annie  Salter,  pale  yellow. 

Aristides,  orange  and  brown. 
*Beaute  de  Verseilles,  yellow. 

Beauty,  pale  lilac. 

Belvidere,  buff  and  rose. 

Bertram,  purplish  rose. 

Bethulia,  large  purple. 

Bicolor,  white  and  yellow. 

Bijou,  white,  tipped  with  pink. 
*Campestroni,  purple. 
*Celestial,  blush. 

Champion,  lemon. 

Chancellor,  white  and  pink. 

Changeable,  yellow. 

Columbus,  rose. 

Compactum,  white. 

Comte  d'Eu,  light  red. 

Conductor,  orange. 

Criterion,  white. 

David,  yellow. 

De  Crequi,  small  rosy  purple. 

Defiance,  white. 

Demosthenes,  yellow  and  brown. 
*Duc  de  Conigliano,  crimson. 

Duchess  de  Montebello,  light  rose. 

E.mpress,  lilac. 
*Exquisite,  white. 

Flechier,  dark  rose. 

Florabundum,  dark  lilac. 
*Formosum,  white  and  yellow. 

General  Laborde,  lilac. 
*Goliath,  white.  • 

Gouvain  St.  Cyr,  orange. 
*Grand  Napoleon,  purple. 

Grandish,  flesh  colour. 

Hardy,  blush  white. 

Horace,  purplish  rose. 


CH  R 


147 


CHR 


Horatio,  fine  rosd? 

Imogene,  light  butf. 

Imperial,  pale  lilac. 
*Incomparable,  large  buff. 

Invincible,  creamy  white. 

Irene,  fine  yellow. 

Isabella,  white. 

Isolier,  rosy  red. 

Itobate,  shaded  rose. 

Ivanhoe,  brown. 
*King,  pale  rose. 

Letitia  Buonaparte,  blush. 

Lamarque,  orange. 

Leontine,  brownish  red. 

Louis  Philippe,  purplish  lilac. 
*Lucidiim,  white. 

Madame  Mina,  buff. 
*Madame  Pompadour,  dark  rose. 
*Magnet,  yellow. 

Maivina,  purple. 

Marechal  Soult,  yellow. 

Marie,  red. 

Marie  Antoinette,  rose  and  buff. 

Marquis,  light  rose. 

Memnon,  creamy  white. 
*Minerva,  pink  and  white. 

Mirabile,  white  and  buff. 
*Ne  Plus  Ultra,  white. 

Old  Purple. 

Orion,  creamy  white. 

Perfection,  pale  lilac. 
*Phidias,  rosy  red. 

Phyllis,  lemon. 

Prince  Albert,  amaranth. 

Princess  de  Lamalle,  rosy  lilac. 
*Princess  Mario,  light  pink. 
*Queen,  rose. 

Queen  Victoria,  lilac. 

Queen  ofGipsies,  orange. 

Queen  of  Yellows. 

Reine  de  Prusse,  rose. 

Rosetla,  quilled  pink. 

Saladin,  orange  purple. 

Sangiiineum,  red. 

Sappho,  reddish  brown. 

Small,  brown. 

Solon,  yellow. 

Surprise,  white. 

Tasselled  Yellow. 

Tedjini,  yellowish  brown. 

Timon,  yellow. 
*Theresia,  red. 

Triumphant,  pink  and  buff. 

Two-coloured  Incurved,  yellow 
brown. 

Venusta,  amaranth. 
*Vesta,  white. 

Victorine,  light  rose. 
♦Victory,  white. 

Zelinda,  rosy  blush. 


and 


iSo(7. — A  warm  sheltered  well-drain- 
ed border,  manured  with  leaf  mould 
abundantly,  lor  the  out-door  plants. 
For  those  in  pots,  four  parts  light  fresh 
turfy  loam,  four  parts  leaf  mould,  and 
one  part  rubbly  charcoal. 

In  Borders,  the  stools  require  to  be 
taken  up  and  divided  in  early  spring, 
not  more  than  three  suckers  being  left 
united,  otherwise  the  flowers  are  nu- 
merous and  small. 

By  i^uckers  in' Pots. — Turn  out  the 
old  pots  in  March  ;  separate  the  suckers 
by  a  gentle  twist;  plant  tliree  suckers 
in  a  thirty-two  pot;  shade  them  and 
shelter  in  a  cold  frame  for  about  a  fort- 
night; then  expose  them  to  the  sun- 
shine ;  shift  into  larger  pots  as  they 
increase  in  growth  ;  place  them  in  a 
gentle  hot-bed  in  April,  and  keep  them 
under  the  frame  until  the  middle  of 
May;  when  ten  inches  high,  pinch  off 
the  tops  of  each  stem.  They  will  throw 
out  shoots  from  each  bud  ;  retain  only 
six  shoots,  removing  all  the  others ; 
plunge  the  pots  in  a  sunny  sheltered 
border;  vvater  daily  in  dry  weather, 
and  give  liquid  guano  always  once  a 
week,  so  soon  as  the  flower  buds  ap- 
pear. Let  the  pots  they  flower  in  be 
sixteens,  that  is,  nine  inches  in  diame- 
ter at  the  top.  Move  them  into  a  very 
airy  green-house  or  conservatory,  to 
bloom. 

"  The  shifting  of  the  plants  in  the 
earlier  part  of  the  summer,"  says  a 
well-informed  writer,  "  should  be  par- 
ticularly attended  to.  If  this  is  neglect- 
ed, no  good  after-management  will  save 
them  from  losing  their  leaves,  and  look- 
ing badly  in  autumn  and  winter.  As 
soon  as  they  are  fairly  starting  into 
growth,  the  top  of  each  should  be  nip- 
ped with  the  finger  and  thumb,  which 
will  cause  several  shoots  to  spring  from 
the  under  part  of  the  plant,  and  thus 
form  it  into  a  compact  bush.  This  may 
be  repeated  two  or  three  times  with 
advantage  in  the  earlier  part  of  the 
season  with  the  free  flowering  kinds  ; 
but  after  the  plant  is  fairly  formed  it 
should  be  discontinued,  otherwise  the 
flowering  will  be  injured."  —  Gard. 
Cliron. 

Cuttings. — The  same  authority  says, 
that  "  the  proper  time  for  striking  cut- 
tings depends  upon  the  objects  which 
the  propagator  has  in  view.  Nursery- 
men who  want  a  good  stock  of  a  par- 
ticular kind  may  propagate  it  at  almost 


CH  R 


148 


C  I  B 


any  season,  and  generally  begin  very  There  is  another  plfTi  for  making  small 
early  in  spring.  But,  for  ordinary  pur-  dsvarf  flowering  specimens,  which  de- 
poses, from  the  middle  of  March  to  j  serves  especial  notice.  The  young 
the  middle  of  April  is  quite  soon  enough;  '  shoots  which  have  grown  to  a  consider- 
and  the  amateur  can  then  do  so  without  able  length,  have  their  points  '  layered' 
any  artificial  heat,  which  is  of  great  about  the  month  of  August,  in  small 
consequence  to  those  who  have  very  pots.  As  soon  as  they  are  well  rooted, 
limited  gardens.  they  are  cut  from  the  parent  stock,  re- 

"  It  matters  very  little  whether  the  potted,  and  placed  for  a  short  time  in  a 
cuttings  are  taken  otf  with  roots  or  shaded  place  until  they  recover.  They 
without  them,  as  in  the  latter  case  they  are  then  subjected  to  the  same  treat- 
will  form  them  in  a  few  days,  and  soon  ment  as  the  others,  and  generally  flower 
begin  to  grow  rapidly.  The  frame  ;  on  stems  about  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches 
should  be  kept  very  close,  moist,  and  !  in  height." — Gard.Chron.  Give  liquid 
shaded,  until  the  cuttings  have  formed  guano  twice  a  week  so  soon  as  the 
roots  for  their  support;  when  this  takes  tlower  buds  are  well  formed, 
place,  a  little  air  may  be  admitted  grad- j  Seed  should  be  saved,  and  crosses 
ually  as  the  plants  will  bear  it,  and  then  ;  eff'ected,  from  semi-double  flowers, 
afterwards  they  must  be  fully  exposed."  j  Mildew. — "At  the  end  of  summer 
— Gard.  Chron.  I  chrysanthemums  are  extremely  liable  to 


After-Culture. — "  After  the  flowering 
season  is  past,  and  the  old  stems  cut 
down,  the  plants  should  be  removed 
from  the  green-house  or  conservatory. 


be  infected  with  mildew.  Those  plants 
upon  which  it  makes  its  appearance, 
should  be  immediately  separated  from 
the  rest,  and  well   dusted  with  flowers 


and  placed  in  a  cold  frame,  where  they  of  sulphur.  This  should  be  allowed  to 
are  merely  protected  from  severe  frost,  remain  on  them  at  least  a  day  or  two, 
Here  they  should  have  plenty  of  air,  and  may  afterwards  be  washed  off"  with 
and  on  fine  davs  the  lights  should  be  a  syringe  or  garden  engine." — Gard. 
drawn  quite  off,  and  the  plants  fully  Chron.  A  very  weak  solution  of  corn- 
exposed.  When  the  winter  is  mild,[mon  salt  syringed  repeatedly  over  the 
they  will  stand  very  well  unprotected  ;  |  leaves,  and,  after  remaining  a  few 
but  owing  to  their  having  been  grown  hours,  washed  off  by  a  syringing  with 
and  excited  in  the  green-house,  they  pure  water,  would  be  equally  effectual, 
are  more  apt  to  suffer  from  severe  CHRYSEIS.  Three  species.  Hardy 
weather  than  if  they  had  been  planted  tuberous-rooted  perennials.  Seeds, 
out  in  the  open  air.     For  this  reason  it    Rich  soil. 

is  always  better  to  have  the  means  of  CHRYSIPHIALA.  Four  species, 
giving  them  some  slight  protection.  If  i  Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
they  are  kept  too  close   and  warm  in    sets.     Light  loam. 

winter,  they  begin  to  grow  fast :  the  1  CHRYSOCOMA.  Fourteen  species, 
leaves  are  yellow,  and  the  stems  weak,  i  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials,  and  stove 
and  consequently  they  form  bad  cut- j  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam 
tings  when  the  season  of  propagation  :  and  peat. 

comes  round.  But  if  they  are  merely  ;  CHRYSOPHYLLUM.  Six  species, 
protected  and  attended  to,  as  has  been  |  ahd  some  varieties.  Stove  evergreen 
already  described,  they  grow  slowly,  !  trees.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam  and  peat, 
and  make  excellent  cuttings.  Those  '  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.  Three  spe- 
who  wish  to  make  verv  large  specimens  ^  cies.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
of  these  plants  with  little  trouble,  some-  j  Division.  Moist  soil. 
times  plant  them  out  in  a  rich  border  i  CHRYSOSTEMMA  <r/p?fir/.s.  Hardy 
in  April  or  May,  as  soon  as  the  cuttings  j  herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Peat 
are  rooted.     Here  they  grow  with  great  I  and  loam. 

luxuriance,  and  are  very  large  and  !  CHYSIS  aurea.  Stove  epiphyte, 
bushy,  when  the  time  comes  for  taking  I  Division.     Wood. 

them  up,  and  removing  them  into  the  j  CIBOTIUM  Billardieri.  Green-house 
green-house.  In  autumn,  they  are  taken  evergreen  tree  fern.  Division.  Loam 
up  very  carefully,  and  placed  in  a  shaded    and  peat. 

situation  for  a  few  days,  until  they  re-  '  CIBOUL,  or  WELSH  ONION.  Al- 
cover  from  the  effects  of  the  operation,  [ //u?« /t.siu/osuOT.  This  is  a  perennial, 
and  are  then  taken  to  the  green-house.  I  never  forming    any   bulb,  but  is  sown 


C  IC 


149 


CIN 


annually,  toTje  drawn  yountr  for  salads,  I  Eclipse  ;     Gem;     Nobilis  ;     Perfficta  ; 

Queen  Victoria;  Rival  King;  Royal 
Blue;  Sspphire  ;  Splendida  ;  Water- 
housiana  ;  and  Webberiana. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — The 
cineraria  does  not  exhibit  so  much  im- 
provement as  most  florists'  (lowers. 

"  The  petals  should  be  thick,  broad, 
blunt,  and  smooth  at  the  ends,  closely 
set,  and  form  a  circle  without  much 
indentation.  The  centre,  or  yellow- 
disk,  should  be  less  than  one-third  of 
the  diameter  of  the  whole  flower;  in 
other  words,  the  coloured  circle  formed 


&c.  On  account  of  its  strong  taste,  it 
is  greatly  inferior  to  the  common  onion 
for  this  purpose  ;  but  from  its  extreme 
hardness  in  withstanding  the  severest 
frost,  it  may  be  cultivated  with  advan- 
tage as  a  winter-standing  crop  for  spring 
use. 

Varieties. — Two  varieties  are  in  cul- 
tivation, the  white  and  the  red;  the 
first  of  which  is  in  general  use. 

Cultivation. — As  it  may  be  sown  at 
all  times  with  the  onion,  and  is  simi- 
larly cultivated,  except  that  it   may  be 


sown  thicker,  and  only  thinned  as  by  the  petals  should  be  wider  all  round 
wanted,  the  direction  given  for  that  than  the  disk  measures  across.  The 
vegetable  will  suffice.  The  blade  usu-  colour  should  be  brilliant,  whether 
ally  dies  away  completely  in  winter,  but  shaded  or  self;  or  if  it  be  a  white  it 
fresh  ones  are  thrown  out  again  in  Feb-  j  should  be  very  pure. 


ruary  or  March. 

To    obtain    Seed. — To    obtain    seed 


The  trusses    of  flower    should  be 
large  and  close,  and   even  on  the  sur- 


some  of  the  roots  must  be  planted  out  face,  the  individual  flowers  standing 
in  March,  six  or  eight  inches  asunder.  |  together  with  their  edges  touching  each 
The  first  autumn  they  will  produce  but  other,  however  numerous  thev  may  be. 
little  seed;  in   the   second    and    third, '  The  plant  should  be  dwarf.    The  stems 


however,  it  will  be  produced  abundant- 
ly. If  care  is  taken  to  part  and  trans- 
plant the  roots  every  two  or  three  years, 
they  may  be  multiplied,  and  will  re- 
main productive  for  many  years,  and 
afibrd  much  better  seed  than  that  from 
one-year-old  roots. 

Scallions. — There  is  good  reason  for 
concluding  that  by  a  confusion  of  names, 
arising   from  similarity  of  appearance, 


strong,  and  not  longer  than  the  width 
across  the  foliage  ;  in  other  words, 
from  the  upper  surface  of  the  truss  of 
the  flower  to  the  leaves  where  the 
stem  starts  from  should  not  be  a  greater 
distance  than  from  one  side  of  the  foli- 
age to  the  other." — Hort.  Mag. 

Propagation  hy  Seed. — "  Sow  in  May 
in  the  open  border;  thin  out  the  plants 
where  they  are  crowded,  and  transplant 


this  vegetable  is  the  true  scallion,  whilst  |  them  when  they  have  three  good  leaves, 
the  hollow  leek  of  Wales  is  the  true  I  and  pot  them  to  remain  in  October." — 
Welsh  onion  ;    for   the   description    of;  Card.  Chron. 

scallion,  as  given  by  Miller,  accords  I  Propagation  by  Cuttings. — "After 
exactly  with  that  of  the  Welsh  onion,  the  bloom  has  perfected  itself  and  de- 
At  present  all  onions  that  have  refused  j  caved,  cut  down  the  stems,  stir  the 
to  bulb,  and  formed  lengthened  necks  j  earth  upon  the  surface,  then  earth  up 
and   strong  blades  in  spring  and  sum-  i  with    fresh    compost,    filling    the    pot 


mer,  are  called  scallions. 

CICCA  disticha. 
fruit  tree.  Leafy 
loam. 

CIMICIFUGA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Seeds. 
Common  soil. 

CINCHONA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  tree  and  shrub.  Ripe  cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CINERARIA.  Fifty-four  species. 
ChieHy  hardy  and  green-house  herba- 
ceous ;  but  some  green-house  ever- 
green shrubs.     It  is  a  genus  of  florists' 


rather  full  than  otherwise  ;  refresh  the 

Stove   evergreen  |  plants  with   a   little   water,    and  place 

cuttings.       Sandy  i  them  in  the  frame  again  ;  or  if  you  have 

none  convenient,  in  a  dry  and  sheltered 

place  in  the  garden. 

"  The  growth  of  a  few  weeks  will 
enable  you  to  detect  side  shoots,  some 
with  roots,  and  some  without  roots,  and 
leave  only  the  main  plant  in  the  pot, 
which  should  be  earthed  up  again,  and 
set  by.  The  shoots  which  have  no 
roots  to  them  should  be  stripped  of  two 
or  three  of  the  bottom  leaves,  that  they 

ay  be  placed  in  a  pot  of  the  usual  sort 


flowers,  and  the  varieties  which  they  of  compost  that  the  plant  may  have 
have  raised  are  very  numerous.  A  been  growing  in,  with  a  little  sand  at 
good    selection    is    the    following: — [  top,  say  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and 


CIN 


150 


CIR 


covered  with  a  bell  glass  ;  or  if  there 
be  enough,  they  may  be  placed  a  dozen 
or  two  in  a  large  pan,  and  a  glass  that 
will  fit  inside  the  rim,  covered  over 
them.  They  must  never  be  allowed  to 
dry.  The  glasses  should  be  occasion- 
ally wiped  dry  inside.  Whether  there 
be  one  cutting  or  a  dozen,  they  should 
be  so  placed  that  the  glass  can  be 
pressed  into  the  sand  to  keep  out  the 
air  until  they  have  all  struck. 

"  They  can  always  be  watered  with- 
out disturbing  the  glass,  if  it  be  pro- 
perly placed  inside  the  rim,  because  by 
watering  over  the  glass,  the  whole  can 
be  soaked  ;  but  the  drainage  must  be 
good,  or  they  will  rot. 

"  If  you  happen  to  have  a  declining 
hot-bed  in  which  there  remains  a  little 
bottom  heat,  the  pan  or  pots  maybe 
placed  therein.  It  will  rather  hasten 
the  striking.  Those  side-shoots  which 
have  roots  to  them  may  be  immediately 
potted  into  sixty-sized  pots,  and  treated 
the  same  as  seedlings  just  potted  off. 
In  a  few  weeks  the  cuttings  will  have 
struck,  which  will  be  indicated  by  their 
beginning  to  grow  ;  they  may  be  potted 
oft'  also,  as  seedlings  are  potted,  in 
sixty-sized  pots.  Here  the  treatment 
is  just  the  same  as  that  directed  for 
seedlings." — Hort.  Mag. 

After-Culture.  —  "About  the  first 
week  in  June,  the  plants  being  removed 
from  the  green-house,  and  turned  out 
of  their  pots,  the  old  earth  shaken  from 
their  roots,  plant  rather  deeply,  and 
about  eighteen  inches  apart  in  light 
rich  soil  in  the  open  garden,  and  water 
as  often  as  they  seem  to  require  it. 
By  the  end  of  July,  they  throw  up 
myriads  of  suckers;  they  are  then  taken 
up  and  parted,  preserving  ihe  smallest 
atom  that  has  a  root  to  it.  The  largest 
plants  are  potted  in  pots  proportionate 
to  their  size,  in  a  compost  consisting  of 
leaf  mould,  rotten  dung,  and  strong 
turfy  loam,  in  about  equal  quantities, 
and  placed  in  a  shady  situation.  These 
will  flower  in  September  and  October, 
and  will  do  well  either  for  the  house, 
or  for  filling  up  beds,  or  vacancies  in 
the  flower  garden.  The  other  plants 
are  replanted  in  the  open  garden,  wa- 
tered, and  shaded  until  established, 
taken  up  with  balls,  and  potted  about 
the  end  of  October,  and  protected  from 
frost  in  a  cold  frame  or  pit  through  the 
winter.  In  this  manner,  and  by  keep- 
ing plants  of  various  sizes,  a  regular 


supply  of  flowers  maybe  Iftid  from  Sep- 
tember to  the  end  of  June.  Single 
plants  in  thirty-two  or  twenty-four-sized 
pots  are  large  enough.  No  plants  suf- 
fer so  much  from  being  crowded  toge- 
ther;  indeed,  when  short  of  room  it  is 
better  to  throw  away  a  few  plants  than 
have  the  whole  cramped  for  room." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Winter-blooming. — ''•  When  the  cine- 
rarias have  done  flowering,  cut  off"  all 
the  flower-stems  and  old  leaves,  and 
place  them  in  a  cold  pit  or  frame,  which 
must  be  kept  rather  close  for  two  or 
three  weeks  to  cause  the  plants  to  grow; 
afterwards  admit  air  freely  by  day,  but 
keep  them  close  at  night ;  then  about 
the  beginning  of  August  divide  the  old 
plants  into  pieces,  and  put  them  into 
small  pots  filled  with  a  mixture  of  good 
loam  and  sandy  peat,  to  which  may  be 
added  a  small  portion  of  well-rotted 
dung.  When  potted,  return  them  to 
the  pit  or  frame,  and  keep  them  close; 
afterwards,  as  they  grow,  shift  them 
into  larger  pots,  and  use  a  little  manure- 
water  ;  and  finally,  as  the  danger  of 
frost  approaches,  remove  them  to  the 
green-house,  where  they  will  bloom  well 
all  the  winter  and  spring,  if  kept  free 
from  insects." — Gard.  Chron. 

CINNAMOMUM.  Cinnamon.  Ele- 
ven species.  Stove  evergreen  trees. 
Ripe  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

CINNAMON.     Cinnamomum. 

CION.     See  Scion. 

CIRCiEA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Offsets.  Com- 
mon soil. 

CIRCUMPOSITION  differs  from  lay- 
ering, only  that  in  this  the  shoot  to  be 
rooted  is  bent  down  to  the  soil,  whilst 
in  circumposition  the  soil  is  placed  in 
a  vessel  and  raised  to  the  shoot.  There 
are  pots  called  layering  pots  made  for 
this  practice,  and  diftering  from  the 
common  garden  pot,  only  by  having  a 
section  about  an  inch  broad  cut  through 
one  side,  and  to  the  centre  of  the  bot- 
tom, for  the  admission  of  the  shoot  or 
branch. 

M.  Foulup  employs  "  small  tin  cases 
of  a  conical  form,  like  the  upper  part 
of  a  funnel,  two  and  three-quarter 
inches  in  length,  and  two  and  a  sixth 
inches  in  width  at  top,  narrowing  to- 
wards the  lower  part  till  only  sufficient 
room  is  left  for  the  introduction  of  the 
shoot  or  branch  intended  to  be  propa- 
gated.    These  cones  are  supported  on 


C  IR 


151 


C  IT 


rods,  to  which  they  are  securRil  by  wire. 
Commencing  with  the  central  branches, 
the  leaves  are  taken  froin  the  parts 
which  the  tin  is  intended  to  inclose; 
the  branch  is  cut  two-thirds  through  as 
in  layering,  and  being  enclosed  by  the 
funnel,  the  latter  is  well  packed  with 
moss.  Moisture  necessary  lor  favour- 
ing the  emission  of  roots  is  supplied  by 
means  of  a  bottle,  from  which  the  bot- 
tom is  struck  off,  and  the  neck  furnished 
with  a  cork,  perforated  so  as  to  admit 
a  small  pigeon's  feather  or  bit  of  wool 
to  form  a  syphon,  by  means  of  which 
the  moss  is  kept  in  a  proper  state  of 
moisture.  Hard-wooded  plants  are  pro- 
pagated in  this  way  from  the  middle  of 
May  till  the  end  of  June  ;  and  the 
branches  are  sullicicntly  rooted  to  be 
taken  off  by  the  end  of  September.  It 
is,  however,  necessary  in  all  cases,  to 
ascertain  whether  the  branches  are  suffi- 
ciently rooted  previously  to  their  being 
separated.  This  is  easily  done  by  open- 
ing up  the  edges  of  the  tin  ;  when  the 
branches  are  found  to  be  sufficiently 
rooted  they  are  potted  off  without  re- 
moving the  moss  by  which  the  roots 
are  surrounded.  Being  moderately 
watered,  they  are  immediately  placed 
under  glass  on  a  slighthot-bed,  and  kept 
shut  up  for  a  fortnight.  They  are  then 
gradually  exposed,  and  afterwards 
placed  in  the  shade  of  large  trees,  so 
that  only  half  the  rays  of  the  sun  shall 
reach  them." — Card.  Chron. 

ClKRllJF.A.     Six  species.     Stove 
epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 


CIRROPETALUM. 


>cvcn  species. 


Stove  epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 

C  I  R  S  I  U  M.  Eighty-six  species. 
Hardy  annuals,  biennials,  and  herbace- 
ous perennials.  Seeds  or  division. 
Common  soil. 

CISSAMPELOS.  Six  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  climbers.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

CISSUS.  Seventeen  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  evergreen  climbers. 
Cuttings.     Light  rich  soil. 

CISTERNS  for  the  accumulation  of 
rain-water  should  be  formed  in  connec- 
tion with  the  gutters  of  the  various 
buildings  in  the  gardens,  for  no  water 
is  equal  to  it  for  the  artificial  supply  of 
moisture  to  plants. 

CISTUS.  Thirty-nine  species  and 
varieties.  Hardy  evergreen  shrubs. 
Layers  or  ripened  cuttings.  Common 
soil. 


C I T  H  A  R  E  Y  L  U  M.  Nine  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

CITRON.     Citrus. 

CITRUS.  Fourteen  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  fruit  trees  or  shrubs, 
budding  or  grafting,  and  sometimes 
cuttings.  Rich  loamy  soil  mixed  with 
dung. 

For  the  structure  of  a  house  suitable 
for  their  cultivation,  see  Orangery. 
The  following  extracts  from  an  essay 
by  Mr.  Jones,  gardener  at  Knowsley, 
exhibits  the  successful  practice  in  cul- 
tivating this  genus,  pursued  by  Mr. 
Burden,  gardener  at  Hurst  Plouse,  Lan- 
cashire. 

Varieties. — Those  who  wish  to  culti- 
vate the  orange  tree  for  the  sake  of  the 
fruit,  ought  to  be  very  careful  in  making 
a  selection  of  sorts,  especially  of  sweet 
oranges. 

The  best  way,  perhaps,  is  to  procure 
grafts  or  young  plants  from  such  varie- 
ties as  have  proved  themselves  to  be 
good  in  other  establishments,  or  proved 
plants  from  a  nursery. 

So/7. — Too  much  attention  cannot  be 
paid  to  the  soil  ;  its  principal  features 
ought  to  bo  lightness,  richness,  and 
openness  of  texture,  and  unless  it  pos- 
sess these  qualities  it  is  unfit  for  the 
orange  tribe. 

Water. — This  must  at  all  times  be 
sparingly  administered,  especially  if 
the  trees  are  kept  in  a  high  moist  tem- 
perature. Occasionally  give  a  little 
weak  liquid  manure. 

Temperature. — Itisdoubtless  an  erro- 
neous opinion,  that  if  the  atmospheric 
temperature  is  S^  to  10^  above  the 
freezing  point  during  winter,  and  is 
never  allowed  to  rise  above  70^  or  80° 
during  summer,  that  the  orange  tribe, 
other  circumstances  being  flivourable, 
may  be  cultivated  successfully.  Mr. 
Durden  never  allows  the  temperature 
of  his  house  to  fiill  below  50^  during  the 
winter  season,  and  during  summer 
retains  a  moist  atmosphere  of  80o  or 
903, 

After-Culture.  —  In  pruning,  if  the 
plants  are  trained  on  trellises,  the 
branches  should  be  kept  thin  to  allow 
the  greater  part  of  the  leaves  to  be  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  The  fruit  is  generally 
produced  at  the  tips  of  the  small  spurs 
or  brackets;  therefore  it  would  be  a 
positive  injury  to  the  crop  to  shorterv 
any  of  these  spurs,  except  it  is  desirable 


C  L  A 


152 


CL  A 


to  increase  their  number.     The  opera-  j  plants  to  two  feet  apart.     The  sowing 

tion  of  pruning  is  performed  at  any  time  I  must  be  annual.     Seed  may  be   saved 

when  it  appears  to  be  necessary,  always,  i  by  allowing  some  plants  to   run  up  the 

however,  taking   care   to   have  a  sue- '  next  spring;  they  ripen  their  seed   in 

cession  of  young  wood  coming  in.     In    September. 

thinning  the  fruit,  particular  attention]      CLAUSEN  Apewiap/ii/Z/a.  Stove  ever- 

ought  to  be  paid  to  the  state  of  the  tree,    green  tree.     Cuttings.    Rich  loam, 

for  the  quantity  of  fruit  must  be  entirely  j      CLAVIJA.      Two    species.      Stove 

regulated  by  the  vigour  of  the  tree  ;  no  ;  evergreen  shrubs.     Cuttings.     Peat  and 

better  rule  can  be  laid  down  than  that :  loam. 

for  governing  the  operation  of  thinning.  I      CLAY  is  a  constituent  of  all   fertile 

If  a  tree  appears  debilitated  in  the  soils,  though  in  these  it  rarely  exceeds 
extreme,  it  must  not  be  allowed  to  carry  one-sixteenth  part,  and  generally  bears 
any  fruit  for  an  entire  season.  i  a  much  smaller  relative  proportion  to 

One  cause  of  debility  is,  allowing  the  ;  the  other  constituents.  In  its  pure 
fruit  to  remain  long  after  it  is  ripe.  Of  j  state  it  is  known  as  alumina.  It  is  the 
that  required  for  confectionary  purposes  best  of  all  additions  to  light,  unretentive 
a  larger  quantity  may  be  lett  on  the  soils,  for  it  retains  moisture  much  more 
trees,  but  it  must  always  be  propor-  '  powerfully  than  any  other  earth.  M. 
tioned  to  the  capabilities  of  the  tree.      j  Schubler  found,  that  when  silicious  sand 

Cleaning  the  Plants. — The  greatest  |  lost  eighty-eight  parts  of  moisture,  and 
attention  should  be  paid  to  cleanliness  ;  ;  chalky  sand  seventy-six,  stiff  clay  in  the 


the  consequences  of  allowing  insects  to 
overrun  a  collection  of  plants  are  fami- 
liar to  every  one  acquainted  with  gar- 
dening. 

"  The  aphis  attacks  the  tender  shoots 


same  time  lost  only  thirty-five  parts. 
When  clay  has  to  be  conveyed  in  large 
quantities,  and  to  a  distance,  it  should 
be  dug  and  laid  exposed  in  rough  spits 
to  the  air  for  several   days  before  it  is 


and  young  leaves;  the   red  spider  the  J  carted,  and,  indeed,  so  should  all  earths; 


more  advanced  foliage;  and  the  coccus 
hesperidum  every  part  of  the  plant. 

"  Almost  every  gardener  has  his  pe- 
culiar nostrum  for  destroying  these  ani- 
mals ;  but  a  good  preventive  is  cleanli- 
ness in  everything  about  the  plants. 

"  The  coccus  may  be  brushed  off, 
using  a  brush  that  is  no  harder  than  is 
just  necessary  to  remove  the  insect. 

"  For  the  thrips  red  spider,  and  aphis, 
a  sponge  and  clean  water  will  remove 
them  all,  if  used  before  the  insects  have 
become  very  numerous. 

"  Fumigation  should  never  be  re- 
sorted to  except  in  extreme  cases. 


for,  as  Mr.  Ciithbert  Johnson  states 
his  valuable  Farmer^s  Encyclopedia,  if 
one  hundred  cubic  yards  of  chalk,  clay, 
or  marl  have  to  be  moved,  by  drying 
previously  they  will  lose  in  weight  as 
follows  : — 

Chalk        .         ,         20  to  24  tons. 

Clay  .         ,         32  "  42      " 

Marl  .         .         ]8  •'  26      " 

For  the  improvement  of  clay  lands, 

by  rendering  their  staple  less  retentive, 

burning   some  of  their  own  soil  is  an 

efficient  application.    One  hundred  tons 

per  acre  for  this   purpose  are  not  too 

many  ;  for  a  dressing  as  a  manure,  thirty 


"  The  leaves  should  also  be  cleaned    tons  are  a  good  quantity.     Tiie  follow 
with  a  damp  sponge  as  often   as  they    ing  is  the  mode  of  burning  clay, 
appear  clogged  by  dust  adhering  to  the  !      "  Let  sods    be  cut  of  a  convenient 
resinous  exudations  on  their  surface." —   size    to    handle,  say  a    foot   wide  and 


{Card.  Chron. — Gard.  Almanack.) 

CLADANTHUS.  Two  species. 
Hardy  annual  and  half  hardy  evergreen 
shrub.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CLARKIA.  Three  species  and  va- 
riety. Hardy  annuals.  Seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

CLARY.    (Salvia sclarea.)  Its  leaves 


eighteen  inches  in  length  ;  with  these 
form  a  parallelogram  or  long  square; 
let  the  walls  be  a  couple  of  feet  thick, 
and  trampled  or  beaten  firmly  together, 
and  raised  at  least  three  feet  high  ;  the 
first  heap  should  be  so  situated,  that  the 
wind  may  blow  against  one  of  its  sides; 
it  may  be  from  four  to  six  yards  long, 


are  sometimes  used  in  soups  and  medi-  I  by  three  yards  wide,  and  an  aperture 
cated  wines.  A  very  small  number  of  j  within  one  yard  of  each  end,  and  others 
plants  are  sufficient  for  a  family.  Sow  j  at  a  distance  of  about  five  feet  from 
early  in  April,  or  a  month  earlier  in  these  should  be  left  in  the  side  walls, 
any    light-soiled    border.       Thin   the  |  when  building,  for  the  purpose  of  form- 


CL  A 


153 


C  L  I 


ing  drain-like  openings  across  the  heap; 
make  one  of  these  drain-like  openings 
from  end  to  end  in  lengtli;  these  funnels 
are  to  be  built  also  with  sods ;  some  dry 
turf,  such  as  is  used  for  fuel,  is  to  be 
put  into  these  funnels  and  over  it,  and 
between  the  funnels  well-dried  sods  or 
any  other  combustible  materials  are  to 
be  laid  on  to  the  depth  of  a  couple  of 
feet  over  these  sods,  partially  dried  to 
the  level  of  the  walls  ;  these  materials 
being  set  on  tire,  a  powerful  heat  will 
be  produced,  quite  capable  of  burning 
clay,  without  previously  drying  it.  Care, 
however,  will  be  necessary  to  avoid 
throwing  it  on  in  too  great  a  quantity 
at  once,  until  the  fire  is  well  up,  when 
a  large  quantity  may  be  thrown  on.  The 
sod  walls  are  to  be  raised  as  the  heap 
rises;  and  as  soon  as  it  is  perceived  by 
the  strength  of  the  smoke  and  glow  of 
heat,  that  the  mass  is  ignited  in  all  its 
parts,  the  apertures  may  be  closed  up, 
and  the  heap  left  to  become  charred  ; 
should  appearances  indicate  a  likeli- 
hood of  the  fire  being  smothered,  it 
will  only  become  necessary  to  open  one 
or  more  of  the  funnels  to  secure  its 
acting.  If  the  land  on  which  the  burned  ! 
or  charred  clay  is  to  be  applied  be  defi- 
cient in  calcareous  matter,  earth  con- 
taining it,  if  burncti,  would  improve  it 
much.  If  well  done,  there  is  no  im- 1 
provcnient  so  cheap,  and  at  the  same  ' 
time  so  valuable;  if,  on  the  other  hand,j 
the  burning  is  hurried,  or  the  fires  neg- 
lected, the  consequence  will  be,  either 
the  clay  will  be  burned  into  lumps  like 
brick  ends  that  will  not  fall  to  pieces 
when  e.xposed  to  the  air,  or  the  clay  I 
will  not  be  charred  or  burned  at  all  ; 
therefore,  the  heat  should  always  be 
slow  and  steady,  never,  if  possible, 
burning  the  clay  red,  but  black.  This 
is  difficult  to  manage,  depending.much 
upon  the  wind,  stopping  up  the  aper- 
ture upon  the  windward  side,  and  open- 
ing that  on  the  other  side.  The  whole 
time  the  heaps  are  burning  will  take 
from  two  to  three  months,  the  time  de- 
pending much  on  the  weather ;  from 
sixty  to  one  hundred  yards  may  be 
burned  in  a  heap  ;  and  if  there  be  not 
sufficient  sod,  coarse  turf,  bushes,  &c., 
on  the  spot  to  keep  up  a  sufficient  body 
of  fire  at  the  commencement,  wood  of 
any  kind,  or  small  coal,  must  be  used." 
— Gard.  Chron.  \ 

Clay  soils  are  the  worst  that  can  be  j 
for  gardens,  for  there  is  scarcely  one  of' 


the  crops  there  cultivated  that  is  not  in- 
jured by  stagnant  water,  which  can 
scarcely  be  prevented  in  clay  soils  at 
some  seasons ;  and  in  wet  weather 
clayey  soils  cannot  be  worked,  whereas 
the  gardener  must  be  inserting  or  at- 
tending to  his  crops  every  day. 

CLAYTONIA.  Fifteen  species.  Har- 
dy annuals  or  tuberous-rooted  peren- 
nials.    Seeds.     Peat  soil. 

CLEMATIS.  Fifty  species,  and 
many  varieties,  chiefly  climbers.  The 
stove  and  green-house  species  grow 
well  in  a  light  loam  and  peat  soil,  and 
increase  from  cuttings.  The  hardy  her- 
baceous kinds,  divisions.  The  hardy 
deciduous,  layers.     Common  soil. 

CLEOME.  Twenty  species.  Stove 
or  hardy  annuals,  biennials,  or  ever- 
green shrubs.  Cuttings  or  seeds.  Rich 
light  soil. 

CLEONIA  lusitanica.  Hardy  annual. 
Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CLERODENDRUM.  Forty  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  C. 
volubile,  a  climber.  Cuttings.  A  rich 
soil  of  loam,  rotten  dung,  and  sandy 
peat. 

CLETHRA.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  or  stove  green-house  ever- 
green shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  earth,  or 
light  sandy  loam.  The  hardy  kinds  in- 
crease also  by  layers. 

CLEYERA  japonica.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat. 

CLIANTHUS  j)«nife«s.  Half  hardy 
evergreen  shruD.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

CLICK-BEETLE.     See  Wireworm. 

CLIDEMIA.  Twelve  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

CLIFFORTIA.  Sixteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings of  the  young  wood.  Peat  and 
loam. 

CLIMATE  controls  the  growth  of 
plants  most  imperatively,  and  in  the 
cultivation  of  his  fruits,  flowers,  and 
culinary  vegetables,  it  forms  the  first 
object  of  the  gardener's  inquiry.  He 
must  first  know  the  climate  in  wliich 
any  givien  plant  is  native  ;  and  second- 
ly, the  soil  which  it  affects,  Ocfore  he 
can  cultivate  it  successfully.  How  all- 
influential  is  climate  appears  from  the 
fact,  that  different  countries  have  often 
a  totally  different  Flora  on  soils  similar 
in  constitution.     Thus,  as  is  observed 


C  L  I 


154 


C  LI 


by  Decandolle  and  Sprengel,  in  The  scarcely  eighteen  degrees  of  longitude 
Philosophy  of  Plants,  "there  are  a  from  the  west  of  Africa,  and  which  lies 
great  many  perfect  plants  which  ex- ,  a  little  further  south  than  Congo,  has 
clusively  belong  to  the  tropics,  which  yet  no  plants,  which  are  tound  in  those 
never  pass  beyond  them,  and  which  arc  last-named  regions.  (Roxburgh's  List 
found  equally  in  Asia  and  Africa,  in  of  Plants  seen  in  the  Island  of  St.  He- 
America  and  the  South  Sea  Islands,  and  lena,  appended  to  Beatson's  Island  of 
even  in  New  Holland.  Although,  as  St.  Helena.)  Japan  has  a  great  many 
we  have  said,  these  are  rather  families,  plants  common  to  Southern  Europe, 
as  Palma;  Scitaminea;,  JNIuses,  Sapin-  which,  however,  are  not  found  in  those 
deae,  and  Anoneae  ;  or  genera,  as  Epi-  regions  of  Asia  that  lie  under  the  same 
dendrum,  Santalum,  Olax,  Cymbidium,  latitude. 

and   so   forth;  yet  there  are  particular  We    must   further  remark,  that   the 

species,  which  grow  in  all   parts  of  the  eastern  countries  of  the  old  world,  and 

world  only  between  the  tropics,  as  for  the  eastern  shores  of  America,  as  far  as 


instance,  Heliotropium  Indicum,  Age- 
ratuni  conyzoides,  Pistiae  stratiotes, 
Scoparia  dulcis,  Guilandina  Bonduc, 
Sphenoclea;  zeylanica,  Abrus  precato- 
rius,  Boerhavia  mutabilis,  and  so  forth. 


the  Alleghany  Mountains,  have  a  much 
lower  temperature  than  the  western 
regions  ;  and  that  it  is  always  colder  in 
Siberia  and  the  north-east  of  Asia,  than 
under   the   same    latitude   in   Europe 


But  most  commonly  there  are  other  and,  that  even  Petersburgh  is  colder 
species,  which,  under  the  same  degree  ,  than  Upsal,  and  Upsal  than  Christiania  ; 
of  latitude,  supply  in  the  new  world  the  j  although  they  all  three  lie  in  the  six- 
place  of  related  species  in  the  old.  |  tieth  degree  of  north  latitude.  In 
Dryas  octopetala,  indeed,  grows  equal-  North  America  the  ditference  is  still 
ly  upon  the  mountains  of  Canada,  and  greater,  and  there  are  commonly  fifteen 
in  Europe;  but  Dryas  tenella  of  Pursh,  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer 
which  is  very  like  the  former,  grows,  between  the  temperature  of  the  east 
only  in  Greenland  and  Labrador.  In- j  and  west  coast.  It  hence  happens  that 
stead  of  the  Platanus  Orientalis,  there  !  many  plants  which  in  Norway  grow 
grows  in   North  America  the  Platanus  ,  under  the  polar  circle,  scarcely  reach 


Occidentalis;  instead  of  Pinus  Cembra 
in  Europe  and  Asia,  there  grows  in 
North  America  Pinus  Strobus  ;  instead 
of  Prunus  Laurocerasus,in  Asia  Minor, 
there  growls  under  the  same  latitude  in 
North  America  the  Prunus  Caroliniana. 


the  sixtieth  degree,  on  the  limits  be- 
tween Asia  and  Europe.  To  this  class 
belong  the  Silver  Fir,  Mountain  Ash, 
Trembling  Poplar,  Black  Alder,  and 
Juniper.  Even  in  the  temperate  zone, 
the   vegetation    of  many    trees  ceases 


There  are  many  exceptions  to  this  rule,    sooner  in  the  east  than  in  the  west.    In 


however,  depending  on  circumstances 
that  have  been  already  noticed.  In  the 
first  place,  countries  are  wont  to  share 
their  Floras  with  neighbouring  regions, 
especially  islands  lying  under  the  same 
latitude,  as  the  Azores  possess  the 
Floras  of  Europe  and  of  Northern  Af- 
rica, rather  than  those  of  America,  be- 


Lithuania  and  Prussia,  under  the  fifty- 
third  degree,  neither  vines  nor  peaches 
nor  apricots  thrive  :  at  least  their  fruit 
does  not  ripen,  as  also  happens  in  the 
middle  of  England.  The  most  remark- 
able example  of  this  great  difference  of 
temperature  is  furnished  by  the  Mespi- 
lus  Japonica,  which   grows    at  Nanga 


cause  they  are  scarcely  ten  degrees  of  'Sacki,  and  Jeddo,  under  the  thirty-third 
longitude  from  the  coast  of  Portugal.  I  and  thirty-sixth  degrees  of  north  lati- 
Sicily,  and,  still  more,Maita,  possesses  a  i  tude  ;  and  which  also  grows  in  the  open 
Flora  made  up  of  those  of  the  South  ofj  air  in  England,  under  the  fifty-second 
Europe  and  the  North  of  Africa.  The  degree  of  north  latitude,  when  it  is 
Aleutian  Islands  share  their  Flora  with  I  planted  against  a  wall. — Botanical  Re- 


the  north-west  coast  of  America,  and 
the  north-east  of  Asia.     But  the  most! 


^iste)-,  Vol.  V. 
The  same  degree  of  latitude  in  the 


distant  countries,  lying  under  the  same  southern  and  northern  hemisphere,  are 
latitude,  may  have  the  same  or  a  simi-  j  connected  with  very  different  tempera- 
lar  vegetation,  while  countries  or  isl-  tures,  and  produce  a  completely  differ- 
ands  which  lie  between  them,  have  not  ent  vegetation.  This,  however,  must 
the  least  share  in  this  particular  Flora,  i  be  understood  rather  of  the  temperate 
The   island  of  St.  Helena,    which    is  |  and  frigid  zones,  than  of  the  tropical 


CLI 


15c 


C  L  I 


climates,  which,  as  we  have  already  no- 
ticed, are  pretty  much  the  same  over 
the  whole  earth.  But  the  summer  is 
shorter  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  be- 
cause the  motion  of  the  earth  in  her 
perigee  is  more  rapid.  The  summer 
is  there  also  colder,  because  the 
greater  quantity  of  ice  over  the  vast 
extent  of  sea  requires  more  heat  for  dis- 
solving it  than  can  be  obtained  ;  as  also 
because  the  sunbeams  are  not  reflected 
in  such  quantity  from  the  clear  surface 
of  the  sea  water,  as  to  afford  the  proper 
degree  of  heat.  It  thence  happens  that 
in  the  southern  hemisphere  the  Flora  of 
the  pole  extends  nearer  the  equator, 
than  in  the  northern.  Under  the  53d 
and  54th  degrees  of  latitude,  we  meet 
with  plants  which  correspond  with  the 
Arctic  Flora.  In  Magellan's  Land,  and 
in  Terra  del  Fuego,  Betula  antarctica 
corresponds  with  Betula  nana  in  Lap- 
land ;  Empctrum  rubrum  with  Empe- 
trum  nigrum — Arnica  oporina  with  Ar- 
nica montana — Geum  Magellanica  with 
Geum  rivale  in  England — Saxifraga 
Magellanica  with  Saxifraga  rivularis  in 
Finmark.  Instead  of  Andromeda  tetra- 
gona  and  hypnoides  of  Lapland,  Terra  ! 
del  Fucgo  produces  Andromeda  myrsi-  ■ 
nites  ;  in  place  of  Arbutus  alpina  and  { 
Uva  ursi  of  the  Arctic  polar  circle,' 
Terra  del  Fuego  produces  Arbutus  mu- 
cronata,  microphylla,  and  pumila.  Aria 
antarctica  reminds  us  of  the  Ilolcus  al- 
pina of  Wahlenburgh  ;  and  Pinguicula 
antarctica  recalls  to  our  recollection 
Pinguicula  alpina.  We  must  recollect, 
however,  that  in  South  America  the 
great  mountain  chains  of  the  Andes 
stretch  from  the  tropical  regions,  al- 
most without  interruption,  to  the  Straits 
of  Magellan  (from  the  52d  to  the  53d 
degree  of  S.  lat.),  and  that,  on  this  ac- 
count, tropical  forms  are  seen  in  that 
frigid  southern  zone,  because  the  tract 
of  mountains  everywhere  determines 
vegetation.  It  is  hence  that  the  straits 
of  Magellan  are  prolific  of  Coronaria;, 
Onagra;,  Dorstenia;,  and  Heliotropia;,  ' 
which  in  other  parts  of  the  world  grow 
only  within  the  tropics,  or  in  their 
neighbourhood.  In  general  the  vege- 
tation of  the  southern  hemisphere  is 
very  different  from  that  of  the  northern; 
and  there  is  a  certain  correspondence 
between  the  Floras  of  Southern  Africa, 
America,  and  New  Holland,  ^^st  of 
the  trees  are  woody  with  stiff  llaves, 
blossoms  sometimes   magnificent,  but 


fruit  of  little  flavour.  In  Southern  Af^ 
rica,  as  well  as  in  New  Holland,  it  is 
the  form  of  the  Protea;  which  prevails, 
as  if  appropriated  to  these  regions.  In- 
stead of  the  South  American  Erica;,  we 
find  the  Epacrida;  of  New  Holland  ;  Lo- 
belia;, Diosma;,  and  a  great  number  of 
rare  forms  of  compound  blossoms  and 
of  umbellata;,  are  common  to  all  these 
southern  regions." 

Now,  the  reason  for  these  differences 
is,  that  the  countries  thus  contrasted 
differ  in  climate — that  is,  they  differ  in 
the  intensity  and  duration  of  light  and 
heat  they  enjoy — they  differ  in  the  con- 
trast of  their  day  and  night  tempera- 
tures— they  differ  in  the  relative  length 
of  the  day  and  night — they  differ  in  the 
length  of  their  summer  and  winter,  or, 
which  is  synonymous,  in  the  relative 
length  of  their  periods  of  vegetable  ac- 
tivity and  rest — they  differ  also  in  the 
amount  of  rain  which  falls,  not  only  an- 
nually, but  at  particular  seasons — they 
differ  in  having  much  atmospheric  moist- 
ure deposited  in  the  form  of  rain  or 
dew,  or  snow,  at  different  periods  of 
vegetable  activity  or  rest.  Now,  what- 
ever these  differences  are,  whatever 
the  peculiarities  of  a  climate  are  from 
which  a  plant  comes,  the  gardener  can- 
not cultivate  it  successfully  unless  he 
secures  to  that  plant  those  climatal  dif- 
ferences and  peculiarities. 

CLIMBERS  are  plants  which  attach 
themselves  to  supporters  by  their  natu- 
ral appendages,  as  either  by  their  ten- 
drils or  by  their  hooks. 

CLINO  PODIUM.  Three  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
or  seeds.     Common  soil. 

CLINTONIA.  Two  species.  An- 
nuals. C.  elegans  may  be  sown  where 
it  is  to  remain  in  the  open  borders,  but 
C.  pulchella  requires  its  seedlings  to  be 
raised  in  a  green-house  or  under  a 
frame. — "  If  it  is  sown  as  soon  as  the 
seed  is  ripe,  in  two-thirds  leaf  mould, 
and  one-third  common  soil,  with  a  little 
sand,  care  being  taken  to  make  the  soil 
firm  enough  to  prevent  the  seed  from 
being  dislodged  in  watering  ;  where  it 
is  intended  to  have  beds  of  it  in  the 
flower  garden,  it  may  be  planted  out  in 
the  beginning  of  March  :  none  of  the 
frosts  that  happen  after  that  time  will 
injure  it. 

"  If  the  seedlings  were  planted  out 
in  the  autumn,  early  enough  to  take 
root  in  the  soil  before  the  winter,  there 


C  L  I 


156 


C  LU 


is  no  doubt  they  would  prove  as  hardy 
as  any  of  the  Californian  annuals,  and, 
like  them,  succeed  better  in  that  way, 
than  if  sown  or  planted  out  in  the 
spring." — Gard.  Chron. 

CLIPPING  hedges  should  be  confined 


search  the  fruit  trees  for  the  bands  of 
eggs  laid  on  the  branches,  and  to  crush 
them.  In  May,  when  the  caterpillars 
are  living  in  society,  the  nests  contain- 
ing them  should  be  collected  and  de- 
stroyed.    Care  must  be  taken  when  col- 


to  those  of  the  commonest  and  hardiest :  lecting  the  nests,  for  if  the  caterpillars 
varieties  of  shrubs,  as  those  of  hawthorn  |  are  much  disturbed,  they  let  themselves 
and  privet.     The  shears  may,  however, !  down  to  the  ground  by  means  of  a  thin 


be  used  with  great  advantage  by  expert 
operators,  even  on  the  most  delicate 
plants  used  for  ornamental  hedges. 
Clipping  of  deciduous  hedges  is  most 
advantageously  performed  in  the  spring 
and  early  summer.  A  multitude  of 
shoots  are  then  induced,  which  secures 
that  chief  desideratum  in  hedges — thick- 
ness and  closeness  of  texture. 

CLISIOCAMPA  neustria,  the  Lacky 
Moth,  dies  only  at  night.  It  appears 
about  .luly,  and  its  eggs  are  laid  round 
the  twigs  of  trees  in  the  form  of  a  broad 
band  of  about  three  hundred  eggs, 
closely  glued  together,  and  resembling 
a  ring  of  seed  lac.  The  caterpillars 
striped  longitudinally  blue,  red,  and 
yellow,  appear  from  these  in  the  April 
or  May  following.  They  congregate 
in  large  nests  at  the  forks  of  the  small 
branches,  and  are  then   easily  crushed 


silken  thread,  and  escape.  In  July 
their  cocoons  should  be  looked  for  on 
the  trees  between  the  leaves,  in  the 
roofs  of  sheds,  and  even  on  the  tops  of 
walls." — Gard.  Chron. 

C  L  I  T  0  R  I  A.  Thirteen  species. 
Chiefly  stove  or  green-house  evergreen 
climbers.  C.  mariana  is  a  lialf  hardy 
deciduous.  Cuttings,  seeds.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

C LI VI A  nobilis.  Green-house  ever- 
green bulbous  plant.  Division,  seeds. 
Rich  sandy  loam. 

CLOUDBERRY.  Rubus  chammnorus. 

CLOVE.     Dianthiis  caryophyUus. 

CLOVER  TREE.    CaryophyUus. 

CLOWESIA  rosea.  Stove  shrub. 
Cuttings.     Rich  loam. 

CLUB  ROOT.     See  Amhiiry. 

CLUMPS  when  close  are  sometimes 
called  Thickets,  Vind  when  open  Groups 


en  masse.      They    enter   the    chrysalis  j  0/  Trees.     They  differ   only  in   extent 


state  at  the  end  of  June,  and  then  they 
are  to  be  found  in  cocoons  between  two 
leaves,  &c. 

"  In  June  they  are  full  grown  and 
about  an  inch  in  length,  gray  striped 
with  blue,  red,  and  yellow,  and  having 
but  few  hairs.  The  caterpillar  spins 
between  two  leaves  a  thin  web  of  an 
oval  form,  and  it  becomes  a  longish 
brown  pupa,  in  which  state  it  remains 
for  three  weeks  or  a  month.  In  July 
the  moth  appears,  which  in  size  and 
colour,  is  not  unlike  the  silkworm  moth. 
Its  colour  is  light  yellow,  and  some- 
times dark  olive  colour.  The  upper 
wings  are  banded,  and  the  lower  wings 
are  generally  of  a  uniform  brownish 
colour.  The  male  is  readily  known 
from  the  female,  by  its  strongly  pecti- 
nated antennae  and  thinner  body.     The 


rom  a  wood,  if  they  are  close,  or  from 
a  grove,  if  they  are  open  ;  they  are  small 
woods,  and  small  groves,  governed  by 
the  same  principles  as  the  larger,  after 
allowances  made  for  their  dimensions. 
But  besides  the  properties  they  may 
have  in  common  with  woods,  or  with 
groves,  they  have  others  peculiar  to 
themselves.  They  are  either  indepen- 
dent or  relative;  when  independent, 
their  beauty  as  single  objects  is  solely 
to  be  attended  to  ;  when  relative,  the 
beauty  of  the  individuals  must  be  sacri- 
ficed to  the  effect  of  the  whole,  which 
is  the  greater  consideration.  The  least 
clump  that  can  be,  is  of  two  trees  ;  and 
the  best  effect  they  can  have,  is,  that 
their  heads  united  should  appear  one 
large  tree  ;  two,  therefore,  of  different 
species,  or  seven  or  eight  of  such  shapes 


insect  flies  only  at  night,  and  conse-  I  as  do  not  easily  join,  can  hardly  be  a 
quently  is  rarely  seen.  It  often  appears  beautiful  group,  especially  if  it  have  a 
iu  considerable  numbers,  and  does  not  tendency  to  a  circular  form.  Such 
confine  its  ravages  to  fruit  trees,  but  j  clumps  of  firs,  though  very  common, 
attacks  many  other  trees  ;  such  as  are  seldom  pleasing  ;  they  do  not  com- 
beeches,  elms,  poplars,  oaks,  and  even  j  pose  one  mass,  but  are  only  a  contiised 
pines.  The  best  means  of  lessoning  j  number  of  pinnacles.  The  confusion 
the  devastationscommitted  by  the  insect  is,  however,  avoided  by  placing  them 
is,  in  the   winter  season,  carefully  to  ;  in   succession,   not  in    clusters;  and  a 


C  LU 


157 


C  N  E 


clump  of  such  trees  is  therefore  morel  thicket  to  open  plantations,  be  frequent 
agreeable  when  it  is  extended  rather  in    and  sudden,  the  disorder  is  more  suited 


length  than  in  breadth. 

Three  trees  tocether  must  form  either 


to  rude  than  to  elegant  scenes. 

The  occasions  on  which  independent 


right   line  or   a  triangle;  to  disguise  clumps  may  be  applied  are  many.   They 

the  regularity,  the  distances  should  be  are  often  desirable  as  beautiful  objects 

very    different.     Distinctions    in    their  in  themselves  ;  they  are  sometimes  ne- 

shapes  contribute  also  to  the  same  end  ;  cessary  to  break  an  extent  of  lawn,  or 

nnd  variety  in  their  growths  still  more,  a  continued  line,  whether  of  ground  or 

When   a   straight  line   consists  of  two  of  plantation;  but  on  all    occasions,  a 

trees  nearly  similar,  and  of  a  third  much  jealousy  of  art  constantly  attends  them, 

lower  than  they  are,  the  even  direction  which   irregularity  in    their   figure   will 


in    which    they   stand    is    hardly   dis- 
cernible. I 
If  humbler  growths  at  the  extremity 
can  discompose  the  strictest  regularity, 
the  use  of  it   is  thereby  recommended 


not  always  alone  remove.  Though  ele- 
vations show  them  to  advantage,  yet  a 
hillock  evidently  thrown  up  on  purpose 
to  be  crowned  with  a  clump,  is  artificial 
to  a  degree   of  disgust;    some   of  the 


upon  other  occasions.  It  is,  indeed,  the  trees  should  therefore  be  planted  on 
variety  peculiarly  proper  for  clumps  :  i  the  sides  to  take  off  that  appearance, 
every  apparent  artifice  affecting  the  ob-  i  The  same  expedient  may  be  applied  to 
jects  of  nature,  disgusts;  and  clumps    clumps  placed  on   the  brow  of  a  hill. 


are  such  distinguished  objects,  so  liable 
to  the  suspicion  of  having  been  left  or 
placed  on  purpose  to  be  so  distinguish- 
ed, that,  to  divert  the  attention  from 
these  symptoms  of  art,  irregularity  in 
the  composition  is  more  important  to 
them,  than  to  a  wood  or  to  a  grove. 
Being  also  less  extensive,  they  do  not 
admit  so  much  variety  of  outline ;  but 


to  interrupt  its  sameness;  they  will 
have  less  ostentation  of  design  if  they 
are  in  part  carried  down  either  de- 
clivity. 

A  line  of  clumps,  if  the  intervals  be 
closed  by  others  beyond  them,  has  the 
appearance  of  a  wood,  or  of  a  grove  ; 
and  in  one  respect  the  semblance  has 
an   advantage    over   the   reality   in  dif- 


variety  of  growths  is  most  observable  '  ferent  points  of  view  ;  the  relations  be 


in  a  small  compass,  and  the  several 
gradations  may  often  be  cast  into  beau- 
tiful figures. 


tween  the  clumps  are  changed,  and  a 
variety  of  forms  is  produced,  which  no 
continued     wood    or    grove,    however 


The  extent  and  the  outline  of  a  wood  broken,  can  furnish.  These  forms  can- 
or  a  grove,  engage  the  attention  more  '  not  all  be  equally  agreeable,  and  too 
than  the  extremities;  but  in  clumps  |  anxious  a  solicitude  to  make  them  every- 
these  last  are  of  the  most  consequence  ;  where  pleasing,  may,  perhaps,  prevent 
they  determine  the  form  of  the  whole,  i  their  being  ever  beautiful, 
and  both  of  them  are  generally  in  sight:  The  effect  must  often  be  left  to 
great  care  should  therefore  be  taken  to  I  chance,  but  it  should  be  studiously  con- 
make  them  agreeable  and  different.  .  suited  from  a  few  principal  points  of 
The  ease  with  which  they  may  be  com-  view  ;  and  it  is  easy  to  make  any  recess, 
pared,  forbids  all  similarity  between  any  prominence,  any  iigure  in  the  out- 
them  ;  for  every  appearance  of  equality  line,  by  clumps  thus  advancing  before, 
suggests  an  idea  of  art,  and  therefore  a  or  retiring  behind  one  another." — 
clump  as  broad  as  it  is  long,  seems  less    Whateley. 


the    work    of  nature   than    one   which 
stretches  into  length. 


Another  peculiarity  of  clumps  is  the    loam 


CLUSIA.      Four   species.      Stove 
evergreen  trees.   Cuttings.    Light  sandy 


facility  with  which  tliey  admit  a  mixture 
of  trees  and  of  shrubs,  of  wood  and  of 
grove;  in  short,  of  every  species  of  plan- 
tation. None  are  more  beautiful  than 
those  which  are  so  composed.  Such 
compositions  are,  however,  more  proper 
in  compact  than  in  straggling  clumps  ; 
they  are  most  agreeable  when  they  tori'.i 


CLUYTIA.  Twelve  species.  Green- 
house or  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CLYPEOLA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CNEORUM.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat 


one  mass.     If  the  transitions  from  very    ''''"  loam. 

lofty    to   very    humble    growths,   from  i      CNESTIS.      Three    species.      Stove 


C  0  A 


158 


COC 


fests   that  fruit,  the  hibiscus,  justitia, 

"  C.  adonidum.  Mealy  Bug.  This 
feeds  on  tropical  plants,  with  which  it 
hasbeen  introduced  into  our  hot-houses, 
especially  Coffee,  Cestrum,  Justicia, 
Carina,  Musa,  Renealmia,  (^-c.  ;  but  it 
also  is  very  injurious  to  the  vine  and 
pine-apple. 

"  C.  testubo.  Turtle  Scale.  This  is 
found  chiefly  on  stove  plants  requiring 
a  high  temperature.  The  scale  is  oval, 
very  convex,  and  dark  brown." — Gard. 


evergreen    shrubs.      Cuttings.      Sandy 
peat. 

COAL.     See  Fuel. 

COAL  ASHES.     Sgk  Ashes. 

COBffiA  scandens.  Half  hardy  ever- 
green climber.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

COBURGHIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house and  half  hardy  bulbous  peren- 
nials.    Division.     Peat  and  loam. 

COCCINELL.E.  Lady  Birds.  There 
are  about  thirty  species  of  this  useful 
and  beautiful  insect.  Let  no  one  de- 
stroy a  coccinella,  for  it  is  the  greatest    Chron. 

destroyer  of  the  plant  louse  or  aphis.  !  C.  Vitis.  Vine  Scale  preys  upon  the 
This  is  much  better  appreciated  on  the  Grape  Vine,  both  in  the  open  air,  and 
continent  than  in  England,  for  there  '  under  glass.  It  seems  to  be  the  same 
the  gardeners  collect  lady  birds  aiid  {  species  which  also  attacks  occasionally 
place  them  upon  rose  trees,  &c.,  in-  the  Peach,  Nectarine,  and  Plum.  It  is, 
fected  with  aphides.  says  Mr.  Curtis,  "  a  longish  brown  in- 

COCCOLOBA.  Nineteen  species,  sect,  which  in  old  age  assumes  a  black- 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Leafy  ripened  ish-brown  colour,  and  becomes  hemi- 
cuttings.     Loam  and  peat.  spherical  and  wrinkled.     The  females 

COCCUS.  Scale  Insect.  The  species  are  shield-like  ;  being  convex  above, 
of  this  family  are  most  usually,  but  not  and  flat  or  concave  below;  they  are 
exclusively,  found  upon  the  tenants  of;  furnished  with  six  small  legs,  which, 
our  green-houses  and  hot-houses.  The  j  when  the  insect  is  old,  become  part  of 
males  are  active,  but  the  females  usu-  ,  the  substance  of  the  body.  On  the  un- 
ally  fixed  to  a  part  of  the  plant;  the  i  derside  of  the  insect  is  a  sucker,  with 
former  having  wings,  and  are  so  small  i  which  it  pierces  the  cuticle  of  the 
as  to  require  a  magnifier  to  distinguish  i  plants,  and  extracts  their  juices.  Soon 
them  distinctly:  they  then  appear  some-  t  after  impregnation  the  female  dies,  and 
what  like  a  gnat  in  form.  The  females  her  body  becomes  a  protection  for  the 
are  much  larger,  and  in  shape  not  tin-  |  eggs,  which  are  covered  with  long  white 
like  a  bed-bug,  but  with  a  scaly  skin.  |  wool,  and  sometimes  completely  enve- 
When  hatching  they  envelop  them- |  lop  the  shoots  of  the  vines,  or  of  plants, 
selves  in  a  woolly  case.  The  eggs  are  growing  underneath  them.  The  males 
oval,  but  no  larger  than  dots.  Brushing  are  furnished  with  four  wings,  and  are 
the  stems  and  branches  of  trees  and  |  apterous.  Their  powers  ofpropagation 
shrubs  with  a  hand  scrubbing-brush,  are  immense;  and,  where  they  once 
will  destroy  many  of  these  vermin,  and  ;  become  very  numerous,  they  are  ex- 
if  spirit  of  turpentine,  with  a  painter's  ,  ceedingly  difficult  to  eradicate." 
brush,  is  applied,  so  as  to  visit  every  As  a  genus  of  insects  closely  allied 
cranny  of  the  bark,  the  application  is  i  to  the  Coca/s,  and  usually  confounded 
perfectly  eifectuai.  Smaller  and  more  with  it,  is  Aspidiotus  ;  and  as  all  reme- 
delicate  plants  in  pots,  may  be  placed  i  dial  observations  applicable  to  the  one 
under  a  sea-kale  or  other  pot,  with  a  '  are  equally  applicable  to  the  other,  the 
little  of  the  spirit  in  a  saucer,  and  then  !  prevailing  kinds  are  here  enumerated, 
submitted  to  a  gentle  heat ;  the  vapour  |  "A.nerii.  Oleander  Scale  is  found 
of  the  turpentine  will  destroy  the  insect   in  our  stoves  and  green-houses,  chiefly 


in  an  hour  or  two.  If  the  first  applica- 
tion fails,  the  second  will  not  fail.  The 
efficacy  of  a  solution  of  soft  soap  in 
thinning  the  ranks  of  this  pest,  arises 
probably  from  the  turpentine  it  con- 
tains. 

"  C.  hesperidum  is  found  in  green- 
houses, especially  on  orange  trees.  It 
infests  leaves  as  well  as  stems. 

*'  C.  bromeliiE.    Pine  Apple  Scale  in- 


on  the  Oleanders,  Palma,  Aloes  and 
Acacias. 

"A.  ros(2.  Rose  Scale  ;  A.  echino- 
cacti.  Cactus  Scale ;  A.laurJ.  Sweet 
Bay  Scale;  infest  chiefly  the  plants  by 
the  names  of  which  they  are  distin- 
guished. 

"j4.  ostreceformis.  Pear  Tree  Oyster 
Scale,  is  found  upon  the  pear  tree. 

Scale  is  much  more  difficult  to  destroy 


coc 


159 


COM 


than  aphis  ;  as  tobacco,  soft  soap,  vine- '  species.     Stove  evergreen  shrubs.     Ri 


pened  cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 
COFFEE  TREE.     Coffea. 
COGWOOD    TREE.       See    Laurus. 


gar,  and  other  materials  scarcely  affect 
them,  even  when  applied  in  quantity 
and  strength  sufficiently  to  kill  plants. 

The  most  effectual  method  of  ridding  Cloroxylon. 

plants  of  these  pests,  besides  those  first  COKE.     See  Fuel. 

named,  is  to  brush  or  sponge  the  stems  COLBERTIA.     Two  species.     Stove 

and   leaves.     If  plants  in   pots  are  in-  evergreen  trees.     Cuttings.     Peat   and 

fested   with  this  or  any  other  kind  of  loam. 

scale,  they  should  never  be  cleansed  in  COLBROOKIA.  Two  species, 
or  near  the  house  in  which  they  are  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
grown  ;  as,  though   the  old  ones  have  tings.     Peat  and  loam. 


not  always  the  power  of  locomotion, 
yet  the  young  ones  have.  Shreds  and 
matting  which  support  plants  in  houses, 
should  always  be  carefully  examined, 
as  they  form  a  kind  of  nest  for  the 
young  insects.  Old  shreds  should  never 
be  used,  without  being  previously 
boiled." — Gard.  Chron. 

COCHLEARIA.  Eight  species  and 
some  varieties.  Chiefly  hardy  annuals 
or  biennials.  C.  armoracia,  the  com- 
mon horse-radish.  Slips  from  the  root. 
Deep  rich  soil.  The  annuals  and  bien- 
nials from  seeds.     Common  soil. 

See  Melolontha. 
Rhinantkus  Christa- 


COCKCHAFER. 

COCKSCOMB. 
gain. 

COCKSCOMB. 
gain. 

COCKSCOMB. 


Erythrina   Christa- 


COLCHICUM.  Ten  species  and  some 
varieties.  Hardy  bulbous  perennials. 
Seeds  or  offsets.     Light  loamy  soil. 

COLDENIA  procumheiis.  Stove  an- 
nual trailer.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

COLEONEMA  alha.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

COLEWORT.     See  Cabbage. 

COLLIFLOWER.     See  Caulifloicer. 

COLLIGUAJA  odorifera.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub. 

COLLINSIA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

COLLINSONIA.  Five  species  and 
some  varieties.  Chiefly  hardy  herbace- 
ous perennials.  Division.  Common 
moist  garden  soil. 


COLLOGANIA.    Two  species.  Stove 
Celosia    crisfata. —    evergreen  climbers.      Cuttings.      Peat 


Sow  the  seed  in  a  hot-bed,  early  in  the  ,  and  loam. 


spring,  and  transplant  when  danger 
from  frost  lias  passed  :  seed  may  also 
be  sown  later  in  the  season,  on  an  open 
border.  To  have  Cockscombs  in  per- 
fection requires  highly  manured  soil,  (it 
cannot  be  too  rich,)  and  a  careful  prun- 
ing of  lateral  or  side  shoots — but  one 
head  or  flower  should  be  borne  by  each 
plant. 

During  dry  weather  water  with  a  so- 
lution of  manure  or  plain  water,  having 


COLOPHONIA  mauritiana.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

COLUMBINE.     Aquilegia. 

COLUNARREA.  Six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  C.  scandens  is  a 
climtier.     Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

COLVRIA.  potentilloides.    Hardy  her- 
baceous   perennial.       Division.      Peat 
I  and  loam. 
1      COLUTEA.      Five  species.     Hardy 


first  covered  the  earth  around  the  plants  deciduous  shrubs.  Seeds  or  cuttings, 
with  decomposed  stable-dung.  Common  soil. 

COCO.VNUT  TREE.     Cocos.  COLVILLEA  racemosa.    Stove  ever- 

COCOA  PLUM.     Chrysobalanus.         I  green  tree. 

COCOS.  Three  species.  Palms.  COMARASTAPHYLIS  arbutoides. 
Loam  and  peat,  or  light  sandy  loam  in    Half  hardy  shrub.      Cuttings.      Sandy 


a  warm  moist  atmosphere. 

CODARIU.M.  Wild  Tamarind.  Two 
species.  Stove  evergreen  tree  and 
shrubs.     Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

CODONOPHORA.  Stove  evergreen 
shrubs.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

C(F.LOGYNE.  Seventeen  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Division.  Wood.  They 
require  a  hot  damp  heat. 


COMAROPSIS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds  or  di- 
vision.    Rich  light  loamy  soil. 

COxMARUM  palustre.  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennial.  Division.  Moist 
soil. 

COMBRETUM.  Seven  species. 
Stove    evergreen    climbers    or   shrubs. 


COFFEA.     The  Coffee  Tree.     Two  I  Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 


COM 


160 


COM 


COMESPERMA.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  C.  gra- 
cilis is  a  twining  plant.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

COMFREY.     Simphytum. 

COMMELINA.  Twenty-five  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  trailers,  which 
are  increased   hy  divisions  and  seeds 


in  a  dry  cellar  for  the  winter,  out  of  the 
reach  of  damp  or  frost;  they  will  then 
require  no  more  trouble  until  the  follow- 
ing March,  when  they  should  be  taken 
out,  potted,  and  placed  either  in  a  warm 
pit  or  dung  frame,  to  forward  them 
again  for  planting  out. 

"  The  roots  will  survive  the  winter  in 


sandy  loam  and  peat.     The  hardy  kinds, ;  the  open  border,  if  slightly  protected, 


seeds  or  offsets  ;  and  the  annuals,  seeds 
and  common  garden  soil. 

C.  calestris  is  one  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  this  genus,  and  the  following  di- 
rections for  its  cultivation  are  given  by 
Mr.  G.  Gordon,  of  the  Chiswick  Gar- 
dens. 

"  About  the  end  of  February  sow  the 
seeds,  in  pans  or  pots,  filled  with  a  mix- 
ture of  sandy  loam  and  leaf  mould,  and 
place  them  in  a  warm  pit,  or  dung- 
frame.  When  the  young  plants  are 
large  enough  to  handle,  pot  them  off 
singly  into  sixty-sized  pots,  and  return 
them  to  the  warm  frame,  or  pit,  for  a 
week  or  ten  days  ;  afterwards  admit  air, 
and  finally  remove  them  to  a  cold 
frame,    or    pit,   to   harden,    ready    for 


and  kept  dry  ;  but  then  they  are  late  in 
starting,  and  never  so  fine  as  when  the 
roots  are  taken  up,  and  preserved 
through  the  winter,  like  those  of  the 
Dahlia.  The  old  roots  may  be  divided 
like  those  of  the  Garden  Ranunculus." 
— Gard.  Chron. 

C  0  M  M  E  R  S  0  N I A .  T  wo  speci  es. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripened  cut- 
tings.    Peat  and  loam. 

COMOCLADIA.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Ripened  cut- 
tings. Peat  and  loam,  or  any  light  rich 
soil. 

COMPARETTIA.  Three  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.  Division.  Wood  or 
fibrous  peat. 

COMPOST  is  a  mixture  of  manures, 


planting  out  in  the  open  border,  which  j  or  of  earths  and  manures,  in  such  pro- 


should  be  done  about  the  end  of  May, 
or  beginning  of  June,  when  the  danger 
from  late  frosts  and  cold  nights  is  over. 
"  In  planting,  they  must  not  be  put 
in  a  dry  or  shaded  situation,  but  in  a 
warm,  and  rather  damp  one  ;  and  in  a 


portions,  and  of  such  qualities  as  are 
considered  particularly  applicable  to 
the  plant  or  crops  to  which  the  compo- 
sition is  to  be  applied.  The  subject  of 
Composts  has  been  studied  but  slightiy 
at  present,  by  men  who  combine  science 


rich  loamy  soil.  They  will  then  flower  I  with  practice,  and  what  is  here  offered, 
freely  all  the  summer  and  autumn  ;  but  |  must  consequently  be  less  satisfactory 
like  the  Dahlia,  their  beauty  is  destroy-  I  than  the  author  is  conscious  it  might  be. 


ed  by  the  first  frost  in  the   autumn, 

"  The  plants  flower  freely  the  first 
season  from  seed,  but  they  display  their 
delicate  azure  blossoms  in  the  greatest 
perfection  the  second  season,  if  the 
roots  are  taken  up,  and  preserved  like 
those  of  the  Dahlia,  over  the  winter, 
which  is  best  done  in  the  following  way: 
— When  the  plants  have  done  flowering, 
and  there  is  danger  of  the  roots  getting 
injured  by  severe  frost,  they  must  be 
taken  up,  and  placed  to  dry  for  a  few 
days ;  then  procure  a  box,  or  some 
large  flower-pots,  and  place  a  little  dry 
soil  at  the  bottom  ;  (the  best  substance 
for  packing  all  kinds  of  roots  in  during 
winter,  is  dry  sandy  peat) — then  place  a 
layer  of  roots,  filling   in  between  with 


A  correct  preparation  of  Composts 
must  be  founded  upon  a  due  knowledge 
of  the  food  of  plants.  This  is  ascer- 
tainable from  their  analyses,  and  these 
reveal  what  is  sustained  by  practice, 
that  there  are  some  substances  required 
by  all  plants  as  food,  and  that  there  are 
other  substances  which  are  beneficial 
to  some  plants,  and  useless,  or  even 
injurious  to  others. 

Now  the  substances  universally  re- 
quired by  cultivated  plants,  are,  carbon, 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  and  phos- 
phate of  lime,  and,  perhaps,  common 
salt.  These  are  supplied  to  plants  by 
the  atmosphere,  and  by  decaying  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  matters. 

The  substances  required  only  by  par- 


soil  ;  and  so  on  until  you  have  disposed  \  ticular  plants,  are  certain  salts,  such  as 
of  all  the  roots,  when  the  whole  should  sulphate  of  lime,  by  the  turnip; — sul- 
be  covered  over  with  a  thick  layer  of  any  phate  of  magnesia,  (Epsom  salt)  by  the 
dry  substance.  Place  the  plants  either  i  potato  ; — nitrate  of  potass  (saltpetre), 
under  the  stage  in  the  green-house,  or  I  by  borage,  and  the  lilac. 


COM 


161 


CON 


The  food  of  plants,  whether  imbibed  |  the  convenience  of  moving  the  pots  to 


by  their  roots  or  their  leaves,  must  be 
either  in  a  liqiiid,  or  a  <raseous  form. 
In  these  states,  most  plants  obtain  a 
large  portion  of  their  food  from  the 
atmosphere,  decomposing  its  carbonic 
acid,  and  water,  and  retaining  only  so 


it,  in  the  potting  season  ;  conveyance  of 
manures,  &c.  All  the  earths  and  ma- 
nures should  be  under  a  shed,  and  the 
dungs,  being  liable  to  lose  much  of 
their  fertile  components  in  drainage, 
should  be  in   water-tight  tanks  ;   and  if 


much  of  their  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  \  these  are  covered  all  the  better 

oxygen,   as    they    retniire.      From   the  |      COMPTONIA    axplenifolia.      Hardy 

same  source  also  they  obtain  nitrogen,    deciduous  slirub.    Layers.    Sandy  loam 

But  they  do  not  obtain   these  from  the    or  peat. 

atmosphere    alone„      The    roots    alsoj      CON  A  NTH  ERA.     Two  species. 

obtain  thom  from  the  soil.     Animal  and  1  Green-house  bulbous  perennials.     Ofi- 

vegetablc  matters,  as  they  decay,  give  j  sets.     Light  sandy  loam. 

out  carbonic  acid;   and  partly  decom-        CONIFER.^    or    cone-bearing  trees 

pose    into  mucilage,  soluble  in   water,  j  and    shrubs    are    numerous,  embracing 


both  of  which  are  rapidly  imbibed  by 
the  roots.  Composts,  therefore,  should 
contain  these  decomposing  matters  in 
such  proportion,  as  to  give  the  plants, 
to  which  they  are  applied,  the  vigour 
required.  If  leaves  are  re(juired  to  be 
largely  developed,  the  compost  can  be 
scarcely  too  rich  ;  for  the  greater  the 
quantity  of  food  imbibed  by  the  roots, 
the  greater  will  be  the  surface  of  leaves 
requisite  for  its  elaboration.  But  if 
flowers  and  fruit,  as  well  as  leaves,  are 
desired,  the  composts,  if  excessively 
rich,  will  cause  these  to  diminish  in 
number  and  size,  the  flower-buds  pass- 
ing into  leaf-buds  for  the  reason  already 
alleged. 

Composts  must  also  duly  regulate 
the  amount  of  moisture  supplied  to  the 
roots,  totally  independent  of  drainage, 
as  compost  retains  to  them  moisture  by 
itschemical  and  capillary  powers.  The 
richer  in  decomposing  animal  and  vege- 
table matter, — the  richer  in  alumina, 
(clay), — and  the  looser  its  texture,  the 
better  does  a  compost  retain  water. 
And  this  power  is  diminished  in  pro- 
portion as  siliceous  sand,  or  calcareous 
(chalky)  matters  preponderate. 

Mr.  Errington,  {Gardenfr's  Chroni- 
cle, 184.5,)  prepares  his  composts  from 
strong  tenacious  loam  ;  half-rotten  leaf- 
mould;  heath-soil ;  horse-manure;  cow- 
manure  ;  charcoal  and  wood  ashes ; 
bone-dust;  sharp  sand  ;  burnt  turf;  and 
moss  well  scalded;  and,  from  these 
materials  there  is  no  doubt  that  a  com- 
post could  be  prepared,  embracing  any 
desired  degree  of  fertility.  —  See  Ma- 
nures and  Potting. 

COAH'OST-G ROUND.      This  should 
be  an  enclosure,  concealed  from  sight, 
but  in  the  vicinity  of  the  hot-beds,  hot- 
houses, and  other  similar  structures,  for 
11 


the  Pines,  Larches,  Firs,  Cedars,  Juni- 
pers, and  Thuyas. 

COMMON  HARDY  SPECIES. 

Juniperus  virginiana. 
Cupressus  tlitiyoides. 

sempervirens. 

Pinus  balsamea. 

larix. 

canadensis. 

sylvcstiris. 

picea. 


Thuya  occidcntalis. 

orientalis. 

Rarer  kinds  are  thus  classed  by  Mr. 
G.  Gordon,  of  the  Chiswick  Gardens  : — 
Section  I. — Mexican  Species. 

1st  Division. — Fine-leaved,  with  long 
slender  leaves  ;  these  may  be  expected 
not  to  be  so  hardy  as  the  other  species 
belonging  to  this  section. 

Pinus  Tcrocote. 

patula. 

apulcencis. 

Devoniana. 

macrophylla. 

Pseudo-Strobus. 

Leiophylla. 

Oocarpa. 

Oocarpoides. 

filjfolia. 

Montezuma^. 

2d  Division. —  Swamp  Pines,  with 
Ions  leaves  and  few  branches,  like  P. 
pallustris ;  they  may  be  expected  to 
prove  hardy. 

Pinus  Hartwegii. 

Russelliana. 


CON 


162 


CON 


3d  Division. — Short  leaved  ;  which 
may  be  considered  as  hardy. 

Pinus  Llaveana. 

Ayacahuite. 

Abies  reiigiosa. 
Section  II. — Calif ornian  or  North  West 
American  species. 

1st  Division. — Fine  leaved.  These 
are  the  tenderest  kinds,  while  those 
with  short  leaves  are  generally  hardier, 
particularly  in  this  American  group. 

Pinus  insignis. 

californica. 

•^— —  Monticola. 

2d  Division. — Coarse  leaved.  With 
robust  stems,  leaves,  and  cones. 

Pinus  Macrocarpa. 

Sabiniana. 

3d  Division.  —  Short  leaved.  All 
either  Spruces  or  Silvers. 

Abies  amabalis. 

grandis. 

nobilis. 

Menziesii. 

Section  III. — European  Species. 

1st  Division.  —  The  slender  two- 
leaved  pines  ;  or  those  resembling  the 
Aleppo  Pine.     (P.  halepensis.) 

Pinus  Brutia. 

Pithyusa. 

2d  Division. — The  robust  two-leaved 
species  ;  or  those  strong  growing  kinds, 
resembling  the  Cluster  Pinaster,  and 
Corsican  Laricie,  Pines. 

Pinus  nigricans,  or  austriaca. 

hispanica,  or  pyrenaica. 

romana. 

Ascarena. 

Lemoniana. 

3d  Division. —  The  Silver  or  Spruce 
Firs. 

Picea  cephalonica,  or  Mount  Enos 
Fir. 

Pinus  Pinsapo,  or  the  Mount  Atlas 
Cedar. 

Section  IV. — Asiatic  Species. 

1st  Division. — The  robust  two-leaved 
Pines,  or  those  resembling  the  Cluster 
Pine  {P.  Pinaster). 

Pinus  taurica. 

2d  Division. — Pinus  Sinensis,  or  the 
Chinese  Pine. 

Pinus  excelsa,  or  the  lofty  Bhotan 
pine. 

Pinus  Longifolia. 

Gerardiana. 

3d  Division. — The  Silver,  or  Spruce 
Firs. 

Abies  Webbiana,  or  the  purple-coned 
Silver  Fir. 


Pindrow,  or  Royles  Silver. 

Abies  Pichta  or  Sibirica,  the  Pitch  or 
Siberian  Silver. 

Abies  Brunoniana,  the  Indian  Hem- 
lock Spruce. 

Abies  Khutrow,  the  large  coned  In- 
dian Spruce. 

Abies  Morinda. 

Abies  orientalis. 

The  following  notice  of  Junipers  will 
be  confined,  like  the  preceding  of 
Coniferous  Plants,  to  the  more  rare 
and  less  known  kinds. 

True  Junipers.  Juniperus  oblonga 
(the  oblong-fruited  Juniper);  Juniperus 
Oxycedrus  (large  brown-fruited  Juni- 
per) ;  Juniperus  macrocarpa  (the  large 
purple-fruited  Juniper) ;  Juniperus  squa- 
mosa (the  Creeping  Indian  Juniper) ; 
Juniperus  recurva  (the  recurved  Indian 
Juniper)  ;  Juniperus  nana  (Dwarf  Juni- 
per)."— Card.  Chron. 

Propagation  by  Cuttings.  Mr.  Gor- 
don gives  these  directions  : — 

"  In  August  or  September,  select  a 
young  shoot  of  moderate  strength,  and 
cut  it  off  with  a  piece  of  the  last  year's 
wood  attached,  forming  what  is  techni- 
cally termed  a  heel. 

"  The  leaves  at  the  bottom  of  the 
cutting  should  not  be  pulled  off,  but 
must  either  be  left  on  entire,  or  short- 
ened with  a  sharp  knife.  AVlien  the 
cutting  is  made,  it  should  be  planted 
from  a  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
deep  in  a  pot,  filled  about  one-third 
with  potsherds,  on  which  a  layer  of 
turfy  peat  should  be  placed,  then  an 
inch  of  good  loam,  and,  on  the  top  of 
all,  a  layer  of  white  sand.  The  pot  of 
cuttings  may  now  be  placed  in  a  cold 
frame,  kept  close,  and  shaded  when 
necessary;  they  may  remain  in  this 
situation  till  the  end  of  October,  when 
they  should  be  put  in  a  cold  pit  for  the 
Winter.  Care  must  be  taken  at  that 
season,  that  they  do  not  suffer  from 
frost  or  damp  ;  but  they  must  on  no 
account  have  fire  heat.  About  the  end 
of  February  the  pot  of  cuttings  may  be 
removed  to  a  hot  bed,  a  bellglass  being 
placed  closely  over  it;  the  cuttings  will 
root  readily,  and  many  of  them  will  be 
fit  to  pot  off  by  the  end  of  June.  When 
first  potted  off,  the  young  plants  should 
be  treated  exactly  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  cuttings  are. 

"  In  the  case  of  Junipers  and  Cy- 
presses, older  wood  than  that  used  tor 
Pines  is  necessary,  as  they  have  not 


CON 


163 


CON 


sufficient  strength  to  omit  roots  before  water  at  first;  for  much  depends  upon 
the   winter,    and    consequently  perish  j  the  use  made  of  water,  at  this  period, 

during  that  season,  when  only  callous,  and  the  treatment  given  to  them,  when 

If  wood  of  two  or  three  years'  growth  in   this  state,  (that  is,  when  the  young 

be  taken,  it  will  be  found'hardy  enough  plant  has  exhausted  the  nourishment 
to  stand  the  winter,  and  with  the  aid  of  supplied  by  the  seed,  and  has  to  seek 
artificial   heat,  in  the  spring  will   root  j  subsistence  from   its  own  roots ;)   after 

freely." — Gard.  Chron.  which    there    is  little  danger  of  their 

By  Seed. — The   same   excellent   au-  damping    off,   except    they   are    over 

thority  gives  these   directions  relative  watered.     When  the  plants  are   fairly 

to  propagating  the  conifene  from  seed,  up,  and  a  little  hardened,  they  may  be 

'•'  The  cones  should  be  gathered  at  potted  off  singly,  into  small  pots,  filled 

the  beginning  of  winter:  they  should  with  a  mixture  of  loam  and  sandy  peat, 

be  placed  in  some  cool  but  dry  place,  If  the   loam  is   rather  poor  or  stiff,  a 

until  the   end  of  March,  at  which  time  little  leaf-mould  may  be  added;  for  the 

the   seeds  should  be  taken   out  of  the  bad  efTects  of  the  two  latter  substances 

cones;  which  in  some  cases  is  difficult,  seem  only  to  occur  during  the  time  the 
without   injuring    them,  particularly   if  young  plant  received  its  support  from 


they  are  kiln-dried,  as  the  seeds  are 
easily  damaged  by  fire  heat.  The 
cones  of  some  kinds  are  so  hard — of 
Cocarpa,  for  example — that  it  would 
take   weeks    on  the   kiln    before  they 


the  seed. 

"  When  potted,  they  should  be 
placed  in  a  close  pit  or  frame  for  a  few 
days,  until  they  recover  the  effects  of 
the  shift,  and   afterwards   air   must  be 


would  open.  The  safest  way  is  to  bore  |  freely  admitted ;  but  water  given  rather 
a  hole  through  the  centre,  beginning  at  sparingly  at  first.  They  will  require 
the  base,  or  stalk,  and  afterwards  to  little  trouble  afterwards,  but  probably 
drive  a  round  jjiece  of  hard  wood,  may  want  shiiting  into  larger  pots  in 
through  the  hole,  which  will  split  the  the  autumn,  (particularly  the  strong 
cones.  The  seeds  may  then  be  re-  ]  growing  kinds,)  as  it  is  injurious  to 
moved  without  injury.  If  the  kinds  are  their  future  growth  for  their  roots  to 
new  or  rare,  they  should  be  sown  in  get  pot-bound  when  young.  The  more 
pans  filled  with  dry  sandy  loam,  and  rare  or  tender  kinds  should  not  be 
without  any  mixture,  of  cither  peat,  planted  out  before  the  third  season  ; 
leaf  mould,  or  rotten  dung;  all  of  i  but  the  commoner  ones  may  be  planted 
which  are  injurious,  and  cause  the  out  after  the  first  year, 
young  plants  to  damp  off  when  they  "  The  common  kinds,  such  as  the 
first  come  up,  more  especially  if  it  Scotch  fir,  larch,  spruce,  and  silver  firs, 
should  be  damp  weather  at  the  time  Pinaster,  Stone,  and  Weymouth  seeds, 
they  appear  above  ground.  If  the  '  and  even  the  Deodar,  and  Cedar  of 
loam  is  a  little  stiff,  a  small  portion  of  Lebanon  may  be  sown  in  the  open 
sand  may  be  used  ;  but  this  must  be  border  with  great  advantage  in  the  tbl- 
avoided  as  much  as  possible,  because  lowing  manner  : — select  a  good  fresh 
the  more  sand  there  is  in  the  soil  the  loamy  soil  which  is  not  stiff,  but  rather 
weaker  the  plants  come  up.  If  they  sandy,  and  about  the  end  of  March  dig 
are  in  a  doubtful  condition,  sow  the  and  break  the  surface  rather  finely  ; 
seeds  in  pans  filled  with  very  dry  loam,  then  mark  the  ground  out  into  beds 
and  place  them  in  some  dry  situation,  about  four  feet  wide,  leaving  an  alley 
out  of  the  reach  of  damp,  they  will  then  of  a  foot  wide  between  each  bed  ;  and 
not  be  injured  ;  whereas  if  they  were  on  some  fine  dry  day  sow  the  seeds 
not  placed  in  dry  soil,  they  would  be  broadcast  rather  thickly,  covering  them 
sure  to  perish,  or  if  sown  in  damp  over  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch 
soil,  the  like  destruction  would  attend  deep,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
them.  seeds;    then    smooth    the    surface    by 

"  When  spring  advances,  place  the    gently  beating  it  with  the  back  of  the 


pans  in  a  gentle,  but  by  no  means  damp 
heat;  taking  care,  however,  to  remove 
them  to  a  much  cooler  place,  before 
the  young  plants  are  fairly  above 
ground,  and  afterwards  harden  them 
off  by  degrees,  giving  them  but  little 


spade  ; — (this  must  only  be  done  if  the 
soil  is  dry,  and  rather  light.)  They 
will  then  require  no  other  care  except 
keeping  them  from  weeds,  and  the  at- 
tacks of  birds,  mice,  and  slugs,  which 
are    very   destructive    to   them,   when 


CON 


164 


CON 


they  first  make  their  appearance  above 
ground. 

"  By  placing  some  small  branches 
thickly  over  the  beds  until  the  young 
plants  have  thrown  off'  the   old   seed- 


^'  Inarching  is  another  way  for  in- 
creasing the  pine  tribe,  but,  like  graft- 
ing, only  suitable  for  the  propagation 
of  curious  varieties,  and  is  certainly  a 
more   unsightly  way  than  that  of  cleft- 


coat,  they  may  be  protected  from  the  grafting,  as  the  stock  and  scion  hardly 
ravages  of  birds  ;  if  attacked  by  mice,  ever  unite  to  cover  the  old  heel,  when 
traps  must  be  set  for  catching  them,  as  separated  from  the  mother  plant. 
the  only  safe  mode  of  preventing  such  ■  "  This  operation  may  be  performed 
pests;  and  if  subject  to  be  eaten  by  either  with  the  last  year's  or  the  pre- 
slugs,  some  wood-ashes  should  be  ceding  year's  wood,  but  the  former  is 
sown  over  the  beds  just  as  the  young  '  by  far  the  quickest  in  taking  ;  it  is  best 
plants  are  making  their  appearance.  '  performed  about  the  same  time  as  graft- 
"  The  seeds  of  the  greater  part  of  i  ing,  but  the  inarches  must  not  be  re- 
the  pine  tribe  come  up  in  about  six  ■  moved  for  two  years, 
weeks  after  sowing  in  the  open  border,  "  Layering  is  certainly  one  of  the 
and  the  most  of  them  will  be  fit  for  best  modes,  where  it  can  be  done, 
transplanting  into  nursery-rows  the  Layering  should  be  performed  early  in 
first  year  after  sowing;  afterwards  they    the  spring,  before  the  plant  begins  to 


may   be   treated    in    the    same   way  as 
other  forest  trees." — Gard.  Chron. 

Grafting,  Src — "  The  pine  or  fir 
tribe  are  sometimes  increased  by  graft- 
ing or  inarching.  It  is  at  present  little 
practised,  and  when  it  is  so,  only  as  a 
means  of  propagating  some  of  the  curi- 


grow,  and  in  the  usual  common  way, 
by  slightly  tonguing  and  laying  the 
shoots  in  light  sandy  soil,  pegging  them 
securely  down. 

"  They  will  require  two  years  to 
root,  but  it  should  be  observed,  that 
in  layering,    the  whole  plant  must  be 


ous  varieties  ofthe  propersection  Pinus,  layered,  as  it  is  very  uncertain  if  only 
which  are  the  most  difficult  and  uncer-  the  bottom  branches  are  so  done,  as 
tain  to  strike  from  cuttings.  Procure  '  these  frequently  die  after  the  operation 
some  good  healthy  young  plants  of  the  [  if  the  upper  ones  are  left  on  :  therefore 
common  kinds,  of  the  same  section  to  !  the  whole  plant  should  be  bent  down, 
which  the  sort  to  be  increased  belongs  or  the  head  cut  off", 
in  pots  ;  if  it  is  to  the  robust  two-leaved  I  "  Pines  and  firs  should  be  planted  in 
section,  such  as  the  Pinaster  or  Stone  the  open  ground,  about  the  end  of  April, 
Pine,  procure  them  for  the  stocks  :  if  to  ' 
the  Weymouth  or  Scotch,  procure  thom, 
but  they  will  take  on  the  common  Scotch 
Fir.  If  the  species  or  variety  belongs 
to  the  Spruce  or  silver  tribe,  procure  , 
such  for  stocks  ;  if  it  belongs  to  the  ce- 
dar or  larch  section,  the  common  larch 


if  they  are  rare  or  tender  kinds  :  but  if 
hardy  and  common  ones,  the  end  of 
February  is  best. 

"  The  Soil  most  suitable  for  them  is 
a  light  sandy  loam,  on  a  dry  subsoil; 
but  they  will  all  grow  in  almost  any 
soil  that  is  not  overcharged  with  water, 
will  do,  bearing  in  mind  that  the  species  or  too  poor,  if  encouraged  at  first  by 
intended  to  be  united  should  be  as  mixing  a  little  sandy  loam  andleaf  mould 
nearly  related  as  possible  ;  for  although  with  the  common  earth,  when  planting 
the  true  Pinus  may  be  worked  on  a  '  them  where  they  are  permanently  to 
larch  stock,  they  will  soon  perish.  The  |  remain. 

operation  is  performed  on  the  current '  "  In  planting,  the  roots  should  be 
year's  growth  by  clefl  grafting,  (and  spread  out  as  much  as  possible,  and 
always  in  the  leading  shoot,  shortening  kept  near  the  surface,  leaving  the  plant 
several  of  the  side  shoots  at  the  time,)    a  little  elevated   on  a  small  mound,  if 


or  by  splitting  the  stock  down  the  cen- 
tre after  the  head  is  removed  sufficiently 
deep  for  receiving  the  scion,  which 
must  be  cut  wedge-shaped,  to  fit.  | 

The  time  of  performing  the  opera- 


the  adjoining  ground  is  level,  but  if  on 
a  declivity,  it  is  of  no  consequence. 

"  When  planted,  they  should  be  well 
watered,  not  immediately  at  the  roots, 
but  for   a  yard  or   two  all  round,  and 


tion  is  when  the  young  shoots  are  about '  then  a  few  spruce  fir  or  other  branches 
half-grown,  and  are  brittle  with  the  should  be  stuck  round,  to  break  off"  tiie 
stock  ;  the  operation  is  done  in  the  |  sun's  rays,  and  the  winds  ;  if  they  are 
usual  way  afterwards,  by  tying,  and  ex-   tender  they  should   have  a  large  iiand- 


cluding  the  air. 


I  glass  over  them  for   the   first    winter, 


CON 


165 


CON 


which  may  remain  permanently  on  dur- 
ing the  months  of  December  and  Jan- 
uary. 

"  In  preparing  the  compost  for  them, 
a  little  sand  should  be  used,  if  the  soil 
of  the  place  is  tolerably  good,  but  ra- 
ther stiff;  but  if  poor  and  light,  a  little 
loam  and  leaf  mould  must  be  added  ;  it 
is  by  far  the  best  way  to  accustom  the 
plants  to  the  common  soil  at  once,  while 
they  are  young,  for  if  the  ground  is 
made  good  for  their  reception  only, 
they  will  grow  vigorously  and  rapid, 
and  as  soon  as  they  exhaust  the  pre- 
pared soil,  they  become  stunted,  and 
frequently  die  prematurely. 

"  In  protecting  the  tender  kinds,  a 
single  mat  covering  at  a  sufficient  dis- 
tance will  keep  most  of  them  from  in- 
jury ;  but  much  damage  is  done  to  the 
plants  by  not  being  able  to  remove  the 
covering  early  in  the  spring. 

"  The  covering  should  be  constructed 
so  that  the  top  can  be  removed  during 
the  day  time,  and  replaced  at  night, 
which  hardens  the  plants,  and  at  the 
same  time  protects  them  from  the  effects 
of  the  late  spring  frosts,  which  destroy 
the  young  shoots,  especially  of  Web- 
biana,  and  other  silver  firs. 

"  In  pruning  there  is  little  to  be  done 
except  to  cut  away  all  dead  branches, 
and  to  protect  the  leader." — Card. 
Chron. 

CONNARUS.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripened  cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

CONOCARPUS.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripened  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

CONOSPERMUM.  Nine  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

CONOSTYLIS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Sandy  peat. 

CONSERVATIVE  WALLS.  See 
Walls. 

CONSERVATORY.  This  structure 
is  a  green-house  communicating  with  the 
residence,  having  borders  and  beds  in 
which  to  grow  its  tenant  plants ;  or  it 
may  be  an  appendage  to  the  dwelling, 
of  moderate  size,  into  which  the  plants 
from  the  green-house  are  removed  whilst 
in  bloom,  thus  concentrating  the  more 
attractive  specimens,  and  presenting  a 
continuous  show  of  flowers. 

Good  plants  for  turning  out  into  the 
beds  of  a  conservatory  are: — Templeto- 


nia  Glauca  ;  Luculia  gratissima ;  Eu- 
taxia  myrtifolia  ;  Pimelea  spectnbilis  ; 
Chorozema  varium  ;  Brugmansia  san- 
guinea  ;  Crowea  saligtia  ;  Cytisus  race- 
mosus  ;  Horea  Celsi  ;  together  with  Ca- 
mellias, and  the  ditlerent  kinds  of 
Acacia. 

Mr.  Beaton  observes,  that — "  In  some 
instances  the  more  hardy  stove  climbers 
are  now  planted  out  into  the  conserva- 
tory after  they  have  been  grown  in 
vineries,  or  other  forcing-houses,  or  in 
stoves,  till  they  are  long  enough  to 
reach  the  top  of  the  house  at  once, 
which  is  kept  sufficiently  close  to  afford 
them  the  necessary  temperature.  Many 
of  this  class  must  necessarily  be  lelt 
naked  at  bottom,  where  the  air  of  the 
house  is  too  cold  for  their  young  shoots, 
and  thus  a  space  is  left  for  choice  woody 
plants  that  are  not  climbers,  among 
which  the  subject  of  these  remarks  may 
take  a  leading  place. 

"  At  present,  when  climbers  get 
naked  at  the  bottom,  the  practice  is 
either  to  cover  the  parts  with  long 
shoots  from  the  top  of  tlie  house,  or  to 
plant  slender-growing  climbers  round 
them ;  but  a  better  way  would  be  to  se- 
lect fine  plants,  not  exceeding  ten  or 
twelve  feet  in  a  rich  border,  or  that 
might  be  easily  kept  to  be  the  required 
height,  by  pruning,  such  plants  being 
remarkable  for  some  peculiar  feature, 
such  as  a  graceful  mode  of  growth,  fine 
foliage,  conspicuous  or  sweet-scented 
flowers,  &c.  A  situation  of  this  kind 
would  suit  Lucuiia  gratissima,  particu- 
larly if  it  happened  to  be  near  the  doors 
or  source  of  ventilation. 

"  This  beautil'ul  shrub,  so  lovely  in 
the  autumn,  although  a  strong  growing 
plant,  is  a  delicate  feeder;  and  a  strong 
climber  planted  behind  it  may  be  said 
to  assist  its  growth  rather  than  impede 
it,  by  appropriating  to  itself  the  more 
gross  parts  of  the  soil  in  the  border.  If 
the  climber,  however,  is  of  the  very 
fibrous-rooted  kind,  like  the  ash,  few 
plants  can  compete  with  it  for  nourish- 
ment ;  whereas  such  climbers  as  Ipo- 
inwa,  Horsfallia;,  Combretum  purpu- 
reum,  Beaumontia  grandiflora,  and  most 
of  the  Passion  liownrs,  Hardenbergias, 
Zichyas,  &c.,  form  their  roots  different- 
ly, and  are  suitable  for  this  kind  of 
furnishing  when  they  become  naked  be- 
low. Plants  for  such  a  purpose  ought 
to  be  well  established  and  of  consider- 
able size,  before  they  are  finally  planted 


CON 


166 


COR 


out;  and  all  plants,  whether  climbers 
or  otherwise,  that  have  been  first  reared 
in  the  stove,  or  in  heat,  ought  to  be 
thus  treated,  otherwise  it  is  found  in 
practice  that  many  of  them  make  little 
progress  for  the  first  season  or  two. 

"Another  cause  which  operates 
astainst  the  free  progress  of  some 
climbers  is,  that  for  the  sake  of  conve- 
nience they  are  increased  from  cuttings 
of  the  flowering  shoots,  which  are  more 


CORCHORUS.     See  Sherria. 

CORDIA.  Thirty  species.  Stov* 
evergreen  trees  or  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

CORDYLINE.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Suckers.  Peat  and 
loam,  or  any  light  vegetable  soil. 

COREMA  alha.  Hardy  evergreen 
shrub.     Layers.     Sandy  peat. 

COREOPSIS.  Twenty-three  species. 
Chiefly    hardy    herbaceous    perennials. 


or  less  stunted,  and  the  young  plants  i  Cuttings  and  division.     Rich  light  soil. 


for  a  time  retain  that  character,  until 
forced  by  a  good  feeding  or  strong  heat 
to  assume  their  native  iVeedom  ;  and 
even  after  that  is  effected,  if  they  are 
afterwards  much  confined  in  small  pots, 
they  become  again  stunted  ;  then  the 
best  remedy  is  to  cut  them  down  to  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  force  them 
in   a   hot-bed  to  make  a  fresh  growth 


The  annuals  and  biennials  by  seeds. 
Common  soil. 

COREOPSIS.     See  Chrysostemona. 

CORETHROSTYLIS  6rac?ea.  Green- 
house shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

CORIANDRUM  sativum.  Coriander. 
Hardy  annual.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CORIARIA.     Two   species.     Hardy 


Beaumontia  grandiflora,    and    some  of ;  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Tiie 


the  stove  Bignonias,  are  the  first  to  suf 
fer  from  either  cause  ;  yet  when  they 
are  young  and  vigorous,  they  grow  from 
ten  to  twenty  feet  in  length  in  one  sea- 
son, and  some  Bignonias  even  much 
more.  The  former  should  be  about  two 
or  three  years  old,  and  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet  in  length  before  it  is  planted 
in  the  conservatory,  where  it  flowers 
freely  for  two  or  three  months,  in  ter- 
minal heads,  of  large  white  trumpet- 
shaped  flowers." — Card.  Chron. 

CONTORTION.     See  Deformity. 

CONVALLARIA.  The  Lily  of  the 
Valley.  One  species,  and  two  varieties. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Common  soil. 

CONVOLVULUS.  Fifly-one  species. 
Chiefly  twiners.  The  stove  and  green- 
house plants  thrive  best  in  loam  and 
peat,  and  increase  by  cuttings ;  the 
hardy  kinds,  and  green-house  annuals 
and  biennials,  by  seeds.    Common  soil. 

COOKIA  punctata.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.  Ripened  cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

COOPERIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Seeds.  Sandy 
compost. 

COPTIS  trifoliata.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennial.  Division  or  seeds. 
Peat  soil. 

CORAL  TREE.  Erythrina  corallo- 
dendron. 

CORAXIC  POISON  BULB.  Bruns- 
vigia  coronica. 

CORBULARIA  serotina.  Hardy  bul- 
bous perennial.     Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 


hardy  species  is  increased  by  cuttings 
of  the  roots  or  suckers.  Common  soil. 
The  green-house  species  by  cuttings. 
Sand,  loam,  and  peat. 

CORIS    monspeliensis.     Green-house 
biennial.     Seeds.     Peat  and  loam. 
CORKTREE.     Quercus  suher. 
CORNELIAN    CHERRY.       Cornus 
mascula. 

CORN  FLAG.     Gladiolus  bullatus. 
CORN  SALAD.    See  Lajnb's  Lettuce. 
CORNUS.      Thirteen    species,    and 
some  varieties.     Chiefly  hardy  decidu- 
ous shrubs  and  trees.     Seeds  or  layers. 
j  Common  soil.    The  herbaceous  species 
I  thrive  best  in  peat,  and  increase  by  di- 
I  vision  of  the  root. 

'  C.  florida  is  a  common  tree  in  the 
:  United  States.  It  is  a  pleasing  object 
'  when  in  bloom  ;  its  creamy  white  brac- 
i  tea  enlivening  the  woodland  when  but 
j  few  plants  have  yet  expanded  their 
I  flowers. 

CORNVTl A  pyramidata.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

CORONILLA.  Sixteen  species,  and 
one  variety.  Chiefly  half-hardy  ever- 
green shrubs.  The  green-house  species 
are  increased  by  cuttings  or  seeds. 
Peat  and  loam.  The  herbaceous  re- 
quire protection  in  severe  weather. 
Seeds  or  division.  The  hardy  annuals. 
Seeds.  Common  soil.  Some  are  hardy 
deciduous  creepers. 

CORRiEA.  Nine  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sand 
and  loam. 


COR 


167 


C  R  A 


CORRIGIOLA.  Three  species.  Har- 
dy trnilers.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CORTUSA  Mathiole.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perenni.il.  Requires  protection 
in  severe  weatlier.  Division  or  seeds. 
Peat  and  loam. 

CORYANTHES.  Three  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 

Two    species.     Half- 
Division.     Loam    and 


CORYCIUM. 
hardy  orchids, 
peat. 

C0RYDALI8. 


Twenty-four  species. 
Hardy  annuals,  biennials,  or  tuberous- 
rooted  perennials.  The  latter  increase 
by  division.  Peat  and  loam.  The  an- 
nuals by  seeds.     Common  soil. 

CORYLUS.  Nut  Tree.  Seven  spe- 
cies, and  many  varieties.  Hardy  de- 
ciduous shrubs.  Suckers  or  layers. 
Common  soil.     See  Filbert. 

CORYNOCARPUS  lavigatus.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Layers.  Rich 
mould. 

CORYPHA.  Eight  species.  Palms. 
A  strong  moist  heat,  and  sandy  loam. 

COSCENIUM  fenestratum.  Stove 
evergreen  climber.  Division.  Loam 
and  peat. 

COSMEA.  Seven  species.  Green- 
house or  hardy  annuals.  Seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

COSMELL\  rubra.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat. 

COSMUS.  Three  species.  Hardy 
and  green-house  tuberous-rooted  pe- 
rennials. Division.  Common  soil.  C. 
tenuifolius  is  a  hardy  annual,  increased 
from  seeds. 

COSSIGNIA  borbonica.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

COSTMARY.     See  Bahamita. 
COSTUS.     Twelve   specjes.      Stove 
herbaceous    perennials 
seed.     Peat  and  loam. 

COTONEASTER.  Ten  species,  and 
some  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
shrubs.     Layers.     Common  soil. 

COTYLEDON.  Thirty-six  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs :  a  few 
herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings  dried 
in  the  sun.     Sandv  loam. 

COULTERIA.  "  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seeds.  Peat  and 
loam. 

COURGOURDE.  Lagenaria  vul- 
garis. 

COUTAREA  speciosa.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.     Cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 


CO\VANIAp//cafa.  Hardy  evergreen 
shrub.     Division.     Sandy  peat. 

COWBERRY.  Vaccinium  Vitis  Idea. 
COWDIE  PINE.  Dammara  australis. 
COWSLIP.  {Primula  vcris.)  There 
are  several  varieties,  varying  in  colour 
from  almost  white  to  a  very  deep  yel- 
low ;  some  are  single,  but  others  are 
double,  in  the  form  that  florists  distin- 
guish as  hose-in-liose,  the  calyx  iu  these 
being  converted  into  corolla.  Some, 
specimens  will  produce  one  hundred 
pips  upon  a  single  truss,  and  they  have 
been  known  to  yield  even  more  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  cultivation  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  Polyanthus. 

CRAMBE.  Three  species.  Hardy 
tuberous-rooted  perennial.  Division  or 
seed.     Rich  soil.     See  Sea-kale. 

CRANBERRY.  Oxy coccus  palustr is. 
CRANE'S  BILL.  Geranium. 
CRASSULA.  Fifty-nine  species  and 
a  few  varieties.  Hardy  evergreen  an- 
nual or  biennial  shrubs.  Cuttings  laid 
for  a  few  days  in  the  sun.  Sandy  loam 
and  brick  rubbish. 

CRATAEGUS.  Hawthorn.  Fifty 
species  and  many  varieties.  Chiefly 
hardy  deciduous  low  trees.  Seeds, 
buds,  or  grafts. 

Dr.  Lindley  gives  the  following  list 
of  the  most  showy  kinds. 

C.  Aronia. — Most  showy  species  of 
all  in  the  autumn  ;  very  large  bright 
yellow  fruit  in  great  abundance. 

C.  Tenacetifolia. — Upright  growing, 
finely  cut  leaves,  the  largest  fruit  of  all, 
yellow. 

C.  Odoratissima. — A  spreading  tree  ; 

downy   leaves,  numerous   large   bright 

red  fruit  in  the  autumn. 

I      C.  Orientalis. — Large  dark  red  fruit. 

!      C.  Coccinia. — Very  showy;  large  and 

Division    or    numerous  bunches  of  bright  red  fruit  in 

the  autumn. 

C.  Glandulosa. — Dense  bush,  and  is 
ornamental  in  the  autumn,  covered 
with  abundance  of  rather  large  red  fruit. 
C.  Punctata. — Three  varieties,  one 
with  red  fruit,  another  with  yellow,  and 
a  third  with  an  upright  or  fastigiatn 
habit  of  growth. 

C.  Oliveriana. — Small,  deeply  cut, 
woolly  leaves,  and  small  black  fruit, 
numerous  and  ornamental  in  the  au- 
tumn. 

C.  Dougla-sii. — Various  shaped  leaves 
and  black  fruit,  which  ripen  early  ia 
the  autumn. 


C  R  A 


168 


C  RO 


C.  Nigra.  —  Strong  growing,  with 
black  fruit  and  deeply  divided  leaves, 
flowering  rather  early. 

C.  Heterophylla. — Beautiful  species, 
profusion  of  flowers  in  the  spring,  and 
numerous  small  red  fruit  in  the  autumn. 

C.  Macracantha.  —  With  immense 
spines  and  small  shining  yellowish-red 
fruit,  produced  in  large  bunches  early 
in  the  autumn. 

C.  PyrifoUa. — Free  flowering  kind, 
with  small,  but  very  numerous  yellow- 
ish-red fruit,  which  ripen  very  late  in 
the  autumn. 

C.  Crus-Galli. — Bright  shining  green 
leaves,  and  numerous  bunches  of  dark- 
red  fruit,  which  ripen  very  late  in  the 
autumn.  The  most  desirable  is  the 
variety  called  sallicifolia,  which  has 
horizontal  branches,  forming  a  flat  ta- 
ble-shaped head. 

C.  Prunifolia. — A  close  bush,  rather 
large  shining  leaves,  and  numerous 
bunches  of  dark-red  fruit,  which  ripen 
late  in  the  autumn. 

C.  Flava.  —  Small  greenish-yellow 
fruit  late  in  the  autumn. 

C.  Virginiana. — A  dwarf  kind,  with 
numerous  green  fruit,  it  retains  its  fruit 
nearly  all  the  winter. 

C.  Cordata. — The  latest  in  flower, 
and  bears  the  smallest  fruit;  it  has  bright 
shining  angular  leaves,  and  bright  red 
berries. 

C.  Oxycantha  Rosea  Superha. — The 
most  brilliant  of  all  when  in  flower,  it 
bears  bright  crimson  blossoms  in  May. 
The  double  variety  of  it  has  also  flowers, 
nearly  as  intense  in  colour,  and  quite 
double. 

CRATiEVA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Rich  strong 
soil. 

CREEPERS  or  TRAILERS  are  plants 
which  by  having  numerous  stems  and 
branches  resting  upon  and  spreading 
over  the  soil's  surface,  are  useful  for 
concealing  what  would  be  unpleasing 
to  the  eye. 

CRESCENTIA.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Ripened  cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CRESS.     {Lepidium  sativum.) 

"  The  Garden  Cress,  or  Pepper 
Grass  is  a  hardy  annual  plant ;  its  na- 
tive country  is  unknown.  It  is  culti- 
vated in  gardens  for  the  young  leaves 
which  are  used  in  salads,  and  have  a 
peculiarly  warm  and  grateful  relish. 

'■  The  vr-rictics  n-'o  *]";  ^!nin  leaved. 


curled  leaved,  and  broad  leaved.  The 
method  of  cultivation  is  the  same  as  is 
used  for  the  parsley.  To  have  a  con- 
stant supply  in  perfection,  very  frequent 
sowings  should  be  made  ;  during  hot, 
dry  weather,  it  should  be  sown  in  the 
shade  of  trees,  or  protected  by  brush, 
&c.,  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun." — 
Rural  Register. 

CRESS  ROCKET.    See  Vella. 

CRINUM.  Sixty-six  species  and  some 
varieties.  Stove  or  green-house  bulbous 
perennials.  Offsets.  Rich  loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

C.  capense,  is  thus  recommended  by 
the  best  cultivator  of  the  amaryllidas,  to 
which  the  Crinum  belongs.  The  Rev. 
W.  Herbert  says, — "Crinum  capense  is 
good  for  covering  small  islands,  as  af- 
fording by  its  abundant  arched  foliage, 
the  best  possible  covert  for  wild  fowl, 
and  producing  an  abundant  succession 
of  beautiful  flowers  throughout  the  sum- 
mer, and  even  the  autumn.  The  plant 
is  equally  capable  of  flowering  and 
ripening  its  seed  when  planted  in  a 
border,  or  two  feet  under  the  surface 
of  the  water,  or  in  a  rainy  season.  It 
could  be  best  planted  a  little  above  the 
level  of  the  water.  The  seed  sprouts 
as  soon  as  it  is  ripe,  and  the  young 
plants  should  be  sheltered  in  pots  the 
first  and  second  winter,  and  then  plant- 
ed out ;  taking  care  that  the  weeds  do 
not  smother  them  while  young.  The 
bulbs  when  full  grown  are  hardy." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

CHRISTARIA  cocawea.  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennial.  Division  or  seeds. 
Peat  soil. 

CROCUS.  Many  species  and  varie- 
ties. Hardy  bulbous  perennials.  Off"- 
sets  or  seeds.     Light  sandy  soil. 

Spring  Crocuses. — C.  vernus:  of  this 
there  are  about  five  varieties,  varying 
in  colour,  chiefly  yellow,  white,  purple, 
and  blue;  C .  annulatus ,  hur  varieties, 
blue  and  white  ;  C.  speciosus,  three  va- 
rieties ;  C.  pulchellus;  C.  Sibthor planus; 
C.  Ittvigatus,  two  varieties  ;  C.  lagencB- 
florus,  many  varieties  ;  C.  campestris; 
C.  cancellatus ;  C.  retaulatus,  four  va- 
rieties; C.  gargaricus ;  C.Siberianus ; 
C.  Fleischerianus;  C.  parvulus;  C.  pyre- 
ccBus;  C.  asturinus;  C.  serotinus;  C. 
salamaunianus ;  C.  versicolor,  five  va- 
rieties ;  C.  imperatorianus ;  C.  suaveo- 
lens;  C.  insularis;  C.  odorus;  C.  longi- 
florus  ;  C.  Tnedius  ;  C.  Pallasianus  ;  C. 
Thoir.nr^iani'^ .  tv/o  vririrt'"";  •  '^.  safivus. 


C  RO 


169 


CRO 


Of  the  Autumn  Crocus,  the  Rev.  Dr.    have  but  one,  (being  monocotyledonous 


Herbert  particularizes  the  tbllowin 

C.  Damascenas,  pale  purple;  C.  By- 
zantinus,  white;  C.  Tournefortianus, 
French  white ;  C.  Ca/nbessedesianus, 
white,  streaked  witli  purple  ;  C.  medius 


plants,)  appears   above    the  surface  of 
the  earth. 

"  This  occurs  sometimes  about  the 
end  of  the  year;  but  oftener  in  earliest 
spring.     After   this  it  is  essential  that 


purple  ;    C.   Cartwrightianus,    purple  ;    they  should  have  complete  exposure  to 


C".  far.  Creticus,  purple  and   pink  ;   C 
Chusianus,  light  purple. — Bot.  Re, 
Characteristics  of  Excellence 


the  air,  even  in  frosty  weather,  screen- 
them,  however,  occasionally  with 
loose  straw  from  other  injurious  effects 


Pirst. — It  should   be  composed  of  of  frost.     In  this  manner  may  the  young 


si.x  petals,  three  inner  and  three  outer 
but  fitting  so  close  as  to  form  a  cup  the 
shape  of  half  a  hollow  ball 


crocuses  be  treated  until  the  suu  ac- 
([uires  sufficient  power  to  dry  the  earth, 
or  as  to  require  daily  waterings.    It  will 


"Second. — The    petals   should    be    be  then  found  advantageous  to  remove 


broad  enough  and  blunt  enough  at  the 
ends  to  form  an  even  edge  all  round 
the  cup,  and  lap  over  each  other  so 
much  as  to  have  no  indentations  where 
they  join. 


them  to  a  cooler,  but  not  sheltered 
situation,  and  here  they  may  remain 
until  their  leaves  lie  down  ;  giving  them 
at  all  times,  and  in  every  situation, 
while    their   leaves  are  growing,  such 


"Third. — The  petals  should  be  thick  discretional  rose  waterings,  wlion  the 
and  smooth  on  the  edge,  without  notch  \  sun  is  not  shining,  as  they  may  roason- 
or  serratine.  ably  appear  to  require  ;  but  never  until 

"Fourth. —  The  colour  should  be  the  earth  they  grow  in  becomes  dry; 
dense  and  all  over  the  same,  if  the  not  any  whatever  after  their  leaves 
variety  be  a  self;  and  the  marking  begin  to  look  yellow.  After  this  period 
should  be  very  distinct,  if  variegated.      '  it  is  necessary  to  defend  them  from  all 

a  1,'ifih. — It  should  be  hardy  enough  humidity,  except  dews  and  gentle  rains, 
to  stand  the  frost,  for  those  which  are  until  the  end  of  August  or  beginning  of 
spoiled  by  the  frosts,  which  come  after;  September. 

they  Hower,  are  almost  worthless,  be-'      "  If  the  surface  of  the   earth  is  oc- 
causo  they  all  bloom  early,  before  the    casionally  stirred  with   the    point  of  a 


frosts  are  gone,  and  therefore  their  only 
beauty  would  be  destroyed  unless  they 
stood  the  cold  well. 

"Lastly.  —  They  ought  to  bloom 
abundantly, the  (lowers  succeeding  each 
other  to  lengthen  the  season  of  their 
bloom." — Hort.  Mag. 

Cultivation. — "The  seeds  of  crocuses 
are  best  sown  thinly,  immediately  after 


knife  it  will  never  fail  to  be  attended 
with  beneficial  effects,  and  invigorate 
the  bulbs;  if  notwithstanding  tho  pre- 
caution of  thinly  sowing  the  seeds,  the 
plants  should  have  grown  so  thickly  to- 
gether as  to  have  incommoded  each 
other,  it  will  be  desirable  to  have  such 
taken  up  and  replanted  immediately 
further  asunder  in  fresh  earth,  and  about 


being  gathered  in  light  dry  earth  in  large  three  quarters  of  an  inch  deep.  But  if 
pots  or  pans,  with  a  sufficiency  of  holes  they  are  not  too  crowded,  they  will  re- 
and  potsherds  at  the  bottom  for  the  pur-  quire  no  shifting  ;  sift  a  little  earth  over 
pose  of  draining  all,  and  cover  not  more  them,  previously  stirring  and  cleaning 
than  half  an  inch  with  the  mould.  The  the  surface  of  the  old  from  moss  and 
most  eligible  aspect  or  situation  until  weeds,  and  observing  not  to  bury  the 
the  autumnal  rains  set  in,  is  a  moderate-  young  bulbs,  not  yet  so  large  as  lentils, 
ly  shady,  yet  unsheltered  one,  permit-  deeper  than  three  quarters  of  an  inch, 
ting  them  to  receive  all  the  influence  of  or  an  inch  at  the  most.  The  second 
the  weather,  except  such  heavy  showers  season  requires  exactly  the  same  man- 
agement as  the  first.  But  as  soon  as 
their  second  year's  foilage  has  passed 
away,  the  roots  should  all  be  taken  up 
and  replanted  again,  the  same  or  fol- 
lowing day,  into  fresh  earth  of  the  same 
kind  as  before  ;  sifting  over  them  in  au- 
tumn half  an  inch  of  fresh  eartii.  The 
spring  following,  if  they  have  been  duly 
atfnded  f).  mo<  of  thorn  will   show 


as  would  wash  bare  the  seeds.  As  soon, 
however,  as  the  autumnal  rains  com- 
mence, remove  to  a  warm  aspect ;  and 
protect  them  from  all  excessive  rains, 
frosts,  and  snows,  by  the  occasional 
shelter  of  a  garden-frame,  allowing 
them,  nevertheless,  the  benefit  of  the 
full  air  at  other  times  ;  but  more  espe- 

P^.,,1.,    .,(>,,    ,!,„    er."vTi-l    lonT.  for    th"v 


CRO 


170 


cue 


flowers ;  a  few,  perhaps,  having  done 
so  in  the  midst  of  their  fourth  crop  of 
leaves." — Hori.  Soc.  Trans. 

They  are  very  hardy,  and  require  no 
care  till  the  leaves  begin  to  fade,  when 
they  should  be  taken  up  and  kept  in  a 
state  of  rest  for  two  or  three  months: 
some  do  not  take  them  up  oftener  than 
once  in  three  years,  which  answers 
very  well  for  the  border  sorts.  Even 
the 

longer;  because,  as  the  young  bulbs 
are  formed  on  the  top  of  the  others, 
they  come  nearer  to  the  surface  every 
year,  till  at  last,  if  neglected,  they  are 
thrown  out  and  lost. — Enc.  Gard. 

Soil,  4"C. — They  like  a  warm,  dry, 
light  soil,  in  wliich  they  will  thrive  for 
many  years  without  requiring  removal. 
Both  are,  however,  better  for  being 
taken  up  occasionally,  because  in  that 
way  their  roots  are  exposed  to  fresh  soil, 
and  are  not  obliged  to  search  through 


Stove  evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

CRYPTOSTEMMA.  Three  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CUCKOO-FLOWER.  Lychnis  flos- 
cuculi. 

CUCKOO-FLOWER.  Cardaminepra- 
tensis. 

CUCKOO-SPIT.     See  Teftigonia. 

CVCULLl A  verbasci.  Mullien  Shark, 
however,  should  not  be  left  I  The  caterpillars  of  this  moth  are  very 
destructive  to  Verbascums  in  June  and 
July.  Mr.  Curtis  describes  them  as 
being  "  about  two  and  a  half  inches 
long,  bluish  white  and  thickly  sprinkled 
with  black  and  bright  yellow  spots ; 
when  touched,  they  emit  a  considerable 
quantity  of  dark  green  fluid  from  their 
mouths.  When  they  have  attained  their 
growth,  they  burrow  into  the  ground  at 
the  roots  of  the  plant  on  which  they 
have  been  feeding,  and  in  a  few  days 
form  a  cocoon  made  principally  of  half 


exhausted  earth  for  their  necessary  food. '  rotted  leaves  and  fine  mould,  and  bound 


They  are  fond  of  cow-dung  as  a  manure; 
it  may  be  applied  just  after  Christmas. 
— Gard.  Chron. 

CROWEA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

CROWN  IMPERIAL.  See  Fritil- 
lary. 

CRUCIANELLA.  Fourteen  species. 
Hardy  annuals  and  herbaceous  peren- 
nials. C.  americana  and  C.  maritima 
are  green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

CRYPTANDRA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Rich 
light  loam. 

CRYPTOCHILUS  sanguinea.  Stove 
orchid.     Offsets.     Peat  and  potsherds. 

CRYPTOLEPIS  elegans.  Stove  ever- 
green climber.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

CRYPTOMERIA  japonica.  Japan 
Cedar.  "  Hardy  evergreen  tree,  which 
will  probably  prove  one  of  the  most 
ornamental  of  the  Conifera;.  Sow  the 
seed  in  sandy  loam  in  a  cool  place;  pot 
singly ;  the  first  year  it  will  attain  a 
height  of  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
inches.  It  grows  rapidly,  and  is  as  easily 
managed  as  the  Chinese  Arbor  Vita; 
{Thuja  Orientalis),  succeeding  in  almost 
any  soil  or  situation,  not  very  poor  or 
wet." — (Hort.  Soc.  Journ.) — It  will  be 
propagated,  probably,  by  cuttings. 

CRYPTOSTEGIA.       Two    species. 


firmly  together  with  silk,  so  as  to  re- 
semble a  stone,  or  a  small  lump  of  earth. 
They  remain  in  this  state  till  the  follow- 
ing May,  and  sometimes  for  two  years, 
when  they  emerge  as  pretty  blackish 
brown  moths.  The  wings,  when  ex- 
tended, measure  between  one  and  two 
inches  across;  the  upper  pair  are  brown- 
ish, clouded  with  black,  and  have  on 
the  inner  edge  a  pale  white  patch,  re- 
sembling the  figure  3,  or  the  Greek 
letter  c;  the  lower  wings  are  pale 
brownish,  and  sometimes  nearly  white, 
and  have  a  broad  dark  border.  We 
have  seen  those  caterpillars  in  such 
abundance  in  some  gardens,  as  to  com- 
pletely destroy  all  the  different  kinds  of 
Mullein,  and  the  nearly  allied  plants. 
The  only  way  to  lessen  their  ravages, 
is  to  collect  and  kill  the  caterpillars." 
— Gard.  Chron. 

CUCUMBER.  Cucumis  sativus. 
This,  like  many  other  esculent  vege- 
tables, has  been  divided  into  a  number 
of  varieties  and  subvarieties,  the  greater 
portion  of  which  could  be  easily  dis- 
pensed with  ;  for  all  useful  purposes, 
three  or  four  varieties  are  amply  suffi- 
cient. "  Those  principally  grown  are 
the  Early  Frame  and  Long  Green 
Prickly.  The  Early  Frame  is  of  mode- 
rate length,  prickly,  and  is  the  variety 
generally  used  as  the  early  crop  for 
salad. 

"  The  Long  Green  is  mostly  grown 
for  pickling ;  all  the  varieties  are  very 


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171 


cue 


tender,  not  bearing  the  least  frost.    For  I  threatens  to  be  too  powerful.     It  must 

an  early  supply  start  some  plant  in  pots  '  never  be  neglected  to  cover  the  glasses 
or  boxes,  early  in  the  spring,  and  when  at  night,  apportioning  the  covering  to 
the  season  is  more  advanced  set  them  the  temperature  of  the  air  and  bed. 
out  on  a  well  sheltered  border,  in  hills.  The  heat  should  not  exceed  SO*-'  in  the 
with  some  thoroughly  rotted  manure  hottest  day,  or  sink  below  65^  during 
incorporated   with  the  soil.     Seed    for    the  coldest  night. 

succeeding  crops  may  then  be  planted. !  If  the  heat  declines,  coatings  of  hot 
For  pickles,  plant  the  latter  end  of  dung  are  to  be  applied  in  succession 
June  and  beginning  of  July.  The  Cu-  to  the  back,  front,  and  sides,  if  that 
cumber,  like  the  Squash,  &c.,  is  liable  '  source  of  heat  be  employed.     As  the 


to   be    preyed    upon    by    yellow    bugs 
which  are  very  destructive.     To  coun 


mould  appears  dry,  moderate  waterings 
must  be  given,  care   being  taken  not  to 


teract  them  prepare  a  mixture  of  slaked  wet  the  leaves.  The  best  time  for  ap- 
lime  and  wood  ashes,  and  sprinkle  it  plying  it  is  between  ten  and  two  of  a 
freely  on  the  leaves  and  stems  whilst!  mild  day,  the  glasses  being  closed  for 
the  dew  is  on,  that  it  may  adhere.  As  an  hour  or  two  after  performing  it. 
often  as  it  may  be  washed  or  blown  off,  The  temperature  of  the  water  must  be 
repeat  the  application,  till  the  enemy  be 
conquered. 

"  For  the  method  of  making  sieves  or 
boxes  to  protect  cucumber  vines,  melon 
vines,  &c.,  against  the  yellow  bug,  see 
the  New  England  Farmer,  vol.2,  page 
305. •' — Rural  Register. 

To  force  Cucumbers. — Most  persons 


between  6o^  and  SO^.  The  interior  of 
the  glass  should  be  frequently  wiped,  to 
prevent  the  condensed  steam  dropping 
upon  the  plants,  which  is  very  injurious 
to  them.  If  the  bed  attains  a  sudden 
violent  heat,  the  necessary  precautions 
to  prevent  the  roots  of  the  plants  being 
injured  or  scalded,  must  be  adopted  ; 


who  have  the    requisite   conveniences  ;  but  if  hot  water  is  the  source  of  heat, 
force  this  vegetable.  The  following  hints  1  this  danger  is  avoided  altogether. 


may  be  useful,  even  to  those  who  have 
some  experience. 

The  hot-bed  for  seedlings  must  be 
moderate,  and  a  single  one  or  two  light 
frames  will  be  quite  sufficient  if  dedi- 
cated to  their  cultivation.     The  mould 


It  is  a  material  advantage  if,  previous 
to  planting  finally,  the  plants  be  turned 
into  pots  a  few  sizes  larger,  without  at 
all  disturbing  the  roots,  and  plunged 
into  a  hot-bed  for  a  month  longer,  the 
same    attention    being    paid    them    as 


need  not  be  more  than  five  or  six  inches  [  before, 
deep.     The    seed    is   best   sown    four       The   second   stage  of  cultivation   is 
together  in  small  pots,  and  plunged  in  ;  planting  them  out  into  hot-beds  for  final 

production.  The  hot-bed  for  their  re- 
ception must  be  of  the  largest  size,  as 
being  required  to  afford  a  higher  and 
longer  continued  warmth  through  the 
coldest  periods  of  the  year. 

When  the  earth  is  put  on,  it  is  at  first 
to  be  spread  only  two  or  three    inches 


the  earth  of  the  bed  ;  but  whether  here 
or  in  the  mould,  it  must  not  be  buried 
more  than  half  an  inch  deep.  Two  or 
three  days  after  sowing,  or  when  the 
seminal  leaves  are  half  an  inch  in 
breadth,  those  in  the  mould  of  the  bed 
must  be  pricked  three  together  in  smal 


pots,  quite  down  to  their  leaves  in  the  {  deep,  but  under  the  centre  of  each  light 
earth,  which  should  be  brought  to  the  a  hillock  must  be  constructed,  eight  or 
temperature  of  the  bed  before  this  re-  ten  inches  deep  and  a  foot  in  diameter, 
moval,  by  being  set  in   it  for  a  day  or    The  earthing   should   be   performed  at 


two  previously  ;  those  seedlings  that 
have  been  raised  in  pots,  must  likewise 
be  thinned  to  three  in  each.  They 
must  remain  plunged  in  the  hot-bed 
until  their  rough  leaves  have  acquired 
a  breadth  of  two  or  three  inches,  when 
they  are  fit  tor  ridging  out  finally. 

During  this  first  stage  of  growth, 
great  care  must  be  taken  that  air  is  ad- 
mitted everyday  as  freely  as  contingent 


least  four  or  five  days  before  planting, 
at  which  time  the  earth  must  be  ex- 
amined ;  if  it  be  of  a  white  colour  and 
caked,  or,  as  it  is  technically  termed, 
burnt,  it  must  be  renewed,  for  the 
plants  will  not  thrive  in  it,  and  holes 
bored  in  the  bed  to  give  vent  to  the 
steam. 

The  mould  of  the  hillocks  being  well 
stirred,  the  plants  must  be  turned  out 


circumstances  will   admit,   as   also   at    of  the  pots  without  disturbing  the  ball 
night,  if  the  degree  of  heat  and  steam  '  of  earth,  and  one  containing  three  plants 


cue 


172 


cue 


inserted  in  each;  a  little  water,  previ- 
ously heated  to  the  requisite  tempera- 
ture, must  be  given,  and  the  glasses  kept 
perfectly  close  until  the  next  morning. 
Any  plants  not  in  pots  must  be  moved 
by  tlie  trowel  with  as  much  earth  per- 
taining to  their  roots  as  possible.  The 
shade  of  a  mat  is  always  requisite  dur- 
ing the  meridian  of  bright  days  until 
the  plants  are  well  established.  They 
must  be  pressed  gradually  away  from 
each  other,  until  at  least  eight  inches 
apart ;  nothing  can  be  more  erroneous 
than  to  allow  them  to  proceed  with  the 
stems  nearly  touching. 

When  well  taken  root,  earth  must  be 
added  regularly  over  the  bed,  until  it  is 
level  with  the  tops  of  the  mounds  ;  for 
if  there  be  not  a  sufficient  depth  of  soil, 


keep  the  frames  close,  and  to  lessen 
the  opening  of  the  glasses,  in  propor- 
tion as  the  air  is  cold  or  the  beds  de- 
clining, it  never  exceeding  two  inches 
under  the  most  favourable  circum- 
stances. Water  is  usually  required  two 
or  three  times  a  week  ;  it  must  be 
warmed  as  before  mentioned  previously 
to  its  application.  Instead  of  watering 
the  inside  of  the  frame,  it  is  a  good 
plan  to  do  so  plentifully  round  the 
sides,  which  causes  a  steam  to  rise,  and 
affords  a  moisture  much  more  genial  to 
the  plants  than  watering  the  mould. 

The  last  stage  of  growth  includes  the 
blossoming  and  production  of  fruit.  The 
training  must  be  regularly  attended  to, 
and  all  superabundance  of  shoots  and 
leaves   especially   kept  away.      If  the 


the  leaves  will  always  droop  during  hot    plants  which  have   been   once   stopped 


days,  unless  they  are  shaded,  or  more 
water  given  them  than  is  proper. 

An  important  operation  for  the  ob- 
taining early  fruit,  but  by  no  means  so 
necessary  for  later  crops,  is  the  first 
pruning,  or  as  it  is  termed,  stopping  the 
plant,  that  is,  nipping  off  the  top  of  the 
first  advancing  runner,  which  is  to  be 
done  as  soon  as  the  plant  has  attained 
four  rough  leaves ;  this  prevents  its  at- 
taining a  straggling  growth,  and  compels 
it  at  once  to  emit  laterals,  which  are 
the  fruitful  branches.  When  they  be- 
gin to  run,  the   shoots  must  be  trained 


have  extended  their  runners  to  three 
joints  without  showing  fruit,  they  must 
be  again  stopped. 

The  impregnation  of  the  fruit  now 
requires  continued  attention  ;  as  soon 
as  a  female  blossom,  which  is  known 
by  having  fruit  beneath  the  flower-cup, 
opens,  or  on  the  second  morning  at 
farthest,  a  fresh  full  expanded  male 
flower  is  to  be  plucked,  with  its  foot- 
stalk pertaining  to  it,  and  the  corolla  or 
flower-cup  being  removed,  the  remain- 
ing central  part  or  anther  applied  to  the 
stigma  of  the  female,  which  is  similarly 


and  pegged  down  at  regular  distances,  |  situated,  and  the  fecundating  dust  dis- 
which  not  only  prevents  their  rubbmg  charged  by  gently  twirling  it  between 
against  the  glass,  but  also  becoming  the  finger  and  thumb.  If  possible  a 
entangled  with  each  other.  Never  i  fresh  male  blossom  should  be  employed 
more  than  two  or  three  main  branches'  for  every  impregnation,  and  the  opera- 
should  be  left  to  each  plant,  all  others'  tion  performed  in  the  early  part  of  the 


to  be  removed  as  they  appear.  If  more 
are  left  it  causes  the  whole  to  be  weak, 
and  entirely  prevents  the  due  exposure 
of  the  foliage  to  the  sun.  The  greatest 
care  is  necessary  in  regulating  the  tem- 
perature ;  it  must  never  be  allowed  to 
decline  below  70^  or  rise  above  95^. 
As  it  decreases,  coatings  of  hot  dung 
must  be  applied  to  the  sides,  and  the 
covering  increased.  The  temperature 
of  the  bed,  as  well  as  of  the  exterior 
air,  governs  also  the  degree  of  freedom 
with  which  the  air  may  be  admitted  ; 
whenever  allowable,  the  glasses  should 
be  raised.  The  best  time  for  doing  so, 
is  from  ten  to  three  o'clock. 

It  may  not  be  misplaced  to  remark, 
that  chilly  Ibggydays  are  even  less  pro- 
pitious for  admitting  air  than  severe 
frosty  ones ;  during  such  it  is  best  to 


day.  An  attention  to  this  is  only  re- 
quisite to  such  plants  as  are  in  frames; 
those  grown  in  the  open  air  are  always 
sufficiently  impregnated  by  bees  and 
other  insects.  If  impregnation  does  not 
take  place  the  fruit  never  swells  to  more 
than  half  its  natural  size,  nor  perfects 
any  seed,  but  generally  drops  imma- 
turely.  When  the  male  flowers  appear 
in  clusters  they  may  be  thinned  mode- 
rately with  benefit;  but  it  is  almost 
needless  to  deprecate  the  erroneous 
practice  sometimes  recommended  of 
plucking  them  oft' entirely.  As  the  fruit 
advances,  tiles,  sand,  or  other  material, 
must  be  placed  beneath  it  to  preserve 
it  from  specking,  or  a  glass  cylinder  is 
still  better;  if  a  bulb  containing  water  is 
attached,  the  fruit  grows  faster  and  finer. 
The  same  precautions  are  necessary  as 


cue 


173 

-« 


cue 


regards  the   preservation  of  tempera-    state  the  mode.  Put  five  inches  of  earth 


ture,  admission  of  air,  &c.,  as  in  the  se 
cond  stage  of  the  growtii  of  the  phmts 


into  a  twelve  pot,  in  which  plant  three 
cuttings,  taken  from  as  many  vigorous 


Towards  the  conclusion  of  the  first  pro- 1  bearing  branches  ;  water  plentifully  ; 
duction,  it  is  a  good  practice  to  renew  place  a  sheet  of  glass  over  the  top  of 
the  heat  by  adding  eighteen  inches  of  the  pot,  the  sides  of  which  will  siiade 
fermenting  dung  ail  round  the  bed,  pre-  tlie  cuttings  until  they  are  rooted; 
vious  coatings  being  entirely  removed,  plunge  in  a  hot-bed  ;  and  in  less  than  a 
and  to  earth  over  it  to  the  same  depth  fortnight  the  plants  will  be  established. 
as  in  the  interior  of  the  bed.  This  pre-  The  vines  thus  raised  are  not  so  succu- 
vents  the  roots,  when  they  have  ex- '  lent  as  those  raised  from  seed,  and  con- 
tended themselves  to  the  sides  of  the  sequently  they  are  less  liable  to  damp, 
bed,  being  dried  by  exposure  to  the  |  or  to  suifcr  in  other  ways  during  win- 
air  and  sun.  As  the  spring  advances  ter. — Trans.  Loud.  Uort.  Soc. 
the  glasses  may  be  often  taken  off  dur-  [  Hot  Water  Bed.<i.—li'  hot  water  be  the 
ing  mild  days,  or  even  to  admit  a  light  source  of  heat,  the  following  sketch  of 
tempcraterain.  In. June, or  July, accord-  the  bed  and  frame  employed  by  Mr. 
ing  to  the  geniality  of  the  season,  they  ,  Mitchell,  at  Worsley,  is  about  the  best 
mayberemovedfinally,andeven  before,;  that  can  be  employed.  The  objects 
the  frames  may  be  raised  on  bricks,  so;  kept  in  view  when  it  was  constructed, 

■■■  Were: — "1st.  A  circulation  of  air  with- 
out loss  of  heat.  2d.  A  supply  of  mois- 
ture at  command  proportionable  to  the 
temperature.  3d.  A  desirable  amount 
of  bottom  heat.  4th.  A  supply  of  ex- 
ternal air  (when  necessary)  without 
producing  a  cold  draught. 

Fig.  31. 


as  to  allow  the  runners  to  spread  at  will 

For  a  middling-sized  finiily,  from  four 
to  eight  lights  are  sutlicicnt  to  afford  a 
constant  supply,  and  for  a  larger  one, 
double  those  numbers.  During  mid- 
winter, twelve  weeks  elapse  between 
the  time  of  sowing  the  seed  and  the  fit- 
ness of  the  fruit  for  gathering;  but  as 
the  more  temperate  seasons  of  the  year 
advance, this  period  decreases  gradually 
to  eight.  Between  the  time  of  impreg- 
nation and  their  full  growth,  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  days  usually  elapse.  Under 
fiivourable  circumstances  and  manage- 
ment, the  same  vines  will  continue  in 
production  three  or  four  months. 

Mr.  Mills,  one  of  the  most  successful  I 
growers  with  dung  heat,  gives  me  these 
leading  points  of  his  culture  : —  |  .      ,    ,,  . ,     ,,  ~ 

Mr.  Mills  sows   on   the  29th  of  Sep- ,  -;L_.i.      |     '^  '^    |  |  '  £__; 

tember,  and    transplants  into  the  fruit- I 
ing-pit  on  the  2i)tli  of  October.     Range  j 

of  temperature  in  pit,  65^  to  S5^  and  j  "The  method  by  which  the  first  of 
9.53  ;  and  of  the  bottom-heat  from  85^  to  j  these  is  accomplished,  will  be  under- 
9.53.  He  uses  neither  saline  nor  licjuid  1  stood  by  referring  to  the  section,  in 
manure.  The  water  employed  is  about  j  which  a  is  the  tlow-pipes,  bb  b  the  re- 
80=,  but  in  this  Mr.  Mills  is  not  particu-  turn  pipes  in  the  chamber  a.  It  is 
lar-  Mr.  Beaton,  to  avoid  the  dcgcne-  evident  that,  as  the  air  in  the  chamber 
rat'ng  almost    unavoidably  incident  to  i  becomes  heated,  it  will  escape  upwards 


the  fancy  varieties,  if  propagated  by 
seed,  employs  cuttings  or  layers.  His 
practice  was  also  adopted  by  Mr.  Mears, 
gardener  to  W.  Hanbury,  Esq.,  near 
Leominster,  and  is  recommended  by 
Mr.  Mcl'hail.     We  also  saw  a  very  fine 


by  the  opening  c,  and  the  cold  air  from 
the  passage  b  will  rush  in  to  supply  its 
place ;  but  the  ascending  current  of 
heated  air  coming  in  contact  with  the 
glass,  is  cooled,  descends,  and  enter- 
ing the  passage  b,  passes  into  the  cham- 


cucuiiilier,  ripened  in  January  of  this  ber  a,  where  it  is  again  heated  ;  and 
year  |,1S44),  by  Mr.  Mills,  from  a  cut-  thus  a  constantcirculation  is  produced, 
ting  planted  in  October.  As  the  end  of  In  order  to  obtain  the  second  object,  I 
September  is  the  best  time  for  pursuing  j  have  to  some  extent  combined  the  tank 
this  mode  of  propagation,  we  will  just  1  and  pipe  systems. 


cue 


174 


cue 


"The  flow-pipe  a  is  put  half  its  di- 1  Training. — There  is  no  doubt  that 
ameter  into  the  channel  c,  which  when  |  training  near  the  glass  of  the  frames 
filled  with  water,  (or  so  for  as  is  neces-  ,  upon  a  trellis,  makes  the  cucumber  vine 
sary,)  gives  off  a  vapour,  exactly  pro-  more  prolific,  and  more  enduring.  In- 
portionable  to  the  heat  of  the  pipe  and    deed,  if  trained  with  proper  care,  the 


same  vine  may  be  made  to  bear  through- 
out the  year. 

Hand  Glass   Crops. — The  first  sow- 
ings for  these  crops  must  be  in  the  last 


pit 

"  The  third  requisition  is  produced 
by  the  surrounding  atmosphere  and  heat- 
ing materials. 

"  The  fourth  is  accomplished  simply  ;  two  weeks  of  March  ;  to  be  repeated  in 
by  lowering  the  upper  sash;  the  cold  the  middle  of  April  and  May.  The  seed 
air  thus  entering  at  the  top  only,  falls  '  may  be  inserted  in  a  moderate  hot-bed 
directly  into  the  passage  b,  and  passes  ;  under  hand-glasses,  or  in  the  upper  side 
through  the  hot  chamber  before  coming  of  one  of  the  frames  already  in  produc- 
in  contact  with  the  plants.  In  order  to  tion,  either  in  pots  as  directed  for  the 
test  the  circulation,  I  fixed  a  piece  of  frame  crops,  or  in  the  mould  of  thebed, 
paper  near  the  front  of  the  pit,  and  to  be  pricked  into  similar  situation 
found  the  current  to  be  so  strong  as  to  when  of  four  or  five  days'  growth,  in- 
bend  it  backwards  and  give  it  a  tremu-  serting  only  two  plants,  however,  in 
lous  motion.  When  the  heat  in  the  each  pot.  They  must  remain  in  the 
chamber  is  95=',  in  the  open  space  over  ,  hotbed  until  of  about  a  month's  growth, 


the  bed  it  is  71^  ;  in  the  bottom  of  the 
passage  only  60^  ;  and  in  the  mould  in 
the  bed  it  is  80=. 

'•  The  amount  of  vapour  is  regulated 
with  the  greatest  facility,  even  from  the 
smallest  quantity  to  the  greatest  den- 
sity."—  Card.  Chron. 

Mr.  Latter,  one  of  the  most  success 


or  until  they  have  attained  four  rough 
leaves  ;  being  then  stopped  as  before 
directed  they  are  fit  for  ridging  out 
finally. 

The  ridges  may  be  founded  on  the 
surface,  or  in  trenches  a  foot  and  a  half 
deep,  in  either  case  forming  them  of 
well    prepared  hot  dung,  three  or  four 


ful  of  cucumber  growers,  employs  hot  i  feet  wide  and  two  and  a  half  high  ;  the_ 
water,  and  he  gives  me  these  leading  length  being  governed  by  the  number  of 
points  in  his  culture.  He  sows  in  the  ,  hand-glasses,  between  each  of  which 
first  week  of  September,  and  the  vines  three  feet  and  a  half  must  be  allowed, 
from  this  sowing  will  be  in  bearing  and  The  earth  is  to  be  laid  on  eight  inches 
very  strong  before  February.  The  ;  thick  ;  when  this  becomes  warm  the 
seedlings  are  first  shifted  into  sixty  |  plants  may  be  inserted  two,  or  at  most 
sized  pots,  secondly  into  twenty-fours,  I  three,  under  each  glass, 
and  lastly  into  the  largest  size.  If  to  be  |  Watering,  airing,  covering,  &c.,  must 
trained  on  a  trellis,  the  runner  must  be  conducted  with  the  precautions  di- 
not  be  stopped  until  it  has,  trained  to  a  rected  to  be  practised  for  the  frame 
stick,  grown  through  the  trellis.  The  '  crops.  The  glasses  should  be  kept  on 
temperature  in  the  pit  or  frame  is  kept  j  as  long  as  possible  without  detriment  to 
as  nearly  65=  as  possible  during  the  i  the  plants  ;  to  prolong  the  time  the  run- 
night,  and  from  75=  to  85=  during  the  ners  must  be  made  to  grow  perpendicu- 
da'y  ;  air  being  admitted  night  and  day, ;  larly  ;  and  still  further  to  protract  their 
little  or  much,  according  to  the  state  ofi  continuance,  if  the  season  is  inclement, 
the  weather.  The  bottom  heat  (Mr.  I  the  glasses  may  be  raised  on  bricks. 
Latter  is  the  champion  of  the  hot-water  When  no  longer  capable  of  confine- 
system)  is  kept  as  near  as  can  be  to  70=,  ment,  the  runners  must  be  pegged  down 
although  he  finds  that  85=  does  not  regularly,  advantage  being  taken  of  a 
hurt  the  plants.  He  waters  them  with  cool  cloudy  day  to  perform  it  in  ;  but 
soft  water  until  February,  and  then  '  the  glasses,  even  now,  may  be  con- 
employs  liquid  manure,  taking  care  that ;  tinned  over  the  centre  of  the  plants 
the  temperature  of  the  liquid  is  always  |  until  the  close  of  May  or  early  .Tune, 
from  75=  to  80=.  The  earth  over  the  \  with  considerable  advantage.  Weeds 
hot  water  tank  or  pipes  ought  not  to  be  |  must  be  carefully  removed.  Waterings 
less  than  fifteen  inches  deep.  Daring  |  should  be  performed  as  often  as  appears 
severe   frosts  it  is  an  excellent  plan  to  !  necessary. 

keep  a  small  floating  light  burning  with- !      If  there  be  a  scarcity  of  dung  in  the 
in  the  frame  every  night.  I  last  week  in  April,  or  during  May,  cir- 


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175 


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cular  holes  may  be  dug,  two  feet  in  I  many  varieties.  Hardy  or  half-hardy 
diameter,  one  deop,  and  four  apart.  ,  trailing  annuals.  Seeds.  Good  rich 
These  being  lillod  with  hot  dung,  trod  j  soil.  See  Cucumber. 
in  moderately  firm,  and  earthed  over,  CUCURBITA.  Gourds  and  Pom- 
about  eight  inches,  are  ready  for  cither  I  pions.  Ten  species  and  varieties. — 
seeds  or  plants.  With  the  shelter  of  Hardy  trailing  annuals.  Seeds.  Good 
the  hand-glasses  they  will  be  scarcely    rich  soil. 

later   in   production  than   the    regular       CULCITIUM  salicinum.     Green- 
ridges,  j  house    evergreen    shrub.      Cuttings. — 
CUCUMIS.     Twenty  species,  and  :  Common  soil. 


Fig.  32. 


"  CULTIVATOR  FOR  THE  HAND 

(Fig.  32)  Is  made  of  iron,  and  is  capable 
of  being  expanded  at  will  ;  it  is  of  great 
utility  in  clearing  out  between  rows  of 
vegetables,  loosening  the  soil,  and  at 
once  performing  the  work  of  four  ordi- 
nary hoes.'" — Rural  Reg. 

CULTIVATORS,  OR  HOE-HAR- 
ROWS. "  These  are  now  considered  in- 
dispensable in  cultivating  corn,  potatoes, 
and  all  other  crops  planted  in  hills  or 
drills — doing  the  work  as  effectually 
as  if  hoed,  and  much  more  expe- 
ditiously. The  form  is  varied  by  the 
different  makers,  especially  in  the 
teeth  or  hoes.  They  are  made  to  ex- 
pand or  contract,  so  as  to  accommo- 
date in  the  distance  between  the 
rows." — Rural  Reg. 

CULLUAIBINE  or  COLUMBINE. 
Aqiiilegin. 

CUJNIIN.     See  Cuminum. 

Cl'MIN.     See  Lago'ecia. 

C  U  Al  I N  U  M .  Cyminum.  Hardy 
annual.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CUMMINGIA.  Four  species.  llalf- 
liardy  bulbous  perennials.  OfTsetts. 
Loam  and  peat. 


I  CUNNINGHAMIA  sifiensis.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings  or 
seeds.     Peat  and  loam. 

CUNONIA  capensis.  Green-house 
evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

CUPANIA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees  or  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

CUPHEA.  Fourteen  species. — 
Green-house  or  stove  annuals  ;  and 
stove  biennial,  herbaceous  perennial 
or  evergreen  shrubs.  The  stove  spe- 
cies grow  best  in  sandy  loam,  and  in- 
crease from  cuttings.  The  annuals — 
seeds.     Common  soil. 

CUP  I  A.      Three    species.      Stove 
evergreen    shrubs.      Cuttings.      Loam, 
I  peat,  and  sand. 

CUPRESSUS.      Seven    species,  and 
I  some  varieties.     Hardy  or  green-house 
evergreen    trees.      Seeds    or   cuttings. 
Good  rich  loamy  soil. 

C  U  R  A  T  E  L  L  A .     Two  species. — 
Stove  evergreen   shrubs.      Cuttings. — 
I  Sandy  loam. 

I      CURCULIGO.       Six      species,    and 
I  variety.     Stove  or  green-house  herba- 


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176 


CUR 


ceous  perennials.     Offsets, 
peat. 


Loam  and  |  whole   neighbourhood.     Our  own   ob- 
servation  inclines  us  to  the  belief  that 


CURCULIO.  This  genus  of  Beetle,  this  insect  emigrates  just  in  proportion 
popularly  known  as  Weevils,  are  de-  as  it  finds  in  more  or  less  abundance 
structive  to  fruit,  as  nuts,  nectarines,  the  tender  fruit  for  depositing  its  eggs. 
and   poaches,  as  well   as  to  peas,  &c.  1  Very  rarely  do  we  see  more  than   one 


There  are  many  species. 


puncture  in  a  plum,  and,  if  the  insects 


C.   hctuleti.     Vine   Weevil.     Colour,    are  abundant,  the  trees  of  a  single  spot 


steel-blue.  Attacks  the  leaf,  rolling  it 
up  as  a  nest  for  its  eggs.  The  pear  is 
liable  to  its  attacks  also.  Appears  in 
June  and  July. 

The  species  of  Curculio,  which  is 
more  fatal  in  its  attack  than  any  other, 
is  popularly  known  as  the  Plum- 
Weevil.  We  copy  the  following  article 
on  the  subject,  from  the  Fruits  and 
Fruit  Trees  of  America 


not  afford  a  sufficient  number  for 
the  purpose  ;  then  there  is  little  doubt 
(as  we  have  seen  them  flying  through 
the  air,)  that  the  insect  flies  farther  in 
search  of  a  larger  supply.  But  usually, 
we  think  it  remains  nearly  in  the  same 
neighbourhood,  or  migrates  but  slowly. 
"  About  a  week  or  two  after  the 
blossoms  have  fallen  from  the  trees,  if 
we  examine  the   fruit  of  the  plum  in  a 


"The     Curculio,    or    Plum-Weevil,  |  district  where  this  insect  abounds,  we 
[Rhynchanus  Nenuphar,)  is  the  uncom-  '  shall  find  the  small,  newly  formed  fruit. 


promising  foe  of  all  smooth-stone  fruits 
The  cultivator  of  the  Plum,  the  Nec- 
tarine, and  the  Apricot,  in  many  parts 
of  the  country,  after  a  flattering  pro- 
fusion of  snowy  blossoms  and  an  abun- 


beginning  to  be  punctured  by  the  pro- 
boscis of  the  Plum-Weevil.  The  insect 
is  so  small  and  shy,  that  unless  we 
watch  closely  it  is  very  likely  to  escape 
our  notice.     But  if  we  strike  or  shake 


dant  promise  in  the  thickly  set  young  ;  the  tree  suddenly,  it  will  fall  in  con- 
crops  of  fruit,  has  the  frequent  mortifi- 1  siderable  numbers  on  the  ground, 
cation  of  seeing  nearly  all,  or  indeed,  |  drawn  up  as  if  dead,  and  resembling  a 
often  the  whole  crop,  fall  from  the  j  small  raisin,  or,  perhaps  more  nearly, 
trees  when  half  or  two-thirds  grown.  j  a  ripe  hemp  seed.  From  the  first  of 
"  If  he  examines  these  falling  fruits,  April  until  August,  this  insect  may  be 
he  will  perceive  on  the  surface  of  each,  found,  though  we  think  its  depreda- 
not  far  from  the  stalk,  a  small  semi- :  tions  on  fruit,  and  indeed  its  appear- 
circular  scar.  This  star  is  the  crescent-  1  ance  in  any  quantity,  is  confined  to  the 
shaped  insignia  of  that  little  Turk,  the  month  of  May  in  this  climate.  In 
Curculio;  an  insect  so  small,  as  per- j  places  where  it  is  very  abundant,  it 
haps,  to  have  escaped  his  observation  \  also  attacks  to  some  extent  the  cherry, 
for  years,  unless  particularly  drawn  to  j  the  peach,  and  even  the  apple, 
it,  but  which  nevertheless  appropriates  '  "  Early  in  July  the  punctured  plums 
to  himself  the  whole  product  of  a  tree,  '  begin    to    fall    rapidly  from    the    tree. 


or  an  orchard  of  a  thousand  trees, 

"  The  habits  of  this  Curculio,  or 
Plum- Weevil,  are  not  yet  fully  and  en- 
tirely ascertained.  But  careful  ob- 
servation has  resulted  in  establishing 
the  following  points  in  its  history. 

"  The  Plum-Weevil  is  a  small,  dark 
brown  beetle,  with  spots  of  white, 
yellow,  and  black.  Its  length  is 
scarcely  one-fifth  of  an  inch.  On  its 
back   are    two   black   humps,  and  it  is 


The  egg  deposited  in  each,  at  first  in- 
visible, has  become  a  white  grub  or 
larva,  which  slowly  eats  its  way  to- 
wards the  stone  or  pit.  As  soon  as  it 
reaches  this  point,  the  fruit  falls  to  the 
ground.  Here,  if  left  undisturbed,  the 
grub  soon  finds  its  way  into  the  soil. 

"  There,  according  to  most  culti- 
vators of  fruit,  and  to  our  own  observa- 
tions, the  grubs  or  larva?  remain  till  the 
ensuina  spring,  when   in   their   perfect 


furnished  with  a  pretty  long,  curved  i  form  they  again  emerge  as  beetles  and 
throat  and  snout,  which,  when  it  is  at  i  renew  their  ravages  on  the  fruit.  It  is 
rest,  is  bent  between  the  forelegs.  It  |  true  that  Harris,  and  some  other  natu- 
is  also  [irovided  with  two  wings  with  '  ralists,  have  proved  that  the  insect  does 
which  it  flies  through  the  air.  How  far  j  sometimes  undergo  its  final  translbrma- 
this  insect  flies  is  yet  a  disputed  point,  ]  tion  and  emerge  from  the  ground  in 
some  cultivators  afiirming  that  it  scarce-  I  twenty  days,  but  we  are  inclined  to  the 
ly  goes  farther  than  a  single  tree,  and  i  opinion  that  this  only  takes  place  with 
others    believing    that  it    flies    over  a    a   small  portion   of  the  brood,   which, 


CUR 


177 


CUR 


perhaps,  have   penetrated   bat   a  very    season  will  assist  in  destroying  the  in- 


short  distance  below  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  These  making  tlieir  appearance 
in  midsummer,  and  finding  no  young 
fruit,  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  young 
branches  of  trees,  etc.  But  it  is  unde- 
niable  that   the   season    of    the  Plum- 


sects. 

2.  Gathering  the  fruit  and  destroying 
the  larv(C.  As  the  insect,  in  its  larva; 
cw  grub  form,  is  yet  within  the  plums 
when  they  fill  prematurely  from  the 
tree,  it  is  a  very  obvious   mode  of  ex- 


Weevil  is  early  spring,  and    that  most  terminating   the   next  year's  brood    to 

of  the  larva;  which  produce  this  annual  gather   these    fallen    fruits,  daily,    and 

Bwarm,  remain   in   the   soil   during  the  feed  them   to  swine,  boil,  or  otherwise 

whole  period    intervening  since  the  fall  destroy    them.      In    our    own    garden. 


of  the  previous  year's  fruit. 


where  several  years  ago  we  suffered  by 


"There  are  several  modes  of  de- ]  the  Plum-Weevil,  we  have  found  that 
stroying  this  troublesome  insect.  Be-  this  practice,  pursued  for  a  couple  of 
fore  detailing  them,  we  will  again  seasons,  has  been  pretty  effectual, 
allude  to  the  fact,  that  we  have  never  Others  have  reported  less  favourably  of 
known  an  instance  of  its  being  trouble-  it;  but  this,  we  think,  arose  from  their 
some  in  a  heavy  soil.  Almost  always  ,  trying  it  too  short  a  time,  in  a  soil  and 
the  complaint  comes  from  portions  of  neighbourhood  where  the  insect  is  very 
country  where  the  soil  is  light  and  abundant,  ai\d  where  it  consequently 
sandy.  The  explanation  of  this  would  had  souglit  extensively  other  kinds  of 
seem  to  be  that  the  compact  nature  of  fruit  besides  the  plum. 
a  clayey  soil  is  not  favourable  to  the  !  "  A  more  simple  and  easy  way  of 
passage  or  life  of  this  insect,  while  the  '  covering  the  dilhculty,  where  there  is 
warm  and  easily  permeable  surface  of  a  plum  orchard  or  enclosure,  is  that  of 
sandy  land  nurses  every  insect  through 
its  tender  larva;  state.  Plum  trees 
growing  in  hard  trodden  court-yards, 
usually  bear  plentiful  crops.  Follow- 
ing these  hints  some  persons  have  de- 
terred the   Plum-Weevil  by  paving  be- 


turning  in  swine  and  fowls  during  the 
whole  season,  when  the  stung  plums 
are  dropping  to  the  ground.  The  fruit, 
and  the  insects  contained  in  it,  will 
thus  be  devoured  together.  This  is  an 
excellent  expedient  for  the  farmer,  who 
neath   the   trees;  and    we   have  lately    bestows  his  time  grudgingly  on  the  cares 


seen  a  most  successful  experiment 
which  consisted  in  spreading  beneath 
the  tree  as  far  as  the  branches  ex-  j 
tended  a  mortar  made  of  stiflf  clay 
about  the  thickness  of  two  or  three 
inches — which  completely  prevented 
the  descent  of  the  insect  into  the  earth. 
This  is  quickly  and  easily  applied,  and  ' 
may  therefore  be  renewed  every  season 
until  it  is  no  longer  found  necessary. 

"  The    other    modes   of   destroying 
the  Plum-Weevil  are  the  following  : — 

1 .  "  Shaking  the  tret  and  killing  the 


of  the  garden. 

3.  "  The  use  of  salt.  A  good  deal  of 
attention  has  lately  been  drawn  to  the 
use  of  common  salt,  as  a  remedy  for 
the  Curculio.  Trials  have  been  made 
with  this  sul)Stance  in  various  parts  of 
the  country,  where  scarcely  a  ripe 
plum  was  formerly  obtained,  with  tlie 
most  complete  success.  On  the  other 
hand,  some  persons,  after  testing  it, 
have  pronounced  it  of  no  value.  Our 
own  experience  is  greatly  in  favour  of 
its    use.      We    believe    that,   properly 


beetles.  Watch  the  young  fruit,  and  you  applied,  it  is  an  effectual  remedy 
will  perceive  when  the  insect  makes  its  against  the  Curculio,  while  it  also  pro- 
appearance,  by  its  punctures  upon  them,  motes  the  growth  of  the  tree,  anil  keeps 
Spread  some  sheets  under  the  tree,  and  the  soil  in  that  state  most  congenial  to 
strike  the  trunk  pretty  sharply  several  its  productiveness.  The  failures  that 
times  with  a  wooden  mallet.  The  in-  '•  have  arisen  in  its  use,  have,  doubtless, 
sects  will   quickly  fall,  and  should   be  grown  out  of  an  imperfect  application, 


killed  immediately.  This  should  be 
repeated  daily  for  a  week,  or  so  long 
as  the  insects  continue  to  make  their 
appearance.       Repeated     trials     have 


either  in   regard  to  the  quantity  or  the 
time  of  applying  it. 

"  In   the  directions  usually  given,  it 
seems    only   considered    necessary    to 


proved,    beyond     question,    that    this    apply    salt,    pretty    plentifully,    at   any 
rather  tedious  mode  is  a  very  effectual 
one,  if  persisted  in.     Coops  of  chickens 

placed  about   under  the   trees  at  this    would   destroy  insects  therein,   in   any 
12 


season.     If  the  soil  be  thoroughly  satu- 
rated   with   salt,   it   is   prol)al)le   that   it 


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178 


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stage  of  their  growth.  But,  though  tlie  crop.  More  rarely  it  attacks  the  pear 
plum  tree  seems  fond  of  saline  matter,  i  blossom.  Appears  in  March  and  April, 
(and  one  of  the  most  successful  experi- :  C.pyri.  Pear  Weevil.  Dark  brown, 
inenters  applied  strong  fish  brine,  at  |  very  like  the  apple  weevil.  April. 
the  rate  of  three  or  four  pails  full  to  a  |  C.  oblongus.  Oblong  Weevil.  Red- 
tree  of  moderate  size,)  it  must  be  con-  ,  dish-brown  colour.  Feeds  on  the  young 
fessed   this   is    a  somewhat    dangerous  :  leaves  of  the  peach,  apricot,  plum,  pear, 


mode,  as  the  roots  are  forced  to  re- 
ceive a  large  supply  of  so  powerful  an 
agent  at  once. 

"  The  best  method  of  applying  salt 


against    the    Plum-Weevil     is    that   of;  in  March  and  April 


and  apple.     Appears  in  May. 

C.  pleurofttigma.     See  Ambury. 

C.    Uneatus.      Striped    Pea   Weevil. 
Ochreous  colour,  and  striped.    Appears 


strewing  it  pretty  thickly  over  the  sur- 
face, when  the  piinrtured  plums  com- 
mence dropping.  The  surface  of  the 
ground  should  be  made  smooth  and 
hard,  and  fine  packing  salt  may  then  be 
evenly   spread    over  it,  as    flir    as    the 


C.  macular  ins.  Spotted  Weevil.  Gray 
colour.  April.  Also  destroys  the  pea. 
Soot  or  lime  sprinkled  over  peas  early 
in  the  morning  before  the  dew  is  otf 
from  them,  and  so  thickly  as  to  cover 
the   soil   about    them,   would  probably 


branches  extend,  and  about  a  fourth  of  save  them.     To  mitigate  the  attack  of 


an  inch  in  depth.  Should  the  weather 
be  fine,  this  coat  will  last  until  the  fruit 
infected  has  all  fallen  ;  should  it  be  dis- 
solved or  carried  oft'  by  showers,  it 
must  be  replaced  directly.  The  larvffi 
or  grubs  of  the  Weevil,  in  this  most 
tender  state,  emerging  from  the  plum 
to  enter  the  ground,  will  (all  a  prey  to 
the  effect  of  the  salt  before  they  are 
able  to  reach  the  soil.  If  this  is  care- 
fully and  generally  practised,  we  have 
little  doubt  of  its  finally  ridding  the 
cultivator  of  this  troublesome  enemy, 
even  in  the  worst  districts  and  soils."' 

C.  ciiprnis.  Copper-coloured  Weevil. 
Attacks  the  leaves  and  young  shoots  of 
the  plum  and  apricot,  as  well  as  their 
fruit.     June  and  July. 

C.  bacchus.  Purple  or  Apple  Weevil. 
Pierces  the  fruit  of  the  apple,  deposit- 
ing within  it  its  eggs.     June  and  July. 

"  C.  sulcatus.  Colour,  dull  black. 
Attacks  the  shoots  and  leaves  of  vines 
in  hot-houses  in  January,  and  those  on 
walls  at  the  end  of  May  or  June.  It 
will  also  eat  the  leaves  and  fruit  of  the 
peach.  It  deposits  its  eggs  just  below 
the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  these  not 
only  injure  the  roots  of  the  vine,  but 
those  of  the  seduni,  saxifrage,  trollius, 
auricula,  and  primrose,  detaching  the 
roots  from  the  crowns.'" — Gard.  Chron. 
See  a  fuller  description  of  this  insect 
under  its  modern  name  of  Otyorh incus. 

C.  alliarixB.  Stem-boring  Weevil. 
Steel-green  colour.  Bores  the  shoots 
and  grafis  of  young  fruit  trees.  Ap- 
pears in  June  and  July. 


the  weevils  upon  trees,  the  only  mode 
is  to  spread  a  sheet  beneath  them,  to 
shake  each  branch,  and  to  destroy  those 
beetles  which  fall.  They  usually  feed 
at  night. 

C.  nucum.  Nut  Weevil,  of  v\'hich  the 
maggot  is  so  frequent  in  our  filberts. 
Mr.  Curtis  thus  describes  it: — "The 
insect  is  brown,  with  darker  bands  ;  is 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  and  has 
a  long  horny  beak,  about  the  middle  of 
which  are  placed  antenna;.  When  the 
nut  is  in  a  young  state  the  female  weevil 
deposits  a  single  egg.  The  maggot  is 
hatched  in  about  a  fortnight,  and  con- 
tinues feeding  in  the  interior  of  the  nut 
till  it  is  full  grown.  The  nut  falls  when 
the  maggot  has  no  legs,  nor,  indeed, 
has  it  any  use  for  them,  being  hatched 
in  the  midst  of  its  food  ;  and  when  the 
nut  remains  on  the  tree,  it  forces  itself 
out  of  the  hole  it  eats  in  the  nut,  and 
falls  almost  immediately  to  the  ground. 
The  only  remedy  we  are  aware  of  is, 
in  the  course  of  the  summer  to  fre- 
quently shake  the  trees,  which  will 
cause  all  the  eaten  nuts  to  fall  to  the 
ground,  when  they  must  be  collected 
and   burned." — Gard.  Chron. 

C.picipes  is  a  dull  black,  and  is  very 
injurious  in  the  vinery. 

C.  tenebricosus  infests  the  apricot. 
Mr.  Curtis  says,  that  "  every  crevice  iu 
old  garden-walls  often  swarms  with 
these  weevils;  and  nothing  v/ould  prove 
a  greater  check  to  their  increase  than 
stopping  all  crevices  or  holes  in  walls 
with  mortar,  plaster  of  Paris,  or  Roman 


C.  pomorwn.  Apple  Weevil.  Colour,  \  cement,  and  the  interior  of  hot-houses 
dark  brown.  Attacks  the  blossom  of  |  should  be  annually  washed  with  lime  ; 
the  apple,  and  often  destroys  the  whole  |  the  old  bark  of  the  vines  under  which 


CUR 


179 


CUR 


they  lurk,  should  be  stripped  off  early    not  one  was  curled 
in  the  spring,  and  the  roots  examined    full  average  crop 
in  October,  when   they  exhibit   any  un 


The   produce,  a 


'  Of  No.  2  all  came  up,  but  from  ten 
healtiiy  symptoms   from  the  attacks  of  to   fourteen   days    later   than    those    of 


the  mafrgots  of  C.  sulcahis 

''  When  the  larvie  are  ascertained  to 
reside  at  the  base  of  the  wall,  salt  might 
be  freely  sprinkled,  which  will  kill 
them  as  readily  as  it  will  the  maggots 
in  nuts;  strong  infusions  of  tobacco- 
water,  aloes,  and  ([uassia,  are  also  re- 
commended."— Gard.  Chron. 

CURCUMA.  Twenty-one  species. 
Stove  herbaceous  perennials.  From  C. 
longa  turmeric  is  obtained.  Offsets. 
Rich  light  soil 


No.  1,  and  three  of  the  plants  sixteen 
days  later.  Fourteen  of  the  plants  were 
curled. 

"  Of  No.  3  all  came  up,  but  from  ten 
to  fourteen  days  later  than  those  of  No. 
1.  P'our  plants  were  as  severely  curled 
as  those  in  No.  2,  eight  were  less  so, 
and  the  remainder  not  at'  all  ;  but  of 
these  the  produce  was  below  an  ave- 
rage,and  a  full  fortnightlater  in  ripening. 

"  Dickson,  Crichton,  Knight,  and 
others,  have  found  that  tubers  taken  up 


CURL.     A  disease   of  the   potato,    before   they  are   fully  ripened,  produce 


*'  Any  one  can  ensure  the  occurrence 
of  this  disease  by  keeping  the  sets  in  a 
situation  favourable  to  their  vegetation, 
as  in  a  warm  damp  outhouse,  and  then 
rubbing  off  repeatedly  the  long  shoots 
they  have  thrown  out.     Sets  that   have 


plants  not  so  liable  to  the  curl  as  those 
that  have  remained  in  the  ground  until 
completely  perfected  ;  and  I  believe 
under  ordinary  treatment  this  to  be  the 
fact,  for  it  is  rational.  The  process  of 
ripening   proceeds-in   the  potato,  as  in 


been  so  treated  I  have  invariably  found  the  apple,  after  it  has  been  gathered  ; 
produce  curled  plants.  Is  not  the  rea-  and  until  that  is  perfected  it  is  accumu- 
son  very  apparent  ?  The  vital  energy  :  lating  vigour,  shows  no  appetency  to 
had  been  weakened  by  the  repeated  '  vegetate,  consequent!}'  is  not  exhaust- 
efforts  to  vegetate ;  so  that  when  planted  ,  ing  its  vitality,  which  is  a  great  point, 
in  the  soil,  their  energy  was  unequal  to  considering  the  careless  mode  usually 
the  perfect  development  of  the  parts  ;  adopted  to  store  them  through  the  win- 
for  the  curl  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  ter  ;  for  this  energy  commences  its  dc- 
a  distorted  or  incomplete  formation  of  cline  from  the  moment  it  begins  to  de- 
the  foliage,  preceded   by  an   imperfect    velope    the   parts  of  the    future  plant. 


production  of  the  fibrous  roots, 

"  The  variety  employed  was  the  Early 
Shaw.  An  equal  number  of  whole  mo- 
derately-sized potatoes,  that  had  been 
treated  in  three  different  modes,  were 
planted  the  last  week  of  March. 

No.  1.  Twenty  sets  that  had  been 


Tubers  taken  from  the  soil  before  per- 
;  foctly  ripe,  never  are  so  early  in  showing 
symptoms  of  vegetation.  Crichton,  Hun- 
ter, and  Young,  in  some  of  the  works 
before  referred  to,  have  also  agreed, 
that  exposing  the  sets  to  light  and  air, 
allowing  them  to   become  dry  and  shri- 


carefully  kept  cold  and  dry  throughout  veiled,  also  inducesthe  curl  in  the  plants 

the  winter,  firm,  unshrivelled,  and  with  arising  from  them.     This  result  of  ex- 

scarcely  any  symptoms  of  vegptation.  perience  also  confirms  my  conclusion, 

"  No.  2.  Twenty  sets  that  had  been  that  the  disease    arises  from  deficient 

kept  warm  and  moist,  and  from  which  vital  energy;  fiir  no  process,  more  than 

the   shoots,  after   attaining  a  length  of  this  drying  one  of  exposure  to  the  light 

six  inches,  had  been  thrice  removed.  and  air,  tends  to  take  away  from  a  tuber 

'•  No.  3.  Twenty  sets  that  had  been  the  power  of  veL'etating  altogether. 


kept  warm  and  moist  for  about  half  the 


Every  one  acijuainted  with  the  cul- 


time  that  No.  2   liad,  and  from   which    tivation  of  the  potato,  is  aware  of  the 
the  shoots,  three  inches  in  length,  had    great  difl'erence  existing  in  the  varieties; 


been  removed  only  twice. 


as  to  their  early  and    rapid   vegetation. 


"  All  the  sets  were  planted  the  same  those  that  excel  in  this  quality  are  of 
morning,  each  exactly  six  inches  below  course  the  most  easily  excitable.  A 
the  surface,  and  each  with  an  unsprout-  consequence  of  this  is,  that  they  are 
ed  eye  upwards.  The  spring  was  ge-  always  planted  earliest  in  the  spring, 
nial.  I  befi)re   their    vital    power  has    become 

"  Of  No.  ],  nineteen  plants  came  up.  very  active  ;  and  of  all  crops,  practice 
The  twentieth  seemed  to  have  been  re-  demonstrates  that  these  early  ones  are 
moved  by  an  accident.    Of  the  nineteen  ,  least  liable  to  the  curl.     But  what  is 


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180 


CUR 


the  consequence,  on  the  contrary,  if  an  j  strong.  They  are  first  to  be  deprived 
early  variety  is  planted  for  a  main  crop  of  about  two  or  three  inches  of  the 
later  in  the  spring,  when  extraordinary  :  point,  and  cut  into  lengths  often  inches 


pains  in  keeping  them  cold  and  dry 
have  not  been  employed  to  check  their 
vegetation,  and  consequent  decrease  of  | 
vital  energy  ?  Such  crop,  then,  is  more 
than  any  other  liable  to  the  disease, 
and   a  good   preventive  has  been  sug- 


or   a   foot,  according    to   the    size  and 
strength  of  the  shoots. 

Then,  with  a  sharp  knife,  divest  each 
shoot  of  the  whole  of  its  buds,  except- 
ing three  or  four  nearest  the  top  of  the 
cutting,  which  must  be  left  to  form  the 


gested  by  Dr.  Lindley,  namely,  that  of  branches  of  tlie  future  plant, 
planting  "the  tubers  in  autumn,  imme- :  Rubbing  off  the  buds  is  not  sufficient; 
diately  after  they  have  ripened.  The  they  require  to  be  picked  out,  or  pared 
results  of  my  view  of  the  disease,  sus-  ;  very  close,  to  prevent  them  from  throw- 
tained  by  numerous  experiments,  a're,  ing  up  suckers,  which  materially  affect 
that  it  will  never  occur  if  the  following  the  growth  of  the  plants,  and  rob  the 
points  are  attended  to: — First,  that  the  fruiting  branches  of  most  of  their  nou- 
sets  are  from  tubers  that  exhibit  scarcely  rishment,  when  not  displaced  in  proper 
any  symptoms  of  incipient  vegetation  ;  time.  The  small  buds  towards  the  base 
to  effect  which  they  ought,  throughout  of  the  cutting  are  always  the  most  trou- 
the  winter,  to  be  preserved  as  cool  and  blesome  in  this  respect,  and  great  care 
as  mucli  excluded  from  the  air  as  pos-  ,  should  be  taken  to  remove  them  efFect- 
sible.  Secondly,  that  the  tubers  should  ually  before  the  cutting  is  inserted  in 
be  perfectly  ripened.  .Thirdly,  that  they  j  the  ground. 

should  be  planted  immediately  after  i  Immediately  underneath  the  part 
they  are  cut.  Fourthly,  that  the  ma-  which  the  lowest  bud  occupied  make  a 
nure  applied  should  be  spread  regular-  clean  horizontal  cut,  without  displacing 
ly,  and  mixed  with  the  soil,  and  not  any  portion  of  the  bark,  and  the  cutting 
along  a  trench    in   immediate    contact !  is  then  complete. 


with  the  sets.  Fifthly,  that  the  crop  is 
not  raised  for  several  successive  years 
on  the  same  area." — Principles  of  Gar- 
dening. 

CURRANT.     {Rihes.) 

Black  Currant.     {R.  nigrum.) 

1.  Black  Grape. 

2.  Black  Naples,  largest  and  best. 

3.  Common  Black. 

4.  Russian  Green. 

Red  Currant.     {R.  rubrum.) 
\.  Common  Red. 
'2.  Red  Dutch,  large  and  good. 

3.  Knight's  Large  Red,  largest. 

4.  Knight's  Sweet  Red,  large,  and  not 

so  acid  as  other  red  varieties. 

5.  Knight's  Early  Red. 
Champagne. 


6 

7 

red  and  white  stripes 
S.  Striped-leaved. 
9.  Rock  Currant. 

White  Currant.     {R.  album.) 

1.  Common  White. 

2.  White  Dutch,  largest  and  best. 

3.  Pearl  White. 

4.  Speary's  White. 
Soil. — Any    fertile  garden  soil   suits 

them. 

Propagation. —  By  Cuttings. —  The 
best  shoots    for  propagating    from  are 


A  small  spot  is  next  to  be  dug  and 
got  ready  for  them,  and  if  it  can  be 
obtained  in  a  situation  that  is  rather 
shaded  than  otherwise,  so  much  the 
better. 

The  cuttings  are  then  to  be  inserted 
in  rows  a  foot  apart,  six  or  eight  inches 
asunder,  and  two  or  three  inches  deep, 
and  the  earth  firmly  pressed  around 
them,  either  with  the  hand,  or  by  plac- 
ing one  foot  on  each  side  of  the  row,  and 
treading  it  from  one  end  to  the  other. — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Observe,  those  designed  for  common 
standards  should  be  trained  up  to  a 
twelve  or  fifteen  inch  stem,  then  en- 
courage them  to  branch  out  all  round 
at  that  height  to  form  a  full  head,  for  if 


Striped-fruited — berries  marked  with    suffered   to    branch  away  immediately 

I  from  the  bottom,  they  overspread  the 
ground,  that  no  crops  can  grow  near 
them,  as  well  as  appear  unsichtly,  and 
render  it  inconvenient  to  do  the  neces- 
sary work — thin  the  branches  to  mode- 
rate distances. 

By  Suckers. — All  the  sorts  are  too 
apt  to  send  up  suckers  from  the  roots  ; 
each  sucker  forming  a  proper  plant  is 
the  most  expeditious  mode  of  propa- 
gating. They  may  be  taken  up  in 
autumn,  winter,  or  spring,  with  roots, 


those  that  are  fully  ripened,  and  not  too  1  or  even  such  as  are  without  fibres  will 


CUR 


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succeed  ;  planting  them  either  in  nur-  j  purpose  gives  the  following  directions  : 
sery-rows  for  a  year  or  two,  or  such  as  i"  Procure  stakes  four  feet  in  length, 
are  tall  and  strong  may  be  planted  at  and  three  or  three  and  a  half  inches  in 
once,  where  they  are  to  remain,  observ-  circumference.  To  these,  disposed  after 
ing  to  train  the  whole  for  the  pur]>oscs  this  manner,  XXXXX,  train  the  trees 
intended,  as  directed  for  the  cuttings,  in  the  fan  method,  and  tie  the  shoots  to 
and  they  will  form  bearing  plants  after  the  stakes  with  matting.  Independent 
one  or  two  years-  growth.  :  of^being  secure  from  the  wind,  there 

The  propagating  by  suckers  is  by  are  other  advantages  to  be  gained  by 
some  objected  to,  alleging  they  incline  this  mode  of  training;  the  space  taken 
to  run  greatly  to  suckers  again  :  there  up  is  less,  the  pruning  is  more  easily 
is,  however,  but  little  foundation  in  performed,  and  the  whole  surface  is 
this,  for  it  is  peculiar  to  these  shrubs,  regularly  exposed  to  the  action  of  the 
let  them  be  raised  either  by  seeds,  sun  and  air.  The  wood  is  also  equally 
cuttings,  or  any  other  method.  and  properly  ripened,  and  better  crops 

By  Layers.  —  The    young    branches   of  well-flavoured  fruit  ensue, 
being  laid  in  autumn,  winter,  or  spring,        "  By  this   means  the    late  kinds   are 
will  readily  strike  root,  and  next  autumn    likewise    much    more  easily  and  more 
be  fit  to  transplant.  securely  protected  from  the  depredation 

In  the  general  propagation  of  these  of  birds  and  wasps,  and  from  injury  by 
shrubs  we  would    observe,  that  as  they    frost  or  wet. 

naturally  throw  out  many  suckers  from  "A  single  mat  thrown  over  the  bushes 
the  root,  so  as  often  to  become  trouble-  is  sufficient  to  preserve  the  fruit  until 
some,  it  is  proper,  previous  to  planting  Christmas,  or  later.  And  moreover,  by 
the  cuttings  and  suckers,  &c.,  to  rub  off  this  system  the  trees  in  matting  up  are 
close  all  the  buds  or  prominent  eyes  not  disfigured  or  crushed,  the  wet  is 
from  the  lower  part,  as  far  as  they  are  more  effectually  kept  off,  as  it  does  not 
to  be  put  into  the  ground,  which  will  in  I  fall  on  the  mat  and  soak  through  to  the 
some  measure  diminish  their  tendency  fruit ;  but  from  no  flat  surface  being 
in  the  production  of  suckers  ;  likewise,  presented  the  rain  runs  off  the  mat  as  it 
when  transplanting  the  young  plants,  if  falls  ;  the  fruit  is  kept  perfectly  dry,  and 
they  discover  any  tendency  to  the  pro-  there  is  little  or  no  injury  done  to  the 
duction  of  suckers,  let  all  such  parts  mat.  The  stakes  never  want  renewing, 
be  also  carefully  rubbed  ofl'  close. —  as  the  bushes,  when  once  in  a  regular 
Abercrombie.  shape,    support    themselves."  —  Gard. 

Grafting. — An  anonymous  writer  in  Chron. 
the  Gardener^s  Chronicle  observes, that  After-Culture.  —  "Never  allow  the 
"standard  currants  have  a  pretty  ap-  branches  to  be  loo  crowded,  or  to  in- 
pearance,  and  this  is  increased  if  they  terfere  with  one  another.  The  shoots 
are  grafted  with  opposite  colours,  such  ■  which  spring  up  in  the  centre  are  to  be 
as  black  and  white,  and  red,  or  red  and  cut  away  very  close,  as  well  as  the  small 
white.  Allow  the  stock  to  reach  four  j  shoots  on  the  main  branches,  leaving 
feet  in  height,  then  let  it  be  stopped  so  only  the  external  one,  which  must  be 
as  to  make  a  bushy  compact  head.  shortened  for  about  a  third  of  its  length. 

"  For  standards  or  espaliers,  train  |  If  this  is  done,  the  bush  will  have  the 
cither  horizontallyor  bythe  fan  method,  |  form  of  a  cup,  with  the  branches  ranged 
about  six  shoots  or  more,  according  to  regularly  round  the  stem.  Red  and 
the  space  you  wish  to  cover  on  either  white  currants  require  the  same  treat- 
side,  leaving  one  for  the  centre  to  be  ment,  as  they  produce  their  fruit  on 
grafted.  Train  the  same  number  of  spurs.  The  black  currant  must  be 
shoots  of  the  worked  variety.  Each  managed  differently,  as  it  bears  chiefly 
leading  shoot,  if  kept  and  spurred  in,  I  on  the  shoots  of  the  preceding  year, 
will  bear  abundantly,  and  the  fruit  will  Instead,  therefore,  of  spurring  and 
also  be  of  finer  quality,  and  of  a  sweeter  otherwise  shortening  the  branches,  all 
flavour,  by  being  fully  exposed  to  the  that  is  necessary  is  to  thin  them,  and 
sun  and  air,  which  is  better  attained  by  keep  the  bushes  compact." — Gard. 
this  method  than  if  the  plants  were  j  Chron. 
grown  in  the  usual  way.  I      Forcing. — Red    and  white    currants 

Training  as  Espaliers. — Mr.  Snow,  may  be  in  our  desserts  during  nine 
gardener  at  Swinton  Gardens,  for  this   months  of  the  twelve.     Pot  some  three- 


CUR 


182 


CUT 


year-old  plants  during  the  first  week  of  favourable    to     the    developement    ot 
January,  and  place  half  of  them  in  the    roots 


peach-house,  and  the  other   moiety  on 
the    upper   shelf  of  the    green-house 


Those  plants  which  vegetate  rapidly, 
and   delight  in   either  a  moist  or  rich 


The  first  will  come  into  bearing  early  soil,  are    those  which    are  propagated 

in  April,  and  the  remainder  at  the  end  most  readily  by   this  mode,  and   such 

of  May.     The  open  ground    crop  is  fit  plants  are  the  willow,  gooseberry  and 

for  gathering  before  June  closes,  and  pelargonium;  a  budded  section  of  these 

some  of  these,  if  matted  over  at  the  end  can  hardly  be   thrust   into  the  ground 

of  July,  may  be  kept  good  until  Decern-  without  its  rooting. 


ber  terminates. 

CURRANT  SPHINX. 


See  Sphinx. 


Cuttings  of  those  plants  which  grow 
tardily,  or  in  other  words  form  new  parts 


C  U  R  T  O  G  Y  N  E  .      Three  species,    slowly,  are  those  which  are  most  liable 
Green-house  evergreen   shrubs.      Cut- ,  to  fail.     These  are  strikingly  instanced 


tings,  put  for  a  few  days  in  the  sun. 
Sandy  loam. 

CU'SSONIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

CUSTARD  APPLE.     Anona. 

CUTTING  is  a  part  of  a  plant  capa- 
ble of  emitting  roots,  and  of  becoming 
an  individual  similar  to  its  parent.  The 
circumstances    requisite   to   effect   this 


in  the  heaths,  the  orange,  and  cera- 
tonia. 

A  rooted  cutting  is  not  a  new  plant, 
it  is  only  an  extension  of  the  parent, 
gifted  with  precisely  the  same  habits, 
and  delighting  most  in  exactly  the  same 
degree  of  heat,  light  and  moisture,  and 
in  the  same  food. 

A  cutting  produces  roots,  either  from 
a  bud  or  eye,  or  from  a  callus  resem- 


of  moisture. 


uitable  temperature  and  degree    bling   a   protuberant   lip,  which  forms 


from  the  alburnum    between  the  wood 


Cuttings  in  general  may  be  taken  and  the  bark  round  the  face  of  the  cut 
either  from  the  stem,  branch,  or  root;  which  divided  the  slip  from  the  parent 
and  are,  in  fact,  grafts,  which  by  being  stem.  If  the  atmospheric  temperature 
placed  in  the  earth,  a  medium  favour-  is  so  high  that  moisture  is  emitted  from 
able  to  the  production  of  roots  these  the  leaves  faster  than  it  is  supplied,  they 
emit,  instead  of  aiding  the  stock  to  droop  or  flag,  and  the  growth  of  the 
effect  that  development  of  vessels  neces-  plant  is  suspended.  If  a  cutting  be 
sary  for  their  union  to  it,  had  they  been  placed  in  water,  it  imbibes  at  first  more 
grafted.  A  due  degree  of  moisture  in  rapidly  than  a  rooted  plant  of  the  same 
the  soil  is  absolutely  required  from  it  by  size,  though  this  power  rapidly  de- 
cuttings,  for  these"  will  often  produce  i  creases;  but  if  planted  in  the  earth,  it 
roots  "if  placed  in  water  only.  The  I  at  no  time  imbibes  so  fast  as  the  rooted 
time  for  taking  off  cuttings  from  the  plant,  provided  the  soil  is  similarly  moist; 
parent  plant  for  propagation,  is  when  and  thisevidently because  ithasnot such 
the  sap  is  in  full  activity  ;  the  vital  an  extensive  imbibing  surface  as  is  pos- 
energy  in  all  its  parts  is  then  most  po-  ;  sessed  by  the  rooted  plant;  consequent- 
tent  for  the  development  of  the  new  \  ly,  the  soil  in  which  a  cutting  is  placed 
organs  their  altered  circumstances  re-  I  should  be  much  more  moist  than  is 
quire.  Well-matured  buds  are  found  to  i  beneficial  to  a  rooted  plant  of  the  same 
emit  roots  most  successfully,  and  appa-  species,  and  evaporation  from  the  leaves 
rently  for  the  same  reason  that  they  are  should  be  checked  by  covering  the  cut- 
least'liable  to  failure,  when  employed  tings  with  a  bell-glass,  or  a  Wardian 
for  budding,  viz.,  that  being  less  easily  |  case  would  be  still  better.  The  tem- 
excitable,  they  do  not  begin  to  develop  perature  to  which  the  leaves  are  ex- 
until  the  cutting  has  the  power  to  afford  |  posed  should  be  approaching  the  lowest 
a  due  supply  of  sap.  Therefore,  in  i  the  plant  will  endure.  Thewarmerthe 
taking  a  cutting,  it  is  advisable  to  re- ;  soil  within  the  range  of  temperature 
move" a  portion  of  the  wood  having  on  most  suitable  to  the  plant,  the  more 
it  a  bud,  or  joint,  as  it  is  popularly  call-  active  are  the  roots,  and  the  more  ener- 
ed,  of  the  previous  year-s  production.  :  getically  are  carried  on  all  the  processes 
Many  plants  can  be  multiplied  by  cut-  of  the  vessels  buried  beneath  the  sur- 
tings  with  the  greatest  difficulty,  and  j  face  of  the  soil  ;  50°  for  the  atmosphere, 
after  every  care  has  been  taken  to  se-  ,  and  between  65*'  and  lo''  for  the  bottom 
cure  to  the  cutting  every  circumstance  |  heat,  are  the  most  eflFectual  temperatures 


CUT 


183 


CUT 


for  the  generality  of  plants.    The  cutting  been    considered   totally   incapable    of 

should  be  as  siiort  as  possible  consist-  such   extension.      Thus    M.    Neumann 

ently  wiili  the  object  in  view.     Three  has    succeeded    with    the    Thcophra^tn 

or  four  leaves,  or  even  two,  if  the  cut-  latifolia;  and  going  a  step  further,  he 

ting  be  very  short,  are  abundant.    They  has  even  bisected  a  leaf,  and   raised  a 

elaborate  the   sap  quite  as  fast  as  re-  leaf  from  each  half 

qnired,and  are  not  liable  to  exhaust  the  Mr.  Knight  has  also  recorded  in  the 

cutting  by  super-exhalation  of  moisture.  Horticultural    Transactions    of    1822, 

Cuttings  taken  from  the  upper  branch-  that  leaves  of  the  peppermint  {Mentha 

es  of  a  plant,  flower  and  bear  fruit  the  piperita),   without  any    portion   of  the 

earliest,  but  those  taken  from  near  the  stem  upon  which  they  had  grown,  lived 

soil  are  said  to  root  most  freely.     Cut-  for  more  than  twelve  months,  increased 

tings  which  reluctantly  emit  roots  may  in   size,  nearly  assumed  the  character 

be  aided  by  ringing.     The  ring  should  '  of  evergreen  trees,  and  emitted  a  mass 

be  cut  round  the  branch  a  few  weeks  of  roots.     That   leaves   may  be   made 

before  the  cutting  has  to  he  removed  ;  almost  universally  to   emit  roots  there 

the  bark  should  be  completely  removed  appears  little  reason  to  doubt ;  for  the 

down  to  the  wood,  and  the  section  di-  same  great  physiologist  had  long  before 

viding  the  cutting  from  the  parent  be  proved  that  the  roots  of  trees  are  gene- 
made  between  the  ring  and  the  parent    rated    from    vessels    passing    from   the 

stem,  as  soon  as  a  callus  appears  round  leaves  through  the  bark  ;  and  that  they 


the  upper  edge  of  the  ring. 


never   in  any  instance  spring  from  the 


The  soil  is  an  important  considera-    alburnum.      But    the    question    arises, 
tion.     The  cuttings  of  orange  trees  and    will   they  produce  buds?  and   at  pre- 


others  which  strike  with  difficulty  if  in 
serted  in  the  middle  of  the  earth  of  a 
pot,  do  so  readily  if  placed  in  contact 
with  its  side.  The  same  effect  is  pro- 
duced by  the  end  of  the  cutting  touch- 
ing an  under  drainage  of  gravel  or 
broken  pots.    Why  is  this?     My  obser- 


sent  the  answer  derived  from  practice 
is  in  the  negative;  orange  leaves,  rose 
leaves,  leaves  of  Stat  ice  arborea,  have 
been  made  to  root  abundantly;  but 
like  blind  cabbage  plants,  they  obsti- 
nately refused  to  produce  buds. 

Dr.  Lindlev  thinks  that  a  more  abund- 


vations  justify  me  in  concluding  that  it  ant  supply  of  richer  food,  and  exposure 
is  because  in  these  situations,  the  side  to  a  greater  intensity  of  light,  would 
and  the  open  drainage  of  the  pot,  the  have  removed  this  deficiency;  and  I 
atmospheric  air  gains  a  salutary  access,  [see  every  reason  for  concurring  with  so 
A  light  porous  soil,  or  even  sand,  which  j  excellent  an  authority  ;  for  buds  seem 
admits  air  the  most  readily,  is  the  best  :  to  spring  from  the  central  vessels  of 
for  cuttings;  and  so  is  a  shallow  pan  plants,  and  these  vessels  are  never  ab- 
rather  than  a  (lower  pot,  and  apparently  sent  from  a  leaf  If  an  abundant  sup- 
for  the  same  reason.  I  have  no  doubt  ply  of  food  were  given  to  a  well-rooted 
that  numerous  perforations  in  the  bot-  leaf,  and  it  were  cut  down  close  to  the 
torn  of  the  cutting  pan  would  be  found  callus,  from  whence  the  roots  are  emit- 
advantageous  for"  cuttings   which  root    ted,  I   think  buds  would  be  produced, 


slowly. 


for  the  very  roots  themselves  have  the 


Some  plants  may  be  successfully  same  power 
propagated  by  means  of  the  leaves,  and  In  general,  the  young  wood  strikes 
among  those  whose  numbers  are  thus  most  readily.  Those  of  the  Semecarpus 
most  commonly  increased,  are  the  Cac-  mahogani,  Swietenia  mahogani,  Eu- 
ti,  Gcsnerx,  Gloxinia,  and  other  fleshy  phorbia  litchi,  and  others,  must  have 
leaved  plants.  Lately  the  suggestion  the  wood  quite  soft,  and  must  be  in- 
has  been  revived, — a  suggestion  first  serted  in  the  soil  under  bell-glasses  the 
made  by  Agricola  at  the  commence-  moment  they  are  cut.  On  the  contrary, 
ment  of  the  last  century.  He  states  cuttings  of  milky,  gummy  or  resinous 
that  M.  Mandcrola  had  raised  a  lemon-  plants,  such  as  Araucaria,  Euphorbia, 
tree  in  this  mode  ;  and  thence  con-  and  Vahea  gummifera,  require  to  be 
eludes,  rather  too  rashly,  that  all  exotic  buried  in  damp  sand  for  twenty-four 
leaves  may  at  any  time  be  converted  hours,  with  the  wound  exposed,  and 
into  trees.  Since  that  was  written,  in  then  to  be  planted,  after  having  the 
1721,  it  is  certain  that  plants  have  been  exuded  matter  washed  off  with  a  sponge, 
raised  from  leaves  that  previously  had  ,  Herbaceous  plants  having  a  partial  de- 


C  Y  A 


184 


CYC 


velopmentofwood,as  the  Pelargonium, 
Calceolaria,  and  Cineraria,  will  strike 
in  any  place  shaded  from  the  meridian 
sun.  Cuttings  of  fleshy-leaved  plants, 
as  the  Cacti,  and  many  others,  root 
better  after  being  allowed  to  remain  for 
forty-eight  hours,  after  division  from 
the  parent  plant,  before  they  are  plant- 
ed. Diosmas,  fuchsias,  heaths,  camel- 
lias, &c.,  require  for  their  cuttings  the 
gentle  heat  of  a  nearly  exhausted  hot- 
bed, and  a  close  atmosphere,  with  but 
little  light  admitted  night  and  morning. 
The  bell-glasses  employed  should  be 
proportioned  to  the  size  of  the  cutting. 
A  small  cutting  should  no):  be  placed 
under  a  large  glass.  Blue  and  violet- 
coloured  glass  is  found  most  favourable 
for  the  purpose,  and  this  is  accounted 
for  by  the  fact,  that  glass  of  this  colour 
admits  very  few  luminous  or  leaf- 
stimulating  rays  of  light;  but  nearly  all 
the  chemical  rays  of  the  spectrum, 
■which  assist  in  the  decomposition  of 
bodies.  M.  Neumann  has  succeeded 
in  striking  cuttings  of  monocotyle- 
donous  plants,  such  as  Draycena,Frey- 
cenettia,  and  Vanilla.  The  cuttings 
may  be  from  branches  of  any  age  be- 
tween less  than  one  and  six  years  old. 
They  require  to  have  the  leaves  cut 
away  at  the  bottom  of  tlie  cutting,  the 
•whole,  length  of  the  portion  to  be  buried. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  use  the  extremi- 
ties of  branches,  pieces  from  their  mid- 
dles answer  as  well.  M.  Neumann  also 
thinks  that  all  dicotyledonous  plants 
may  be  multiplied  by  cuttings  of  their 
roots,  or  even  by  detached  leaves. 
Dais  cotinifolia  is  increased  from  cut- 
tings of  the  roots,  and  so  is  Faulownia 
imperialis.  Pieces  two  inches  long, 
and  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  cut  in 
March,  root  well.  Maclaura  aurantiaca 
succeeds  similarly  even  in  the  open  air, 
the  upper  wound  of  the  cutting  being 
placed  nearly  level  with  the  surface. 
He  has  also  multiplied  Araucaria  Cun- 
ninghami,  and  all  the  Coniferce,  by  root 
cuttings. 

Soil. — The  soil  most  generally  appli- 
cable, is  that  which  is  rich  and  light. 
Some  cuttings,  as  those  of  the  Tamarix 
elegans  and  T.  germanica,  require  a 
little  saltpetre  in  the  soil. 

CYAMOPSIS  psoraloides.  Hardy 
annual.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

CYANELLA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Offsets. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat.  | 


CYANOTIS.  Three  species.  Green- 
house biennials.  Seeds.  Rich  mould. 
C.  barbata  is  a  hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nial.    Increased  by  division. 

CYATHEA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  ferns.  Division  or  seeds. 
Peat  and  loam. 

CYATHODES.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Peat  and  loam. 

CYCAS.  Five  species.  Stove  her- 
baceous perennials.  Suckers.  Rich 
loam. 

CYCLAMEN.  Ten  species,  and 
many  varieties.  Hardy  or  green-house 
tuberous-rooted  perennials.  Seeds. 
Sandy  loam  and  vegetable  mould.  Spe- 
cies most  worthy  of  culture  are — 

C.  Coum.  Round-leaved,  spring- 
flowering  sowbread.  Reddish  purple. 
January  to  March. 

C.  Europceum.  Round-leaved,  sum- 
mer-flowering sowbread.  Reddish 
purple.     Fragrant.    July  to  September. 

C.  vernum.  Round-leaved  winter- 
flowering  sowbread.  Like  preceding. 
November  to  January. 

C.  Persicum.  Persian  sowbread. 
Various  colours.     February  to  May. 

C.  Neapolitanum.  Neapolitan  sow- 
bread.    Rosy.     August  to  September. 

C.  hederdfolium.  Ivy-leaved  sow- 
bread. White  and  pink.  Fragrant. 
March  to  May. 

Mr.  G.  Gordon,  of  the  Chiswick  Gar- 
dens, gives  the  following  excellent 
directions  for  their  culture  : — 

"  The  Cyclamen  is  increased  by  cut- 
ting the  largest  roots  in  pieces,  which 
is  a  bad  practice,  as  they  are  very  liable 
to  rot  during  the  first  season  after  cut- 
ting, or  while  in  a  dormant  state,  un- 
less the  parts  are  kept  very  dry,  a 
thing  very  injurious  to  the  early  flower- 
ing kinds. 

"£!/  Seeds,  which  should  be  sown 
when  ripe,  whether  it  be  autumn  or 
spring,  in  pans  or  pots  well  drained, 
and  filled  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts 
of  sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould,  to  which 
should  be  added  a  small  portion  of  well- 
rotted  dung.  Then  place  the  pans  or 
pots  in  a  cold  frame  or  pit,  kept  close, 
if  sown  in  the  spring  ;  but  if  sown  in 
the  autumn,  they  should  be  placed  on 
the  back  shelf  of  the  green-house,  and 
kept  rather  dry  during  the  winter,  and 
gradually  watered  more  as  the  spring 
advances. 

"  The  autumn-sown  plants  will  be  fit 


CYC 


185 


C  YP 


for  transplanting  about  the  end  of  May,  |  remain  in  the  pots,  and  not  be  shaken 
or  beginning  of  June  following,  if  pro-  out,  as  is  frequently  done;  for  when 
perly  treated  ;  whilst  those  sown  in  the  taken  out  of  the  soil  they  are  almost 
spring  should  not  be  removed  from  the  sure  to  get  too  much  dried  before  they 
seed-pans  before  the  following  spring;  are  again  potted.  This  is  particularly 
they  will  by  that  time  have  formed  roots   the  case  with  the  early  flowering  sorts 


about  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut.  Prepare 
then  some  large  pots  or  pans,  well 
drain,  and  fill  them  with  the  same  kind 
of  soil  as  that  in  which  these  seeds  were 
sown,  and  transplant  the  young  roots 
from  the  seed  pans  into  these,  placing 
them  about  three  or  four  inches  apart 
according  to  tlie  size  of  the  roots. 
Return  them  to  the  cold  pit  or  frame, 
and  keep  them  close  until  they  begin 
to  grow  ;  afterwards  admit  air  freely 
by  day,  but  keep  the  pit  close  at  night, 
till  the  beginning  of  July,  when  the  pots 
or  pans  should  be  plunged,  and  the 
plants  fully    exposed,    both    day    and 


'  The  proper  time  of  the  year  for 
resting  the  flowering  roots,  entirely  de- 
pends on  the  sorts.  C.  Persicum  will 
be  at  rest  when  the  C.  Europaum  and 
C.  Neapolitmium  will  be  in  full  bloom, 
and  vice  versa.  The  roots  should  be 
shaken  from  the  soil,  and  repotted 
directly  the  least  sign  of  vegetation  is 
observable.  But  the  early  spring- 
flowering  kinds  may  be  forced  earlier 
into  bloom  by  potting  a  few  of  the 
strongest  roots  sooner,  and  placing 
them  in  a  warm  dry  place.  They  must 
not  be  excited  too  rapidly,  or  watered 
freely;  for  if  they  are,  the   leaves  are 


right;  taking  care,  however,  that  the  almost  sure  to  damp  ofTduring  the  dull 
soil  in  the  pots  does  not  get  sodden  with  winter  months,  and  particularly  those 
too  much  rain,  or  become  too  dry.  of  the  beautiful  C.  Persicum  and  its 
They    will    require    no    more   trouble,  ;  varieties." — Card.  Chron. 

Curious 
Suckers. 


CYCLANTHUS  plumieri. 


except  keeping  free    from   weeds    and         

slugs,   till    the    middle    of  September,    ^tove  herbaceous  perennial. 

when  they  should  be  potted  singly  into    Loam  and  peat 

small   forty-eight   sized   or   sixty    pots, 

(according    to   the    size   of  the  roots,) 

filled  with  the  same  kind  of  soil  as  that 

previously  used. 

"  In  potting,  the  bulbs  should  never 
be  entirely  covered  with  the  soil,  but 
about  one-third    left    exposed.     When 


CYCLOBOTHRA.  Five  species. 
Hardy,  half-hardy,  or  green-house  bul- 
bous perennials.  Bulbs.  Peat,  loam 
and  sand. 

CYDONIA.  Three  species,  and  four 
varieties.  Hardy  deciduous  fruit  trees 
or  shrubs.      Suckers.      Any  soil   suits 


potted,  they  should  be  placed  on  the  them.  C.  vulgaris,  the  quince 
back  shelf  of  the  green-house,  or  in  a 
cold  pit,  where  they  can  be  kept  dry 
and  free  from  frost,  until  they  begin  to 
grow.  If  they  are  the  early  flowering 
kinds,  a  few  may  be  placed  in  the  win- 
dow of  the  sitting-room,  and  but  spar- 
ingly watered  until  they  commence 
growing,  when  they  should  have  a  more 
liberal  supply. 

"  The  roots  will  begin  to  bloom  the 
second  season,  and  may  be  placed  on 
the  shelves  of  the  green-house  ;  or  if 
they  are  of  those  hardy  kinds  which 
flower  in  summer  or  autumn,  the  pots 
may  be  plunged  in  the  open  border. 
When  done  flowering  they  should  be 
returned  to  the  cold  pit  or  frame,  where 
the  lights  must  be  kept  on  during  the 
night,  in  cold  or  wet  weather;  but 
where  they  can  have  plenty  of  air  at  all 
times,  observing  as  they  cease  growing, 
that  water  should  be  withheld,  and 
finally,  the  roots  gradually  dried.  The 
roots,  when  dry,  should  be  allowed  to 


CYLINDROSPORIUM  concen?rzc«m. 
A  parasitical  fungus  often  attacking  the 
cabbage,  forming  a  blight  or  mildew. 
Repeated  syringing  with  water  in  which 
three  ounces  per  gallon  of  salt  have 
been  dissolved,  will  remove  it. 

CYLISTA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

CYMBIDIUM.  Seventeen  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Division.  The  terres- 
trial kinds,  loam  and  peat.  The  epi- 
phytal, wood. 

CYMBOPOGON  Schcenanthus .  A 
stove  species  of  grass.  Seeds.  Loam 
and  peat. 

CYNOCHE  pentadactylum.  Stove 
epiphyte.     Offsets.     Fibrous  peat. 

CYNOGLOSSUM.  Twenty-two  spe- 
cies. Hardy  annuals,  biennials,  or 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

CYPELLA.     Two  species.     Green- 


CYP 


186 


D  AH 


ousG     bulbous    perennials.       Offsets. 
Sandy  peat. 

CYPHIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house annuals.  Seeds.  Common  soil. 
C.  phyteuma  is  a  tuberous-rooted,  and 
C.  cardamincs  a  stove  herbaceous  pe- 
rennial. Young  shoots.  Peat,  loam 
and  sand. 

CYPRESS.     Citpressus. 

CYNARA.  (See  Cardoon  and  Arti- 
choke.) Eight  species.  Chiefly  hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds.  Good 
rich  soil. 

CYNIPS.  Gall-fly.  The  species  of 
this  genus  chiefly  confine  their  attacks 
to  the  oak  and  other  timber  trees.  The 
species  chiefly  noticeable  by  the  garden- 
er is  the  C.  roscE,  which  causes  the  hairy 
galls  occasionally  observed  upon  rose 
trees. 

CYPRIPEDIUM.  Lady's  slipper. 
Twelve  species,  and  variety.  Chiefly 
hardy  terrestrial  orchids.  Division. 
Sandy  peat. 

An  anonymous  writer  gives  the  fol- 
lowing correct  directions  for  their  culti- 
vation : — 

"  The  sorts  in  general  cultivation 
are,  Cypripedium  venustum  (purple  and 
green) ;  piii'puratum  (purple);  insigne 
(green  and  purple)  ;  humile  (purple  and 
white) ;  guttatum  (yellow) ;  ventricosum 
(dark  purple);  and  our  own  pretty  na- 
tive species,  Calceolus  (yellow). 

«'  or  these  the  three  first  are  from 
warm  latitudes,  and  consequently  re- 
quire the  temperature  of  a  stove  ;  the 
remaining  sorts  come  principally  from 
North  America,  and  are  either  hardy, 
or  require  but  a  moderate  protection 
during  the  winter  and  spring. 

"The  stove  kinds  are  found  to  suc- 
ceed tolerably  well  by  being  potted  in 
Boil  composed  of  rotten  wood,  moss, 
and  a  little  silver  sand;  while  the 
hardier  kinds  thrive  best  when  planted 
in  a  shady  situation  in  sandy  peat. 

"  The  American  varieties  require  a 
protection  of  straw,  or  some  other  ma- 
terial, to  preserve  them  from  the  effects 
of  severe  frosts,  and  to  throw  off  the 
rain  in  wet  seasons. 

"  At  Messrs.  Rollison's,  of  Tooting, 
they  succeed  remarkably  well  in  a  peat 
border  adjoining  the  back  wall  of  a 
heath  house,  being  covered  during  the 
winter  and  spring  months  with  sphag- 
num to  the  depth  of  two  or  three  inches. 
Another  successful  method  of  treating 
them,  is  to  pot  them  in  good  sized  pots, 


in  a  mixture  of  sandy  peat  and  rotten 
saw-dust,  keeping  them  in  a  cool 
green-house  or  frame. 

"  They  are  difficult  of  increase.  They 
may  sometimes  be  propagated  by  divi- 
sion of  the  roots  ;  this,  however,  occurs 
but  rarely.  Occasionally,  in  favourable 
situations,  they  will  perfectseeds  ;  espe- 
cially, if  care  is  taken,  when  the  flowers 
are  in  a  proper  state,  to  apply  the  pollen 
to  the  stigma  with  a  camel  hair  pencil. 

"  As  they  are  plants  which  thrive 
only  in  shady  situations,  where  the 
ravs  of  the  sun  do  not  penetrate  with 
sufficient  power  to  cause  a  spedy  eva- 
poration, but  little  moisture  will  be  ne- 
cessary even  during  the  summer,  parti- 
cularly if  the  soil  be  protected  with  a 
covering  of  moss;  and  during  their  pe- 
riod of  rest  in  the  autumnal  and  winter 
months,  water  may  be  entirely  dispensed 
with." — Gard.  Chron. 

CYRILLA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

CYRTANTHUS.  Nine  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets.    Turfy  loam,  sand  and  peat. 

CYRTOCHILUM.  Four  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Division.  Wood,  with 
moss  on  the  roots. 

CYRTOPERA  Woodfordii.  Stove 
orchid.     Division.     Wood. 

CYRTOPODIUM.  Three  species. 
Stove  orchids.     Division.     Wood. 

CYTISUS.  Forty-one  species,  and 
some  varieties.  Chiefly  hardy  decidu- 
ous shrubs  and  trees,  with  a  few  green- 
house evergreens.  Seeds,  layers,  grafts, 
or  buds      Any  soil  suits  them. 

CZACHIA  liliastrum.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Seeds  or  division. 
Good  rich  loam. 

DACRYDIUM.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat.  *  * 

DACTYLICAPUOS  thalicitrifolia. 
Half-hardy  evergreen  climber.  Seeds. 
Sandy  soil. 

DiEMIA.  Four  species.  Stove  ever- 
green twiners.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

DAFFODIL.  Narcissus  pseudo-nar- 
cissus. 

DAHLIA.  Seven  species.  Tuberous 
perennials.  Cuttings,  division,  and  seed. 
Rich  sandy  loam.  The  two  species 
giving  birth  to  the  numerous  lovely  va- 
rieties of  our  gardens  are  B.  superflua 
and  D.frustanea. 


D  AH 


187 


D  AH 


Varieties. — These  are  numerous  ;    so        Exemia,    Girling,  bright  rose,  very 
much  so  as  in   many  instances  to  baffle    showy  flower. 

Exquisite,  white  rosy  edge. 

Fire    Ball,    Squibb,    vivid    crimson, 
finely  quilled. 

Fire   King,   Schmitz,  bright  scarlet, 
very  large. 

(ilory    of  Plymouth,    Rendle,    white 
tipped  with  purple. 

Golden    Souvenir,    Schmitz,    bright 
yellow,  finely  cupped. 

Grandis,  Marshal,  fine  rose. 

Grand  Bazaar,  Schmitz,  crimson  and 
lilac. 

Granta,  Widnall,  claret  colour,  fine. 

Great    Mogul,  Atwell,  shaded  crim- 
son, fine. 

Henry  Clay,   Schmitz,   dark   claret. 


the  eye,  in  the  attempt  to  discriminate 
between  those  which  bear  distinct 
names.  The  following,  selected  from 
the  catalogue  of  D.  Landreth  &  Fulton, 
Philadelphia,  are  admitted  to  be  among 
the  most  desirable  varieties. 

Admiral  Stoplord,  Trentfield,  dark 
maroon,  fine  form. 

Albion,  Cook,  bronzy  salmon. 

Alexander  the  Grc-.i.  Schmitz,  dark 
crimson. 

Antagonist,  Bragg,  pure  white, 
finely  cupped. 

Apollo,  Schmitz,  golden  yellow, 
cupped  petals. 

Arethusa,  Brown,  violet  purple. 


Argo,   Widnall,  bright  yellow,  good  '  cupped,  fine. 


form. 

Argus,  Schmitz,  primrose  yellow, 
tipped  with  rose. 

Asmodeus,  dark  puce. 

Beauty  of  Chelmslbrd,  white  and  la- 
tender. 

Beauty  of  Philadelphia,  Schmitz,  yel- 
low tipped  with  rose,  fine  form. 

Bedford  Surprise,  rosy  crimson,  very 
fine. 

Beeswing,  Drummond,  crimson. 

Bermondsey  Bee,  purple,  fine  form. 

Bloomsbury,  Lee,  bright  crimson,  su- 
perb form. 

Bridal  Ring,  white  and  lavender. 

Burnham  Hero,  Church,  crimson,  fine 
form. 

Caleb  Cope,  Schmitz,  mottled  rose. 

Cheltenham  Queen,  blush  white. 

Cleopatra,  .-1/we//,  light  yellow. 

Colonel  Baker,  claret,  finely  cupped. 

Competitor,  Hodge,  dark  rose. 

Constantia,  white,  edge  pink. 

Conqueror,  Schmitz,  dark  maroon, 
finely  cupped. 

Dazzle,  dark  scarlet. 

Defiance,  Uorwood,  rosy  crimson. 

Desdemona,  Schmitz,  primrose,  beau- 
tifully cupped. 

Dowager  Lady  Cooper,  peach  blos- 
som, cupped. 

Duchess  of  Richmond,  orange  and 
pink,  fine. 

Duke  of  York,  Jireyraes,  fine  scarlet, 


Emily,   Schmitz,  white   edged    with  j  form,  extra  fine 


Hero  of  Stonehenge,  Whales,  dark 
claret,  very  fine. 

Hero  of  Tip|)ecanoe,  Hancock,  superb 
rose,  finely  cupped. 

Hero  of  the  West,  Schmit z,  rosy  c&t- 
mine,  very  large. 

Hon.  Miss  Abbott,  delicate  lilac. 

Hope,  Neville,  light  rose,  fine  flower. 

Horace  Binney,  Schmitz,  sha.dcd  ma- 
roon, extra  fine. 

Indispensable,  white,  the  best  out. 

Indian  Chief,  Schmitz,  salmon. 

Juliette,  Widnall,  rosy  purple. 

Juno,  Buist,  bronzy  lilac. 

King  of  Lilacs,  very  fine  lilac. 

King  of  Yellows,  Hislop,  light  yel- 
low, very  fine. 

Lady  Antrobus,  white,  purple  edge. 

Lady  Ashburton,  Russell,  h\ush  white, 
edged  with  lilac. 

Lady  Bathurst,  white  laced  with  rose. 

Lady  St.  Maur,  white  tipped  with  pur- 
ple, superb  flower. 

Lady  Sale,  Smith,  yellow  edge  rose. 

La  Tour  de  Auvergne,  orange  scar- 
let, finely  cupped. 

Le  Grand  Baudin,  shaded  crimson, 
fine  form. 

Lord  Morpeth,  puce,  cupped. 

Maid  of  Bath,  Davis,  white,  purple 
edge. 

Majestic,  Widnall,  shaded  rose,  pro- 
fuse. 

Marchioness  of  Exeter,  blush,  superb 


rose. 

Enterprise,  Dodd,  clear  bufi". 

Essex  Triumph,  Turville,  dark  ma- 
roon, fine  form. 

Eugenia,  yellow,  edge  violet. 

Evecque  de  Bayeaus,  Oudtn,  maroon. 


Marchioness  ofOrmonde,  white  tip- 
ped with  purple,  superb. 

Mary  Ann,  Schmitz,  pure  white, 
finely  cupped. 

Marshal  Soult,  lilac  and  red. 

Middlesex  rival,  dark  rose. 


D  AH 


188 


D  AH 


Miranda,  Brown,  blush  white,  tipped 
with  rose. 

Miss  Carpentier,    Schmitz,    mottled 
rose. 

Miss  Percival,  Schmitz,  pure  white. 
Mrs.  nibbert,   Schmitz,    blush  rose, 
cupped  petals. 

Mrs.  Jones,  Buist,  dove  colour. 
Mrs.  Rushton,  Buist,   white    tipped 
with  rose,  fine. 

Mrs.  Shelly,  Mitchell,  rose  and  lilac, 
beautiful  flower. 

Negro,  SchniitZj  dark  maroon. 
Ne    Plus  Ultra,    Widnall,  rich  dark 
purple,  cupped. 

Nigra  et  Alba,  Girling,  white  edged 
with  purple. 

Northern    Beauty,    Robinson,    white 
tipped  with  rose,  superb. 

Nymph,  Schmitz,  yellow  tipped  with 
rose. 

Ophir,    Edwards,   rich    yellow,   fine 
flower. 

Orange  Superb,  orange, finely  cupped. 
Orb,  fFidnaZZ,  scarlet  crimson,  superb. 
Pandora,  Bowman,  crimson,  cupped 
petals. 
Pickwick,  purple,  finely  cupped. 
Pocahontas,  Schmitz,  vermilion,  large 
and  fine. 

Pontiac,  Schmitz,  orange  edged  with 
red,  superb. 

Prince  Albert,  Adams,  light  brown, 
cupped  petals. 

Princess    Royale,    Hudson,    amber 
tipped  with  rose,  fine. 
Punch,  Dodd,  purple. 
Queen,  Widnall,  peach  blossom.' 
Queen  of  Beauty,  Garth,  rich  lilac, 
neat  flower. 

Queen  of  Roses,  superb  rosy  lilac. 
Queen  of  Trumps,  white,  lilac  edge. 
Quilled  Perfection,  very  fine  rose. 
Reine  des  Fees,  Girling,  crimson  and 
white. 

Reliance,  Widnall. 
Rienzi,  Widnall,  crimson  and  puce. 
Rising  Sun,  Widnall,  dark  crimson. 
Roderick,  Schmitz,  rosy  crimson. 
Royal  Standard,  Whales,  rosy  purple, 
finely  cupped. 
Simon  Snyder,ScAmi72r,  large  crimson. 
Sir  E.  Antrobus,  Keynes,  fiery  crim- 
son. 

Sir  F.  Johnston,  Hillier,  rosy  crim- 
son, superb  flower. 

Springfield  Major,  Gaines,  d^rk  crim- 
son, cupped. 

Standard  of  Perfection,  Keynes,  pur- 
ple. 


Striata  Formosissima,  white  striped 
with  rose. 

Sunbury  Hero,  W ilmer, yeUow  tipped 
with  red. 

Sylph,  Widnall,  white  edged  with 
rose. 

Thomas  Clarkson,  Smith,  rosy  pur- 
ple. 

Triumphant,  Schmitz,  white  edged 
with  lilac,  fine. 

Ultimatum,  bright  red. 

Unique,  Ansell,  yellow  tipped  with 
red. 

Victor,  W'^/(?/!7/Z,  yellow,  tipped  crim- 
son. 

Violet  Perfection,  Keynes,  dark  pur- 
ple, fine  flower. 

Washington  Irving,  Schmitz,  light 
purple. 

Westbury  Rival,  IfaZZ,  deep  crimson. 

White  Defiance,  Schmitz,  white, 
cupped  petals. 

Yellow  Victory,  Schmitz,  fine  yellow. 

FANCY,  OR  VARIEGATED  DAHLIAS. 

Alba-purpurea  Supcrba,  Bates,  pur- 
ple tipped  with  white. 

Beauty  of  England,  Girling,  purple 
tipped  with  white. 

Charles  XII.,  Miller,  purple  tipped 
with  white. 

Cinderella,  Dubras,  cherry  tipped 
with  white. 

Donna  Antoni,  Beelius,  rose  tipped 
with  white. 

Eleamc  de  Beaucour,  Girling,  white, 
purple  edge. 

Evecque  de  Tournay,  purple  tipped 
with  white. 

Fairy  Queen,  Keynes,  fawn  tipped 
with  red. 

Harlequin,  Dodd,  white  tipped  with 
bright  scarlet,  splendid  flower. 

Illuminator,  Keynes,  scarlet  edged 
with  white,  fine  fancy  variety. 

Le  Lione,  creamy  white,  edged  with 
scarlet,  fine. 

Madam  Chauvere,  light  rose  tipped 
with  white. 

Madame  Rignou,  crimson,  edged  with 
white. 

Madame  de  Schaunenfeld,  Girling, 
dark  rose  tipped  with  white. 

Madame  Walner,  Girling,  maroon 
tipped  with  white. 

Miss  Funnel,  purple  tipped  with 
white. 

Nihil,  red  tipped  with  white. 

Painted  Lady,  crimson  tipped  with 
white. 


D  AH 


189 


D  A  H 


Silvio,  Bubras,  cherry  red  tipped 
with  white. 

Surprise,  Oakley,  purple,  distinctly 
tipped  with  white. 

Village  Maid,  purple,  tipped  with 
white. 

Viscount  Ressigueur,  Du6?"as,  purple 
tipped  with  white,  large,  full,  superb 
flower. 

"The  dahlia  is  very  variable,  sporting 


roots  dying  during  the  winter  season." 
— Gard.  Chi'on. 

Propagation  by  Division. — "  A  good 
criterion  for  planting  this  root,"  says 
a  writer  in  the  Gard.  Mag.,  "  is  about 
the  time  of  planting  early  potatoes  for 
a  first  crop,  but  no  sooner.  They  grow 
well  in  a  rich  light  soil  of  almost  any 
kind.  In  dividing  the  root,  it  is  ad- 
visable to  leave   at  least  two   eyes  to 


from  its  true   colours,  but  as  often  re-    each  plant,  cutting  through  the  neck  or 
turning  to  them.     Knowing  this,  let  the 
following   facts,  with    regard    to    new 
kinds  of  dahlias,  be  borne  in  mind  be- 
fore   condemning     them     the    second 


year : — 


crown.  Ihe  spring  is  the  most  pre- 
ferable time  for  dividing  them,  al- 
though some  do  it  on  taking  them  up 
in  the  autumn. 

'  Those    who    possess  a   hot-house 


1.  That  the  seedling  plant  is  much  ,  should  put  each  plant  into  a  pot  of  six 
debilitated  by  propagation  ;  and  there-  '  or  eight  inches  in  diameter,  with  some 
fore  the  flowers  are  rarely  as  good  the  j  good  rich  mould,  so  as  the  crown  may 
second  season  as  they  are  the  first  and  just  appear  at  the  top  of  the  pot ;  then 
subsequent  to  the  second.  [  place  them  in  the  green-house,  where 

"2.  That  the  best  flowers  are  ob-  they  will  soon  make  good  plants  :  and 
tained  from  those  plants  struck  from  when  all  danger  from  frost  is  over,  they 
the  first  cuttings  produced  by  the  mo-  may  be  turned  out  into  holes  prepared 
ther-plant,  notwithstanding  that  they  for  them.  In  this  manner,  after  being 
are  seldom  as  strong  as  the  cuttings  so  long  confined,  they  will  grow  most 
that  are  afterwards  produced.  !  luxuriantly. 

"  3.  The  exciting  the  roots  by  means  "  A  common  cucumber-frame  may 
of  a  strong  heat  early  in  the  spring,  and  be  successfully  used  in  this  way." — 
striking   the   young   plants  in  a   strong    Gard.  Mag. 

dung-bed,  tend  to  weaken  the  plants  By  Grafting. — This  is  performed  in 
so  treated  to  such  a  degree  that  they  the  months  of  August,  September,  and 
frequently  require  two  or  three  seasons  October;  and  it  is  an  excellent  practice 
to  recover  and  regain  their  original  cha-    to  avoid  the  chance   of  losing  a   seed- 


racter.  Thus  it  is  found  that  good 
flowers  are  obtained  with  the  least  trou- 
ble from  those  plants  kept  in  pots  the 
first  season  after  striking,  (termed  by 
the  trade  pot-roots,)  planted  out  the 
following  season,  and  allowed  to  start 
of  their  own  accord. 

"  4.  That  in  wet  seasons  manure  is 
frequently  very  injurious  from  its  caus- 
ing the  plant  to  grow  too  luxuriantly, 
and  thus  to  produce  but  tew  flowers  ; 
while  in  very  dry  seasons  it  is  equally 
injurious.  Much  more  depends  on  a 
change  of  soil  than  on  its  composition 
and  quality. 

"  5.  That  water  is  a  point  which  can- 
not be  too  much  attended  to.  A  great 
difference  exists  between  hard  and  soft 
water,  but  still  more  depends  on  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  applied  ;  for  one 
or  two  good  waterings  are  much  better 
than  a  small  quantity  given  three  or 
four  times  a  week. 

"  6.  That  taking  up  the  roots  imme- 
diately after  a  frost  has  destroyed  the 
top,  is  the  principal  cause  of  so  many 


"ng: 


or  new  or  scarce  varieties. 
Fig.  33. 


D  AH 


190 


D  AH 


"  It  is,  moreover,  particularly  appli-  I  themselves.     Plant  in  rows  three  feet; 
cable  to  those  kinds  which  are  horny-  |  two  feet  if  in  the  flower-border.     Plant 


rooted  and  difficult  to  break  ;  or  such  as 
'  Taylor's  Sultana,'  with  long  stringy 
tubers,  which  seldom  live  through  the 
winter;  and  to  others  which  break  late. 
To  all  such  this  mode  is  recommended 


in  the  back  rows.     They  require  to  be 
staked.      Seedlings    thus   treated    will 
blow  in  July,  and  continue  in  perfection 
till  the  autumn." — Hart.  Transac. 
By   cuttings. — "  The  shoots  are  ai- 


with  the  greatest  confidence  of  success,  j  lowed  to  grovv  until  they  have  three 
The  operation  is  exceedingly  simple,  pair  of  leaves,  and  they  are  cut  off  just 
(see  figure  33),  and  may  be  performed  !  under  the  second  pair  and  above  the 
at  any  time  from  January  to  December,  i  lowest  pair.  Where  one  cutting  is 
(provided  you  have  a  good  growing  i  taken  off  plenty  of  others  follow,  and 
heat,)  not  only  with  young  green  shoots, !  these  are  to  be  served  the  same  way. 
but  with  others  more  advanced,  if  not!  There  must  be  care  used  that  the  cut- 
hollow  or  pithy.  The  usual  manner  is'  tings  taken  off  are  from  three  to  four 
to  take  a  scion  with  six  or  eight  leaves,  |  inches  long,  and  that  you  leave  a  pair 
cut  it  smooth  below  the  joint,  take  off  [  of  leaves  below  ;  for  at  every  leaf  there 
one  of  the  lower  leaves  without  injuring  '  is  an  embryo  bud  which  will  form  a 
the  eye,  and  then  cut  away  a  portion  j  shoot,  which  shoot  will  in  turn  yield  a 
(half  or  three-quarters  of  an  inch)  of  the  '  cutting,  and  in  two  other  embryo  buds." 


skin  or  fleshy  part  of  the  wood  between 
each  of  the  lower  eyes 


Glenny:  Gard.  and  Pract.  Flor. 

"  The  cuttings,  when  taken  off,  may 


"  Have  ready  a  good  sound  piece  of  j  be  struck  the  same  as  shoots,  but  they 
tuber  of  the  last  or  present  season  (if  |  do  not  take  root  so  rapidly.  It  must 
ripe),  in  which  make  a  slanting  longi-!  dejiend  on  the  room  you  have  whether 
tudinat  incision  of  one  or  two  inches,  you  will  plant  a  dozen  cuttings  round  a 
according  to  circumstances,  and  about  forty-eight-sized  pot,  or  put  one  cutting 
half  an  inch  wide  at  top,  gradually  t  each  into  twelve  small  ones.  In  one 
tapering  off  to  the  bottom,  and  fix  the  1  case  but  little  room  is  taken  up  while 


scion  firmly  into  it.  The  root  should 
then  be  planted  in  a  pot,  with  the 
grafted  part  just  below  the  mould,  and 
placed  under  a  bell-glass,  or  in  a  warm 
close  frame  ;  but  the  former  is  best. 

"  In  eight  or  ten  days  the  union  will 
be  complete,  and  air  may  be  gradually 
given.  After  a  short  time  you  will  be 
able  to  head  it  down,  either  forcuttings, 
if  in  spring,  or  grafts  for  summer  and 
autumn.  It  is  advisable  to  leave  at  all 
times  four  eyes,  to  ensure  a  vigorous 
growth;  and  also  to  shift  the  plant  into  a 
larger  pot  occasionally." — Gard.  Chron. 

By  Seed. — Mr.  Sabine  gives  the  fol- 
lowing directions : — 

"  Collect  the  seed  in  September  from 


they  are  striking,  and  this  is  often  of 
importance.  When  they  have  struck 
root  they  must  be  potted  singly  into 
sixty-sized  pots,  or  thumb-pots,  kept  in 
heat  a  few  days  to  establish  them,  and 
then  be  replaced  under  some  kind  of 
protection  till  planting  them." — Ibid. 

Propagation  by  eyes. — "  In  cases," 
adds  Mr.  Glenny,  "  where  it  is  of  great 
importance  to  increase  a  plant,  they 
may  be  propagated  by  eyes,  which  will 
double  the  increase.  In  this  case  there 
may  be  half  a  dozen  or  more  plants 
made  out  of  one  shoot,  or  seedling, 
taken  off  properly.  Suppose  there  be 
three  parts  of  leaves  besides  the  end 
joint,  the  end  joint,  which  will  have  two 


„„..„,-■...„- — „...  — , ..  —   J ,  — J ,         -  -- 

dwarf    plants    and    from    semi-double    leaves,  and  the   heart   may  be   cut  off 


flowers,  when  double  varieties  are 
chiefly  desired.  Perhaps  seeds  obtain- 
ed from  those  particular  florets  of  the 
disc  which  have  altered  their  form,  may 
have  a  greater  tendency  than  others  to 
produce  plants  with  double  flowers. 
Sow  in  March,  heat  of  55^  or  65^  ; 
prick  out,  if  necessary,  in  pots,  and 
keep  in  a  moderate  temperature,  say 
60°  or  55",  till  the  end  of  April.    Plant 


close  to  the  under  leaves,  which  may 
be  carefully  removed  ;  and  thus  forms 
a  cutting.  The  stem  left  is  to  be  split 
up,  each  half  having  the  two  or  three 
leaves.  These  are  to  be  cut  close  under 
each  leaf  Half  the  portion  of  split 
stem,  and  the  whole  of  the  leaf,  still 
remain,  and  these  must  be  put  an  inch 
into  the  soil,  each  forty-eiglit-sized  pot 
holding  six,  planted  against  the   sides. 


out  to  remain,  covering  each  plant  at  ,  The  bud  at  the  base  of  each  leaf  will 
night  with  an  empty  pot  for  some  weeks,  }  make  a  plantif  placed  in  a  hot-bed  :  and 
to   avoid   injury  from    spring    frosts  to  i  when   they  have  become   well   rooted 


D  A  H 


191 


D  AH 


they  may  be  placed  in  separate  pots, 
and  kept  growing  in  heat  until  tliey  are 
six  or  eight  inclies  higii,  when  thev  may 
be  taken  into  a  cooler  frame." — Card, 
and  Prart.  Flor. 

Propagation  from  summer  shoots. — 
"  The  most  important  operation  in 
dahlia-growing,"'  concludes  Mr.  (llen- 
ny,  "  is  that  of  securing  an  increase 
from  the    shoots,  which    can  he  taken 


for  it  is  by  these  that  the  strength  of 
the  jihint  gets  exhausted.  By  removing 
all  that  are  too  near  one  to  be  bloomed, 
and  al!  tliose  that  show  imperfections 
enough  to  prevent  them  being  useful, 
much  strength  will  be  gained  by  the 
future  flowers.  So,  also,  by  pulling  off 
the  blooms  themselves,  the  moment 
they  are  past  perfection,  instead  of  let- 
tins  them  seed." — Glenny :   Card,  and 


off  after  the  plants  have  begun  to  grow  '  Pract.  Flor. 
in  the  open  ground.  These  should  be  i  "  Winds  and  sun,"  adds  an  anony- 
Ktruck  in  the  same  way  as  other  cut-  ,  mous  but  correct  writer,  "  are  both 
tings;  but  they  niust  be  selected  care-  detrimental ;  and  the  practice  of  fixing 
fully,  cut  as  others  are  cut,  close  up  to  !  the  blooms  in  the  centre  of  a  flat  board, 
the  under  side  of  a  pair  of  leaves,  and  |  and  covering  them  with  glass  or  flower- 
be  strtick  in  a  hot-bed  iu  full  perfection  |  pots  as  they  may  want  light  or  shade, 


is  becoming  general.     The   more  easy 


of  heat." — Ibid. 

"  The  so(7,"  says  Mr.  Glenny  and  !  way  is  to  use  a  paper-shade  for  any 
other  tirst-rate  authorities,  "  cannot  be  particular  fine  bloom;  for  however  the 
too  fresh  ;  and  of  all  soils  that  which  j  flowers  may  be  coaxed  and  nursed  un- 
produces  good  grass,  as  the  top  spade- [  der  cover,  a  stand  of  blooms  grown 
full  of  a  meadow,  is  the  best.  It  should  finely  and  merely  shaded  from  the  hot- 
have  a  retentive  yet  well-drained  sub- |  test  sun,  will  beat  all  others  in  bril- 
soil,  and  be  kept  well  supplied  with  i  liancy,  and  in  standing  carriage,  and 
moisture,  not    only    by    watering,    but  i  keeping.     It  is  right  to  go  round  the 


frequent  hoeing 


plants,  and,  wherever  there  is  a  pro- 


"  When  the  ground  is  poor,  and  has    raising  bud  or  bloom,  to  take  away  all 


to  be  made  more  fertile,  there  is 
addition  equal  to  the  soil  formed  by 
rotten  turfs  cut  tolerably  thick,  which 
may  be  estimated  at  one-half  loam  and 
half  vegetable  mould;  but  this  should 
be  laid  on  in  abundance,  and  will  be 
farhetterthan  dung  of  any  kind,  .\niong 
the  results  of  planting  the  dahlia  in  soil 
that  is  too  rich,  the  principal  one  is  that 
of  remarkably  vigorous  growth,  with 
little  bloom,  and  that  little  bad."" — Ibid. 
'•  Holes  in  the  situations  where  dah- 
lias are  to  be   planted,"'  says  Mr.  Fin- 


the  leaves  and  shoots  that  threaten  to 
touch  it  as  they  grow  ;  take  oft'  also  the 
adjoining  buds  ;  and  if  the  vveather  be 
windy  make  it  fast  to  a  stick  or  one  of 
the  stakes,  that  it  may  not  be  bruised 
or  frayed  ;  shade  it  from  the  broiling 
sun  ;  and  it  will  so  profit  by  the  air  and 
night-dews,  as  compared  with  the  bloom 
under  pots  and  glasses,  that  if  the 
growth  be  equal,  the  blooming  will  be 
superior.  Nevertheless  people  will 
cover;  and  where  there  is  a  disposition 
to  a   hard  eve,  it  will   hardiv  come  out 


tellmann,  "  are  made  fifteen  inches  in  perfect   unless   it  is  covered.     As   the 

diameter  and   fifteen  inches  in  depth,  end    of  September   approaches,  or   as 

and  filled   with  this   soil  ;   and    in   these  soon  as  you  have  done  with  the  bloom, 

hol(^,  so   filled,  the   young  plants   are  earth  up  the  plants,  that  when  the  frost 


turned  out,  or  the  old  roots  inserted. 
To  retain  the  moisture,  and  protect  the 
root  from  excessive  heat,  the  surface  is 
covered  with  moss. 

"  Liquid  manure  is  applied  two  or 
three  times  in  the  course  of  the  sum- 
mer.'"— Gard.  Mag. 


comes  it  may  not  reach  the  crown." — 
Gard.  and  Pract.  Florist. 

Preserving  the  Roots. — «'  The  plants 
maybe  raised  without  injury,"  says  Dr. 
Lindley,  "immediately  after  the  blooms 
are  cut  off  by  the  frost,  provided  that 
thny  are  hung  up   in  a  dry  and    ordina- 


After-culture. — This  comprises  chief- 1  rily  protected  situation,  with  the  roots 
ly  staking,  hoeing,  protection,  and  |  uppermost,  if  care  is  taken  to  leave  six 
slight  pruning.  j  or  seven  inches  of  the  stem  attached  to 

"Dahlias  should  never  be  pruned  each  tuber;  this  maybe  done  without 
until  the  bloom  buds  show,  and  then  J  the  slightest  fear  of  their  withering 
but  few  branches  should  be  cut  out,  from  liaving  been  lifted  in  a  green  state, 
and  only  such  as  are  growing  across  As  the  winter  advances,  and  the  tubers 
others.     The  buds  should  be   thinned,    become  matured  and  firm,  the  ordinary 


D  AH 


192 


DAM 


modes  of  protection  against  frost  may;  summer    and    autumn,    although    the 
be  resorted  to." — Card.  Chron.  I  blooms  will  not  be  so  fine  upon  plants 

Protector. — The  best  devised  shelter  grown  in  pots  as  upon  those  in  the  open 
from  the  sun  for  the  Dahlia  is  drawn  ;  border.  After  flowering,  cut  the  tops 
and  thus  described  in  the  Gard.  Chron.  oft",  and  place  the  pots  containing  the 
.        -      .   .  roots  in   a  dry  cellar,  or  other  place, 

where  they  will   be   secure   from  frost 


This  protector   is  made  of  wicker- 
work,  and  consists  of  an  inverted  shal- 
low basket ;  to  which  is  attached  a  tube  I  during  the  winter.    Young  plants  struck 
made    of  the   same    material,  through ,  from    cuttings   flower   much    better  in 
which  the  dahlia  stick  is  passed  ;  and  a  j  pots  than  the  old  roots." — Gard.  Chron. 


peg  being  inserted  between  the  stick  ' 
and  the  tube,  it  is  firmly  secured  at  any 
height  required.  It  measures  twelve 
inches  in  diameter,  in  the  widest  part, 
and  is  three  and  a  half  in  depth.  From 
its  being  made  of  so  light  a  material, 
and  from  its  simplicity  of  construction. 


Exhibiting  Stand. — Dr.  Lindley  says, 
"  The  dimensions  of  a  Dahlia  stand  for 
twelve  blooms  should  be  twenty-two 
inches  long  by  sixteen  and  a  half  wide, 
four  in  depth,  and  five  and  a  quarter 
from  tube  to  tube  :  sixteen  and  a  half 
bv  eleven   and    a  quarter  will    be  the 


it  is  not  easily  displaced  or  put  out  of  j  proportion  for  a  stand  of  six.  The  sur- 
order,  and  the  flower  not  being  confined  face  of  stands  is  generally  painted  a 
within  anything,  is  less  liable  to  be  '  light  green  ;  a  colour  which  shows  the 
damaged  by  coming  in  contact  with  any  '  flowers  off  to  the  greatest  advantage." 
substance  that  would  injure  the  petals.    — Gard.  Chron. 

It  requires  to  be  painted  to  preserve  it;  DAISY ,  (Bellis  perennis.)  There  are 
from  decay,  and  if  the  outside  be  made  many  double  varieties  of  this  hardy  pe- 
green,  and  the  inside  white,  the  appear-  rennial ;  some  white,  others  crimson, 
ance  of  them  would  not  be  disagree-  and  many  variegated.  A  more  curious 
able,    and    the    insects   lurking   inside    variety  is  the  proliferous  or  Hen  and 


would  be  easily  perceived. 


Chicken  Daisy.     They  all  will  flourish 


Forcing. — "  The  Dahlia  may  be  ad-  in  any  moist  soil,  and  almost  in  any 
vantageously  forced  by  potting  the  roots  situation.  They  bloom  from  April  to 
in  February,  and  letting  them  remain  June.  Propagated  by  slips,  the  smallest 
in  frames  till  June  ;  when  they  will  be-  fragment  ol'  root,  almost,  enables  them 
gin  to  flower,  and  may  be  turned  out  to  grow.  To  keep  them  double  and 
into  the  open  border." — Gard.  Mag.         fine,  they  require  moving  occasionally. 

"To  grow  Dahlias  in. pots,"  says  Dr.  Planted  as  an  edging  round  the  Ranun- 
Lindley,  "  you  must  select  the  dwarfer  cuius  bed,  their  roots  tempt  the  Wire- 
and  more  freely  flowering  kinds,  the  ;  worm  from  those  of  the  choicer  flower, 
taller  ones  being  totally  unsuited  for;  DALBEPiGIA.  Nineteen  species, 
that  purpose.  After  they  are  started,  Stove  evergreen  trees  and  climbers, 
and  when  the  shoots  are  about  three  or  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
four  inches  long,  pot  them  singly  into  !  DALEA.  Fifteen  species,  including 
small  sixties  in  any  light  rich  soil ;  wa-  hardy,  stove,  and  green-house  annuals 
ter  them  freely,  and  place  them  in  a  and  perennials.  The  latter  by  cuttings, 
hot-bed,  keeping  them  close  for  a  day  and  the  annuals  by  seed,  in  a  frame,  to 
or  two,  and  shading  them  during  sun- ;  transplant  to  borders.  Loam  and  peat, 
shine.  They  will, ifproperlyattended  to,  i  DALECHAMPIA.  Three  species, 
be  rooted  in  about  ten  days,  and  should  Stove  evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings, 
then  be  removed  to  a  much  cooler  place.    Loam  and  peat. 


and  have  plenty  of  air.    When  establish- 
ed, shift  them  into  larger  pots,  and  final-   herbaceous 
ly,  before   placing  them  out  of  doors,    soi 
repot  them, either  into  twelvesoreights, 
according  to  the  size  of  your  plants. 
"  Top  the  leading    shoots    to   make 


D ALIBARDA violaoides.  Half-hardy 
Division.     Common  light 

See 


DAMASCENE    or    DAMSON. 
Pluvi. 

DAMASONIUM.  Two  species.  Ten 


them  bushy;  and  when  the  danger  of '  der  aquatics.  Division, 
frost  is  over,  they  may  be  plunged  in  DAMMARA.  Dammar  pine  tree, 
the  open  border,  which  saves  mucii  la-  Two  species.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam, 
bour  in  watering;  but  even  then  they  DAMPIERA.  Two  species.  Green- 
must  be  watered  copiously  in  dry  wea-  house  herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
ther.     They  will  flower  freely  all  the  ,  loam. 


DAN 


193 


DEC 


DAMPING  OFF  is  a  name  applied 
by  gardeners  to  an  ulceration  of  the 
stems  of  seedlings,  and  other  ten- 
der plants.  This  ulceration  arises 
from  the  soil  and  air  in  which  they  are 
vegetating  being  kept  too  moist  or 
damp.  Flower  seedlings  are  especially 
liable  to  be  thus  affected;  and,  to  pre- 
vent this,  one-third  of  the  depth  of  the 
pot  should  be  filled  with  small  pebbles, 
and  the  soil  employed,  instead  of  being 
sifted,  allowed  to  retain  all  moderately 
sized  stones.  The  seeds  should  be 
sown  very  thinly,  pressed  down,  and  a 
little  earth  scattered  over  them.  INIr. 
Ayres  has  well  suggested  that  a  little 
white  sand  be  sprinkled  over  the  sur- 
face, because  this  is  not  easily  disturbed 
by  watering,  and  is  not  a  medium  that 
retains  moisture  to  the  neck  of  the 
seedlings,  where  dampness  most  affects 
them.  He  adds,  that  a  pot  of  sand 
should  be  kept  hot  upon  a  flue,  and 
whenever  symptoms  of  the  disease  ap- 
pear, a  little,  whilst  hot,  sprinkled  on 
the  soil. 

DAN/EA  alata.  Stove  fern.  Divi- 
sion.    Peat  and  loam. 

D.\NCING-GIRLS.  Mantisia  sana- 
toria. 

DAPHNE.  Twenty-four  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  or  green-house  evergreen 
shrubs,  except  Z). //n?/oZ/(j,  which  is  a 
stove  evergreen.  Grafts  on  the  Spurge 
Laurel.     {D.  laureola.)     Peat. 

DARLINGTONIA.  Two  species. 
Half-hardy  herbaceous.  Division  or 
cuttings.     Peat  and  sand. 

DATE-PALM.     I'lurnix. 

DATE-PLUM.     Diospyros. 

DATISCA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Common  soil. 

DATURA.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

DAUBENTONIA.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

DAUBE.N'YA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house bulbs.  Offsets.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

DAUCUS.     See  Carrot. 

DAVALLIA.  Seven  species.  Green- 
house ferns.  Division  or  seed.  Peat 
and  loam. 

DAY  I  ESI  A.  Eighteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

DAY  LILY.     Ilemerorallis. 

DECEMBER  is  a  month  in  which  the 
gardener  is  preparing  chietlv  for  future 
13 


events — storing  his  edible  roots — pro- 
tecting his  tender  plants,  and  wheeling 
on  stable  manure  to  vacant  ground. 

The  following  work  requires  attend- 
ing to : 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Artichokes,  dress. — Asparagus  beds, 
dress,  b. ;  plant  to  force  ;  attend  that 
in  forcing. — Carrots,  dig  up  and  store, 
b. — Cauliflowers,  in  frame,  &c.,  attend 
to. — Composts,  prepare  and  turn  over. 
— Dung,  prepare  for  hot-beds. — Earth- 
ing-up,  attend  to. — Hot-beds,  attend  to. 
— Kidney  Beans,  force,  e. — Leaves, 
fallen,  remove. — Lettuces,  plant  in  hot- 
beds ;  attend  to  those  advancing. — 
Mint,  force. — Mushroom-beds,  make  ; 
attend  those  in  production. — Parsnips, 
dig  up  and  store,  b. — Radishes,  sow,  b. 
— Small  Salading,  sow  in  frames,  &c. 
— Spinach,  clear  of  weeds. — Tansy, 
force.  —  Tarragon,  force.  —  Trench, 
drain,  S:c.,  vacant  ground. 

ORCHARD. 

Apples,  prune  ;  plant.  —  Apricots, 
prune;  plant. — Cherries,  pranc  ;  plant. 
— Composts  and  fresh  earth  apply  to 
poor  or  old  borders. — Currants,  prune  ; 
plant. — Figs,  plant;  protect  from  frost. 
— Fork  over  and  dress  the  compart- 
ments generally. — Gooseberries,  prune  ; 
plant.  —  Mulch  round  the  roots  and 
stems  of  trees  newly  planted,  to  e.\- 
clu.de  frost. — Nectarines,  prune;  plant. 
— Pears,  prune;  plant.' —  Peaches, 
prune;  plant. — Plant  all  kinds  of  trees 
in  mild  weather. — P/«;ns,  prune;  plant. 
— Pruning  may  be  continued  generally. 
(See  November.) — Raspberries,  prune  ; 
plant. — Trench  and  manure  ground  for 
planting. — Stake  lirmly  trees  newly 
planted. — Standards,  prune  generally. 
— Suckets,  clear  away  ;  plant  for  stocks. 
— Vines,  prune  ;  but  last  month  is  to  be 
preferred  for  this  operation,  if  the  foli- 
age had  completely  decayed. 

FLOW'ER   GARDEN. 

Anemones,  defend  in  bad  weather; 
plant  if  mild. — Auriculas,  defend  in  in- 
clement weather. — Bulbs  omitted  may 
be  planted  if  the  weather  be  mild. 
(See  November.) — Carnations,  defend 
in  inclement  weathcr.^Co/npos/s,  pre- 
pare.— Dig  over  borders  and  dress  all 
quarters  generally. — Edgings,  plant. — 
Fibrous-roofed  Perennials  and  Biennials 
divide  and  plant. — Flou-crs  (choice), 
defend  generally  from  inclement  wea- 
ther. —  Crass,    roll    occasionally,    if 


DEC 


194 


DEF 


■winter  be  mild. —  Gravel,  roll  and 
keep  orderly. — Hedges,  plant  and  plash. 
— Hyacinths,  defend  in  inclement  wea- 
ther.— Leaves,  collect  for  composts. 
— Mulch  round  the  roots  and  stems  of 
shrubs  newly  phinted. — Plant  shruhs  of 
all  kinds. — Potted  Plants,  protect  in 
deep  frames,  &c.  ;  place  in  hot-house 
for  forcing. — Prune  all  shrubs  requiring 
regulation. — Ranunculuses,  defend  in 
bad  weather;  plant  if  mild. — Seedlings 
of  all  kinds  require  protection. — Stake 
shrubs  newly  planted,  and  any  others 
requiring  support. — Suckers  may  be 
planted  as  removed  during  the  winter 
dressing. — Tulips,  defend  in  bad  wea- 
ther.— Turfs  may  be  laid  in  open  wea- 
ther.—  Water  in  glasses,  change  week- 
ly; add  a  few  grains  of  salt  or  five 
drops  of  spirits  of  hartshorn. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  as  the  season  will 
admit. — Bark-beds,  keep  in  operation. 
— Bulbs,  in  pots,  introduce. — Cucum- 
bers, sow  in  pots,  and  plunge  in  bark- 
bed. — Flowering  Plants,  as  Pinks,  &c., 
introduce  in  pots. — Glasses  must  now 
all  be  put  in,  for  forcing  commences  in 
earnest ;  cover  during  severe  frost. — 
Kidney  Beans  (Dwarf),  sown  in  boxes, 
&c.,  introduce. — Peaches,  day  temp. 
553  ;  keep  air  moist. — Pines,  water  oc- 
casionally; attend  strictly  to  the  bot- 
tom heat. — Roses  in  pots,  introduce. — 
Strawberries  in  pots,  introduce. — Tem- 
perature, may  decline  15^  or  20^  at 
night;  day  temp,  for  flowering  plants 
GO*-". — Vines  in  pots  may  be  introduced  ; 
or  planted  in  Hot-house;  stems  out- 
side bind  round  thickly  with  hay-bands, 
&c. —  Water  is  required  in  small  quan- 
tities; keep  it  in  the  house. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  as  freely  as  possible ; 
cause  the  best  draught  vou  can. — Com- 
post, prepare. — Earth  of  pots,  stir  when 
crusted. — Foggy  air  e.xclude,  for  damp 
renders  cold  injurious.  —  Glass,  cover 
with  mats,  &c.,  during  severe  frost. — 
Leaves,  clean  ;  remove  decayed. — Peat 
Soil,  collect. — Temperature,  sustain  as 
required  by  lightijig  fires;  day  maxi- 
mum, 45o  ;  night  minimum,  35o. —  Wa- 
ter sparingly. 

DPXEMBER  MOTH.  See  Pcecil- 
ocampa. 

DECIDUOUS  CYPRESS.  Taxodium 
distichum. 


DECIDUOUS  PLANTS  are  those 
which  shed  all  their  leaves  at  one  time 
annually.  In  this  country  the  fall  of 
the  leaf  is  during  the  autumn.  In  the 
East  Indies  it  is  during  the  hottest  and 
driest  months. 

DECODONS  verticillatus.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Common    soil. 

DECUMARIA.  Three  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  twiners.  Layers  and 
cuttings.     Common  soil. 

DEFORMITY.  The  leaves  of  plants 
frequently  assume  an  unnatural  form  on 
account  of  their  being  wounded  by  in- 
sects. Keith,  in  his  Physiology  of 
Plants,  thus  enumerates  some  of  the 
most  customary  : — 

"  The  leaves  of  the  apricot,  peach 
and  nectarine  are  extremely  liable  to 
be  thus  affected  in  the  months  of  June 
and  July.  The  leaf  that  has  been  punc- 
tured soon  begins  to  assume  a  rough 
and  wrinkled  ligure,  and  a  reddish  and 
scrofulous  appearance,  [)articular!y  on 
the  upper  surface  ;  the  margins  roll 
inwards  on  the  under  side,  and  inclose 
the  eggs,  which  are  scattered  irregu- 
larly on  the  surface,  giving  it  a  blackish 
and  granular  appearance,  but  without 
materially  injuring  its  health. 

"  In  the  vine  the  substance  deposited 
on  the  leaf  is  whitish,  giving  the  under 
surface  a  sort  of  frosted  appearance,  but 
not  occasioning  the  red  and  scrofulous 
aspect  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf 
of  the  nectarine. 

"  In  the  poplar  the  eggs,  when  first 
deposited,  resemble  a  numbar  of  small 
and  hoary  vesicles,  containing  a  sort  of 
clear  and  colourless  fluid.  The  leaf 
then  becomes  reflected  and  condupli- 
cate,  inclosing  the  eggs,  with  a  few 
reddish  protuberances  on  the  upper  sur- 
face. The  embryo  is  nourished  by  this 
fluid,  and  the  hoariness  is  converted 
into  a  fine  cottony  down,  which  for 
some  time  envelops  the  young  fly. 

"  The  leaf  of  the  lime-tree,  in  par- 
ticular, is  liable  to  attacks  from  insects 
when  fully  expanded  ;  and  hence  the 
gnawed  appearance  it  so  often  exhibits. 
The  injury  seems  to  be  occasioned  by 
some  species  of  puceron  depositing  its 
eggs  in  the  parenchyma,  generally 
about  the  angles  that  branch  ofl'  from 
the  midrib.  A  sort  of  down  is  pro- 
duced, at  first  green  and  afterwards 
hoary,  sometimes  in  patches,  and  some- 
times pervading  the  whole  leaf,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  vine.    Under  this  cover- 


DEG 


195 


D  ES 


ing  the  egg  is  hatched;   and  then  the  j  racy.     A  species  never  degenerates  ;  its 


young  insect  gnaws  and  injures  the  I 
leaf,  leaving  a  hole  or  scar  of  a  burnt  or 
singed  appearance. 

"  Sometimes  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaf  is  covered  with   clusters  of  wart- 


seed  may  be  hybridized  ;  but  the  seed- 
lings are  not  degenerate  —  they  are 
varieties.  But  varieties  do  degenerate: 
Brussels  sprouts  grown  at  Malines  give 
birth  to  seeds  that  yield  seedlings  quite 


like  substances.     They  seem  to  be  oc- j  degenerated  ;  but  those  seedlings,  re- 
casioned  by  means  of  a  puncture  made  !  turned  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Brussels, 


on  the  under  surface,  in  which  a  num 
ber  of  openings  are  discoverable,  pene- 
trating into  the  warts,  which  are  hollow 
and  villous  within." 

For  these  the  only  remedy  is  to  re- 
move the  insects  with  the  least  possible 
delay;  and,  if  the  injury  is  extensive, 
adding  water  and  liquid  manure  to  the 
roots  rather  more  freely,  to  promote  a 
fresh  and  larger  development  of  the 
leaves. 

Deformities  of  the  stems  of  trees  and 
shrubs  arise  from  another  cause — from 
the  extension  of  the  woody  fibre  being 
greater  and  longer  continued  on  one 
side,  it  frequently  becomes  contorted. 
Gardeners  usually  endeavour  to  remedy 
this  by  making  an  incision  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  curvature,  and  then  employ- 
ing force  to  restore  it  to  a  rectilinear 
form,  causing  a  gaping  wound,  and 
mostly  failing  to  attain  the  object.  If 
the  incision  be  made  on  the  outer  side 
of  the   curve,  thus  dividing  the  woody 


yield,  after  two  or  three  generations, 
plants  that  arc  true  Brussels  sprouts. 

Many  varieties  of  wheat,  excellent 
when  cultivated  in  one  locality,  yield 
seed  that  produces  a  different  and  in- 
ferior sample  in  another  locality,  differ- 
ing in  soil  and  annual  meteorological 
phenomena. 

DELIMA.  Two  species.  Stove  ever- 
green climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

DELPHINIUM.  Larkspur.  Fifly- 
three  species,  and  many  varieties. — 
Hardy  perennials  and  annuals.  Divi- 
sion or  seed.     Common  soil. 

DENDROBIUM.  Fifty-seven  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.    Division.    Turfy  peat. 

DEXDROMECON  rigidum.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrub.  Seed.  Com- 
mon soil. 

DENTARIA.  Thirteen  species. 
Hardy  tubers.  Division  or  seed.  Sandy 
moist  shaded  soil. 

DESIGN.     "  Consult  the   genius    of 


fibres  that   continue   to  elongate  most   the  place"  before  you  determine  upon 


rapidly,  the  branch  or  stem,  with  but 
slight  assistance,  will  recover  its  due 
form,  and  there  will  be  no  open  wound. 
"  From  the  fact  that  there  is  invari- 
ably more  woody  matter  deposited  on 
the  side  of  a  stem  or  branch  which  is 
most  exposed  to  the  air  and  light,  gar- 
deners   have   explained    to    them    why 


your  design,  is  sound  advice  ;  for 
gardening, as  in  all  the  line  arts,  nothing 
is  pleasing  that  is  inappropriate.  Mr. 
Whateley,  our  best  authority  on  such 
subjects,  truly  says, — 

"  A  plain  simple  field,  unadorned 
but  with  the  common  rural  appendages, 
is  an    agreeable   opening  ;    but    if  it  is 


those  sides  of  their  trained  trees  which  \  extremely  small,  neithera  haystack,  nor 


are  nearest  the  wall  ripen,  as  they  term 
it,  most  slowly,  and  are  benefitted  by 
being  loosened  from  the  wall  so  soon  as 
they  are  relieved  from  their  fruit. 

"  If  they  require  any  demonstration 
that  this   explanation    is  correct,  they 


a  cottage,  nor  a  stile,  nor  a  path,  nor 
much  less  all  of  them  together,  will 
give  it  an  air  of  reality.  A  harbour,  on 
an  artificial  lake,  is  but  a  conceit ;  it 
raises  no  idea  of  refuge  or  security,  for 
the  lake  docs    not  suggest  an  idea  of 


need  only  examine  the  trees  in  clumps    danger  :   it  is  detached  from  the  large 


and  avenues:  their  external  sides  w 
be  found  to  enlarge  much  more  rapidly 
than  their  internal  or  most  shaded 
sides." — Principles  of  Gard. 

DEGENERATE.     A  plant  is  said  to 
have  degenerated,  or  to  be  not  of  true 


body  of  water,  and  yet  is  in  itself  but  a 
poor  inconsiderable  basin,  vainly  affect- 
ing to  mimic  the  majesty  of  the  sea. 

"  When  imitative  characters  in  gar- 
dening are  egregiously  defective  in  any 
material  circumstance,  the  truth  of  the 


stock,  when  it  arises  from  seed  without'  others  exposes  and  aggravates  the  fail- 
the  good  characteristics  of  the  parent,  ure.  But  the  art  of  gardening  aspires 
III  cultivation  may  render  a  plant  of  [  to  more  than  imitation  ;  it  can  create 
altered  stature,  and  its  produce  of  defi- i  original  characters,  and  give  expres- 
cient  flavour;  but  this   is  not  degene-   sions  to  the  several  scenes  superior  to 


DES 


196 


DIB 


any  they  can  receive  from  illusions. 
Certain  properties,  and  certain  disposi- 
tions of  the  objects  of  nature,  are  adapt- 
ed to  excite  particular  ideas  and  sen- 
sations. Many  of  them  have  been  occa- 
sionally mentioned,  and  all  are  very 
well  known  :  they  require  no  discern- 
ment,  examination,  or  discussion,  but 


monument  revives  the  memory  of  for- 
mer times,  we  do  not  stop  at  the  sim- 
ple fact  which  it  records,  but  recol- 
lect many  more  coeval  circumstances, 
which  we  see,  not  perhaps  as  they 
were,  but  as  they  have  come  down  to 
us — venerable  with  age,  and  magnified 
by  fame.     Even  without  the  assistance 


are  obvious  at  a  glance,  and  instanta-  of  buildings,  or  other  adventitious  cir- 
iieously  distinguished  by  our  feelings,  cumstances,  nature  alone  furnishes 
Beauty  alone  is  not  so  engaging  as  this  j  materials  for  scenes  which  may 'be 
species  of  character;  the    impressions  i  adapted  to  almost    every   kind   of  ex- 


it makes  are  more  transient  and  less  in 
leresting  ;  for  it  aims  only  at  delighting 
the  eye,  but  the  other  affects  our  sensi- 
bility. An  assemblage  of  the  most  ele- 
gant forms,  in  the  happiest  situations, 
is  to  a  degree  indiscriminate,  if  they 
liave  not  been  selected  and  arranged 
with  a  design  to  produce  certain  ex- 
pressions; an  air  of  magnificence  or  of 
simplicity,  of  cheerfulness,  tranquillity, 
or  some  other  general  character,  ought 
to  pervade  the  whole  ;  and  objects 
pleasing  in  themselves,  if  they  contra- 
dict that  character,  should  therefore  be 
excluded.  Those  which  are  only  in- 
difi^erent  must  sometimes  make  room 
for  such  as  are  more  significant — may 
occasionally  be  recommended  by  it. 
Barrenness  itself  may  be  an  acceptable 
circumstance  in  a  spot  dedicated  to  soli- 
tude and  melancholy. 

"  The  power  of  such  characters  is 
not  confined  to  the  ideas  which  the  ob- 
jects immediately  suggest;  for  these 
are  connected  with  others  which  in- 
sensibly lead  to  subjects  far  distant 
perhaps  from  the  original  thought,  and 
related  to  it  only  by  a  similitude  in  the 
sensations  they  excite.  In  a  prospect 
enriched  and  enlivened  with  inhabit- 
ants and  cultivation,  the  attention  is 
caught  at  first  by  the  circumstances 
which  are  gayest  in  their  season — the 
bloom  of  an  orchard,  the  festivity  of  a 
liay-field,  and  the  carols  of  harvest- 
liome;  but  the  cheerfulness  which  these 
infuse  into  the  mind  expands  afterwards 
to  other  objects  than  those  immediately 
presented  to  the  eye  ;  and  we  are  there- 
by disposed  to  receive,  and  delighted 
to  pursue,  a  variety  of  pleasing  ideas, 
and  every  benevolent  feeling.  At  the 
sight   of   a    ruin,    reflections     on     the 


pression  ;  their  operation  is  general, 
and  their  consequences  infinite.  The 
mind  is  elevated,  depressed,  or  com- 
posed, as  gaiety,  gloom,  or  tranquillity 
prevail  in  the  scene;  and  we  soon  lose 
sight  of  the  means  by  which  the  cha- 
racter is  formed.  We  forget  the  par- 
ticular objects  it  presents  ;  and  giving 
way  to  their  eflfects  without  recurring 
to  the  cause,  we  follow  the  track  they 
have  begun  to  any  extent  which  the 
disposition  they  accord  with  will  al- 
low."— Whateley. 

DESMANTHUS.  Five  species.— 
Stove  aquatics  and  evergreens.  The 
former  by  seeds  in  water ;  the  latter  by 
cuttings  in  peat  and  loam. 

DESMOCHCETA.  Eight  species.— 
Stove  and  green-house  evergreens,  and 
herbaceous.  Seeds,  division  or  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

DESMODIUM.  Thirty-two  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreens,  but  a  few 
hardy  and  herbaceous.  Cuttings. — 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

DESMONCHUS.  Four  species. 
Stove  palms.     Seed.     Sandy  peat. 

DEUTZIA  scabra.  Hardy  decidu- 
ous shrub.  Layers  and  cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil.  D.  corymbosa  is  a  hardy 
evergreen  shrub,  similarly  propagated. 

DEVONSHIRING.  See  Paring  and 
Burning. 

DEWBERRY.     Rubus  casius. 

DIANELLA.  Nine  species.  Green- 
house tubers.  Division  and  seed. — 
Loam  and  peat. 

DIANTHUS.  One  hundred  species, 
and  very  many  varieties.  Chiefly 
hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and  pipings. 
Rich  light  loam.  See  Carnation  and 
Pink. 

DIAPENSIA   lapponica.     Hardy 


change,  the  decay,  and  the  ^flesolation  i  herbaceous.     Division  and  seed.     Peat, 
before  us    naturally  occur  ;    and    they        DIBBER,  or  DIBBLE.     This  instru- 


introduce  a  long  succession  of  others, 
all  tinctured  with  that  melancholy 
which  these  have  inspired.     Or,  if  the 


ment  for  making  holes  in  which  to  in- 
sert seeds  or  plants,  is  usually  very 
simple  in  its  construction,  being  at  the 


i 


Die 


197 


DI  G 


best  the  head  of  an  old  spade-handle.  |  Stove  fern.     Seed  and  division.     Sandy 


To  secure  uniformity  of  depth  in  plant- i  loam  and  leaf-mould, 
ing  beans,  &c.,  by  tliis  instrument,  it  is  |      DIELYTRA.     Nine  species, 
useful  to  have  it  perforated  with  lioles  j  herbaceous.     Division   or  seed. 
to  receive  an  iron  peg,  at  two  and  three    light  loam 
inches  from  the  point,  as  in  the  follow- 
ing   outline.      Fig.   31.      It  should    be 


Hardy 
Rich 


Fig.  34. 


shod  with  iron ;  for  if  this  be  kept 
bright  it  will  make  holes  into  which 
the  soil  will  not  crumble  from  the  sides. 
The  crumbling  is  induced  by  the  soil's 
adhesion  to  the  dibble.  For  planting 
potatoes,  a  dibble  with  a  head  three 
inches  diameter  at  the  point,  six  inches 
long  up  to  the  foot-rest,  and  with  a 
handle  four  feet  long,  is  to  be  prefer- 
red. For  the  insertion  of  seed  a  dib- 
ble that  delivers  the  seed  has  been  in- 
vented by  a  Mr.  Smith. 

DICERMA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

DICHILUS  lebeckioides.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. — 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

DiCHORIZANDRA.  Five  species. 
Stove  herbaceous.  Division  or  seed. 
Common  soil. 

bifida.       Green-house 
Cuttings.     Peat  and 


DICHOSMA 
evergreen  shrub, 
sand. 

DICKSONIA. 


Seven  species.    Stove 


DIERVILLA  lutea. 
ous  shrub.     Suckers. 
DIETES.      Three 


Hardy   decidu- 
Common  soil. 

Half- 


species. 


ferns.  Division  and  seed.  Loam  and 
peat. 

DICLIPTERA.  Eleven  species.— 
Chietiy  stove  evergreen  shrubs,  but 
two  are  annuals.  The  latter  are  raised 
from  seed ;  the  others  from  cuttings. 
Light  soil,  with  a  little  peat. 

DICRYPTA.  Four  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Offsets.  Peat  and  pot- 
Bherds. 

DICTAMNUS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed.  Common 
soil. 


hardy  herbaceous.  Suckers  or  seed. 
Light  loam. 

DIGGING  is  an  operation  performed 
with  the  spade  or  Ibrk,  having  for  its 
object  a  loosening  of  the  soil  so  as  to 
render  it  more  fit  for  the  reception  of 
seeds  or  plants.  For  its  correct  per- 
formance Mawc  and  Abercrombie  give 
these  directions: — 

"  Begin  at  one  end  of  the  piece  of 
ground,  and  with  your  spade  open  a 
trench  quite  across,  one  good  spade 
wide  and  one  deep,  carrying  the  earth 
to  the  end  or  place  where  you  finish  ; 
then,  keeping  your  face  to  the  opening, 
proceed  to  dig,  one  spade  deep,  regular- 
ly from  one  side  of  the  piece  to  the 
other,  turning  the  spits  neatly  into  the 
trench,  and  the  next  course  against 
these;  and  so  keep  digging  straight 
back,  spit  and  spit,  still  preserving  an 
open  trench,  a  good  spade  width  and 
depth,  between  the  dug  and  undug 
ground,  that  you  may  have  full  room  to 
give  every  spit  a  clean  turn,  taking  all 
the  spits  perpendicularly, and  not  taking 
too  much  before  the  spade,  especially 
in  stiff  land,  or  where  the  surface  is  full 
of  weeds,  or  is  much  dunged;  so  giving 
every  spit  a  clean  turn,  the  top  to  the 
bottom  and  the  bottom  to  the  top,  that 
the  weeds  or  dung  on  the  surface  may  be 
buried  a  due  depth,  and  that  the  clean 
fresh  earth  may  be  turned  up. 

"As  you  proceed  break  all  large 
clods,  and  preserve  an  even  surface, 
carrying  both  sides  and  middle  on 
equally,  unless  one  side  shall  be  hollow; 
then  carry  on  the  hollow  side  lirst  in  a 
kind  of  gradual  sweep,  inclining  the 
spits  of  earth  rather  that  way,  which 
will  gradually  raise  that  side  and  reduce 
the  high  one,  observing  the  same  if  both 
sides  are  high  and  the  middle  hollow, 
or  both  sides  hollow  and  the  middle 
high,  always  keeping  the  lower  ground 
advancing  gradually  before  the  higher; 
by  which  you  will  always  maintain  a 
uniform  level,  whether  horizontal  or 
declining. 

"  The  same  should  also  be  observed 


DIDYMOCHL.ENA   pulcherrima. —  1  in  beginning  to  dig  any  piece  of  ground, 


DIG 


198 


DIG 


that  if  one  corner  is  much  lower  than  required  to  reduce  ice  or  snow  from  the 
another,  carry  on  the  lower  part  some-  solid  to  the  fluid  state.  A  pound  of 
what  first,  in  a  kind  of  easy  sweep  or  snow  newly  fallen  requires  an  equal 
slanting  direction,  as  far  as  necessary,  weight  of  water,  heated  to  172°,  to  melt 
Likewise,  in  finishing  any  pieces  of  dig-  it,  and  then  the  dissolved  mixture  is  only 
ging,  gradually  round  upon  the  lower  of  the  temperature  of  32^.  Ice  requires 
side  so  as  to  finish  at  the  highest  corner;  the  water  to  he  a  few  degrees  \^  armer, 
and  having  digged  to  the  end,  or  that  to  produce  the  same  result.  When  ice 
part  of  any  piece  of  ground  where  you  or  snow  is  allowed  to  remain  on  the 
intend  to  finish,  then  use  tiie  earth  dig-  surface,  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary 
ged  out  of  the  first  trench  to  make  good  to  reduce  it  to  a  fluid  state  is  obtained 
the  last  opening  equal  with  the  other  chiefly  from  the  atmosphere;  but  when 
ground.  In  plain  digging  dunged  buried  so  that  the  atmospheric  heat  can- 
ground,  if  the  dung  is  quite  rotten,  you  not  act  directly  upon  it,  the  thawing 
may  dig  clean  through,  giving  each  spit  must  be  very  slowly  effected,  by  the 
a  clean  turn  to  bury  the  dung  in  the  |  abstraction  of  heat  from  the  soil  by 
bottom  of  the  trench ;  but  if  you  cannot  which  the  frozen  mass  is  surrounded, 
readily  dg  this,  trim  the  dung  a  spade's  I  Instances  have  occurred  of  frozen  soil 
width  at  a  time  into  the  furrow  or  open  not  being  completely  thawed  at  mid- 
trench,  and  so  dig  the  ground  upon  it,  summer;  when  so,  the  air,  which  fills 
which  is  rather  the  most  effectual  tiie  interstices  of  the  soil,  will  be  con- 
method,  whether  rotten  or  long  fresh  ;  tinually  undergoing  condensation  as  it 
dung.  comes  in  contact  with  the  cold  portions; 

"  In  the  course  of  digging  all  weeds  i  and,  accordingly,  the  latter  will  be  in  a 
that  are  perennial  should  be  carefully  !  very  saturated  condition  even  after  they 
picked  out,  particularly  couch-grass  and    have  become  thawed. —  Card.  Chron. 


bear-bind  ;  for  the  least  bit  of  either 
will  grow.  But  annual  weeds,  ground- 
sel, and  the  like,  should  be  turned  down 
to  the  bottom  of  the  trench,  where  they 
v/ill  rot. 

"  A  man  will  dig  by  plain  digging  of 
light  free-working  clean  ground,  eight, 
ten,  or  twelve  rods  a  day,  from  six  to  six, 
though  in  some  of  the  light  clean  ground 
about  London,  I  have  known  a  man  turn 
up  fifteen  or  twenty  rods  a  day,  from 
five  to  seven  ;  on  the  other  hand,  in  stiff 
stubborn  soils,  a  man  may  work  hard 
for  six  or  eight  rods  in  a  day  of  twelve 
hours;  and  that  digging  by  trenches,  or 
trenching,  if  only  one  spade  deep  with- 
out the  crumbs  or  shovelling  at  bottom, 
a  man  will  dig  almost  as  much  as  by 
plain  digging;  or  two  spades'  depth, 
from  four  to  six  rods  a  day  may  be  good 
work,  though  in  harsh  working  ground 
digging  three  or  four  rods  per  day  may 
be  hard  work."  Most  garden  soils  dig 
best  the  day  after  a  fall  of  rain;  and  if 
the  soil  has  in  its  composition  a  larger 
proportion  than  usual  of  clay,  the  opera- 
tion will  be  faciliated  by  dipping  occa- 
sionally the  spade  into  water.  Most 
gardeners  object  to  digging  while  snow 
18  upon  the  ground,  and,  as  Dr.  Lindley 
justly  observes,  the  objection  is  not 
mere  prejudice,  for  experience  proves 
the  bad  result  of  the  practice.  The  evil 
is  owing  to  the  great  quantity  of  heat 


Very  few  people  ever  consider  in  de- 
tail the  expenditure  of  labour  required 
from  the  gardener  when  digging.  It  is 
a  labour  above  all  others  calling  into 
exercise  the  muscles  of  the  human 
frame,  and  how  great  is  the  amount  of 
this  exercise  may  be  estimated  from  the 
following  facts: — 

In  digging  a  square  perch  of  ground 
in  spits  of  the  usual  dimensions  (seven 
inches  by  eight  inches)  the  spade  has  to 
be  thrust  in  700  times;  and  as  each 
spadeful  of  earth,  if  the  spade  pene- 
trates nine  inches,  as  it  ought  to  do, 
will  weigh  on  the  average  full  seventeen 
pounds,  11,900  pounds  of  earth  have  to 
be  lifted,  and  the  customary  pay  for 
doing  this  is  two-pence  half-penny.  As 
there  are  100  perches  or  rods  in  an  acre, 
in  digging  the  latter  measure  of  ground 
the  garden  labourer  has  to  cut  out  1 12,- 
000  spadesful  of  earth,  weighing  in  the 
aggregate  17,000  cwt.,  or  8.50  tons, 
and  during  the  work  he  moves  over  a 
distance  of  fourteen  miles.  As  the 
spade  weighs  between  eight  and  nine 
pounds,  he  has  to  lift,  in  fact,  during  the 
work,  half  as  much  more  weight  than 
that  above  specified,  or  1,278  tons.  An 
able-bodied  labourer  can  dig  ten  square 
perches  a  day.  A  four-pronged  fork, 
with  the  prongs  twelve  inches  long,  and 
the  whole  together  forming  a  head  eight 
inches  wide,  is  a  more  efficient  tool  for 


DIG 


199 


DIS 


digging  than  the   common    spade.      It  | 
requires  the  exertion   of    less  power; 


DIOMEDEA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house   evergreen    shrubs.        Cuttings. 


breaiis  up  the  soil  more  efTectually;  anil  '  Rich  light  loam. 

does  not  clog  even  when  the  soil  is  moist  I      DIOSCOREA.     Yam.     Five  species. 

wet.     It  is  less   costly  than   the  spade,    Stove   tubers.      Division.      Light   rich 

and  when  worn  can  be  relaid  at  a  less 

expense. 

DIGITALIS.  Twenty-six  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed.  Common 
soil. 

DILATRIS.  Three  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous.  Division  or  seed. 
Sandy  peat. 

DILL.     {Anethum  graveolens.) 

Use. — Its  leaves  and  umbels  are  used 
in  pickling,  and  the  former  in  soups  and    house  evergreen  shrub.   Cuttings.    Peat 


soil. 

DIOSMA.  Twenty-three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Peat  and  sand. 

DIOSPYROS.  Twenty-three  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  trees,  but  a  few 
are  hardy.     Cuttings.     Light  loam. 

DIPHYLLEIAc]/77!OM.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous.   Division.     Light  rich  soil. 

DIPHACA  cochinchi7iensis.      Green- 


sauces. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  may  be  culti 
vated  in  any  open  compartment;  but  if,  evergreen    shrub, 
for   seed,  a  sheltered   situation,  and  a  j  loam  and  peat, 
soil  rather  dry  than  damp,  is  to  be  allot- 
ted for  it. 

Time  of  Sowing. — It  is  best  sown  im- 
mediately that  it  is  ripe,  for  if  kept  out 


and  Joani. 

D I  P  H  Y  S  A  carthaginensis.     Stove 
Cuttings.       Sandy 


DIPLACUS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Rich 
sandy  loam. 

DIPLAZIUM.    Nine  species.     Stove 


of  the  ground  until  the  spring  it  often  is  ferns.  Division  or  seed.  Loam  and  peat, 
incapable  of  germinating.  If  neglected  DIPLOCOMA  villosa.  Hardy  herba- 
until  the   spring,  it  may  be  sown  from  ;  ceous.      Seed   and  division.     Common 


the  close  of  February  until    the  com- 
mencement of  May,  in  drills  a  foot  apart. 


DIPLOL^.NA  dampieri.     Greea- 


The  plants  are  to  remain  where  sown,    house     evergreen    shrub.         Cuttings. 


as  they  will  not  bear  removing.  When 
of  tiiree  or  four  weeks'  growth  they 
must  be  thinned  to  about  ten  inches 
apart;  for  if  not  allowed  room  they 
spindle,  their  leaves  decay,  no  lateral 
branches  are  thrown  out,  and  their  seed 
is  not  so  good  ;  in  every  stage  of  growth 
they  require  to  be  kept  clear  of  weeds. 
The  leaves  are  fit  for  gathering  as 
wanted,  and  the  umbels  about  July  and 
August.  In  Septembertheir  seed  ripens, 
when  it  must  be  immediately  cut,  and 
spread  on  a  cloth  to  dry,  as  it  is  very 
apt  to  scatter. 

DILLENIA  speciosa.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

D  I  L  L  VV  Y  N  I  A.  Fifteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

DINEMA  polybulbon.  Stove  epi- 
phyte.    Offsets.     Peat  and  postsherds. 

DINETUS  paniculata  and  racemosa. 
The  first  a  stove  perennial  ;  the  second 
a  hardy  annual  twiner.  The  first  by 
cuttings;  the  seconds  by  seed.  Rich 
sandy  soil. 

DIODIA.    Four  species.    Stove  ever- 
green   trailers,    except    D.    virginica, 
which  is  hardy   and  deciduous, 
tings.     Light  soil. 


Loam  and   peat. 

DIPLOPAPPUS  incanus.  Half-hardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam. 

DIPLOPELTIS  hugelii.  Green-house 
herbaceous.    Young  cuttings.    Common 


DIPLOPHYLLUM  veronica  forme. 
Hardy  annual  trailer.  Seed.  Conimoa 
soil. 

DIPLOTIIEMIUM.  Two  species. 
Stove  palms.     Seed.     Rich  light  loam. 

DIPODWJM  punctatum.  Stove  orchid. 
Division.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

DIPSACUS.  Six  species.  Hardy 
biennials.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

DIPTERIX  odorata.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Rich  loam. 

DIRCA  palustris.  Hardy  deciduous 
shrub.     Layers  or  seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

DISA.  Twelve  species.  Green-house 
orchids.  Division.  Peat,  loam,  and 
sand. 

DISANDRA  prostrata.  Green-house 
evergreen  trailer.  Division  or  cuttings. 
Rich  light  soil. 

DISBUDDING  is  the  removal,  soon 

after  they   have   burst  into    leaves,    oi 

Cut-    such  buds  as,  if  allowed   to  grow  into 

shoots,  would    be    misplaced.      Thus, 


DIS 


200 


DOU 


Three  species.    Green- 
Division.     Peat,  loam, 

Two  species.      Half- 


buds  protruded  directly  in  the  front  of,  DISEMMA.  Two  species.  Stove 
branches  trained  against  wails,  or  fore-  evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings,  Loam 
right  shoots,  as  they  are  correctly  term-  ,  and  peat. 
ed,and  buds  that  would  produce  shoots]  DISPERIS. 
in  places  already  sufficiently  filled  with  house  orchids, 
branches,  may  be  removed,  or  disbud-  and  sand, 
ded.     The  object  is  to  strengthen  the        DISPORUM. 

desirably-placed  buds  by  thus  confining  hardy  herbaceous.  Division  and  seed, 
the    expenditure    of   sap    upon    them.    Peat  and  loam. 

There  is  no  better  mode  of  aiding  a  j  DISSOLENX  verticillata.  Green- 
weakly  plant  to  a  more  vigorous  and  house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich 
robust  growth    than  judicious  disbud-    light  soil. 

ding ;    but  an  over-robust  and    super- !      DITTANY.     Origanum  dictamnus. 
luxuriant  tree  had  better  be  allowed  to  j      DIURIS.       Eight    species.      Green- 
exhaust  itself  by  a  profuse  development   house  orchids.     Division.     Peat,  loam, 
of  leaf  buds.  and  sand. 

DISCHIDIA.  Two  species.  Stove!  DODECATHEON.  Two  species,  and 
evergreen  trailers.  Cuttings.  Sandy ,  several  varieties.  Hardy  herbaceous. 
loam.  !  Division.     Light  loam.     See  American 

DISEASES.  Dr.  Good,  the  distin-|  Cowslip. 
guished  medical  writer,  has  remarked, !  DOG- WOOD.  Cornus. 
that  the  morbid  affections  to  which  the  j  DOLICHOS.  Sixteen  species.  The 
vegetable  part  of  the  creation  is  liable, '  two  green-house  twiners,  D.  jacquinii 
are  almost  as  numerous  as  those  which;  and  Ugnosus,  are  the  only  two  worth 
render  decrepid  and  destroy  the  animal  cultivating.  Cuttings.  Rich  sandy  loam, 
tribes.  It  would  be  difficult,  perhaps,  j  DOLIOCARPUS  caZiwca.  Stove  ever- 
whatever  system  of  nosology  is  follow-  green  climber.  Cuttings.  Turfy  loam 
ed,   to  place  a  finger   upon  a  class  of  and  peat. 

animal  physical  diseases  of  which  a  pa-  DOMBEYA.  Six  species.  Stove 
rallel  example  could  not  be  pointed  out  [  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
among  plants.    The  smut  which  ravages   and  peat. 

our  corn  crops;  the  mildew  which  de-  DONDIA  epipactris.  Hardy  herba- 
stroys  our  peas  ;  the  curl  that  is  annually  ceous.  Seed  or  division.  Loam  and 
infecting  more  destructively  our  pota- j  peat. 

toes  ;  the  ambury,  or  club-root,  to  which  I  DOODIA.  Four  species.  Green- 
cur  turnips  and  other  species  of  brassica  house  ferns.  Division  and  seed.  Loam 
are  liable;  the  shanking,  or  ulceration,!  and  peat. 

which  attacks  the  stalks  of  our  grapes,  t  DOROXICUM.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
are  only  a  few  of  the  most  commonly  herbaceous.  Division.  Common  soil, 
observed  diseases  to  which  the  plants  '  DORTMANNA.  Two  species.  Har- 
we  cultivate  are  liable.  '.  dy  herbaceous.     Division.     Peat. 

Disease  is  the  negation  of  health  ;  DORYCNIUM.  Eight  species.  Har- 
and  as  the  health  of  a  plant  is  the  cor-  dy  annual,  herbaceous  and  evergreen, 
rect  performance  of  its  functions,  dis-  Seed.  Sandy  loam, 
ease  may  be  defined  to  be  an  incorrect  I  DOUBLE  FLOWERS.  Hybridizing, 
performance  of  the  functions.  Such  i  aided  by  cultivation,  gives  birth  to  these 
incorrectness  arises  from  four  causes —  [  objects  of  the  gardener's  care  generally 
vital  energy  declining  from  old  age — 'designated  double  flowers,  which  are 
parasites — improper  food,  either  in  qua- ,  such  beauteous  ornaments  of  our  bor- 
lity  or  quantity — and  inauspicious  tem-  ders  and  parterres.  To  the  uninitiated 
perature.  If  these  could  be  all  avoided,  it  seems  incredible  that  the  double  moss 
a  plant  might  enjoy  a  vigorous  immor-  rose  should  be  a  legitimate  descendant 
tality.  Such,  however,  is  not  the  lot  of  |  from  the  briar;  neither  do  the  flowers 
any  organized  being,  and  in  proportion  of  the  Fair  Maid  of  France  appear  less 
to  the  debilitating  circumstances  are  ,  impossible  derivatives  from  those  of  the 
the  nature,  the  intensity,  and  final  con-  i  Ranunculus  platanif alius  ;  nor  bache- 
sequences  of  the  disease  induced.  The  |  lors'  buttons  from  the  common  butter- 
little  known  relative  to  the  diseases  cup;  yet  so  they  are.  Double  flowers, 
which  infest  the  gardeners'  crops,  will  j  as  they  are  popularly  called,  are  more 
be  found  under  their  respective  titles.     '  correctly  discriminated  as  the  full  flow- 


DOU 


201 


DOU 


er,  the  multiplicate  flower,  and  the  pro-  i  specified    elsewhere,   those    parts    re- 
liferous  flower.  [quired  for   the   extra  elaboration,  are 

The  lull  flower  is  a  flower  with  its  developed  at  the  expense  of  those  not 
petals  augmented  in  number  by  the  to-  demanded  for  the  purpose, 
tal  transformation  into  them  of  its  sta-  i  The  chief  office  of  the  petals  is  this 
mens  and  its  pistils.  One-petalled  preparation  of  nourishment  for  the  sta- 
flowers  rarely  undergo  this  metamor-  ,  mens,  and  for  the  most  part  they  fade 
phosis,  but  it  is  very  common  in  those  together,  usually  enduring  until  im- 
having  many  petals,  as  in  the  carnation,  pregnation  has  been  eff'ected,  or  has 
ranunculus,  rose,  and  poppy.  But  this  altogether  failed.  In  double  flowers, 
is  not  the  only  mode  in  which  a  flower  too,  as  was  observed  by  the  late  Sir  J. 
becomes  full,  for  in  the  columbine  (/IgMj- ,  E.  Smith,  the  corolla  is  much  more 
legia)  it  is  effected  in  three  different  durable  than  in  single  ones  of  the  same 
ways,  viz.,  by  the  multiplication  of  pe-  species,  as  anemones  and  poppies,  be- 
tals  to  the  exclusion  of  the  nectaries;  !  cause  as  he  conceived,  in  such  double 
by  the  multiplication  of  the  nectaries  flowers  the  natural  function  not  being 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  petals;  and  by  j  performed,  the  vital  principle  of  their 


the  multiplication  of  the  nectaries, 
whilst  the  usual  petals  remain. 

Radiated  flowers,  such  as  the  sun- 
flower, dahlia,  anthemis,  and  others, 
become  full  by  the  multiplication  of  the 
florets  of  their  rays  to  the  exclusion  of 
the  florets  of  their  disk.  On  the  con- 
trary, various  species  of  the  daisy,  ma- 
tricaria,  &c.,  become  full  by  the  mul- 
plication  of  the  florets  of  the  disk. 

The  multiplicate  flower  has  its  petals 


corolla  is  not  so  soon  exhausted.  Ad- 
vantage may  be  taken  of  this  to  prolong 
the  duration  of  flowers  by  cutting  away 
the  pistils  or  stamens,  whichever  are 
least  conspicuous,  with  a  sharp  pair  of 
pointed  scissors. 

Although  an  abundant  supply  of  nou- 
rishment is  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
production  of  double  flowers,  it  is  quite 
as  certain  that  such  supply  will  not  of 
a   certainty    cause    their   appearance ; 


increased  by  the  conversion  of  a  portion  i  there  must  be  some  tendency  in  the  pa- 
of  its  stamens,  or  of  its  calyx,  in  those  1  rent  thus  to  sport,  otherwise  the  super- 


forms.  It  occurs  most  frequently  in 
polypetalous  flowers.  Linna;us  gives 
the  only  instances  I  know  of  the  con- 
version of  the  calyx  into  petals,  and 
these   are   to  be  observed   in  the   pink 


fluity  of  food  will  not  have  the  desired 
influence.  That  abundance  of  nourish- 
ment is  necessary,  appears  from  the  fact 
that  if  the  double  daisy  or  the  double 
narcissus  be  grown  in  a  poor  soil,  they 


(Dianthus  caryophyllus),  and  a  few  of  ^  speedily  produce  none  but  single  flow- 


the  Alpine  grasses. 


ers  ;  yet  if  they  again  be  restored  to  a 


A  proliferous  flower  has  another  rich  soil,  they  may  with  care  be  made  to 
flower  or  a  shoot  produced  from  it,  as  [  produce  an  unnatural  profusion  of  petals. 
in  the  variety  of  the  daisy  popularly  Mr.  D.  Beaton's  estimate  of  a  double 
known  as  the  hen-and-chickens.  It  flower  is  original.  He  says  that  cultiva- 
occurs  also  more  rarely  in  the  ranuncu- '  tion  having  enlarged  all  the  parts  of  a 
lus,  pink,  marigold,  and  hawkweed.  A  plant,  the  constitutional  vigour  thus  ob- 
jeafy  shoot  often  appears  in  the  bosom  '  tamed  is  transferred  to  the  next  genera- 
of  the  double-blossomed  cherry,  ane-  tion,  and  to  some  of  the  seedlings,  in  a 
mone,  and  rose.  measureevengreaterthan  that  possessed 

A  due  supply  of  moisture,  but  rather  by  the  parent.  Extraordinary  supplies 
less  than  the  plant  most  delights  in,  !  of  nourishment  under  favourable  cir- 
when  the  production  of  seed  is  the  de-  cumstanccs,  invigorate  still  further  the 
sired  object,  a  superabundant  supply  of  '  improved  race,  and  so  on  through  many 
decomposingorganic  matter  to  its  roots,  generations.  During  this  time  cultiva- 
and  an  exposure  to  the  greatest  possible  !  tion  produces  the  very  opposite  of  dou- 
degree  of  sun-light,  are  the  means  sue-  ble  flowers,  and  Mr.  Beaton  thinks  it 
cessfully  employed  to  promote  that  ex-  would  continue  to  do  so,  if  it  were  pos- 
cessive  development  of  the  petals  which  sible  to  keep  up  every  member  of  each 
characterize  double  flowers.  generation  to  the  same  degree  of  health 

By  these  means  a  greater  quantity  of  and  vigour  ;  but  accidents  and  diseases 
sap  is  supplied  to  the  flower  than  the  :  overtake  some  of  the  plants,  and  double 
natural  extent  of  the  petal  can  elabo-  I  flowers  are  the  produce  from  the  decre- 
rate  ;  and  following  the  laws  of  nature    pits.  Cultivation,  according  to  this  idea. 


DOU 


202 


DRI 


is  only  indirectly  the  cause  of  double 
flowers,  and  these  a  retrograde  step 
from  a  high  state  of  development. 

Whether  my  own  opinion  or  Mr. 
Beaton's  be  correct,  it  is  quite  certain 
that  in  practice  the  plants  from  which 
double-flowered  varieties  are  sought, 
must  be  kept  in  the  highest  state  of  de- 
velopment by  supplying  them  abundant- 
ly with  all  the  assistance  to  vigorous 
growth;  and  when  the  seed  vessels  are 
formed,  they  should  be  reduced  in  num- 
ber in  order  to  make  the  seed  in  those 
remaining  as  large  and  perfect  as  pos- 
sible. In  the  course  of  a  few  generations, 
seedlings  appear,  having  flowers  with  an 
excess  of  petals,  and  seeds  being  ob- 
tained from  these,  or  from  other  flowers 
impregnated  by  their  stamens,  and  the 
same  high  cultivation  continued,  the 
excess  of  petals  increases  and  becomes 
a  permanent  habit. 

DOUCIN  STOCK.    See  Stock. 

DOUGLASIA  nivalis.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous.    Seed.     Peat  and  sand. 

DRABA.  Forty-one  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  chiefly,  and  a  few  annuals. 
Seed.     Loam  and  peat. 

DRACCENA.  Twenty-two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam. 

DRACOCEPHALUM.  Twenty  spe- 
cies. Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous.  Divi- 
sion or  seed.     Common  soil. 

DRACOPHYLLUM.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat. 

DRAGON'S-HEAD.   Dracocephalum. 

DRAGON  TREE.     Draccena  draco. 

DRAINING.  There  is  scarcely  a  gar- 
den existing  that  would  not  be  benefited 
by  under-draining.  Every  gardener 
knows  the  absolute  necessity  for  a  good 
drainage  under  his  wall-trees  and  vines, 
but  few  gardeners  ever  think  for  a  mo- 
ment, whether  there  is  any  escape  and 
out-fall  forthe  water  he  has  drained  from 
immediate  contact  with  the  roots  of  the 
above-named  favoured  trees.  Every 
garden  should'  have  drains  cut,  varying 
in  depth  from  two  to  three  feet,  accord- 
ing to  the  depth  of  the  soil,  with  an  in- 
terval of  twenty-four  feet  between  the 
drains  ;  twelve  feet  will  not  be  too  near 
in  clayey  soils.  At  the  bottom  of  the 
drains  should  be  placed  one-inch  pipes; 
these  should  be  well  puddled  over,  six 
inches  deep  with  clay,  and  then  the 
earth  returned.  They  should  have  an 
outfall  into  a  ditch,  at  the  least  elevated 


side  of  the  garden.  By  having  the 
pipes  with  a  bore  no  larger  than  an 
inch,  moles  cannot  creep  in,  and  that 
bore  is  large  enough  to  carry  off"  all  the 
water,  after  even  the  heaviest  rains. 
Draining  farm-lands  has  been  performed 
to  a  great  extent  in  England,  and  with 
most  advantageous  results:  at  Lord 
Hatherton's  residence,  Teddesley  Hay, 
in  Staff"ordshire,  four  hundred  and  sixty- 
seven  acres,  formerly  letting  for  an 
average  rental  of  ]2s.  per  acre,  were 
all  drained  for  an  outlay  of  3/.  4s.  Id. 
per  acre,  and  their  rental  now  averages 
more  than  31s.  per  acre. 

To  plants  in  pots, good  drainage  isnot 
less  essential  than  to  those  in  our  borders. 

DREPANOCARPUS  lunatus.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.    Rich  loam. 

DRILLING.  No  crop  in  the  garden 
should  be  sown  broadcast,  for  drilling 
saves  seed  and  labour;  and  although  in 
some  cases  it  takes  more  time  to  insert 
the  seed  in  drills,  yet  this  is  more  than 
compensated  by  the  time  saved  during 
the  after-culture,  for  the  thinning  and 
hoeing  are  greatly  facilitated. 

The  distance  apart  appropriate  for 
the  drills  for  particular  crops,  will  be 
found  under  their  respective  titles  ;  they 
are  usually  made  with  a  hoe  and  line  ; 
but  for  mustard,  cress,  and  other  small 
seeds,  the  drill-rake  is  often  used.  The 
teeth  are  set  six  inches  apart,  and  are 
broad  and  coulter  formed.  When  the 
drills  are  required  to  be  less  than  six 
inches  apart,  the  implement  can  be 
worked  diagonally. 

DRILL  BARROWS,  or  SEED  SOW- 
ERS. "  Various  have  been  the  con- 
trivances for  sowing  seeds,  many  having 
the  mere  merit  of  ingenuity,  without 
practical  utility ;  because  when  used 
with  adhesive  seeds,  or  those  of  rough 
form,  they  clog,  and,  in  consequence, 
sow  irregularly.  Those  now  off^ered, 
obviate  all  such  objections,  being  suited 
alike  for  Turnips,  Beets,  Onions,  Car- 
rots, Parsnips,  &c.  By  the  use  of  a 
good  Drill,  the  farmer  or  gardener  can 
save  one-half  of  his  seed,  (that  is,  none 
are  needlessly  sown,)  and  do  the  work 
at  much  less  expense,  as  well  as  with 
greater  rapidity  than  by  the  ordinary 
mode  of  sowing  ;  as  the  Drill  opens  the 
furrow,  drops  the  seed,  covers  and  rolls 
it  down." — Rural  Register. 

A  very  simple  and  low-priced  Tyrill 
is  formed  by  a  tin  tube,  or  hollow  cane, 
surmounted    by    a   funnel-like    mouth- 


DR  I 


203 


DUN 


piece,  to  receive  the  seeds.  The  ope-  i  seeds  into  the  funnel  at  the  required 
rater  holds  it  in  his  left  hand,  directing  |  rapidity — a  little  practice  enables  the 
the  lower  extremity  to  the  line  where  \  sower  to  pass  over  the  ground  with 
he  desires  the  seed  to  fail,  and  with  the  1  speed,  and  perform  the  work  with  re- 
fingers  of  his  right  hand  dropping  the  |  gularity. 

Fig.  35. 


DRIMIA.  Thirteen  species.  Green- 
house bulbs.  Offsets.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

DROSER.\.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
and  green-house  aquatics.  Seeds.  Peat 
and  water. 

DRUMMONDIA  mitelloides.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Peat. 

DRYANDRA.  Nineteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Turfy  sandy  loam  and  peat. 

DRYAS.  Four  species.  Hardy  ever- 
green trees.  Seed  and  cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

DRYMONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Rich 
sandy  loam. 

D  R  Y  P  E  T  E  S  CTOcea.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

DUYPIS  spinosa.  Hardy  evergreen 
shrub.  Cuttings  and  seed.  Sandy  peat 
and  loam. 

DRY-STOVE  is  a  hot-house  devoted 
to  the  culture  of  such  plants  as  require 
a  high  degree  of  heat,  but  a  drier  at- 
mosphere than  the  tenants  of  the  bark- 
stove.  Consequently,  fermenting  mate- 
rials and  open  tanks  of  hot-water  are 
inadmissible;  but  the  sources  of  heat 
are  either  steam  or  hot-water  pipes,  or 
flues.     Sec  Stove. 

DUM.\SIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  sandy  loam. 

DU.MB-CANE     Caladium  sequinum. 

DUMERILIA  paniculata.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Common 
soil. 


DUNG.  Under  this  title  our  atten- 
tion must  be  confined  to  the  fijeces  and 
urines  of  animals,  and  that  one  most 
common  compound,  stable  dung. 

Night-soil  is  the  richest  of  the  ma- 
nures to  be  arranged  under  this  head. 
It  is  composed  of  human  fceces  and 
urine,  of  which  the  constituents  are  aa 
follows  : — 

F^CES. 

Water 73.3 

Vegetable  and  animal  remains    7 

Bile 0.9 

Albumen 0.9 

Peculiar  and  extractive  matter    1.2 
Salts    (carbonate    of    soda,~ 
common  salt,  sulphate  of  I 
soda,  ammonia-phosphate  >    2.7 
of    magnesia,    and    phos- 
phate of  lime) 
Insoluble  residue    ...     7     14.0 

URINE. 

Urate  of  ammonia     .  .  .  0.298 

Sal-ammoniac       .     •  .  .  0.459 

Sulphate  of  potash     .  .  .  2.112 

Chloride  of  potassium  .  .  3.674 

sodium    (com-)      ,:■  ncn 

mon  salt)  t 

Phosphate  of  soda     .     .     .     4.267 

lime     .     .     .     0.209 

Acetate  of  soda  ....  2.770 
Urea  and  colouring  matter  23.640 
Water  and  lactic  acid    .     .  47.511 

After  stating  the  above  analyses  in 
his  excellent  work, ''On  Fertilizers," 
Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson  proceeds  to  ob- 
serve that,  "  The  very  chemical  compo- 


DUN 


204 


DUN 


sition,  therefore,  of  this  compost  would 
indicate  the  powerful  fertilizing  effects 
which  it  is  proved  to  produce.  The 
mass  of  easily  soluble  and  decomposa- 
ble animal  matters  and  salts  of  ammo- 
nia with  which  it  abounds,  its  phosphate 
of  lime,  its  carbonate  of  soda,  are  all, 
by  themselves,  excellent  fertilizers,  and 
must  afford  a  copious  supply  of  food  to 
plants. 

"  The  disagreeable  smell  may  be  de- 
stroyed by  mixing  it  with  quicklime;  and 
if  exposed  to  the  atmosphere  in  thin  lay- 
ers in  fine  weather,  and  mixed  with 
quicklime,  it  speedily  dries,  is  easily 
pulverized, and  in  this  state  may  be  used 
in  the  same  manner  as  rape  cake,  and 


men  salt,  phosphate  of  lime,  and  sul 
phate  of  soda. 

cow    URINE. 

Water 66 

Phosphate  of  lime      .     .     . 
Chloride   of  potassium,  and 

sal-ammoniac       .     . 
Sulphate  of  potash     . 
Carbonate  of  potash  . 
ammonia 


Urea 


:} 


"  One  thousand  parts  of  dry  wheat 

straw  being  burnt,  yielded  M.  Saussure 

forty-eight  parts   of  ashes ;    the    same 

quantity    of  the    dry    straw    of    barley 

derivered""int7"the   fJrrow"  with' "the  !  yielded  forty-two  parts  of  ashes.     The 

gggj  ,,  j  portion  dissipated  by  the  fire  would  be 

From  the  experiments  of  M.Schubler!P'''"'=]P»l'y  '=^'•^0".    (charcoal,)   carbu- 

and  others,  the  relative  value  of  night-  !  !''^"*^.'i  hydrogen,  gas,   and  water;  one 


soil  is  as  follows: — 

"  If  a  given  quantity  of  the  land  sown 
without  manure  yields  three  times  the 
seed  employed,  then  the  same  quantity 
of  land  will  produce  five  times  the 
quantity  sown  when  manured  with  old 
herbage,  putrid  grass  or  leaves,  garden 
stuff,  &c. ;  seven  times  with  cow-dung  ; 
nine  times  with  pigeon's  dung;  ten 
times  with  horse-dung;  twelve  times 
with  human  urine  ;  twelve  times  with 
goat's  dung  ;  twelve  times  with  sheep's 
dung  ;  and  fourteen  times  with  human 
manure,  or  bullock's  blood.  But  if  the 
land  be  of  such  quality  as  to  produce 
without  manure  five  times  the  sown 
quantity,  then  the  horse-dung  manure 
will  yield  fourteen,  and  human  manure 
nineteen  and  two-thirds  the  sown  quan- 
tity."— Johnson^s  Fertilizers. 

Fowl  Durag-,  if  composed  partly  of  that 
of  the  duck,  which  is  a  gross  feeder,  is 
nearly  equal  to  guano.  This,  and  that 
of  the  pigeon  contain  much  ammonia, 
and  all  abound  in  phosphate  of  lime, 
mixed  with  decomposing  organic  mat- 
ters and  uric  acid,  all  highly  valuable 
as  fertilizers. 

Stable  or  Farm-yard  Dung  is  usually 
composed  of  the  following  matters: — 

HORSE  URINE. 

Water  and  mucus  ....  9.4 
Carbonate  of  lime  ....  1.1 
soda     ....     0.9 


Hippurate  of  soda    ....     2.4 
Chloride  of  potassium  .     .     .     0.9 

Urea 0.7 

But  besides  the  above,  it  contains  com- 1  — Journ.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc,  Vol.  I.  p 


princi-) 

id   sul-S-    221 


hundred   parts  of  these  ashes  are  com- 
posed of — 

Various  soluble  salts,  princi- 
pally carbonate   and 
phate  of  potash 
Phosphate    of  lime   (earthy) 

salt  of  bones)  ....      J       "^ 
Chalk  (carbonate  of  lime)   .     .     1 

Silica  (flint) 61i 

Metallic   oxide    (principally)       - 

iron) J    , 

Loss .'  7l 

"  The  straw  of  barley  contains  the 
same  ingredients,  only  in  rather  differ- 
ent proportions. 

"  The  solid  excrements  of  a  horse 
fed  on  hay,  oats,  and  straw,  contain, 
according  to  the  analysis  of  M.  Zierl, 
in  1000  parts  : — 

Water 698 

Picromel  and  salts     ....     20 
Bilious  and  extractive  mat-)       ,~ 


ter  .  .  .  . 
Green      matter, 

mucus,  &c.  . 
Vegetable     fibre, 

mains  of  food 


albumen,) 
and    re-j 


63 
202 


"  These,  when  burnt,  yielded  to  the 
same  chemist  sixty  parts  by  weight  of 
ashes,  which  were  composed  of — 

and)        c 


Carbonate,     sulphate, 

muriate  of  soda    .     .     .     ^ 

Carbonate    and     phosphate)         ^ 
oflirae J 

Silica 46" 

4S9. 


DUN 


205 


DUN 


Mr.  Cutlibert  Jolinson,  after  giving 
these  analyses  in  his  work  already 
quoted,  observes  further,  that,  "  the 
fa;ces  of  cattle  fed  principally  on  tur- 
nips have  been  analysed  by  M.  Einhof; 
100  parts  evaporated  to  dryness  yielded 
28.^  parts  of  solid  matter;  the  7U  parts 
lost  in  drying  would  consist  principally 
of  water  and  some  ammoniacal  salts. 
In  half  a  pound,  or  3,840  grains,  he 
tbund  45  grains  of  sand  ;  and  by  diffu- 
sing it  through  water,  he  obtained 
about  600  grains  of  a  yellow  fibrous 
matter,  resembling  that  of  plants, 
mixed  with  a  very  considerable  quan- 
tity of  slimy  matter.  By  evaporating 
faeces  to  dryness,  and  then  burning 
them,  he  obtained  an  ash,  which  con- 
tained, besides  the  sand,  the  following 
substances : — 

Lime 12. 

Phosphate  of  lime     ....  12.5 

Magnesia 2. 

Iron 5. 

Alumina,  with  some  manga-)  . . 

nese J 

Silica 52. 

Muriate     and     sulphate    of)        .  „ 

potash 5 

"  The  ingredients  of  which  the  urine 
and  fa;ces  of  cattle  are  composed,  will 
of  course  differ  slightly  in  different 
animals  of  the  same  kind,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  different  food  upon  which 
they  are  fed  ;  but  this  difference  will 
not  in  any  case  be  found  very  material. 

"  The  excrements  of  the  sheep  have 
been  examined  by  Block  ;  according 
to  him,  every  100  lbs.  of  rye-straw 
given  as  fodder  to  sheep  yield  40  lbs. 
of  excrements  (fluid  and  solid)  ;  from 
100  lbs.  of  hay,  42  lbs.;  from  100  lbs. 
of  potatoes,  13  11)s.  ;  from  100  lbs.  of 
green  clover,  8^  lbs.;  and  from  100  lbs. 
of  oats,  49  lbs.  of  dry  excrement.  The 
solid  excrements  of  sheep  fed  on  hay, 
were  examined  by  Zierl ;  1,000  parts 
by  weight  being  burned,  yielded  96 
parts  of  ashes,  which  were  found  to 
consist  of — 

Carbonate,  sulphate,  and)  ,p 
muriate  of  soda     .     .     .    j 

Carbonate  and  phosphate  of)  -^ 

lime       J  '^^ 

Silica 60 

"  One  hundred  parts  of  the  urine  of 
sheep  kept  at  grass,  contained — 


Water 96. 

Urea,  albumen,  &c.       .     .     .       2.8 
Salt  of  potash,   soda,  lime,) 
and  magnesia,  &c.     .     .    J 
— Journ.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc. 


1.2" 


There  have  been  many  arguments 
and  much  difference  of  opinion  among 
cultivators  with  regard  to  the  advan- 
tage of  employing  dung  in  a  fresh  or 
in  a  putrid  state,  and  as  is  too  often  the 
case,  both  parties  have  run  into  ex- 
tremes, the  one  side  contending  for 
the  propriety  of  employing  it  quite 
fresh  from  the  farm-yard,  the  other 
contending  that  it  cannot  well  be  too 
rotten. 

The  mode  employed  by  Lord  Leices- 
ter, is  the  medium  between  these  equal- 
ly erroneous  extremes.  He  found  that 
the  employment  of  the  fresh  dung  cer- 
tainly made  the  dung  go  much  farther  ; 
but  then  a  multitude  of  the  seeds  of 
various  weeds  were  carried  on  to  the 
land  along  with  the  manure.  He  has 
therefore  since  used  liis  compost  when 
only  in  a  half  putrefied  state,  (called 
short  dung  by  farmers,)  and  hence  the 
seeds  are  destroyed  by  the  eftects  of 
the  putrefaction,  and  the  dung  still  ex- 
tends much  farther  than  if  suffered  to 
remain  until  quite  putrefied.  Putrefac- 
tion cannot  go  on  without  the  presence 
of  moisture.  Where  water  is  entirely 
absent,  there  can  be  no  putrefaction  ; 
and  hence  many  farmers  have  adopted 
the  practice  of  pumping  the  drainage  of 
their  farm-yards  over  their  dung  heaps  ; 
others  invariably  place  them  in  a  low 
damp  situation.  This  liquid  portion 
cannot  be  too  highly  valued  by  the 
cultivator.  The  soil  where  a  dunghill 
has  lain  in  a  field  is  always  distin- 
guished by  a  rank  luxuriance  in  the 
succeeding  crop,  even  if  the  earth  be- 
neath, to  the  depth  of  six  inches,  is 
removed  and  spread  with  the  dunghill. 

The  controversy,  too,  which  once  so 
keenly  existed,  as  to  the  slate  of  fer- 
mentation in  which  dung  should  be 
used  on  the  land,  has  now  pretty  well 
subsided.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that 
it  cannot  be  applied  more  advan- 
tageously tlian  in  as  fresh  a  state  as 
possible,  consistent  with  the  attain- 
ment of  a  tolerably  clean  husbandry, 
and  the  destruction  of  the  seeds  of 
weeds,  grubs,  &c.,  which  are  always 
more  or  less  present  in  farm-yard  dung. 
These  are  the  only  evils  to  be  appre- 


DUN 


206 


DUN 


hended  from  the  desirable  employment 
of  this  manure  in  the  freshest  state  ; 
for  otherwise  the  loss  of  its  most  valu- 
able constituents  commences  as  soon  as 
fermentation  begins.  This  was  long 
since  demonstrated  by  Davy,  whose 
experiments  I  have  often  seen  repeated 
and  varied.  He  says,  "  I  filled  a  large 
retort  capable  of  containing  three  pints 
of  water  with  some  hot  fermenting 
manure,  consisting  principally  of  the 
litter  and  dung  of  cattle.  I  adapted  a 
small  receiver  to  the  retort,  and  con- 
nected the  whole  with  a  mercurial 
pneumatic  apparatus,  so  as  to  collect 
the  condensible  and  elastic  fluids  which 
might  arise  from  the  dung.  The  re- 
ceiver soon  became  lined  with  dew, 
and  drops  began  in  a  few  hours  to 
trickle  down  the  sides  of  it.  Elastic 
fluid  likewise  was  generated  ;  in  three 
days  thirty-five  cubical  inches  h&d  been 
formed,  which  when  analyzed  were 
found  to  contain  twenty-one  cubical 
inches  of  carbonic  acid  ;  the  remainder 
was  hydro-carburet,  mixed  with  some 
azote,  probably  no  more  than  existed 
in  the  common  air  in  the  receiver. 
The  fluid  matter  collected  in  the  re- 
ceiver at  the  same  time  amounted  to 
nearly  half  an  ounce.  It  had  a  saline 
taste  and  a  disagreeable  smell,  and  con- 
tained some  acetate  and  carbonate  of 
ammonia.  Finding  such  products  given 
off  from  fermenting  litter,  I  introduced 
the  beak  of  another  retort  filled  with 
similar  dung  very  hot  at  the  time,  in  the 
soil  amongst  the  roots  of  some  grass  in 
the  border  of  a  garden.  In  less  than  a 
week  a  very  discernible  effect  was  pro- 
duced on  the  grass,  upon  the  spot  ex- 
posed to  the  influence  of  the  matter 
disengaged  in  fermentation  ;  it  grew 
M'ith  much  more  luxuriance  than  the 
grass  in  any  other  part  of  the  gar- 
den."— Lectures. 

Nothing,  indeed,  appears  at  first  sight 
so  simple  as  the  manufacture  and  col- 
lection of  farm  yard  dung,  and  yet  there 
are  endless  sources  of  error  into  which 
the  cultivator  is  sure  to  fall,  if  he  is  not 
ever  vigilant  in  their  management.  The 
late  Mr.  Francis  Blake,  in  his  valuable 
tract  upon  the  management  of  farm- 
yard manure,  dwells  upon  several  of 
these;  he  particularly  condemns  the 
practice  of  keeping  the  dung  arising 
from  different  descriptions  of  animals 
in  separate  heaps  or  departments,  and 
applying  them  to  the  land  without  inter- 


mixture. "  It  is  customary,"  he  adds, 
"  to  keep  the  fattening  neat  cattle  in 
yards  by  themselves,  and  the  manure 
thus  produced  is  of  good  quality,  be- 
cause the  excrement  of  such  cattle  is 
richer  than  that  of  lean  ones.  Fattening 
cattle  are  fed  with  oil  cake,  corn, 
Swedish  turnips,  or  some  other  food, 
and  the  refuse  and  waste  of  such  food 
thrown  about  the  yard  increases  the 
value;  it  also  attracts  the  pigs  to  the 
yard.  These  rout  the  straw  and  dung 
about  in  search  of  grains  of  corn, bits  of 
Swedish  turnips,  and  other  food  ;  by 
which  means  the  manure  in  the  yard 
becomes  more  intimately  mixed,  and  is 
proportionally  increased  in  value.  The 
feeding  troughs  and  cribs  in  the  yard 
should  for  obvious  reasons  be  shifted 
frequently. 

"  The  horse-dung,"  continues  Blake, 
"  is  usually  thrown  out  at  the  stable 
doors,  and  there  accumulates  in  large 
heaps.  It  is  sometimes  spread  a  little 
about,  but  more  generally  not  at  all, 
unless  where  necessary  for  the  conve- 
nience of  ingress  and  egress,  or  perhaps 
to  allow  the  water  to  drain  away  from 
the  stable  door.  Horse-dung  lying  in 
heaps  very  soon  ferments  and  heats  to 
an  excess,  the  centre  of  the  heap  is 
charred  or  burned  to  a  dry  white  sub- 
stance, provincially  termed  fire-fanged. 
Dung  in  this  state  loses  from  fifty  to 
seventy-five  per  cent,  of  its  value.  The 
diligent  and  attentive  farmer  will  guard 
against  such  profligate  waste  of  property 
by  never  allowing  the  dung  to  accumu- 
late in  any  considerable  quantity  at  the 
stable  doors.  The  dung  from  the  feed- 
ing hog-sties  should  also  be  carted  and 
spread  about  the  store  cattle  yard  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  horse-dung. 

"  The  heat  produced  by  the  ferment- 
ation of  the  dung  of  different  animals 
has  been  made  the  subject  of  repeated 
experiment.  When  the  temperature  of 
the  air  was  40^,  that  of  common  farm- 
yard dung  was  70^;  a  mixture  of  lime, 
dung,  and  earth,  55=>  ;  swine  and  fowl's 
dung,  85°."  —  Farmer's  Magazine, 
Johnson^s  Fertilizers. 

"  The  quality  of  farm-yard  compost 
naturally  varies  with  the  food  of  the 
animals  by  which  it  is  made  :  that  from 
the  cattle  of  the  straw-yard  is  decidedly 
the  poorest,  that  from  those  fed  on  oil- 
cake, corn,  or  Swedes,  the  richest.  Of 
stable  dung,  that  from  corn-fed  horses 
is  most  powerful,  from  those  subsisting 


DUR 


207 


ECU 


w 

on    straw    anil    hay  the    poorest;    the  j  ous  proportions  : — Silica,  or  pure  flint ; 


difference  between  the  fertilizing  effects 
of  the  richest  and  the  inferior  farm-yard 
dung  is  much  greater  tlian  is  commonly 
believed  ;    in*  many  instances  the  dis- 


Alumina,  or  pure  clay;  Lime,  combined 
with  carbonic  acid  in  the  state  of  chalk  ; 
and  Magnesia.     See  Soil. 

EARTHING-UP,  or  drawing  the  soil 


parity  exceeds  one-half;  thus  that  pro-  I  in  a  ridge  to  the  stems  of  plants,  13 
duced  by  cattle  fed  upon  oil-cake  is  beneficial  to  fibrous-rooted  plants,  by 
fully  equal  in  value  to  double  the  !  reducing  the  distance  from  the  surface 
quantity  fed  upon  turnips.  Hence  the  j  of  the  extremities  of  the  plant's  roots  ; 
superior  richness  of  the  manure  of  j  by  inducing  the  production  of  rootlets 
fattening  swine  to  that  of  pigs  in  a  lean  !  from  the  stem  ;  and  sheltering  the 
state,  and  the  far  superior  strength  of  j  winter  standing  crops,  for  the  closer 
night-soil  to  any  manure  produced  from  \  the  foliage  of  these  are  to  the  earth  the 
merely  vegetable  food.  Chemical  ex-  |  less  is  the  reduction  of  heat  from  the 
aminations  are  hardly  necessary  to  j  latter,  either  by  radiation  or  contact 
prove  these  facts.     Every  farmer  who    with  the  colder  air. 


has  had  stall-fed  cattle  will  testify  to 
their  truth;  every  cultivator  will  readily 
acknowledge  the  superiority  of  '  town- 
made,'  that  is,  corn-produced  stable 
dung,  to  that  from  horses   fed  only  on 


But  to  tuberous-rooted  plants,  as  the 
potato,  it  is  detrimental.  In  my  experi- 
ments it  reduced  the  produce  one- 
fourth.  Many  farmers  who  cultivate 
the  potato  extensively,  do  so  with  the 


"""B5   ■■■'   "■•■•■    >■"•■'    ..v,.»^o     .V,V.     ^...J    „ -^    , _,   --     -- 

hay  and  straw,  and  that  night-soil  is  far  ;  horse-hoe  alone,  no  longer  using  the 
superior  in  strength  to  either.  The  j  plough  to  earth-up,  as  was  formerly  the 
relative  (juantities  employed  by  the  ;  universal  practice,  and  is  now  with 
cultivator  betray  the  same  fact,  for  on  those  who  never  profit  by  experience, 
the  soils  where'he  applies  twenty  loads  ,  EARWIG.  Forficula  auricularis. 
of  good  farm-yard  compost  per  acre,  he  This  destroyer  of  the  peach,  apricot, 
■'""■'■  <-    •   1  .     piurn,  dahlia,  pink  and  carnation,  com- 

mits its  ravages  only  at  night,  retiring 
durinjr    the     day    to    any    convenient 


spreads  not  half  that  quantity  of  night- 
soil.     The  drainage   from  all  manures 

should  be   scrupulously  preserved,  for    ^     —     _.._,     .-     .-..j 

the  liquid  or  soluble  portion  constitutes  '  shelter  in  the  vicinity  of  its  prey.     Ad- 
their   richest   portion.     The   escape  of,  vantage   must  be  taken   of  this   habit, 


their  gaseous  products  during  decom 
position  should  also  be  checked  as 
much  as  possible,  for  they  contain 
ammonia,  carbonic  acid,  &c.,  all 
abounding  in  constituents  valuable  as 
.fertilizers." — Johnson^s  Farmer's  En- 
cyclop 


and  if  small  garden  pots  with  a  little 
moss  within  be  inverted  upon  a  stick, 
and  pieces  of  the  dry  hollow  stem  of 
the  sunflower,  or  Jerusalem  artichoke, 
be  placed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
fruits  and  flowers  enumerated,  many  of 
the  insects  will  resort  thither,  and  may 


DUR.\NTA.     Seven  species.    Stove    be  shaken  out  and  destroyed.     As  ear- 


evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

DUVALIA.  Twelve  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  lime  rubbish. 

DUVAUA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Common  soil. 

DWARF  FAN-PALM.  Chamarops 
humilis. 

DWARF  MOLY.  Allium  chama- 
moly. 

DWARF  STANDARD  is  a  fruit  tree 
on  a  very  short  stem,  with  its  branches 
unshortened  and  untrained. 

DYCKIA  ranjlora.  Green-house 
herbaceous.  Suckers.  Sandy  peat  and 
loam. 

EARTHS.  Every  cultivated  soil  is 
mainly  composed  of  four  earths  in  vari- 


wigs  are  winged  insects,  it  is  useless  to 
guard  the  stems  of  plants  in  any  mode. 

EBENUS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreens.  Seed.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ECASTAPHYLLUM.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Rich 
loam. 

ECCREMOCARPUS  longiflora. 
Green-house  evergreen  climber.  Cut- 
tings.    Sand,  loam,  and  peat. 

E  C  H  E  V  E  R  I  A  .  Seven  species. 
Green-house  and  stove  succulents.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ECHINACEA.  Six  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.    Division.   Light  rich  loam. 

ECHINOCACTUS.  Sixty-one 
species.  Stove  evergreen.  Offsets. 
Sandy  peat,  and  a  little  calcareous  rub- 
bish. 


ECH 


208 


END 


ECHINOPS.  Sixteen  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Common    soil. 

ECHITES.  Twenty-one  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  twiners.  Cut- 
ings.     Loam  and  peat. 

ECHIUM.  Fifty-eight  species. 
Hardy  and  green-house  shrubs  and  an- 
nuals. Layers  and  cuttings,  or  seeds. 
Loam  and  peat. 

EDGING.  This  for  the  kitchen-garden 
and  all  other  places  where  neatness,  not 


ELiEODENDRON.  Five  species. 
Green-house  and  stove  evergreen 
slirubs.     Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

ELAPHRIUM  glabrum.  ^  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

ELATE  sylvestris.  A  stove  palm. 
Suckers.     Rich  loam. 

ELATER.     See  Wire- worm. 

ELDER  {Sambucus).  Common  black 
elder  (S.  nigra),  of  which  there  are 
several    varieties,    viz.,    black-berried, 


ELEVATION.     See  Altitude. 
ELICHRYSUM.     Forty-five  species. 


ornament,  is  the  object,  may  consist  of)  white-berried,  green-berried,  parsley- 
useful  herbs,  the  strawberry  &c.  As  an  •  leaved,  gold-striped,  silver-striped,  and 
ornamental  edging  nothing  can  compare  silver-dusted, 
with  the  dwarf  Box,  especially  in  light 
soils.     On    heavy  low  lands    it    suffers 

during  winter  and  may,  perhaps,  be  i  Chiefly  green-house  evergreen  shrubs 
totally  destroyed;  in  such  situations  i  and  deciduous  perennials.  Cuttings, 
grass  may  be  used,  though  it  is  trouble-    Peat  and  sandy  loam. 

ELLIOTTIA  racemnsa.      Half-hardy 

evergreen  shrub.    Layers.    Sandy  loam 

and  peat. 


some  to  keep  in  order. 
Fig.  36. 


EDGING  KNIFE.  This  tool ,  fitted 
to  a  straight  handle,  is  used  for  paring 
the  edges  of  grass  bordering  walks, 
&c.,  and  cutting  the  outlines  of  sods, 
which  may  be  then  readily  raised  by 
the  spade. — Rural  Reg. 

EDWARDSIA.  Six  species.  Half- 
hardy  shurbs.     Cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

EGG-BEARER.    Solanum  origenum. 

EGG-SHELLS.    See  Animal  Matters. 

EGLANTINE.     See  Sweet  Briar. 

EGYPTIAN  LOTUS.  Nymphcea 
lotus. 

EGYPTIAN  THORN.     Acacia  vera. 

EHRETIA.  Eleven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs  and  trees.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

EKEBERGIA  capensis.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

EL^AGNUS.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
or  green-house  trees  and  shrubs,  except 
E.  latifolia,  which  is  a  stove  shrub. 
Layers  or  cuttings.     Light  soil. 

ELAIS.  Four  species.  Stove  palms. 
Suckers.     Rich  sandy  loam. 

EL^.OCARPUS.  Five  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  trees  or  shrubs. 
Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 


ELLRBOCARPUS  oleraceus.  Stove 
fern.     Division.     Loam. 

ELISENA  longipetala.  Stove  bulb. 
Offsets.     Sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould. 

ELM  (Ulmus). 

ICLM  BEETLE.     See  Scolytus. 

EMBLICA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
sand. 

EMBOTHRIUM  stroUlinum.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

ENCP.LIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam. 

ENDIVE  {Cichorium  endivia). 

Varieties.  —  The  green-curled,  the 
only  one  cultivated  for  the  main  crops, 
as  it  best  endures  wet  and  cold  ;  the 
white-curled,  chiefly  grown  for  summer 
and  autumn  ;  the  broad-leaved,  or  Bata- 
vian,  is  preferred  for  soups  and  stews, 
but  is  seldom  used  for  salads. 

Soil  and  situation. — Endive  delights 
in  a  light,  dry,  but  rich  soil,  dug  deep, 
as  well  for  the  free  admission  of  its  tap- 
root as  to  serve  as  a  drain  for  any  super- 
abundant moisture.  This  should  be 
especially  attended  to  for  the  winter 
standing  crops,  for  which,  likewise,  if 
the  soil  or  substratum  is  retentive,  it  is 
best  to  form  an  artificial  bed  by  laying 
a  foot  in  depth  of  mould  on  a  bed  of 
brickbats,  stones,  &c.,  as  excessive 
moisture,  in  conjunction  with  excessive 
cold,  is  in  general  fatal  to  this  plant. 
The  situation  should  be  open,  and  free 
from  the  influence  of  trees. 


END 


209 


END 


Time  and  mode  of  sowing. — For  a 
first  crop  about  the  middle  of  April,  to 
be  repeated  in  May,  but  only  in  small 
portions,  as  those  which  are  raised  be- 
fore June,  soon  advance  to  seed.  To- 
wards the  middle  of  this  month  the  first 
main  crop  may  be  inserted  ;  to  be  con- 
tinued in  the  course  of  July,  and  lastly 
early  in  August ;  and  in  tiiis  month  the 
main  plantation  is  made.  The  seed 
is  sown   then    in  drills   twelve    inches 


frames,  mats,  or  thick  coverings  of  lit- 
ter, during  severe  and  very  wet  wea- 
ther ;  but  to  be  carefully  uncovered 
during  mild  dry  days.  The  plants,  in 
this  instance,  are  not  required  to  be 
further  apart  than  six  or  eight  inches. 
This  plan  may  be  followed  in  open  days 
during  December  and  January,  by  which 
means  a  constant  supply  may  be  ob- 
tained. Instead  of  being  planted  in  the 
above  manner  on  a  terrace,  it  is  some- 


apart,  and  about  half  an  inch  below  the  ,  times  practised  to  take  the  plants  on  a 
surface.  The  plants  speedily  make  dry  day,  and,  the  leaves  being  tied  to- 
their  appearance.  When  an  inch  in  1  gether,  to  lay  them  horizontally  in  the 
height  ihey  should  be  thinned  to  three  |  earth  down  to   the   tip   of  the  leaves; 


or  four  inches  apart :  those  taken  away 
are  too  small  to  be  of  any  service  if 
pricked  out.  The  bed  must  be  kept 
clear  of  weeds  from  the  first  appearance 
of  the  plants  until  they  are  removed. 
To  promote  their  arrival  at  a  fit  size  for 
performing  this  operation,  water  should 
be  given  occasionally  in  dry  weather. 

When  the  larger  seedlings  have  been 
transplanted,  the  smaller  ones  which 
remain  may  be  cleared  of  weeds  and 
have  a  gentle  watering  ;  by  which  treat- 
ment, in  twelve  or  fourteen  days,  they 
will  have  attained  a  sufficient  size  to 
afford  a  second  successional  crop;  and, 
by  a  repetition  of  this  management,  in 
general  a  third.  The  plants  are  gene- 
rally fit  for  transplanting  when  of  a 
month's  growth  in  the  seed-bed  ;  but 
a  more  certain  criterion  is,  that  when 
of  five  or  six  inches'  height  they  are  of 
the  most  favourable  size. 

Plantinjr. — They  must  be  set  in  rows 
twelve  or  fifteen  inches  apart  each  way  : 
the  Batavian  requires  the  greatest  space. 
Some  gardeners  recommend  them  to  be 
set  in  trenches  or  drills  three  or  four 
inches  deep.  This  mode  is  not  detri- 
mental in  summer  and  dry  weather; 
but  in  winter,  when  every  precaution 
is  to  be  adopted  for  the  prevention  of 
decay,  it  is  always  injurious. 

Water    must    be   given    moderately 


this  accelerates  the  blanching,  but 
otherwise  is  far  more  subject  to  failure. 

As  the  number  necessary  for  a  family 
is  but  small,  but  few  should  be  planted 
at  a  time. 

Blanching.  —  About  three  months 
elapse  between  the  time  of  sowing  and 
the  fitness  of  the  plants  for  blanching. 
This  operation,  if  conducted  properly, 
will  be  completed  in  from  ten  to  four- 
teen days  in  summer,  or  in  three  or 
four  weeks  in  winter.  To  blanch  the 
plants  it  is  the  most  common  practice 
to  tie  their  leaves  together,  to  place 
tiles  or  pieces  of  board  upon  them,  or 
to  cover  them  with  garden-pots;  whilst 
some  recommend  their  leaves  to  be  tied 
together,  and  then  to  be  covered  up  to 
their  tips  with  mould,  making  it  rise  to 
an  apex,  so  as  to  throw  off  excessive 
rains.  All  these  methods  succeed  iu 
dry  seasons ;  but  in  wet  ones  the  plants, 
treated  according  to  any  of  them,  are 
liable  to  decay. 

The  one  which  succeeds  best  in  all 
seasons  is  to  fold  the  leaves  round  the 
heart  as  much  as  possible  in  their  natu- 
ral position;  and  being  tied  together 
with  a  shred  of  bass-mat,  covered  up 
entirely  with  coal-ashes  in  the  form  of 
a  cone,  the  surface  being  rendered  firm 
and  smooth  with  the  trowel.  Sand  will 
do,  but  ashes  are   equally  unretentive 


.. „„    ^ — ^ ^^.j  I"-)  "■•-  "-••---  —   -^1 J    ^-^ — •■ 

every  evening  uutil  the  plants  are  esta-  j  of  moisture,  whilst  they  are  much  supe 


blished,  after  which  it  is  not  at  all  re- 
quisite, except  in  excessive  and  pro- 
tracted drought.  Those  which  arc  left 
in  the  seed-bed,  if  the  soil  is  at  all  fa- 
vourable, in  general  attain  a  finer 
growth    than    those    that    have     been 


rior  in  absorbing  heat,  which  is  so  be- 
neficial in  the  hastening  of  the  process. 
If  the  simple  mode  of  drawing  the 
leaves  together  is  adopted  to  effect  this 
etiolation,  they  must  be  tied  very  close, 
and,  in  a  week  after  the  first  tying,  a 


moved.  In  November  some  plants  that  second  ligature  must  be  passed  round 
have  attained  nearly  their  full  size  may  the  middle  of  the  plant  to  prevent  the 
be  removed  to  the  south  side  of  a  slop-  heart-leaves  bursting  out.  A  dry  after- 
ing  bank  of  dry  light  earth,  raised  one  noon,  when  the  plants  are  entirely  free 
or  two  feet  behind  :  to  be  protected  by  i  from  moisture,  should  be  selected, 
14 


ENG 


210 


ENG 


whichever   mode    is   adopted   for    this 
concluding  operation. 

A  very  excellent  mode  is  to  spread 
over  the  surface  of  the  bed  about  an 
inch  in  depth  of  pit-sand,  and  covering 
each  plant  with  a  small  pot  made  of 
earthenware,  painted  both  within  and 
on  the  outside  to  exclude  the  wet — that 
worst  hindrance  of  blanching.  To  avoid 
this,  the  pots  should  be  taken  off  daily 
for  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  and  their  in- 
sides  wiped  dry.  A  common  garden-pot 
will  do  if  the  hole  be  closely  stopped; 
but  a  sea-kale  pot  in  miniature,  is  to 
be  preferred  ;  and  if  made  of  zinc  or 
other  metal,  it  would  be  better,  because 
not  porous  and  admissive  of  moisture. — 
Juhnson''s  Gard.  Almanack. 

To  obtain  Seed.  —  The  finest  and 
soundest  plants  should  be  selected  of 
the  lastplantation,  and  which  most  agree 
with  the  characteristics  of  the  respect- 
ive varieties.  For  a  small  family  three 
or  four  plants  of  each  variety  will  pro- 
duce sufficient.  These  should  be  taken 
in  March,  and  planted  beneath  a  south 
fence,  about  a  foot  from  it  and  eighteen 
inches  apart.  As  the  flower-stem  ad- 
vances it  should  be  fastened  to  a  stake; 
or,  if  they  are  placed  beneath  palings, 

by  a  string,  to  be  gathered 
Fi'T.  37.        as  the  seed  upon  it  ripens  r 

for   if   none  are    gathered 

T  until  the  whole  plant  is 
changing  colour,  the  first 
jg,  ripened  and  best  seed  will 
have  scattered  and  be  lost, 
so  wide  is  the  difference 
of  time  between  the  seve- 
ral branches  of  the  same 
plant  ripening  their  seed. 
Each  branch  must  be  laid, 
as  it  is  cut,  upon  a  cloth  in 
the  sun  ;  and  when  per- 
fectly dry,  the  seed  beaten 
out,  cleansed,  and  stored. 

ENGINE.  This  name  is 
applied  to  many  contriv- 
ances for  supplying  water 
to  platUs. 

1.  The  pump-syringe,  or 
syringe-engine,  (Fig.  37), 
can  be  supplied  with  water 
from  a  common  bucket, 
from  which  it  sucks  the 
water  tiirough  a  perforat- 
ed base.  The  handle  is 
sometimes  made  to  work 
like  that  of  the  common 
pump. 


2.  The  barrow  watering-engine  (Fig. 
38)  is  represented  in  the  figure  below. 
It  will  throw  the  jet  of  water  to  a  dis- 
tance of  forty  or  fifty  feet,  or  somewhat 
less  if  a  rose  is  upon  the  end  of  the  de- 
livery-pipe. It  holds  from  twenty  to 
thirty  gallons  of  water;  but  may  be 
made,  with  a  leather-hose  attached,  to 
communicate  with  a  pond  or  other 
reservoir  of  water. 

Fig.  38. 


3.  The  curved  barrel-engine  (Fig.  39) 
is  excellent;  for  the  barrel,  piston-rods, 
&c.,  being  so  constructed  as  to  be  turned 
on  a  lathe,  they  are  so  accurate  that 
there  is  the  least  possible  loss  of  power, 
either  from  unnecessary  friction  or  from 
an  imperfect  vacuum. 

Fig.  39. 


Another  garden  engine  of  still  greater 
power,  is  illustrated  by  the  annexed 
drawing  (Fig.  40) ;  it  is  somewhat  more 
costly  than  those  in  general  use,  but 
may  be  used  for  a  variety  of  purposes, 
and  in  some  cases    might  be  used  to 


i 


ENK 


211 


ENT 


Fig.  40. 


protect  property  from  fire.  They  are 
of  various  patterns  and  power.  Some  of 
them,  worked  by  a  single  arm,  cast  the 
water  fifty  to  sixty  feet  high.  | 

E  N  K  i  A  N  T  H  U  S.  Two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ENTADA.  Five  species.  Stove  ever- 
green climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

ENTELEA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  sandy  peat. 

ENTRANCES.  Upon  these  parts  of 
a  residence,  which  should  give  a  first 
and  appropriate  impression,  Mr.  VVhate- 
ley  has  these  just  remarks  : 

"The  road  which  leads  up  to  the 
door  of  the  mansion  may  go  off  from  it 
in  an  equal  angle,  so  that  tiie  two  sides 
shall  exactly  correspond  ;  and  certain 
ornaments,  though  detached,  are  yet 
rather  within  the  province  of  architec- 
ture than  of  gardening  ;  works  of  sculp- 
ture are  not,  like  buildings,  objects 
familiar  in  scenes  of  cultivated  nature  ; 
but  vases,  statues,  and  termini,  are 
usual  appendages  to  a  considerable  edi-  ! 
fice  :  as  such,  they  may  attend  the  man- 
sion, and  trespass  a  little  upon  the  gar- 
den, provided  they  are  not  carried  so 
far  into  it  as  to  lose  their  connexion 
with  the  structure.  The  platform  and 
the  road  are  also  appurtenances  to  the 
house  ;  all  these  may,  therefore,  be 
adapted  to  its  form  ;  and  the  environs  I 
will  thereby  acquire  a  degree  of  regu- 1 


larity ;  but  to  give  it  to  the  objects  of 
nature,  only  on  account  of  their  prox- 
imity to  others  which  are  calculated  to 
receive  it,  is,  at  the  best,  a  refinement. 

"  Upon  the  same  principles  regu- 
larity has  been  required  in  the  approach; 
and  an  additional  reason  has  been  as- 
signed for  it,  that  the  idea  of  a  seat  is 
thereby  extended  to  a  distance  ;  but 
that  may  be  by  other  means  than  by  an 
avenue  ;  a  private  road  is  easily  known; 
if  carried  through  grounds,  or  a  park, 
it  is  commonly  very  apparent ;  even  in 
a  lane,  here  and  there  a  bench,  a  paint- 
ed gate,  a  small  plantation,  or  any  other 
little  ornament,  will  sufficiently  denote 
it.  If  the  entrance  only  be  marked, 
simple  preservation  will  retain  the  im- 
pression along  the  whole  progress  ;  or 
it  may  wind  through  several  scenes  dis- 
tinguished by  objects,  or  by  an  extraor- 
dinary degree  of  cultivation  :  and  then 
the  length  of  the  way,  and  the  variety 
of  improvements  through  which  it  is 
conducted,  may  extend  the  appearance 
ofdomain  and  the  idea  of  a  seat,  beyond 
the  reach  of  any  direct  avenue.  A 
narrow  vista,  a  mere  line  of  perspective, 
be  the  extent  what  it  may,  will  seldom 
compensate  for  the  loss  of  that  space 
which  it  divides,  and  of  the  parts  which 
it  conceals. 

"Regularity  was,  however,  once 
thought  essential  to  every  garden  and 
every  approach  ;  and  it  yet  remains  in 
many.  It  is  still  a  character  denoting 
the   neighbourhood   of   a   gentleman's 


EPA 


212 


EllP 


habitation  ;  and  an  avenue,  as  an  object       EREMURUS  spectabilis.   Hardy  her- 
in  a  view,  gives  to  a  house,  otherwise   baceous.     Division.     Common  soil, 
inconsiderable,  the    air  of  a  mansion.        ERIA.       Twelve     species.       Stove 
Buildings  which  answer  one  another  at   epiphytes.      Division.      Peat  and   pot- 
the  entrance  of  an  approach,  or  on  the   sherds. 

bides    of  an    opening,  have    a    similar       ERICA,  Heath.     Four  hundred   and 
effect  ;    they  distinguish    at    once    the    ninety-five  species,  besides  very  many 
precincts  of  a  seat  from  the  rest  of  the    varieties.     Most  of  them  green-house, 
country.      Some    pieces    of  sculpture,    but  a  large  number  are  hardy,  and  are  all 
also,  such  as  vases   and  termini,  may    evergreen.     Cuttings  or  layers.     Sandy 
perhaps  now  and  then  be  used  to  extend    peat.     See  Heath. 
the  appearance  of  a  garden  beyond  its       ERIGERON.    Forty  species.   Hardy 
limits,  and  to  raise  the  mead  in  which   herbaceous  and   annuals.     Division  or 
they  are  placed  above  the  ordinary  im-   seed.     Common  soil, 
provements   of  cultivated  nature.     At!      ERINUS.      Five    species.       Green- 
other   times   they    may    be    applied  as   house  evergreens,  and  hardy  herbace- 
ornaments  to  the  most  polished  lawns  ;  [  ous.     Division  or  seed.     Sandy  loam, 
the  traditional  ideas  we  have  conceived  :      ERIOBOTRYA.  Two  species.  Half- 
of  Arcadian  scenes  correspond  with  such  [  hardy  evergreen  trees.     Cuttings,  seed, 
decorations;  and   sometimes  a  solitary  |  and  grafting  on  the  white-thorn.     Leaf 
urn,  inscribed  to  the  memory  of  a  per-  i  and  peat  mould. 

son  now  no  more,  but  who  once  fre-       ERIOCEPHALUS.       Five     species, 
quented  the  shades  where  it  stands,  is  '•  Green-house   evergreen    shrubs.      Cut- 
an  object  equally  elegant  and  interest- I  tings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
ing.  ERIOCOMA.      Two  species.     Half- 

"  The  occasions,  however,  on  which    hardy    evergreen     shrubs.       Cuttings, 
we    may   with    any   propriety    trespass '  Common  soil. 

beyond'the  limits  of  cultivated  nature, '      ERIODENDRON.        Four     species, 
are  very  rare  ;  the  force  of  the  charac-  '  Stove  evergreen  shrubs.     Seed.     Rich 
tercan  alone  excuse  the  artifice  avowed  j  loam  and  sandy  peat, 
in  expressing  it." — Whateley.  \      ERIOGONUM.  Five  species.    Hardy 

EPACRIS.  Eighteen  species.  Green- [herbaceous.     Seed.     Loam  and  peat, 
house  evergreen    shrubs.     Cuttings.—  ;      ERIOL.T.NA.   Two  species.   Green- 
Sandv  peat.  house    evergreen      shrubs.       Cuttings. 

EPIDENDRUM.  Sixty-eight  species.  \  Sandy  peat. 
Stove   epiphytes.      Offsets.      Peat  and'      ERIOPHYLLUM.       Two     species, 
potsherds  ''■  H'U'dv.     Division.     Common  soil. 

EPIg"(EA.     Two  species.     Hardy'      ERIOSOMA.     A    genus    of   insects 
evergreen  trailers.  Layers.    Sandv  peat    nearly  synonymous  with  ApMs. 
and  loam  '  -^^  ^I'saria.     Poplar  Louse. 

E  P  I  L  0  B  I  U  M.  Seventeen  species. '      ^-  lanigera.     See  American  Blight. 
Hardy  herbaceous.     Seed  or  division. ;      ERIOSPERNUM.       Eight    species. 
Common  soil.  Green-house    bulbs.     Suckers.     Sandy 

EPIMEDIUM.    Five  species.    Hardy    P^-it. 

herbaceous.     Division.     Sandy  peat.       '      ERIOSTEMON.  Ten  species.  Green- 

„r.T„  ,  „rT,io     rru  ■         TLi      1      house    evergreen     shrubs.       Cuttings. 

EPIPACTIS.    Three  species.    Hardy  =  ° 


orchids.  Division.  Sandy  peat  and 
loam. 

EPIPHYLLUM.  Eleven  species. 
Stove  evergreen  cactacea;.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

EPIPHYTES  grow  upon  other  plants, 
but,  unlike  parasites,  do  not  extract 
from  them  nourishment. 

ERANTHEMUM.  Eleven  species. 
Stove  and  green-house  evergreen 
shrubs.     Cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

ERANTHIS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
tubers.    Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 


Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

ERISMA  floribunda.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

ERITHALIS.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Rich  loam 
and  peat. 

ERNODEA  montana.  Half-hardy 
evergreen  trailer.  Division.  Gravelly 
soil. 

Twenty-seven  species, 
herbaceous.     Division. 


ERODIUM. 
Chiefly  hardy 
Common  soil. 

ERPETION. 


Two   species.     HalP- 


i 


ER  Y 


213 


ERY 


hardy  evergreen  creepers.  Division. 
Sandy  peat. 

ERYNGIUM.  Thirty-four  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous.  Division  or 
seed.     Common  soil. 

ERYTHRyEA.  Eleven  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  annuals.     Seed   or  divi- 


brick  rubbish  at  least  six  inches  thick  ; 
over  that  lay  some  small  sticks,  leaves, 
or  moss,  to  prevent  the  soil  from  get- 
ting into  the  drainage,  and  in  filling  up, 
raise  the  bed  six  inches  above  the  level 
of  the  surrounding  soil — with  a  compost 
consisting    of   rich    turfy    loam,    leaf- 


sion  accordingly,  as  they  are  annuals  or    mould,  and  turfy  peat,  in  the  proportion 


perennials.     Loam 


of  two   parts  of  the  former  to  one  of 


ERYTHRINA.  Thirty-five  species,  each  of  thclatter  ;  to  which  sandstone 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  shrubs  and  or  porous  bricks,  broken  to  the  size  of 
trees.      Cuttings.      Loam,    peat,    and    large  eggs,  may  be  added  to  the  extent 


leaf-mould,  in  equal  proportions 


of  one-eighth  of  the  whole  mass.     This 


E.  crista- gain.  Coral  Tree.  Is  one  '  mixture  will  never  become  solid,  on 
of  the  most  beautiful  of  this  genus,  and  j  the  contrary,  it  will  always  be  perme- 
ils  cultivation  in  the  open  air  is  thus  '  able  to  both  air  and  moisture,  without 
detailed   by   that   excellent    gardener,  |  any  risk  of  becoming  saturated  with  the 


Mr.  W.  P.  Ayres  :— 


I  latter.     The  plants  in  the  first  season 


"Cuttings  of  the  young  wood,  taken  may  be  planted  eighteen  inches  apart; 
off  with  a  heel  when  about  three  inches  but  in  the  third  year  half  of  them  may 
long,  and  planted  round  the  edge  of  a  be  taken  out  to  form  a  new  plantation, 
large  pot,  or  singly  in  small  ones,  in  j  and  in  the  fifth  or  sixth  year  each  plant 
sandy  peat,  and  plunged  in  a  brisk  [  when  in  flower  will  acquire  an  area  of 
bottom  heat,  will  root  in  the  course  of  sixteen  or  twenty  square  feet.  When 
a  few  weeks.  This  is  suitable  for  those  large  specimens  for  immediate  effect 
puttings  which  are  taken  from  plants  in  are  desired,  four  or  five  may  be  placed 
neat,  but  cuttings  from  the    open   air    in  juxtaposition. 

will  not  bear  such  treatment.  The  j  "  The  best  time  to  plant  them  out 
transition  to  a  close  warm  frame  ap-  |  will  be  from  the  last  week  in  May  to 
pears  too  much  for  them,  and  they  the  middle  of  June,  as  the  ground  will 
become  paralyzed  ;  but  if  after  being  then  be  a  little  warm,  and  the  plants 
planted  they  are  placed  in  a  moderately  j  will  sustain  no  check. 
warm  frame  until  the  cuttings  are  cica-  "  Towards  the  end  of  October  the 
trized,  and  then   removed  to   a    brisk  j  plants  should    be   cut   down,  and    the 


bottom  heat,  they  will  root  with  great 
freedom. 


crown  of  each  covered  with   a  box,  or 
flower-pot,  filled    with  dry  leaves,  the 


"After  the  cuttings  are  rooted,  they  whole  being  spread  over  with  dry  peat, 
must  be  repotted  into  rich  light  com-  leaf-mould, or  saw-dust,  to  the  depth  of 
post,  and  encouraged  to  make  robust  ,  a  foot,  and  then  turfed  over  neatly, 
growth.  As  it  is  indispensable  that  the  The  latter  will  be  found  advantageous, 
plants  should  become  strong  before  {  especially  if  the  sides  of  the  bed  have  a 
they  are  planted  out,  they  must  have  at  ;  sharpish  inclination,  as  it  will  throw  off 
least  one  season's  cultivation  in  pots;  j  much  of  the  rain  that  would  otherwise 
the  flower-buds  must  also  be  removed  soak  into  the  mould,  and  impair  its 
as  soon  as  they  are  perceptible,  so  that  |  protecting  properties 


the  whole  organizable   matter  may  be 
concentrated  in  the  young  plant 


'  In    spring,    when   the    covering  is 
removed,  the  surface  of  the  bed  should 


'  In  the  spring  of  the  second  season,    be  renewed  to   the  depth   of  the  roots 


the  ground  may  be  prepared  for  the 
reception  of  the  plants,  and  as  the  i)re- 
servation  in  winter  of  the  roots  of  all 
tender  plants  depends  as  much  upon 
the  dryness  as  upon  the  warmth  of  the 
soil,  it  will  be  advisable  to  give  them 
an  elevated  but  not  an  exposed  situa- 
tion ;  and  where  the  subsoil  is  not 
porous,  make  it  so  artificially.  There- 
fore, where  it  is  necessary,  excavate 
the  natural  soil  to  the  depth  of  two 
feet,  and  in  the  bottom  place  a  layer  of 


with  the  above  compost,  the  whole 
being  afterwards  covered  two  inches 
thick  with  sandy  peat  or  leaf  mould. 
This  covering  should  be  continued  until 
the  middle  of  June,  or  later  if  the 
weather  requires  it.  Water  during  the 
growing  season  may  be  freely  adminis- 
tered in  dry  weather,  and  if  liquic^ 
manure  is  occasionally  given  it  will  add' 
to  the  strength  of  the  plants;  hut  after 
they  are  in  bloom  the  less  water  that 
falls  on  the  bed  the  better  it  will  be  for 


ERY 


214 


ESP 


the  preservation  of  the  roots  through 
the  winter." — Gard.  Chron.  North  of 
the  Potomac  it  will  be  safer  to  remove 
the  Erythrina  c.-galli  in  autumn  -to 
some  sheltered  situation,  where  it  may 
be  kept  in  nearly  a  dry  or  dormant  state 
until  the  spring,  when  it  may  again 
occupy  its  position  in  the  open  air. 

KRYT  UROL  JEN  A  conspicua.  Hardy 
biennial.     Seed.     Rich  loam. 

EllYTIIRONIUM.  Four  species. 
Hardy  bulbs.  Offsets.  Common  soil, 
with  a  little  peat 


are  withered,  which  takes  place  during 
the  last-named  month,  when,  being 
carefully  dried  and  housed,  they  will 
keep  until  the  following  spring.  Care 
must  be  taken  that  they  are  gradually 
dried  in  an  airy  situation,  shaded  from 
the  meridian  sun,  which  would  cause 
them  to  wrinkle;  as  also  to  store  them 
in  dry  weather. 

ESCHSCHOLTZIA.     See  Chryseis. 

ESPALIER,  is  a  tree  trained  to  a 
trellis  instead  of  a  wall,  and  though 
the  fruit  it  bears  is  not  quite  equal  to 


ESCALLONIA.  Seven  species,  i  that  borne  by  a  tree  of  the  same  variety 
Green-house  and  half-hardy  evergreen  j  trained  against  the  wall,  yet  it  is  far 
shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat,  sand,  and  i  superior  to  that  borne  on  either  dwarf 
loam.  j  or  full   standards.     Of  this  the  causes 

ESCHALLOT  or  SHALLOT.  ^Z-j  obviously  are,  that  the  fruit  and  leaves 
liu7n  ascalonicum.  Of  this  there  are  j  are  more  fully  supplied  with  sap,  and 
the  common,  and  the  long-keeping,  the  j  more  perfectly  exposed  to  the  light  and 
]ast  continuing  good  for  two  years.  '  warmth  of  the  sun.  Some  gardeners 
Both  have  a  stronger  taste  than  the  j  object  to  their  introduction  into  the 
onion,  yet  not  leaving  that  odour  on  the  ;  kitchen  garden  on  the  plea  that  they 
palate  which  the  latter  is  accustomed  j  deprive  the  under  crops  of  air  and  light, 
to  do,  it  is  often  preferred  and  em-  ■  but  if  confined  to  the  borders  of  the 
ployed  in  its  stead,  both  in  culinary  ■  main  walks,  the  shelter  they  afford  to 
preparations, and  for  eating  inits  natural  !  those  crops  is  more  than  commensurate 
state.  j  to  the  slight  interruption  suggested.    In 

Time  and  Mode  of  Propagation. —  j  addition,  they  are  highly  ornamental. 
Each  offset  of  the  root  will  increase  in  '  and  greatly  improve  the  aspect  of  the 
a  similar  manner  as  its  parent.  The  j  kitchen  garden.  Espalier  rails  should 
planting  may  be  performed  in  October  ;  run  parallel  with  the  walks,  and  at  four 
and  November,  or  early  in  the  spring,  I  feet  distance  from  them  ;  not  higher 
as  February,  March,  or  beginning  of  j  than  five  feet;  neat,  and  if  made  of 
April.  The  first  is  the  best  season, ;  wood,  tarred,  and  the  ends  which  are 
especially  if  the  soil  lies  dry,  as  the  j  fixed  in  the  ground  charred;  though 
bulbs  become  finer.  If  the  smallest  blocks  of  stone  sunk  into  the  ground, 
offsets  are  employed  for  planting,  they  i  with  iron  sockets  or  bases  to  receive 
never  become  mouldy  in   the  ground,    those  ends,  are  still  better. 


and  they  are  never  injured  by  the  most 
intense  frosts. 

They  are  to  be  planted  on  the  surface, 
six  inches  asunder  each  way,  in  beds 
not  more  than  four  feet  wide,  some  very 
rich  mould  being  placed  beneath  them, 
and  a  little  raised  on  each  side  to  sup- 
port them  until  they  become  firmly 
rooted,  when  it  must  be  entirely  re- 
moved by  the  hoe,  and  a  strong  current 
of  water  from  the  watering  pot.  The 
compost  laid  beneath  the  offsets  may 
consist  of  a  mixture  of  well-decayed 
hot-bed  dung  and  soot,  which  is  very 
favourable  to  their  growth,  and  is  a 
preservative  from  the  maggot. 

Cultivation. — The  only  attention  they 
subsequently  require  is  to  be  kept  clear  Various  suggestions  have  been  made  for 
of  weeds.  Some  may  be  taken  up  as  altering  the  form  of  espalier  trellises, 
wanted  in  June,  July,  and  August,  but!  but  let  the  gardener  never  adopt  any 
not  entirely  for  storing  until  the  leaves  I  that  declines  from  the  perpendicular. 


Gooseberries  and  Currants  are  highly 
improved  by  being  trained  as  espaliers, 
and  may  be  so  grown  along  borders 
near  the  side  walks  of  the  kitchen 
garden.  For  these  the  trellis  must  be 
not  higher  than  three  feet  from  the 
ground,  and  for  the  purpose  stakes 
about  four  inches  in  circumference, 
and   thus  arranged,  are  very  suitable. 

Fig.  41. 


ETI 


215 


EVE 


The  smallest  approach  to  the  horizontal 
increases  the  radiation  of  heat  from  the 
trees,  and  increases,  consequently,  the 
cold  they  have  to  endure  at  night.     It 


Bristol.  As  it  often  happens,  the  fe- 
male has  not  been  observed  depositing 
her  eggs;  the  spot  that  she  selects  is 
therefore  yet  unknown.     Drought  does 


is  not  one  of  the  least  advantages  of  1  not  suit  them." — Card.  Chron. 


training  gooseberries  and  currants  as 
espaliers,  that  it  facilitates  the  protect- 
ing them  with  mats. 

ETIOLATION.     See  Blanching. 
EUCALYPTUS.    Fifty-three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  trees.    Cuttings. 
Peat,  loam,  and  sand. 

EUCHARIDIUM  concinnum.  Hardy 
annual.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

EUCHILUS  obcordatus.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

EUCHROMA.    'Two  species.     Har- 
dy; one   perennial,  the    other   annual. 
.Seed.     Common  soil,  with  a  little  peat. 

EUCLEA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

EUCGMIS.  Seven  species.  Green- 
house bulbs.     Offsets.     Rich  loam. 

EUCROSIA  bicolor.  Green-house 
bulb.     Offsets.     Common  light  soil. 

EUGENIA.  Twenty-eight  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and    peat. 

EULOPHIA.  Eight  species.  Green- 
house and  stove  orchids.  Division. 
Peat  and  loam. 

EUMERUS.  A  genus  of  predatory 
flies. 

E.  eeneus.  Brassy  Onion  Fly,  is  thus 
described  by  Mr.  Curtis:  — 

"The  maggots  are  very  rough,  from 
a  multitude  of  short  spines  or  rigid 
bristles,  which  cover  their  skins,  espe- 


EUNOMIA  oppositifolia.  Half-hardy 
herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

EUONYMUS.  Eighteen  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Seed 
or  cuttings.     Common  soil. 

EUPATORIUM.  Fifty  species,  em- 
bracing hardy,  green-house,  and  stove 
herbaceous,  and  perennial  plants.  Seed. 
Peat  and  loam. 

EUPHORBIA.  One  hundred  and 
fifty-two  species.  Chiefly  hardy,  green- 
house and  stove  evergreens.  Division 
or  seed.     Common  soil. 

"  E.  splendens  is  the  most  striking 
species.  It  is  a  stove  evergreen  shrub. 
It  should  be  repotted  early  in  spring, 
or  even  in  the  winter,  if  the  pot  is  full 
of  roots.  Although  it  does  not  require 
so  much  water  in  winter,  yet  you  must 
not  keep  it  then  quite  dry,  for  it  is  al- 
ways growing." — Card.  Chron. 

E.  jaquinajlora  is  also  a  very  beau- 
tiful species,  producing  a  profusion  of 
deep  orange  coloured  flowers  in  a 
wreath  like  form. 

EURYA.  Two  species.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

EURYALE  ferox.  Stove  aquatic. 
Seed. 

EURYCLES.  Four  species.  Stove 
bulbs.  Seed  and  offsets.  Sandy  loam 
and  leaf-mould. 

EUSTEGIA  hastnta.       Green-house 


cially  towards  the   tail,  ferruginous  or  j  evergreen  trailer.     Cuttings.     Peat  and 


brownish.  The  fly  itself  is  of  a  reddish 
ochre  colour,  freckled  with  dark  brown, 
and  there  are  two  spiny  processes  like 
short  horns  upon  the  thorax,  in  the  fe- 
male at  least.  It  is  densely  clothed 
with  short  hairs,  thickly  and  distinctly 
punctured,  and  of  an  olive-green  colour, 
with  a  brassy  tinge;  the  antenna;  are 
entirely  black,  the  seta  naked  :  the  face 
is  very  hairy,  simply  convex  and  silvery 
white;  eyes  dark  brown  and  slightly 
pubescent;  rostrum  very  short ;  thorax 
with  two  whitish  lines  down  the  back. 
The  maggots  of  this  fly  do  not  seem  to 
be  confined  to  the  onion,  for  I  bred  one 
in  the  middle  of  May  from  cabbage 
roots,  and  specimens  have  been  taken 
flying  about  hedges  in  June  and  July, 
in   the  Deighbourhood  of  London  and 


loam. 

EUSTOMA  silenifoUa.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

EUSTREPHUS.  Two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  twiners.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat. 

EUTAXIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

EUTHALES  trinervis.  Green-house 
herbaceous.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

EUTHAMIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

EUTOCA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
annuals  and  biennials.  Seeds.  Sandy 
soil. 

EUXENI A  g-ra<a.  Green-house  ever- 
green shrub.    Cuttings.    Peat  and  loam. 

EVENING  FLOWER.    Hesperus. 


EVE 


216 


EXT 


EVENING  PRIMROSE.     CEnotkera.  1  summer,  when  the  moisture  supplied  to 

EVERGREENS  are  such  plants  as  do  I  a  club-rooted  cabbage  by  its  root  does 

not   shed   all   their  leaves   at  any  one  ;  not  nearly  equal  the  exhalation  of  its 

season  of  the  year.  I  foliage,  to    supply  this   deficiency  the 

EVERGREEN  THORN.      Cratagusl  plant  endeavours',  by  forming  a  kind  of 


pyracantha. 

EVERLASTING.     Gmiphalium. 

EVERLASTING  PEA.  Lathyrus 
latifolivs. 

EVODIA  triphylla.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 


spurious  bulbous  root,  to  adapt  itself  to 
the  contingency." — Princ.  of  Garden- 
ing. 

EXTRAVASATED  SAP.  "Under 
this  general  name,  I  purpose  to  include 
the  consideration  of  gumming, bleeding, 


EVOLVULUS.     Eleven  species,    and    other    injurious    affections    under 


Chiefly  stove  annual  trailers;  two  are 
hardy,  and  tvifo  evergreens.  The  last 
propagated  by  division  ;  others  by  seed. 
Common  soil. 

EXCRESCENCE.  «' Independent  of 
Galls,  which  are  caused  by  the  punc- 
tures of  insects,  and  the  swellings  which 
always  a<;company  Canker,  the  excres- 
cences which  injure  the  gardener's 
crops  are  very  few.  That  which  ap- 
pears above  the  point  of  union  between 
the  scion  and  stock,  is  caused  by  the 
former  being  the  freer  grower  of  the 
two,  and  is  a  warning  which  should  be 
remembered,  for  it  curtails  the  longevity 
of  the  tree,  the  supply  of  sap  gradually 
becoming  inefficient. 

"The  excrescences  which  occur  upon 
the  branches  of  some  apples,  as  those 
of  the  codling  and  June-eating,  cannot 
be  looked  upon  as  disease,  for  they 
arise  from  congeries  of  abortive  buds, 
which  readily  protrude  roots  if  buried 
in  the  soil,  making  those  among  the 
very  few  apples  which  can  be  propa- 
gated by  cuttings.     Of  a  similar  nature 


which  plants  occasionally  labour,  on 
account  of  their  sap  escaping  from  the 
properly  containing  vessels.  The  ex- 
travasation proceeds  either  from  the  al- 
burnum or  from  the  inner  bark  and  may 
arise  from  five  causes. 

"  1.  The  acrid  or  alkaline  state  of 
the  sap,  which  has  been  considered 
already,  when  treating  of  the  canker. 

"  2.  From  plethora  or  excessive 
abundance  of  the  sap. 

"  3.  From  the  unnatural  contraction 
of  the  circulatory  vessels. 

"  4.  From  wounds. 

"5.  Heat  and  dryness. 

"  1.  With  regard  to  the  alkaline  state 
of  the  sap,  it  may  be  observed,  addition- 
ally, that  the  excessive  alkaline  quality 
of  the  sap,  imparting  to  it  the  power  of 
destroying  the  fibre  of  its  containing 
vessels,  is  placed  on  the  basis  of  chemi- 
cal experiment.  A  weak  alkaline  solu- 
tion dissolves  woody  fibre  without 
alteration;  and  it  may  be  thrown  down 
again  by  means  of  an  acid.  By  this 
property  we   are   enabled    to    separate 


are  the  huge  excrescences  so  prevalent  j  wood  from  most  of  the  other  vegetable 
on  aged  oaks  and  elms.     Bulbous  ex- 1  principles,  as  few  of  them  are  soluble 


crescences  are  formed  upon  the  roots  of 
many  plants  if  compelled  to  grow  upon 
a  soil  drier  than  that  which  best  suits 
them.  This  is  the  case  especially  with 
two  grasses,  Phleum  pratense  and  Al- 
opecurus  gcniculatiis,  and  is  evidently  a 
wise  provision  of  nature  to  secure  the 
propagation  of  the  species,  for  those 
bulbs  will  vegetate  long  after  the  re- 
mainder of  the  plant  has  been  destroyed 
by  the  excessive  dryness  of  the  soil. 

"On  the  free  performance  of  this 
function  of  plants  their  health  is  depend- 
ent in  a  very  high  degree  :  and  I  believe 
that  half  the  epidemics  to  which  they 
are  subject  arises  from  its  derangement. 
That  consequence  of  the  clubbing  of 
the  roots  of  the  brassica  tribe,  called 
fingers  and  toes,  arises,  I  consider, 
entirely   from   it.     In   the   drought   of 


in  weak  alkaline  leys. 

"  It  is  true,  that  the  vital  principle 
may  counteract  powerfully  this  chemi- 
cal action  ;  but  it  will  not  control  the 
corrosive  effect  of  an  active  agent  in 
excess,  if  repeated  for  any  length  of 
time.  The  blood  of  the  human  system 
contains,  when  in  a  healthy  state,  a  por- 
tion of  common  salt;  yet,  if  this  saline 
constituent  is  in  excess,  it  induces  in- 
flammation and    organic  derangement. 

"  2.  Plethora  is  that  state  of  a  plant's 
excessive  vigour  in  which  the  sap  is 
formed  more  rapidly  than  the  circulatory 
vessels  can  convey  it  away.  When  this 
occurs,  rupture  must  take  place,  for  the 
force  with  which  it  is  propelled  during 
circulation,  and  consequently,  the  force 
acting  to  burst  the  vessels  during  any 
check,  is  very  much  greater  than  could 


EXT 


217 


EXT 


have  been  expected,  before  Mr.  Hales 
demonstrated  it  by  experiment. 

"  Now,  we  know  that  a  much  less 
pressure  than  any  of  those  above  men- 
tioned would  be  capable  of  bursting  the 
delicate  membranes  of  any  of  their  ex- 
terior descending  sap  vessels,  and  it  is 
in  such  outer  ducts  that  the  injury  first 
occurs.  When  one  exterior  vessel  is 
ruptured,  that  next  beneath  it,  having 
the  supporting  pressure  removed,  is 
enabled  to  follow  the  same  course  at 
the  same  locality;  and  in  proportion  to 
the  length  of  the  time  that  the  sap  con- 
tinues in  excess,  is  the  depth  to  which 
the  mischief  extends,  and  the  quantity 
of  sap  extra vasated. 

"  If  the  extravasation  proceeds  from 
this  cause,  there  is  but  one  course  of 
treatment  to  be  pursued  ;  sever  one  of 
the  main  roots  to  afford  the  tree  im- 
mediate relief,  and  reduce  the  staple  of 
the  soil,  by  removing  some  of  it,  and 
admixing  less  fertile  earthy  components, 
as  sand  or  chalk.  This  must  be  done 
gradually,  for  the  fibrous  roots  that  are 
suited  for  the  collection  of  food  from  a 
fertile  soil  are  not  at  once  adapted  for 
the  introsusception  of  that  from  a  less 
abundant  pasturage.  Care  must  be 
taken  not  to  apply  the  above  remedies 
before  it  is  clearly  ascertained  that  the 
cause  is  not  an  unnatural  contraction  of 
the  sap  vessels,  because,  in  such  case, 
the  treatment  might  be  injurious  rather 
than  beneficial.  I  have  always  found  it 
arising  from  an  excessive  production  of 
sap,  if  the  tree,  when  afflicted  by  extra- 
vasation, produces  at  the  same  time 
super-luxuriant  shoots. 

"  3.  Local  contractions  of  the  sap 
vessels. — If  the  extravasation  arises 
from  this  cause,  there  is  usually  a  swell- 
ing of  the  bark  immediately  above  the 
place  of  discharge. 

"I  had  a  cherry  tree  in  my  garden, 
in  Essex,  of  which  the  stock  grew  very 
much  less  freely  than  the  graft,  conse- 
quently, just  above  the  place  of  union, 
a  swelling  resembling  a  wen  extended 
round  the  whole  girth  of  the  tree,  from 
which  swelling  gum  was  continually 
exuding.  In  the  stem  below  it,  I  never 
observed  a  single  extravasation.  In  a 
case  such  as  this,  the  cultivator's  only 
resource  is  to  reduce  cautiously  the 
amount  of  branches,  if  the  bleeding 
threatens  to  be  injuriously  extensive, 
otherwise  it  is  of  but  little  consequence, 
acting    like    temporary    discharges   of 


blood  from  the  human  frame,  as  a  re- 
lief to  the  system. 

"  4.  The  extravasation  of  the  sap  from 
a  wound  is  usually  the  most  exhausting, 
and  as  the  wound,  whether  contused  or 
not,  is  liable  to  be  a  lodgment  for  wa- 
ter and  other  foreign  bodies  opposed  to 
the  healing  of  the  injured  part,  the  dis- 
charge is  often  protracted.  This  is 
especially  the  case  if  the  wound  be 
made  in  the  spring,  before  the  leaves 
are  developed,  as  in  performing  the 
winter  pruning  of  the  vine  later  than  is 
proper.  In  such  case,  the  vine  always 
is  weakened,  and  in  some  instances  it 
has  been  destroyed.  The  quantity  of 
sap  which  may  be  made  to  flow  from 
some  trees  is  astonishing,  especially  in 
tropical  climates.  Thus,  from  a  cocoa- 
nut  palm,  from  three  to  five  pints  of  sap 
will  flow  during  every  day  for  four  or 
five  successive  weeks.  The  best  mode 
of  checking  such  exudations,  is  by  plac- 
ing a  piece  of  sponge  dipped  in  a  solu- 
tion of  sulphate  of  iron  upon  the  dis- 
charging place,  covering  the  sponge 
with  a  piece  of  sheet-lead,  and  binding 
it  on  firmly.  The  sulphate  acts  as  a 
styptic,  promoting  the  contraction  of 
the  mouths  of  the  vessels;  the  sponge 
encourages  cicatrization,  and  the  lead 
excludes  moisture. 

"  5.  Heat  attended  by  dryness  of  the 
soil,  as  during  the  drought  of  summer, 
is  very  liable  to  produce  an  unnatural 
exudation.  This  is  especially  notice- 
able upon  the  leaves  of  some  plants, 
and  is  popularly  known  as  honey-dew. 
It  is  somewhat  analogous  to  that  out- 
burst of  blood,  which  in  such  seasons  is 
apt  to  occur  to  man,  and  arises  from 
the  increased  action  of  the  secretory 
and  circulatory  system,  to  which  it  af- 
fords relief  There  is  this  great  and 
essential  difference,  that,  in  the  case  of 
the  plants,  the  extravasation  is  upon  the 
surface  of  the  leaves,  and  conse(juently 
in  proportion  to  the  abundance  of  the 
extruded  sap  are  their  respiration  and 
digestion  impaired. 

"  Azaleas  sometimes, but  rarely, have 
the  impubcscence  on  their  leaves,  espe- 
cially on  their  lower  surface,  beaded  as 
it  were  with  a  resinous  exudation.  This 
can  scarcely  be  called  a  disease.  It  is 
never  found  but  upon  plants  that  have 
been  kept  in  a  temperature  too  high, 
and  in  a  soil  too  fertile.  It  is  an  effort 
to  relieve  the  surcharged  vessels,  and 
occurs  in  various  forms  in  other  plants. 


EXT 


218 


EXT 


"  The  honey-dew  was  noticed  by  the 
ancients,  and  is  mentioned  by  Pliny  by 
the  fanciful  designation  of  the  '  sweat  of 
the  heavens,'  and  the  '  saliva  of  the 
stars,'  though  he  questioned  whether  it 
is  a  deposition  from  the  air,  purging  it 
from  some  contracted  impurity.  More 
modern  philosophers  have  been  quite 
as  erroneous  and    discordant   in   their 


dew, '  almost  as  fast  as  it  was  deposit- 
ed,' to  collect  it  in  considerable  quan- 
tities, and  convert  it  into  the  choicest 
sugar  and  sugar-candy.' 

"  The  bees,  however,  he  found  to- 
tally disregarded  the  honey-dew  which 
came  under  his  observation.  With  the 
opinion  of  Mr.  Curtis  I  do  not  agree, 
any  more  than  does  the  Abbe  Boissier 


opinion  relative  to  the  disease's  nature.  I  de  Sauvages,  who,  in  a  memoir  read 
Some,  with  the  most  unmitigable  aspe-  j  before  the  Society  of  Sciences  at  Mont- 
rity,  declare  that  it  is  the  excrement  of  j  pellier,  gives  an  account  of  '  a  shower 


aphides.     Others  as  exclusively   main- 
tain that  it  is   an  atmospheric  deposit. 


and  a  third  party  consider  that  it  arises  I  at  Paris. 


of   honey-dew,'   which    he    witnessed 
under  a  lime  tree  in  the  king's  garden 


from  bleeding,  consequent  to  the  wounds 
of  insects.     That  there  may  be  a  gluti- 


■  The  various  successful  applications 
of  liquids  to  plants,  in  order  to  prevent 


nous  saccharine  liquid  found  upon  the  '  the  occurrence  of  the  honey-dew  and 


leaves  of  plants  arising  from  the  first  and 
third  named  causes  is  probable,  or 
rather  certain  ;  but  this  is  by  no  means 
conclusive  that  there  is  not  a  similar 
liquid  extravasated  upon  the  surface  of 
the  leaves,  owing  to  some  unhealthy 
action  of  their  vessels.  It  is  with  this 
description  of  honey-dew  that  we  are 
here  concerned.  The  error  into  which 
writers  on  this  subject  appear  to  have 
fallen,  consists  in  their  having  endea- 
voured to  assign  the  origin  of  every  kind 
of  honey-dew  to  the  same  cause.  Thus 
the  Rev.  Gilbert  White  seems  {Natu- 
ralist's Calendar,  144)  to  have  had  a 
fanciful  and  comprehensive  mode  of  ac- 
counting for  the  origin  of  honey-dew  : 
he  tells  us,  June  4th,  1783,  vast  honey- 
dews  this  week.  The  reason  of  this 
seems  to  be,  that  in  hot  days  the  efflu- 
via of  flowers  are  drawn  up  by  a  brisk 
evaporation,  and  then  in  the  night  fill 
down  with  the  dews  with  which  they 
are  entangled.  The  objection  urged  to 
this  theory  by  Curtis  {Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 
vi.  82)  is  conclusive.  If  it  fell  from  the 
atmosphere,  it  would  cover  every  thing 
on  which  it  fell  indiscriminately  ;  where- 
as we  never  find  it,  but  on  certain 
living  plants  and  trees;  we  find  it  also 
on  plants  in  stoves  and  green-houses 
with  covered  glass. 

"Curtis  had  convinced  himself  that 
the  honey-dew  was   merely  the  excre- 


similar  diseases,  would  seem  to  indi- 
cate that  a  morbid  state  of  the  sap  is 
the  chief  cause  of  the  honey-dew,  for 
otherwise  it  would  be  difficult  to  explain 
the  reason  why  the  use  of  a  solution  of 
common  salt  in  water  applied  to  the 
soil  in  which  a  plant  is  growing,  can 
prevent  a  disease  caused  by  insects. 
But  if  we  admit  that  the  irregular  action 
of  the  sap  is  the  cause  of  the  disorder, 
then  we  can  understand  that  a  portion 
of  salt  introduced  in  the  juices  of  the 
plant  would  naturally  have  a  tendency 
to  correct  or  vary  any  morbid  tendency, 
either  correcting  the  too  rapid  secretion 
of  sap,  stimulating  it  in  promoting  its 
regular  formation,  or  preserving  its  flu- 
idity. And  that  by  such  a  treatment 
the  hone3'-dew  may  be  entirely  pre- 
vented, I  have  myself  often  witnessed 
in  my  own  garden,  when  experiment- 
alizing with  totally  different  objects. 
Thus  I  have  seen  plants  of  various 
kinds,  which  have  been  treated  with 
a  weak  solution  of  confimon  salt  and 
water,  totally  escape  the  honey-dew, 
where  trees  of  the  same  kind  growing 
in  the  same  plot  of  ground  not  so  treat- 
ed, have  been  materially  injured  by  its 
ravages.  I  think,  howjever,  that  the 
solution  which  has  been  sometimes  em- 
ployed for  this  purpose  is  much  too 
strong  for  watering  plants.  I  Jiave  al- 
ways preferred  a  weak  liquid,  and  I  am 


ment  of  the  aphides,  and  he  supported  ,  of  opinion,  that  one  ounce  of  salt  (chlo- 
his  theory  with  his  usual  ability,  al-  j  ride  of  sodium)  to  a  gallon  of  water  is 
though  he  justly  deemed  it  a  little  quite  powerful  enough  for  the  intended 
'  wonderful  extraordinary'  that  any  in-  I  purpose.  I  am  in  doubt  as  to  the  cor- 
sect  should  secrete  as  excrementitious  i  redness  of  Knight's  opinion,  as  to  the 
matter,  sugar;  he  even  thought  it  pos-  ;  mere  water  having  any  material  influ- 
sible,  if  the  ants,  wasps,  and  flies,  could  ence  in  the  composition  of  such  are- 
be  prevented  from  devouring  the  honey-  |  medy,  since  I  have  noticed  that  standard 


EYE 


219 


F  AL 


fruit  trees,  around  which,  at  a  distance 
of  six  or  eight  feet  from  the  stem,  I  had 
deposited  at  a  depth  of  twelve  inches  a 
quantity  of  salt  to  promote  the  general 
health  and  fruitfulnoss  of  the  tree,  ac- 
cording to  the  manner  formerly  adopted 
to  some  extent  in  the  cider  countries 
for  the  apple  orchards,  that  these  es- 
caped the  honey-dew  which  infected 
adjacent  trees,  just  as  well  as  those 
which  had  been  watrrod  with  salt  and 
•water." — Jolinson^s  Principles  of  Gar- 
dening. 

EYEBRIGHT.     Kitphrasia. 
FAB  A  vulgaris.     See  Bean. 
FABRICIA.     Four  species.     Green- 
house    evergreen     shrubs.       Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

FAGELIA  bituminosa.  Green-honse 
evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

FAGR/EA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
sand,  and  peat. 

FAGUS,  Beech  tree.  Four  species. 
Seed,  budding,  and  grafting.  Chalky 
loam. 

FALKLV  repens.  Green-house  ever- 
green creeper.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

FALL  of  the  LEAF.  Dr.  Lindley 
thus  explains  this  phenomenon. 

"  In  the  course  of  time  a  leaf  be- 
comes incapable  of  performing  its 
functions  ;  its  passages  are  choked  up 
by  the  deposit  of  sedimentary  matter  ; 
there  is  no  longer  a  free  communica- 
tion between  its  veins  and  the  wood 
and  liber.  It  changes  colour,  ceases  to 
decompose  carbonic  acid,  absorbs  oxy- 
gen instead,  gets  into  a  morbid  condi- 
tion, and  dies;  it  is  then  thrown  off. 
This  phenomenon,  which  we  call  tlie 
fall  of  the  leaf,  is  going  on  the  whole 
year.  Those  trees  which  lose  the 
whole  of  their  leaves  at  the  approach 
of  winter,  artd  are  called  deciduous, 
begin,  in  fact,  to  cast  their  leaves  with- 
in a  few  weeks  after  the  commence- 
ment of  their  vernal  growth  ;  but  the 
mass  of  their  foliage  is  not  rejected  till 
late  in  the  season.  Those,  on  the 
other  hand,  which  are  named  ever- 
greens, part  with  their  leaves  much 
more  slowly;  retain  them  in  health  at 
the  time  when  the  leaves  of  other 
plants  arc  perishing;  and  do  not  cast 
them  till  a  new  spring  has  commenced, 
when  other  trees  are  leafing,  or  even 


later.  In  the  latter  class,  the  functions 
of  the  leaves  are  going  on  during  all 
the  winter,  although  languidly  ;  they 
are  constantly  attracting  sap  from  the 
earth  through  the  spongelets,  and  are 
therefore  in  a  state  of  slow  but  con- 
tinual winter  growth. 

"  It  usually  happens  that  the  per- 
spiratory organs  of  these  plants  are  less 
active  than  in  deciduous  species." — 
Theory  of  Horticulture. 

With  all  due  deference  to  Dr.  Lind- 
ley, whose  scientific  acquirements  are 
ol'  a  high  order,  we  cannot  admit  that 
his  theory  in  this  particular  is  entirely 
satisfactory.  Nature  has  ordained  that 
vegetables  shall  perform  certain  func- 
tions, and  that  which  may  appear  to  be 
the  cause  of  change,  is  in  fact  only 
a  result  of  the  action  of  established 
laws. 

FALLOWING,  beyond  all  doubt,  is 
needless  where  there  is  a  due  supply 
of  manure,  and  a  sufficient  application 
of  the  spade,  fork,  and  hoe  to  the  soil. 
Fallowing  can  have  no  other  beneficial 
influence  than  by  destroying  weeds, 
aiding  the  decomposition  of  offensive 
exuviaj,  exposing  the  soil  to  the  disin- 
tegrating influence  of  the  air,  and  ac- 
cumulating in  it  decomposing  matter. 
Now  all  these  effects  can  be  produced 
by  judicious  stirrings  and  manurings. 
Mr.  Barnes,  gardener  to  Lady  Rolle, 
at  Bicton,  bears  confirmatory  testimony 
to  this  opinion,  founded  on  many  years' 
experience. 

"  To  rest  or  fallow  ground  for  any 
length  of  time  is  only  loss  of  time  and 
produce;  more  benefit  will  be  obtained 
by  trenching  and  forking  in  frosty  or 
hot  sunny  weather,  in  a  few  days,  than 
a  whole  season  of  what  is  erroneously 
called  rest  or  fallow.  Trench,  fork, 
and  hoe;  change  every  succeeding 
crop;  return  to  the  earth  all  refuse 
that  is  not  otherwise  useful  in  a  green 
state,  adding  a  change  of  other  manures 
occasionally,  especially  charred  refuse 
of  any  kind,  at  the  time  of  putting  a 
crop  into  the  ground.  Every  succeed- 
ing crop  wUl  be  found  healthy  and 
luxuriant,  suff'ering  but  little  either 
from  drought,  too  much  moisture,  or 
vermin." — Principles  of  Gardening. 

The  practice  of  fallowing  appears  to 

have    been    one    of    great    antiquity. 

Virgil   (who  flourished    his  grey-goose 

I  quill    two  thousand    years    ago),    thus 

'  alludes  to  it  in  his  Georgics  : 


FAR 


220 


FEB 


"  Both  these  unhappy  soils  the  swain 

forbears, 
And  keeps  a  Sabbath  of  alternate  years, 


ORCHARD. 


Apples,    finish    pruning,    b.      Apri- 
cots,  finish   pruning,  b.  —  Blossoms  of 


That  the  spent  earth  may  gather  heart:  early  wall   fruit,  shelter  in  frosty    and 

windy  weatlier.  —  Dress  and  fork 
over  the  earth  of  the  borders,  &c. — 
Figs, prune. — Forcing,  continue.  (See 
Jan.) — Gooseberries,  finish  pruning,  b. 
— Grafting,  commence,  if  mild,  e. — 
Grafts,  collect  ready  for  use. — Hot- 
house, forcing  continue.     (See  Jan.) — 


again 
And    bettered   by  cessation,  bear   the 

grain, 
At    least   where    vetches,   pulse,   and 

tares,  have  stood, 
And  stalks  of  lupines  grew  (a  stubborn 

wood) 


Th'  ensuing  season,  in  return  may  bear  i  Layers,  make  of  Figs,  Vines,  Filberts, 


The   bearded   product   of   the   golden 
year." 

FARAMF>A  odoratissima.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Turfy 
loam  and  sandy  peat. 

FARM  -  YARD  MANURE.  See 
Ihing. 

FARSETIA.  Six  species.  F. 
cheiranthifoUa  is  a  hardy  annual  ;  the 
others  are  half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs. 
The  first  by  seed,  the  shrubs  by  cut- 
tings.    Light  loam. 

FEABERRY,  a  local  name  for  the 
Gooseberry. 

FEATHERS.     See  Animal  Matters. 

FEBRUARY. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

Except  in  the  remote  south,  the  out- 
door operations  of  the  gardener  are 
almost  suspended.  Nearly  all  that  he 
can  do  is  to  provide  manure,  prepare 
rods  and  poles  for  peas  and  beans, 
labels  for  his  plants,  and  if  the  weather 
admit,  trench  those  compartments  of  his 


Mulberri(>s,  and  Muscle  Plums,  the  last 
for  stocks. — MfzwMres,  apply  where  re- 
quired.— Mu^s,  on  trees,  destroy  with 
brine.  (See  Jan.) — Pears, finish  pruning; 
graft,  e. — Plums,  finish  pruning  ;  graft, 
e. — Pruning,  finish  generally. — Rasp- 
berries. — Standards,  finish  pruning. — 
Straicberries,  c\ea.r  and  spring  dress; 
force  in  hot-beds,  giving  air  abun- 
dantly, and  covering  the  glasses  with 
mats  at  night.  —  Trench  ground  for 
planting. —  Vines  may  still  be  pruned, 
b.;  cuttings,  plant. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  during  midday, 
when  weather  permits. —  Bulbs,  and 
other  dry  roots  for  succession,  plant, 
b. — Bark  Beds  attend  to.  (See  Jan.) — 
Cherries,  in  blossom,  shade  when  sun 
is  bright ;  disbud  as  required :  day 
temp,  keep  about  60°  ;  night  45°. — 
Earth  of  borders,  &c.,  stir  once  a 
week. — Figs  require  a  day  temp,  about 
60°. — Flowering  shrubs  in  pots,  intro- 
duce for  succession. — Heat,  keep  up  ; 


grounds  which  require  such  treatment,  j  plants  becoming  more  sensitive. — Jfj'd- 
Such  labour  and  the  preparation  of  hot-  ney  JSeans,  continue  to  sow  in  boxes, 
beds  for  forcing,  may  profitably  employ  '  (See  Jan.) — Labels,  renew  where  re- 
his  time.  Cabbage,  Eggplants,  Toma- '  quired. — ieat'^'S,  keep  cleaned  ;  decay- 
toes.  Peppers,  &;c.,  are  now  sown  in  j  ed  and  weeds  clear  away  constantly. — 
hot-beds  for  early  planting.  If  the  ,  Liquid  Manure  apply  to  the  roots  of 
weather  be  very  cold  delay  awhile,  fruit  trees  in  forcing,  especially  Vines 
nothing  can  be  gained  by  setting  them  and  Figs. — Peaches,  and  other  fruits  in 
during  strong  frost.  Farther  south  blossom,  should  not  now  be  syringed  ; 
labour  has  now  commenced  in  earnest,  j  disbud;  thin  when  too  thick,  and  as  large 
In  theCarolinas  and  southward,  it  is  per-  '  as  peas  ;  day  temp.  60°. — Pines,  water 


haps  one  of  the  most  active  months  in 
horticultural  operations.  Beans  and 
Peas  are  planted;  Cabbage  and  Cauli- 
flower sown,  and  plants  from  previous 


moderately ;  (crowns  of)  remove  from 
bark  bed  to  pots;  regulate  succession 
by  changing  their  pots,  &c. — Steam,  (if 
employed)    may    be    admitted     almost 


sowings  transplanted.     Lettuce   plants  j  daily. — Strawberries,  in  pols,  introduce 


from  the  autumn  seed  beds  are  set  out. 
Spinach  is  sown,  also  Radishes,  Car- 1 
rots.  Parsnips,  Beets;  Asparagus  beds 
are  dressed.  In  short,  all  the  early  ope- 
rations of  the  garden  are  now  per- 
formed. 


for  succession. — Thermometer ,  for  most 
stove  plants,  may  be  at  70"  during  mid- 
day.— Tobacco  fumigations  give  weekly, 
or  oftener  if  insects  appear. — Vines, 
treat  as  in  Jan.;  do  not  syringe  whilst 
in  blossom;  prune  bunches;  day  temp. 


FED 


221 


FEN 


70°. — Water,  g'we  more  freely  than  last 
month  ;  keep  in  open  pans  constantly. 
—  Watch  sedulously  for  the  green  fly 
and  red  spider. 

GREEN-HOrSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  whenever  practica- 
ble;  it  is  now  still  more  important  than 
in  winter. — Dead  Wood,  cut  away  as  it 
appears. — Earth,  give  fresh  generally. 
— Head  down  shrubs  irregularly  grown. 
— Heat,  give  as  necessary,  to  keep  the  j 
temp,  above  32'-'. — Labels,  renew  where 
wanted. — Leaves,  keep   clean,  and  re- 
move   those    decayed.  —  Priming     of 
Oranges,   ^-c.,    complete. — Shelter,    by 
putting  mats  over  the  glass  in  severe 
weather. — Shift  into  large  pots  where  | 
required. —  Water  more  oflen  than  last' 
month,   wherever   needed,  but  only  a 
little  at  a  time. 

FEDIA  cornucopia.  Hardy  annual. 
Seed.     Common  soil. 

FENCES  are  employed  to  mark  the 
boundary  of  property,  to  exclude  tres- 
passers, either  human  or  quadrupedal, 
and  to  afford  shelter.  They  are  either 
live  fences,  and  are  then  known  as 
hedges,  or  dead,  and  are  then  either 
banks,  ditches,  palings,  or  walls ;  or 
they  are  a  union  of  those  two,  to  which 
title*  the  reader  is  referred. 

The  following  is  the  English  law  on 
the  subject : — 

In  the  eye  of  the  law  a  hedge,  fence, 
ditch,  or  other  inclosure  of  land,  is  for 
its  better  manuring  and  improvement; 
and  various  remedies  are  therefore  pro- 
vided for  their  preservation. 

The  common  using  of  a  wall  separat- 
ing adjoining  lands  belonging  to  differ- 
ent owners  is  jjrm(5/ac/<;  evidence  that 
the  wall,  and  the  land  on  which  it 
stands,  belongs  in  equal  moieties  to  the 
owners  of  those  lands  as  tenants  in 
common.  {Cubitt  v.  Porter,  8  B.  &  C. 
257.) 

One  of  such  tenants  in  common  of  a 
wall  or  hedge  may  maintain  an  action 
of  trespass  against  the  co-tenant  for  in- 
juring the  wall  or  for  grubbing  up  the 
hedge,  but  not  for  clipping  the  latter. 
(Voyce  v.  Toi/ce,  Gow.  201.) 

If  a  field  be  fenced  with  a  bank  and 
ditch,  it  is  not  a  necessary  consequence 
that  his  ditch  extends  eight  feet  from 
the  interior  line  of  the  bunk's  foot,  viz., 
four  feet  for  t)ie  base  of  the  bank,  and 
four  feet  for  the  ditch  ;  and  the  owner 
has  no  right  to  cut  into  his  neighbour's 


field  to  widen  the  ditch  beyond  the 
proof  of  its  ancient  width.  (Vowles  v. 
Miller,  3  Taunton,  137.) 

Where  two  fields  are  separated  by  a 
hedge  and  ditch,  the  \\e6ge,prijn(i facie, 
belongs  to  the  owner  of  the  field  in 
which  the  ditch  is  not.  If  there  are 
two  ditches,  one  on  each  side  the  ditch, 
evidence  must  prove  acts  of  ownership 
over  the  hedge  to  show  to  whom  it  be- 
longs. {Guy  V.  West,  2  Selwyn,  N.  P. 
1287.) 

The  owner  of  the  wall  or  hedge  is 
bound  to  repair  it;  and  if  any  injury 
arises  from  its  being  out  of  repair,  an 
action  on  the  case  lies. 

Any  one  stealing  or  cutting,  breaking 
or  throwing  down,  with  the  intent  to 
steal,  any  fence,  post,  pales,  rail,  stile, 
or  gate,  or  any  part  thereof,  may  be 
fined  by  a  justice  of  the  peace  the 
amount  of  the  injury  done,  and  a  fine 
not  exceeding  bl.  Committing  the  same 
offence  a  second  time  renders  the  of- 
fender liable  to  twelve  months'  impri- 
sonment and  a  whipping. 

Stealing  metal  garden-fencing  is  a 
felony.  In  America  each  State  has  its 
own  peculiar  laws  on  this  as  on  other 
subjects.  In  Pennsylvania,  by  an  Act 
of  1700,  entitled  ".4/1  act  for  the  regu- 
lating and  maintaining  of  Fences,"  it 
was  provided  that  "  all  cornfields  and 
grounds  kept  for  inclosures  within  the 
said  province  and  counties  annexed, 
shall  be  well  fenced  with  fence  at  least 
five  feet  high,  and  close  at  the  bottom, 
&c."  By  an  Act  of  1729,  it  was  pro- 
vided that  "  to  prevent  disputes  about 
the  sufficiency  of  fences,  all  fences 
shall  be  esteemed  lawful  and  sufficient, 
though  they  be  not  close  at  the  bottom, 
so  that  the  distance  from  the  ground  to 
the  bottom  thereof,  exceed  not  nine 
inches;  and  that  they  be  lour  feet  and 
a  half  high,  and  not  under."  Both  acts 
are  operative  in  certain  counties  only. — 
See  Pardon's  Digest. 

Ornamental  fences  for  enclosing  gar- 
dens, yards,  &c.,  are  almost  as  diversi- 
fied as  the  ideas  of  beauty  in  the  human 
mind.  "The  impression,  on  viewing 
grounds  laid  out  with  some  preten- 
sion to  taste,  is  governed  in  a  degree, 
by  the  style  and  character  of  the  sur- 
rounding fence.  It  is  a  great  mistake 
to  suppose  the  most  elaborate  (and  of 
course  costly)  arc  the  most  pleasing  ; 
j  yet  acting  on  this  supposition,  we  see 
1  exhibited  fences  which  appear  to  have 


FEN 


222 


FER 


been  plnnned  as  if  to  show  the  amount  |  many ;  for  ourselves,  we  should  choose 
of  money  which  could  be  thus  expend-  the  latter,  though  it  be  not  the  best, 
ed    and  after   all,  they    rather   disgust    so  far  as  the  preservation  of  the  wood 


than  please. 


Fig.  43. 


is  concerned." — Rural  Reg. 

FENNEL  {Anethum  Fanicvlum)  will 
flourish  in  almost  any  soil  or  situation  : 
in  a  dry  soil  it  is  longest-lived.  It  is 
propagated  both  by  oftsets,  partings  of 
the  root,  and  by  seed  ;  all  of  which 
modes  may  be  practised  any  time  be- 
tween the  beginning  of  February  and 
the  end  of  April.  The  best  season, 
however,  for  sowing,  is  autumn,  soon 
after  the  seed  is  ripe,  at  which  time  it 
may  also  be  planted  with  success. 

Insert  the  plants  a  foot  apart,  and  the 

seed    in   drills,   six    or    twelve    inches 

asunder,  according  as  it  is  intended  that 

—  I  the  plants  are  to  be  transplanted  or  to 

remain. 

'  When  advanced  to  the  height  of  four 
or  five  inches,  if  they  are  intended  for 
removal,  the  plants  are  pricked  out 
eight  inches  apart,  to  attain  strength  for 
final  planting  in  autumn  or  spring. 
Water  must  be  given  freely  at  every 
removal,  and  until  established,  if  the 
weather  is  at  all  dry. 

They    require    no    other    cultivation 
than  to  be  kept  free  from  weeds ;  and 
the  stalks  of  those  that  are  not  required 
to   produce   seed    to   be  cut  down    as 
often  as  they  run  up  in  summer.     If  this 
is  strictly   attended   to,  the   roots   will 
last  for    many  years  ;  but  those  which 
are  allowed  to  ripen  their  seed  seldom 
endure  for  more  than  five  or  six. 
FENNEL-FLOWER.     Nigella. 
FENUGREK.     Trigonella. 
FERNELIA.     Two  species.     Stove 
evergreen     shrubs.      Cuttings.      Turfy 
loam  and  peat. 

FERNS  from  the  tropics  present  to 
us  some  of  the  most  beautiful  forms  to 
be  found  in  the  vegetable  world,  and^ 
now  very  generally  are  a  portion  of 
collections  of  exotic  plants.  Mr.  .T 
Henderson,  the  florist,  gives  the  follow- 
ing directions  for  their  cultivation  : — 
"  Procure  a  number  of  small  octagon- 
I  shaped  hand-glasses  about  six  inches  in 
"The  figures  42,  43,  44,  illustrate !  diameter,  (more  or  less,)  according  to 
three  simple  designs,  formed  by  straight,  the  size  of  the  pots  intended  to  sow  the 
slats  or  pales,  and  therefore  of  the  least '  seeds  in,  the  side  walls  of  each  being 
expense;  thoy  are  readily  executed, :  high  enough  to  admit  the  pot  to  stand 
and  agreeable  from  their  simplicity. ,  underneath  without  touching  the  glass. 
The  colour  which  should  be  used,  is  of!  "  Pots.— These  are  to  be  about  half 
course  a  matter  of  taste  ;  white  is  gene-  filled  with  well  broken  potsherds,  the 
rally  preferred,  though  dark  shades,  finest  at  top  ;  then  fill  to  within  half  an 
even  jet  black,  arc  the  most  pleasing  to  !  inch  of  the  rim  with  heath-mould,  sifted 


~ 

- 

1 

- 

- 

-   - 

- 

- 

'^^•W«j^„j>«,v 


■--n^^R^AW^■«>"'^«o:ws<v^^c^:^«?f^<s:A^■**w«<^ 


FER 


223 


FER 


through  a  fine  sieve.  Level  the  surface  [  slight  depression  should  be  made  with 
of  the  mould,  and  water  it  freely  with  a  the  point  of  the  pen-knife  on  tlie  sur- 
very  fine  rose  ;  let  the  pot  stand  a  few  ■  face  of  the  mould  in  the  new  pot,  and 
minutes  till  the  water  is  absorbed,  and  the  patch  inserted,  taking  care  not  to 
then  carry  it  to  a  dry  part  of  the  house. ,  cover  any  part  of  the  plants  with  the 
"Sowing. — Place  the  papers  con- i  earth.  They  may  stand  about  a  quarter 
taining  the  fern  seed  for  a  minute  or  of  an  inch  from  patch  to  patch;  and 
two  on  the  flue,  or  some  other  place  when  the  operation  is  completed,  water 
where  they  will  become  thoroughly  the  seedlings  and  place  the  pot  under 
dry  :  then  open  the  paper  and  carefully    the  glasB. 

dust  the  spores  (seed)  over  the  surface        "  These  transplanted  seedlings   will 
of  the  moist  earth,  taking  care  not  to    frequently  succeed  better  than  those  in 


sow  too  thick.  The  pots  may  then  be 
placed  in  a  shady  place  on  a  level  sur- 
face of  wood  or  stone,  to  prevent  the 
intrusion  of  worms,  and  covered  with 
the  hand-glass.  The  germination  of 
ferns  differs  in  different  species;  some 
require  sis    weeks    and    more  ;    and  i 


the  seed-pots;  indeed  with  very  slow 
growing  seedlings  it  is  frequently  ad- 
visable to  transfer  the  whole  to  another 
pot,  as  they  will  generally  root  better 
in  the  fresh  than  in  the  old  earth. 

"  When  the  seedlings  have  fully  de- 
veloped their  perfect  fronds,  (and  not 


during  that  time  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  till  then,)  the  glasses  maybe  withdrawn 
in  the  pots  should  appear  dry,  a  very  '  The  pot  with  the  seedlings  should  then 
slight  watering  must  be  given  with  the  be  placed  in  a  perfectly  shaded  place, 
fine  rose. 

"After-culture. — It  will  be  necessary 
to  examine  the  surface  of  the  earth  fre- 


and    more    frequently    supplied    with 

water. 

"  They  may  remain  in  the  seed-pots 
quenlly  with  a  pocket  microscope,  in  '  until  three  or  four  fronds  are  produced, 
order  to  discover  any  mouldiness  or  when  it  will  be  advisable  to  shift  them 
minute  algaj  that  may  "appear  ;  such  ap-  into  other  pots  and  place  them  at  wider 
pearances  indicate  that  too  much  water    distances. 

has  been  used;  and    in  that   case  the        "  ISIany  ferns  grow  very  slowly  while 
glasses  sliould  be  taken  off  for  a  short   in  the  state  of  primary  frond,  and  re- 


time, and  the  pots  removed  to  the  full 
light. 

"  Ifaftcr  this  the  mouldiness  continue 
to  spread,  a  knife  may  be  introduced 
between  the  pot  and  the  earth,  and  the 
latter  slightly  raised  up  so  as  to  allow 
the  moisture  to  drain  off. 

"  As  the  seedlings  acquire  strength, 
they  may  be  removed  from   the  shade 


quire  many  months  before  their  perfect 
fronds  are  developed. 

"  It  is  chiefly  for  these  slow  growers 
that  glasses  are  required  ;  others,  such 
as  most  of  the  (Jymnogrammas,  some 
species  of  Nephrodium,  Ptoris,  &c., 
come  up  readily  in  open  pots,  but  with 
those  which  recjuire  from  nine  to  eight- 
een  months   to    produce    their  second 


to  places  where  they  will  have  more  !  fronds,  glasses  are  indispensable 
light;  but  they  must  not  be  exposed  to  "Great  care  must  be  taken  not  to 
the  full  sun  in  summer  as  long  as  they  allow  worms  to  get  into  the  pots,  as  they 
are  under  the  hand-glass.  In  winter,  will  in  a  very  short  time  destroy  the 
however,  when  the  sun  is  less  power-  [  whole  crop.  The  only  way  to  get  rid 
ful,  all  those  seedlings  that  have  per- I  of  these  pests,  is  to  place  the  pot  with 
fccted,  or  nearly  perfected  their  first  the  glass  over  it,  on  a  tolerably  hot 
fronds,  may  be  exposed  to  the  full  flue,  or  some  other  well-heated  surface, 
light;  this  will  prevent  the  spreading  of  when  the  heat  ascending  through  the 
mouldiness,    which    the    moist    atmo-    earth  in  the   pot  will  drive  the  worm 


sphere  under  the  glasses  is  so  apt  to    out. 


produce  at  this  season  of  the  year. 


"  It   may    not   be    amiss  to   observe 


"When  it  happens  that  from  too  here,  that  in  collecting  spores  for  repro- 
thick  sowing  the  seedlings  are  much  i  duction,  it  is  belter  tp  select  a  frond  on 
crowded,  they  should  be  thinned  out  which  the  theca;  (seed  vessels)  have  not 
carefully  with  the  point  of  a  pen-knife,  opened  ;  if  they  have  changed  to  a 
taking  patches  of  from  six  to  a  dozen  brown  colour,  and  one  or  two  have 
plants  and  transferring  them  to  another  j  opened,  they  will  be  in  the  best  possi- 
pot,  prepared  in  ail  respects  as  if  for  I  ble  state  for  transmission  to  a  distance ; 
sowing   spores.     In    planting   these,  a  '  portions  of  the  frond  should  then  be  in- 


FER 


224 


FIG 


closed  in  the  papers,  which  should  be 
well  secured  and  kept  perfectly  dry." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

FERRARIA.  Eight  species.  Green- 
house and  hardy  bulbs.  Offsets  and 
seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

FICARIA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
tubers,  tubers,  shaded.    Common  soil. 

F  I  C  U  S.  Fig  Tree.  Seventy-seven 
species.  Chiefly  green-house  and  stove 
evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Light  rich  ioam. 

F  I  E  L  D  I  A  australis.  Green-house 
evergreen  creeper.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

FIG  MARIGOLD.  Mesemhryanthe- 
mum. 

FIG.     Ficus  carica. 


a  warm  cucumber-frame,  and  re-potting 
them  two  or  three  times,  they  will 
attain  a  large  size  in  one  summer. 
With  these  cuttings,  as  with  the  trees 
at  all  ages,  bottom  heat  and  water  is 
every  thing." — Gard.  Chron. 

Soil. — Mr.  Markham  says,  "The 
best  soil  for  this  fruit  is  sandy  maiden 
loam  and  turf  mixed  together,  without 
manure  of  any  kind,  over-luxuriance 
being  a  great  evil  "in  their  culture.  I 
would  advise  all  who  are  about  to  plant 
a  fig  wall,  to  form  the  borders  about 
three  feet  deep,  having  a  good  drainage 
of  any  rough  material.  At  the  front  of 
this,  a  wall  four  inches  and  a  half  thick, 
running  parallel  with  the  other  should 
be  brought  up  to  within  two  inches  of 


Varieties  for  open  walls,  and  time  of'  the  surface,  the  intervening  space  being 


ripening. — Brown  Ischia,  Large  White 
Genoa,  and  Green  Ischia,  (August.) 
Brown  Naples,  Brunswick,  White  Mar- 
seilles, (September.)  Black  Provence, 
Yellow  Ischia,  and  Genoa,  (October.)  [ 
Propagation  may  be  effected  by 
seeds,  and  cross  impregnation  to  get  j 
varieties ;    the   seedlings   will   be    pro- 


walled  across  so  that  each  tree  may 
have  its  own  division.  This  prevents 
over-luxuriance,  and  causes  them  to 
fruit  more  freely.  Any  old  trees  that 
are  growing  strong  and  that  do  not  bear 
well,  might  have  their  roots  pruned 
back  in  autumn  and  walled  in  as  above 
described.    By  doing  this  early  it  would 


ductive  when  six  years  old  ;   by  layers,    afford   the  tree  time  to    provide   itself 


suckers,  slips,  and  grafting,  but  by 
cuttings  is  the  mode  usually  practised. 
These  must  be  of  young  wood,  about 
eight  inches  long,  with  two  inches  of 
old  wood  attached.  Plant  in  October, 
in  a  sandy  loam  and  warm  situation, 
the  surface  covered  with  ashes,  to  ex- 
clude the  frost  and  drought.  "  The 
tops  of  the  cuttings  will  require  the 
additional  protection  of  haulm  or  litter 
during  winter;  give  water  and  keep 
clear  of  weeds  during  summer,  and  by 
the  following  autumn  the  plants  will  be 
fit  to  be  transplanted  into  nursery  rows, 
where  they  must  again  be  mulched  at 
root,  and  protected  at  top.  They  re- 
quire no  pruning  farther  than  to  rear 
them  with  a  single  stem,  and  keep  their 
heads  of  a  regular  shape  ;  the  second  or 
third  year  they  may  be  removed  to 
where  they  are  finally  to  remain.  Cut- 
tings of  roots  readily  make  plants,  but 
the  process  is  too  slow  for  general  use, 
and  the  plants  so  produced  are  not 
likely  to  come  so  soon  into  bearing  as 
by  the  layers  or  cuttings." — Loudon^s 
Enc.  Gard. 

Cuttings  of  the  shoots  may  be  of 
well-ripened  wood,  which  Mr.  Mark- 
ham,  of  Hevvell  Gardens,  says  may  be 
also  "  taken  off  in  spring  and  potted 
singly  in  small  pots  ;  plunging  them  in 


with  new  feeders,  and  by  opening  a 
trench  in  the  front  of  the  wall,  about 
the  end  of  March  or  beginning  of  April, 
and  applying  a  pretty  brisk  lining  of 
leaves  and  long  litter  for  a  few  weeks, 
it  would  greatly  assist  the  crop  for 
that  season,  and  establish  the  trees 
for  the  following.  Water  occasionally 
with  soft  water  ;  and,  after  the  fruit  has 
attained  three-fourths  ofits  size,  two  or 
three  good  waterings  of  liquid  manure 
will  assist  materially  in  bringing  the 
fruit  to  a  large  size." — Gard.  Chron. 

Good  drainage  is  also  very  important; 
an  excess  of  root-moisture  making  the 
plants  over-luxuriant. 

Standards  must  have  a  single  stem, 
and  require  no  other  pruning  than  to 
remove  irregular  growths,  suckers,  and 
decayed  branches.  The  soil  should  be 
forked  over  annually,  and  kept  con- 
stantly freed  from  weeds  by  the  hoe. 

Wall-trees  and  Espaliet's. — Mr.  Mark- 
ham  says  that  of  these,  "  The  requisite 
pruning  is  merely  to  thin  the  branches 
where  they  are  too  thick,  and  to  admit 
plenty  of  light  and  air.  The  points  of 
any  branches  that  indicate  too  luxuriant 
a  growth  are  pinched  out.  The  tree 
will  show  how  young  bearing  wood  is 
procured,  when  the  branches  get  too 
long,  or  begin  to  have  a  naked  appear- 


F  IG 


225 

♦ — 


FIG 


ance.  For  covering  the  fig  in  winter,  the  latter  pirt  of  February  ;  but  this  is 
a  double  thickness  of  old  mats  is  advis-  a  very  trifling  operation  wliere  they 
able,  with  a  little  mulching;  a  wide  have  been  properly  attended  to  in  sum- 
coping  on  the  wall  is  very  essential,  mer,  being  only  to  cut  out  here  and 
and  a  canvas  covering  drawn  over  them  [  there  a  superfluous  shoot,  or  to  shorten 
at  night  in  the  early  part  of  their  growth  '  one  back  to  any  naked  or  unfurnished 
is  of  great  benefit  to  them." — Gard. '  part,  in  order  to  procure  a  supply  of 
Chron.  \  young   shoots.     Then   have  the  whole 

The  Mode  of  Bearing  is  very  pecu-  forked  over  between  the  trees,  giving 
liar,  and  influences  the  pruning,  or  them  a  good  watering.  Small  fires  are 
rather  non-pruning,  which  is  to  be  pre-  then  to  be  lighted,  keeping  the  tem- 
ferred.  The  fig,  observes  Mr.  Loudon,  perature  at  50°,  and  syringing  morning 
*'  bears,  and  in  warmer  climates  brings  and  evening  with  tepid  water.  Air  is 
to  maturity  in  every  year,  two  succes-  to  be  given  plentifully  in  fine  weather, 
sive  and  distinct  crops  of  fruit,  each  and  when  the  fruit  begins  to  grow,  the 
crop  being  produced  on  a  distinct  set  temperature  raised  to  5o^,  then  to  60^, 
of  shoots.  The  shoots  formed  by  the  and  so  on  progressively  about  the  same 
first  or  spring  sap  put  forth  figs  at  every  as  for  vines.  For  the  first  six  or  seven 
eye  as  soon  as  the  sap  begins  to  flow  weeks  water  only  in  such  quantities  to 
again  in  .)uly  and  August.    These  figs    keep  the    soil    moderately   moist,   but 


(which   fi)rm   the    second    crop    of  the 
year)  ripen,  in    their   native    climate. 


afterwards  more  freely. 

"  When  the  fruit  is  about  half  grown, 


during  the  course  of  the  autumn  ;  but  commence  watering  freely  every  morn- 
rarely  if  ever  come  to  perfection  in  ing,  and  generally  about  twice  a  week, 
England  ;  where,  though  they  cover  with  liquid  manure.  As  soon  as  the 
the  branches  in  great  abundance  at  the  young  shoots  have  attained  the  length 
end  of  that  season,  they  perish  and  fall  ,  of  four  or  five  inches,  their  points  are 
off  w-ith  the  first  severe  frosts  of  winter,  to  be  pinched  out;  this  shoot  is  the 
The  shoots  formed  by  the  second  flow  <  second  crop  wood'  for  the  latter  part 
of  sap,  commonly  called  midsummer  of  summer  or  autumn,  according  as  the 
shoots,  put  forth  figs  in  like  manner  at  forcing  was  commenced  early  or  late, 
every  eye,  but  not  until  the  first  flow  of  During  the  growth  of  the  second  crop 
sap  in  the  following  spring.  These  last  of  fruit,  the  tree  produces  a  second 
mentioned    figs,    which   form   the    first    shoot   from    three   to   six  inches  long, 


crop  of  each  year,  ripen  in  warmer 
climates  during  the  months  of  June  and 
July,  but  not  in  this  country  before 
September  or  October." — Enc.  Gard 


which,  w-hen  properly  ripened,  contains 
the  crop  in  the  embryo  state  through 
the  winter  for  the  following  spring.  A 
short  time  before  the  first  crop  of  fruit 


Fig-House. — If  a  hot-house  be  de-  is  ripe,  the  watering  overhead  is  dis- 
voted  to  this  fruit,  as  it  well  deserves,  continued  and  abundance  of  air  given, 
good  proportions,  according  to  Mr.  As  soon  as  practicable,  the  watering 
Markham,  arc  "  thirty-three  feet  long,  overhead  is  to  be  resumed  in  every  part 
fourteen  feet  wide,  and  eleven  feet  of  the  house  where  the  fruit  is  not  ap- 
high  at  the  back,  trellised  with  wire  proaching  maturity.  The  succession  of 
two  inches  from  the  wall.  The  trees  fruit  generally  lasts  about  four  months, 
on  this  wall  to  be  fan-trained  ;  the  roots  ,  "  The  winter  management  is  merely 
walled  in  as  recommended  for  the  open  to  keep  the  borders  moderately  dry, 
wall,  excepting  that  the  spaces  are  to  and  to  prevent  frost  from  entering." — 
be   narrower,  being  two  feet  wide  and    Gard.  Chron. 

two  and  a  half  deep  ;  the  patli  leading  Forcing  in  Pots. — "  For  this  pur- 
thro'ugh  the  house  to  rest  on  this  parti-  pose,"  says  Mr.  Markham,"  the  plants 
tion  wall.  Between  this  path  and  the  should  be  examined  as  early  in  the  au- 
front,  may  be  a  border  for  small  stand-  tumn  or  winter  as  possible,  and  those 
ards  and  circular-trained  trees,  ranging  plants  that  have  got  their  roots  much 
from  three  to  five  feet  high,  all  walled  matted  together  should  have  them  re- 
in with  rough  stones,  for  the  same  pur-  duced,  and  potted  in  sweet  maiden 
pose  as  already  stated.  The  sorts  may  loam,  ready  for  the  spring-forcing  in 
be  the  Nerii  ;  Brown  Ischia  ;  large  January  or  February,  as  they  may  be 
White  Genoa  ;  and  Kennedy's  Fig,  but  wanted.  The  pots  should  be  plunged 
the  greater  part  the  Nerii.  Prune  in  in  a  half-spent  tan  or  leaf  bed,  either  in 
15 


FIL 


226 


FIL 


a  pit  or  forcing-house.  If  neither  of 
these  can  be  had,  prepare  a  small  bed 
of  leaves  and  manure,  and  place  a  deep 
frame  over  it,  plunging  the  plants  to 


varieties  distinct;  and  this  is  a  very 
easy  and  expeditious  method  of  propa- 
gation ;  for  every  twig  layed  will  readily 
ffrow  :  therefore,  in  autumn  or  winter, 


such  a  depth  as  to  enable  the  roots  to  i  let  some  of  the  lower  branches  that  are 
have  S''  or  10''  more  heat  than  the  tops.  !  well  furnished  with  young  shoots  be 
By  doing  this  the  roots  are  put  in  action  |  pegged  down  in  the  ground  ;  then  lay 
first,  which  causes  the  embryo  fruit  to  |  all  the  young  shoots  in  the  earth,  with 
come  forth  in  such  a  strong  healthy  j  their  tops  out,  every  one  of  which  will 
manner  as  will  ensure  a  good  crop.  1  root,  advance  in  length,  and  be  fit  to 
After  the  fruit  is  fairly  shown,  the  plants  ]  transplant  by  autumn  following,  when 
may  then  be  removed  to  any  forcing-  i  they  should  be  separated,  and  planted 
house  where  they  can  have  plenty  of  j  in  nursery  rows,  two  feet  asunder,  and 
light  and  air.  If  they  can  be  plunged  I  trained  as  observed  of  the  seedlings; 
in  gentle  heat,  so  much  the  better.  It '  but  when  any  considerable  quantity  are 
should  always  be  borne  in  mind  that !  to  be  raised  this  way,  it  is  eligible  to 
the  fig,  in  its  growing  state,  is  almost  j  form   stools   for  that  purpose,  by  pre- 


an  aquatic,  therefore  little  danger  is  to 
be  apprehended  from  over-watering, 
but  serious  mischief  may  arise  from  not 
attending  to  this ;  for  if  ever  the  soil 
gets  thoroughly  dry  when  the  fruit  is 
far  advanced,  some  evil  will  be  sure  to 
result." — Gard.  Chron. 

The  Temperature  borne  by  the  fig  ad- 
vantageously is  very  high.  Even  when 
ranging  from  90"  to  110°  during  the 
day,  and  never  lower  at  night  than  70°, 
though  some  varieties  grow  too  lux- 
uriantly, yet  the  Large  White  ripened 
both  its  spring  and  autumn  produce, 
and  Mr.  Knight  thus  obtained  from  the 
same  plants  eight  crops  in  twelve 
months. 

FILBERT.    Corylus  avellana. 

Varieties. — Frizzled,  great  bearer. 
Red  (C.  tuhulosa),  pellicle  of  kernel 
pink,  flavour  excellent.  White,  pellicle 
white,  flavour  good.  Cosford,  great 
bearer,  good  ;  shell  very  thin.  Down- 
ton,  large,  square.     Cob  Nut. 

Propagation. — This  is  done  by  plant- 
ing the  nuts,  by  layers,  suckers  from 
the  root;  and  by  grafting  and  budding. 

By  the  Nuts. — This  should  be  done  in 


viousiy,  a  year  before,  heading-down 
some  trees  near  the  ground,  to  throw 
out  a  quantity  of  shoots  near  the  earth, 
convenient  for  laying  for  that  use  an- 
nually. 

Suckers  arising  from  the  roots  of 
trees  raise  by  either  of  the  above  me- 
thods, if  taken  up  in  autumn,  winter,  or 
spring,  with  good  fibres,  will  also  grow, 
form  proper  plants,  and  produce  the 
same  sort  of  fruit  as  their  parent  plant ; 
and  suckers  of  these  may  also  be  used 
for  the  same  purpose. 

By  grafting  and  budding.  —  These 
methods  have  also  the  same  effect  as 
layers  of  continuing  any  particular  va- 
riety with  certainty,  and  the  operation 
is  to  be  perfornied  in  the  usual  way  on 
stocks  of  any  of  the  varieties  of  this  ge- 
n  u  s . — (Abercrombie.) 

"  The  season  for  planting  is  autumn 
or  spring;  or  any  interval  in  mild  wea- 
ther from  October  till  the  beginning  of 
March.  Allot  detached  standards  not 
less  than  ten  and  thence  to  twenty  feet 
distance,  to  have  room  to  branch  out  in 
full  heads." — Loudon,  Enc.  Gard. 

Soil. — "A  hard  loam  of  some  depth. 


October;  but  if  postponed  until  spring,  |  on    a    dry  subsoil,  which    dress  every 


preserve  the  nuts  in  sand,  and  in  Feb^ 
ruary  plant  them  in  drills  near  two 
inches  deep.  The  plants  will  appear 
in  six  or  eight  weeks,  which,  v/hen  a 
year  old,  plant  out  in  nursery-rows,  and 
there  train  them  two  or  three  years.    In 


year  ;  as  the  filbert  requires  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  manure."  —  Loudon^ 
Enc.  Gard. 

Pruning  and  Culture. — Mr.  R.  Scott 
says,  "The  plants  should  be  trained 
with  single  stems  to  the  height  of  a  foot 


raising  these  trees  from  the  nut,  the  j  or  so  ;  then  permitted  to  branch  into  a 
sorts  are  not  to  be  always  depended  |  symmetrical  head,  rather  open  in  the 
on,  for,  like  other  seedling  trees,  they    middle,  and  not  of  greater  height  than 


often  vary,  so  that  the  most  certain 
method  to  continue  the  respective  sorts 
is  by  layers. 

By  Layers  is  one  of  the  most  certain 
methods  of  continuing  the   respective 


a  man  can  conveniently  reach  from  the 
ground,  to  perform  the  necessary  opera- 
tions of  pruning  and  gathering. 

"  The  proper  time   for  pruning  is  in 
the  spring,  when  the  male  blossoms  are 


FIN 


227 


FLO 


open,  as  then  the  shaking  of  the  trees, 
by  the  act  of  pruning,  assists  in  the  dif- 
fusion of  the  pollen.  The  young  shoots 
should  be  shortened  to  about  half  their 
length  ;  and  it  is  best  to  cut  to  a  bud 
that  shows  a  female  blossom.  All 
suckers  should  be  carefully  removed. 
Formerly  it  was  the  practice  to  train 
tlie  branches  to  nearly  a  horizontal  po- 
sition, which  may  still  be  seen  in  many 
old  plantations;  but  experience  has 
shown  that  the  trees  produce  equally 
well,  and  as  good  nuts,  by  allowing 
them  to  take  a  more  natural  form.  By 
way  of  manuring,  some  cultivators 
throw  off  the  surface  soil  two  or  three 
feet  wide  round  the  stem  of  the  tree, 
and  into  this  basin  the  small  prunings, 
leaves,  &c.,  are  put  and  dug  in." — ■ 
Card.  Chron. 

Preserving. — "  The  easiest  and  best 
method  is  to  gather  them  when  quite  dry, 
and  stow  them  away  in  large  garden  pots, 
or  other  earthen  vessels,  sprinkling  a 
little  salt  amongst  them  throughout 
the  whole  mass,  which  preserves  the 
husks  from  getting  mouldy  and  rotten  ; 
the  pots  should  then  be  turned  bottom 
upwards  on  boards,  and  buried  in  the 
ground,  or  kept  air-tight  by  some  other 
means.  Stoneware  jars,  with  lids,  might 
be  advantageously  used  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  nuts  of  any  kind  will  keep  a 
long  time  in  this  way." — Gard.  Chron. 

Insects.     See  Curculio  and  Aphis. 

FINOCHIO  or  AZOREAN  FENNP:L 
(Anethum  azoricum),  does  not  usually 
succeed  in  this  country.  Neither  is  it 
in  much  esteem  here,  being  agreeable 
to  few  palates.  It  is  served  with  a 
dressing  like  salads. 

Soil  and  Situation. — For  the  first  crop 
a  rich  light  soil  on  a  moderate  hot-bed 
must  be  selected;  for  the  succeeding 
sowings  a  more  retentive  one,  but  for 
the  last  two  a  return  must  be  had  to  a 
drier  and  a  warmer  situation.  A  small 
bed  will  be  required  only  at  each 
sowing;  one  twenty  feet  by  four  is  suf- 
ficient for  the  largest  family. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — From  the 
beginning  of  March  until  the  close  of 
July,  at  intervals  of  a  month,  for 
after  attaining  its  full  growth,  it  im- 
mediately advances  for  seed.  The  seed 
is  sown  in  drills  two  feet  asunder,  to 
remain;  scattered  thinly,  that  is,  about 
two  inches  apart,  and  about  half  an  inch 
below  the  surface.  The  first  sowings 
must  be  in  a  slight  hot-bed,  and  under 


a  frame.  The  seedlings  must  be  small- 
hoed,  to  kill  the  weeds,  from  which  they 
should  be  kept  completely  clear  through- 
out their  growth;  but  at  first  only  thin 
to  three  or  four  inches  asunder,  as  it 
cannot  thus  early  be  determined  which 
will  be  the  most  vigorous  plants.  After 
the  lapse  of  another  month  they  may  be 
finally  thinned  to  seven  or  eight  inches 
distance  from  each  other.  Moderate 
waterings  are  required  throughout  their 
growth  during  dry  weather;  and  in  the 
meridian  of  hot  days  the  beds  are  ad- 
vantageously shaded,  until  after  the 
plants  are  well  up.  When  of  advanced 
growth,  about  ten  weeks  after  coming 
up,  the  stems  must  be  earthed  up  to  the 
height  of  five  or  six  inches,  tn  blanch 
for  use,  which  will  be  effected  in  ten  or 
fourteen  days.  In  the  whole  about 
twelve  or  fourteen  weeks  elapse  be- 
tween the  time  of  sowing  and  their  be- 
ing fit  for  use.  In  autumn,  if  frosty 
mornings  occur,  they  should  have  the 
protection  of  some  litter  or  other  light 
covering. 

To  obtain  Seed. — The  seed  coming 
from  Italy  is  generally  worthless,  and 
in  this  country  it  is  saved  with  difficulty, 
the  plants  of  the  last  sowings,  if  left, 
being  killed  by  the  winter;  and  if  some 
of  the  earliest  are  allowed  to  remain, 
they  never  ripen  until  late  in  the  year, 
and  are  often  killed  by  early  severe 
frosts. 

FIR.     See  Pinus  and  Coniferee. 

FISH.     See  Animal  Matters. 

FLACOURTIA.  Eight  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

FLAKE,  is  the  term  by  which  a  car- 
nation is  distinguished  that  has  two 
colours  only,  and  these  extending 
through  the  petals. 

j  FLAX-STAR.  Phormium  Linum- 
stellatum. 

FLORISTS'  FLOWERS  are  those 
which,  by  their  beauty  or  fragrance, 
power  to  produce  permanent  varieties, 
and  facility  of  cultivation,  are  so  largely 
in  demand  as  to  render  them  especially 
worthy  of  cultivation  as  an  article  of 
commerce. 

j  Mr.  Glenny  has  justly  enumerated  the 
necessary  characteristics  of  a  florist's 
flower  to  be  —  1st.  The  power  to  be 
perpetuated  and  increased  by  slips  and 
other  modes  independent  of  its  seed. 
2dly,  the  power  to  produce  new  varie- 
1  ties  from  seed,  capable, like  their  parent, 


FLO 


228 


FLO 


of  being  perpetuated  ;  and  3dly,  it  must  ^  suit  any  flowers.     The  most  intractable 


possess  sufficient    interest    and  variety 
to  be  grown  in  collections. 

At  present  the  chief  florists'  flowers 
are  the  Amaryllis,  Anagallis,  Anemone, 
Auricula,  Calceolaria,  Carnation,  Chrys- 
anthemum, Cineraria,  Crocus,  Dahlia, 
Fritillary,  Fuchsia,  Gladiolus,  Hyacinth, 
liydrangea,  Ixia,  Iris,  Lily,  Lobelia, 
Narcissus,  Pansy,  PoBony,  Pelargonium, 
Petunia,  Phlox,  Pink,  Polyanthus,  Ra- 
nunculus, Tulip,  Tuberose,  Verbena. 
In  the  United  States  Florists'  flowers 
.are,  as  such,  unknown.    We  have  many 


are  clay  and  gravel.  The  first  is  forever 
sodden  with  wet,  or  baked  hard;  and 
the  latter  is  hungry,  and  burnt  up  in 
summer. 

Arrangement. — Mr.  Loudon  says, — 
"Shelter  is  equally  requisite  for  the 
flower  as  for  the  kitchen  garden,  and 
where  naturally  wanting,  is  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  same  means,  viz.,  plant- 
ing. The  plantations,  except  on  the 
north,  or  very  exposed  points,  should 
not  be  of  the  tallest  kinds  of  trees. 
A  few  elegant  shrubs,  and  one  or  two 


amateurs,  but  not  in  sufficient  number  i  trees,  may   be    scattered    through   the 
to  create  the  emulation  which  exists  in  j  scene,  either  in  the  dug  compartments. 


Great  Britain,  where  thousands  riva 
oach  other  in  the  culture  of  flowers  of 
their  peculiar  fancy — not  for  profit,  but 
enjoyment  and  relaxation  from  the  toil 
of  the  work-shop,  or  the  mine. 

FLOWER.     See  Bloom. 

FLOWER  FENCE.     Poinciana. 

FLOWERING  ASH.     Ornus. 

FLOWER  OF  JOVE.     Lychnis  flos 
Jovis. 

FLOWER  GARDEN,  is  that  portion 
of  the   ground    in    the  vicinity   of  the 


or  in  the  turf  glade,  for  the  purpose  of 
shelter  and  shade  as  well  as  ornament; 
but  in  general,  much  of  either  of  the 
two  former  qualities  are  highly  injuri- 
ous, both  to  the  culture  of  flowers  and 
the  thick  closeness  of  turf;  sometimes 
an  evergreen  hedge  will  produce  all  the 
shelter  requisite,  as  in  small  gardens 
composed  of  earth  and  gravel  only  ;  but 
where  the  scene  is  large  and  composed 
of  dug  compartments,  placed  on  lawn, 
the  whole    may  be  surrounded    by  an 


residence,   disposed    in    parterres  and  i  irregular  border  of  flowers,  shrubbery, 
borders,  tenanted  by  flowers  and  flower-    and  trees." — Enc.  Gard. 
ing  shrubs,  and  among  walks  and  lawns,  I      All  this  is  excellent,  and  Twill  only 
so  that  the  occupiers  of  the  house  may    add  these    general  additional  rules: — 
have  ready  access  to  what  is  so  beau-  |  always  plant  in  masses,  and  with  due 
tiful    in    form,    colour,  and    fragrance.  ^  attention  to  the  harmony  and  contrast 
Under  the   title  Pleasure  Ground,  the 
portions  of  ornamented    garden    more 
distant  from  the  house  are  considered. 


of  colours  and  forms. 
Fig.  45. 


Aspect. — The  flower  garden  should 
encompass  every  side  of  the  house  upon 
which  a  window  opens  that  is  frequent- 
ed by  the  master  or  his  friends,  whether 
Jn  parlour  or  bed-room.  The  aspect  of 
the  flower  garden,  therefore,  must  vary; 
but  that  which  is  best,  because  most  FLOWER  GATHERER  (Fig.  45), 
favourable  to  flowers,  is  the  south,  is  a  pair  of  scissors  and  pincers  com- 
south-eastern,  and  south-western  sides  |bined;  they  are  of  great  advantage  in 
of  the  residence;  and  it  is  usual  to  ar-  :  gathering  roses  and  other  flowers  which 
range  it  so  that  the  kitchen  garden  is  im-  :  have  thorny  stems,  as  the  flower  cut  by 
mediately  beyond  it.  Variety  of  aspect  the  scissors,  is  held  fiist  by  the  part  that 
secures  a  succession  of  flowering  in  the  '  acts  as  pincers. — Rural  Reg. 
same  kinds.  No  directions  can  be  given  i  FLOWER  POTS  are  of  various  sizes 
as  to  the  appropriate  size,  for,  if  the  :  and  names: — 

proprietor  delights  in  flowers,  there  is'                           In.  diam.      In.      Lindley 
no  reason  why  his  parterres  should  not                                at  top.      deep, 
be  large,  though  his  villa  be  small.     A  ,  Thumb  pots   )     2^  ....  2^      Thumbs, 
very   common    proportion   for  a   small  [    are,  inside  •  5       "                "  jn. 

cottage  is,  the  flower  garden  being  one-    Sixties    (60s)  ^    g    .  .  .  .  3i 3 


fourth  the  size  of  the  kitchen  garden 

Soil. — Any  fertile    light  soil  is  pro- 
pitious, for  this  can  be  altered  easily  to 


to  the  cast 
Forty-eights 
(4Ss) 


FLO 


229 


FLO 


Thirty-twos  ) 
(32s) ] 

Twenty-fours  ) 
(24s) ^ 

Sixteens  (16s)  . 

Twelves  (12s)  . 

Eights  (8s)  .  .  . 

Sixes  (6s)     .  .  . 

Fours  (4s)   .  .  . 

Twos  (2s) 


6 

81 
91 

lU 
12 
13 
15 

IS 


,  9 
,  10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


6 

8 

9 
II 
12 
13 
15 
18 


Dr.  Lindley  has  proposed  a  very 
judicious  change  in  the  nomenclature 
of  flower  pots,  by  suggesting  that  they 
should  be  called  according  to  their  great- 


It  was  formerly  considered  important 
to  have  the  pots  made  of  a  material  as 
porous  as  possible;  but  a  more  misera- 
ble delusion  never  was  handed  down 
untested  from  one  generation  to  an- 
other. Stoneware  and  chinaware  are 
infinitely  preferable,  for  they  keep  the 
roots  more  uniformly  moist  and  warm. 
Common  garden  pots  if  not  plunged, 
should  be  thickly  painted.  Mr.  W.  P. 
Ayres  recommends  large  pots  to  be 
employed,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that 
this  is  a  system  much  abridging  the 
gardener's  labour;  but  as  with  due  care 


est  diameter.  At  present  the  words  small  pots  will  produce  magnificent 
"Fours,"  "  Sixes,"  &c.,  intend  no  more  specimen  plants,  I  cannot  recommend 
than  that  there  are  so  many  to  the  cast,  an  adoption  of  large  pots,  ensuring  as 
a  piece  of  information  conveying  nothing  they  do  such  an  immense  sacrifice  of 
worth  knowing: — butby  the  newnomen-  room  in  the  hot  and  green-houses.  Cap- 
clature,  "  Eighteens,"  will  be  pots  of  tain  ThurtcU,  the  most  successful  of 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter;  "  Fif- '  growers  of  the  Pelargonium,  never 
teens,"  fifteen  inches,  and  so  on;  it  employs  pots  larger  than  twenty-fours, 
occupies  the  third  column  in  the  pre-  It  is  usual  to  have  saucers  in  which 
ceding  table.  to  place  flower  pots  when  in  the  house. 

The  above  are  about  the  sizes  in  and  so  far  as  preventing  stains  and  the 
inches,  for  at  each  pottery  they  rather  i  occurrence  of  dirt,  they  are  deserving 
differ  in  size,  and  none  of  the  pots  adoption;  but  as  to  their  being  used  for 
shrink  exactly  alike  during  the  burning.  !  applying  water  to  plants,  they  are  worse 

At  some  of  the  country  potteries,  ,  than  useless.  The  great  difficulty  in 
also,  the  gradation  and  size  are  some-  |  pot-cultivation  is  to  keep  tlie  drainage 
what  different.  Thus,  at  Mr.  Paul's  regular,  and  no  more  effective  pre- 
Pottery,  near  Fareham,  Hants, the  sizes  I  ventive  of  this  could   be  devised  than 


are  the  following: 


In.  diam. 
at  top. 


In. 
deep. 


Thimbles  are,  inside  .     2 

Thumbs     2^ 

Seventy-twos 3 

Sixties 3i 

Forty-eights 4^ 

Thirty-twos     5 

Twenty-fours     ....     6 

Sixteens 7i 

Twelves 8 

Eights 10 

Sixes Hi 

Fours 14 

Twos 16 

Thimbles  are  sometimes  called  "small 
nineties,"  and    thumbs, 
ties." 


Fig.  46. 


keeping  a  pot  in  a  saucer  containinj 
water.  No  plan  could  be  invented 
more  contrary  to  nature ;  for  we  all 
know  that  she  supplies  moisture  to  the 
surface  of  the  soil,  and  allows  it  to 
descend,  thus  supplying  thetipper  roots 
first.  To  facilitate  draining,  and  yet 
to  retain  the  tidi- 
ness secured  by  the 
saucer,  Mr.  Hunt  has 
had  flowerpots  made 
with  elevations,  on 
which  the  pots  are 
placed.  (Fig.  46.) 
But  this  is  not  the 
only  advantage  de- 
rivable from  them. 
'  large  nine-  They  prevent  the 
entry  of  worms,  may 


3 

3i 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
11 
12} 
14 
15 


The  Philadelphia   potters  have  long  '  be     employed    with 
pursued  the  plan  proposed  by  Dr.  Lind-    common  stands,  allow  a  current  of  air 
ley,  and  those  at  distant  points  who  may    to  pass  beneath  them,  and  their  form  is 
desire  to  order,  have  only  to  express  the    elegant, 
size  in  inches,  i.  e.,  the  diameter  at  top.  1      Mr.  Brown  (Fig.  47)  has  proposed  a 

The  form  and  material  also  vary.  '  pot  with  hollow  sides,  the  vacuity  to 
Mr.  Beck  makes  them  very  successful-  be  filled  with  water  through  a  hole  in 
ly  of  slate;  and  the  prejudice  against  the  rim,  or  left  empty,  as  occasion  re- 
glazed  pots  is  now  exploded.  quires.     The  water,  he  considers,  will 


FLO 


230 


FLO 


prevent  the  plants  suffering  from  want 
of    moisture ;    and 
Fig.  47.  when     empty,    the 

roots  will  be  pre- 
served from  being 
killed  by  evapora- 
tion. But  surely 
applying  the  water 
to  the  sides  will  be 
an  extra  induce- 
ment for  the  roots 
to  gather  there,  an  effect  most  de- 
sirable to  avoid,  and  wetting  the  outsides 
of  the  pot  is  a  very  doubtful  mode  of 
preventing  the  reduction  of  tempera- 
ture. 


tor  of  the  Plymouth  Fig.  50. 

Nursery,  proposed 
to  improve  the  drain- 
age of  pots,  by  ele- 
vating and  piercing 
their  bottoms.  This, 
and  Mr.  Brown's, 
suggested  to  me  that 
of  which  Fig.  50  is 
a  section. 

It  is  merely  two  pots,  one  fitting 
within  another,  having  its  bottom  in- 
dented and  pierced  as  proposed  by 
Mr.  Rendle,  but  not  touching  the  outer 
pot  by  half  an  inch  all  round.  This 
is  a  most  effectual  form  to  secure  drain- 
age, and  to  prevent  the  evaporation  from 
the  sides  of  the  inner  pot,  the  interven- 
ing stratum  of  confined  air  being  a  bad 
conductor  of  heat.  It  has  the  merit 
too  of  cheapness. — JohnsoWs  Gardener''s 

FLOWER  STAGES  are  made  for  the 
exhibition  of  flowers  at  shows,  in  the 
green-house,  and  elsewhere.  The  fol- 
lowing are  some  very  judicious  obser- 
vations on  the  subject: — "The  first 
object  in  the  construction  of  stages 
should  be  to  have  them  so  constructed 
and  situated  as  to  afford  facilities  for 
grouping  plants ;  the  second  should  be 
to  give  plants  more  the  appearance  of 
growing  in  borders,  than  upon  artificial 
structures;  and  the  third  to  keep  the 
pot  out  of  sight.  This  is  requisite  for 
two  reasons;  first,  because  they  are  no 
ornament,  and  secondly,  that  it  is  always 
desirable  to  protect  the  plant  from  being 
scorched  by  exposure  to  the  sun.  It  is 
also  desirable  to  adopt  another  mode  of 
construction,  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
plants  that  aspect  which  is  most  suited 
to  their  habits;  and  therefore,  instead  of 
placing  the  stages  from  the  front  to  the 
back  of  the  house,  as  is  generally  the 
case,  I  would  place  them  in  groups  of 
stages,  thus  producing  an  effect  similar 
to  the  borders  in  a  well-arranged  flower 
garden. 

"The  spectators  in  their  progress 
where  it  is  most  from  group  to  group  would  be  attracted 
wanted,  and  to  pro-  by  the  separate  display  in  each,  instead 
tect  it  at  the  same  :  of  having  their  attention  drawn  away  by 
time  from  slugs  and  a  whole  blaze  of  beauty  at  once, 
other  creeping  in-!  "The  accompanying  drawings  (Fig. 
sects,  which  will  not   51)  represent   the    manner  in  which  I 


Saul's  Fountain 
Fig.  48.  Flower   Pot    (Fig. 

4S),  seems  open 
to  the  same  objec- 
tions, with  the  ad- 
ditional disadvan- 
tages of  not  being 
easily  drained,  and 
being  more  ex- 
pensive and  cum- 
bersome. The  water  also  is  forced  in  at 
the  bottom  of  the  pot,  contrary  to  the 
course  of  nature  in  applying  moisture  to 
plants.  "  An  outer  basin  is  made  on  the 
bottom  of  the  pot,  to  which  the  water 
enters  at  a,  and  is  carried  round  the  pot  in 
the  basin,  there  being  two  or  three  holes 
through  tlie  pot's  bottom  bbb.  By  these 
means  the  water  is  drawn  up  from  the 
basin  by  the  roots  of  the  plants  (!)  or, 
if  it  should  be  desirable  to  prevent  it 
from  being  drawn  up,  the  exterior  ori- 
fices of  the  holes,  which  open  into  the 
basin  or  saucer,  may  be  closed  (!)  The 
fountain  is  supplied  with  water  by  taking 
out  the  stopper  c,  the  entrance  into  the 
basin  at  a,  being  at  that  moment  closed  ; 
and  as  soon  as  the  water  runs  over  at  c, 
the  cork  or  stopper  is  put  in,  and  the 
stopper  at  a  removed." — Card.  Mag. 
March,  1843,  136. 

Mr.  Stephens'  Flower  Pot  (Fig.  49) 

is  intended  to  supply 

Fig.  49.  water   to    the    plant 


pass  over  the  water 
between      the     two 
rims. — Ibid. 

Mr.  Rendle,  the  intelligent  proprie- 


propose  that  such  stages  as  have  been 
described  should  be  constructed  and 
placed  in  any  floricultural  building.  The 
ground  plan  represents  part  of  the  floor 


FLO 


231 


FLO 


Fig.  51. 


O      1      2      3      4-       s      e^ 


s^^ 


of  a  house,  nineteen  feet  by  thirteen,  on 
which  are  placed  twelve  stages,  and 
three  vases,  (D  D  D)  basins,  or  any  other 
suitable  ornamental  article,  with  a  gang- 
way betwixt  them  three  feet  wide. 

"The  plan  also  shows  sections  of 
three  different  modes  of  constructing 
the  stages,  and  the  position  of  the  pots 
in  each;  all  the  stages  stand  upon  stone 
tables,  resting  upon  brick  piers,  the  top 
of  each  table  being  two  feet  two  inches 
above  the  level  of  the  floor.  i 

"  In  the  stage  (A)  there  are  no 
shelves,  the  pots  being  plunged  into 
cylinders  (made  of  the  same  material  as 
flower  pots)  standing  upon  the  tables, 
as  shown  by  the  dotted  lines;  the  space 
all  round  them  being  filled  with  compost 
level  with  the  rim  of  each  series  of  pots. 
The  object  of  this  plan  is  to  afford  op- 
portunities of  planting  various  creepers 
round  each  of  the  potted  plants,  for 
which  there  will  be  plenty  of  room 
when  they  stand  twelve  inches  apart 
from  stem  to  stem.    The  pots  are  sup- 


posed to  rest  by  their  rims  upon  the 
edge  of  the  cylinder,  and  may  of  course 
be  removed  with  the  greatest  facility. 

"In  the  centre  stage  (B),  the  sup- 
porters stand  directly  upon  the  table, 
and  are  connected  to  it,  the  space  be- 
tween each  being  made  water-tight,  and 
filled  up  solid  to  within  half  an  inch  of 
the  bottom  of  the  pot.  If  an  inch  deep 
of  water  is  poured  in  this  space,  the 
pot  will  be  immersed  half  an  inch;  a 
small  hole  in  the  side  will  regulate  the 
height  of  the  water  line,  and  another  in 
the  bottom  will  draw  off  the  water 
when  it  requires  changing.  This  mode 
of  construction  may  be  adopted  for 
such  plants  as  need  large  supplies  of 
water. 

"  The  stage  (C)  is  supposed  to  have 
shelves  pierced  with  holes  to  receive 
the  pots,  which  rest  upon  their  rims. 
The  stages  in  my  little  green-house  are 
so  fitted  up,  and  have  been  by  many 
practical  men,  who  prefer  this  plan  of 
plunging  the  pots  into  the  stages  to  the 


FLU 


232 


FOR 


old  one  ofsetting  them  upon  the  shelves.  I  can  compare  with  either  the  pipe  or 
The  fronts  of  the  stone  tables  may  be  i  tank  system  of  hot  water  heating.  When 
variously  ornamented,  those  in  one  !  flues  are  employed  they  are  constructed 
house  having  trellised  panels,  another  inside  and  near  the  walls  of  the  build- 
having  rusticated  courses  of  brick  or  ing;  each  flue  eight  or  nine  inches  wide 
stone,  while  a  third  may  be  in  imitation  in  the  clear,  by  two  or  three  bricks  on 
of  rustic  basket-work,  and  a  fourth  in  edge  deep,  ranged  horizontally  one  over 
rough  courses  like  small  rockeries,  with  ;  the  other  the  whole  length  of  the  back 
spaces  between  for  creepers,  orchida-  ;  wall,  in  three  or  four  returns  cotnniuni- 
ceous,  or  any  other  plants  best  suited  to  |  eating  with  each  other,  continued  also 
the  purpose.  j  along  the  end  and  front  walls  in  one  or 

<' The  dotted  lines  under  the  stage  two  ranges,  to  be  used  occasionally; 
(B)  will  give  some  idea  how  this  may  be  furnished  with  a  regulator  to  slide  open 
done;  various  other  modes  of  ornament- '  and  shut  as  required,  the  whole  pro- 
ing  may  be  adopted  according  to  the  ceeding  from  the  first  lowermost  flue, 
particular  taste  of  the  individual.  The  '  which  communicates  immediately  from 
vases,  &c.  (D  D  D)  may  be  filled  with  ;  the  furnace  or  fire-place  behind  either 
climbers  for  the  open  space  against  the  i  the  back  wall  at  one  end,  or  in  the  back 
sides  of  the  house,  and  with  creepers  part  of  the  end  walls;  or  if  very  long 
to  hang  over  the  edges.  The  flower  stoves,  of  more  than  forty  feet  length, 
pots  intended  to  be  used  in  such  stages  '  two  fire-places  are  requisite,  one  at  each 
as  have  been  described,  should  be  ,  end  ;  each  having  its  set  of  flues  ranging 
gauged  before  the  plants  are  put  into  halfway;  each  set  of  flues  terminating 
them,  and  all  those  rejected  which  do  in  an  upright  chimney  at  the  end  of  the 
not  fit  the  holes;  the  waste    ones  will  ,  back  outside. — Hood  on  Warming,  S,-c. 


answer  for    propagating,  &c." — Gard. 
Chron. 
Mr.  Ainger,  also,  makes  these  good 


Morris,  Tasker  and  Morris  of  the 
Pascal  Works  near  Philadelphia,  have 
paid  considerable  attention  to  the  con- 


suggestions  :  —  "  Stages  are  frequently  I  struction  of  heating  apparatus,  whether 
formed    of    an    equal   or   nearly  equal  I  for    air  or  water.     Those    who   desire 
series  of  ascents,  in    consequence    of*  such  structures  for  green-houses,  con- 
which  the  upper  plants  are  by  no  means  !  servatories,  &c.,may  safely  rely  on  their 
so  well  seen  as  the   lov/er  ones.     The  |  experience  and  probity, 
proper  plan  is  to  commence  by  small  ,      FLY.     See  Black  Fly. 
elevations,  gradually  increasing  as  the  j      FLY-WORT.     Myanthus. 
shelves    recede    from    the    eye.     The  !      FtETIDA  mauritiana.     Stove   ever- 
lowest  shelf  to  be  eighteen  inches  from  j  green  tree.     Cuttings.     Turfy  loam  and 
the  floor,  the  first  rise  is  six  inches,  the  '  peat. 

next  nine,  twelve,  fifteen,  eighteen,!  YO'iiTX.^'&^lKphillyraoides.  Half- 
iwenty-one,  and  so  on.  The  upper  |  hardy  deciduous  shrub.  Layers  and 
shelves  should  also  be  broader  than  the  ,  cuttings.  Common  soil, 
lower  for  larger  pots.  The  advantage'  FORCING  is  compelling  culinary ve- 
of  this  arrangement  as  commanding  a  I  getables  to  be  edible,  flowers  to  bloom, 
belter  view  of  the  flowers  is  too  obvious  '  and  fruits  to  ripen,  at  unnatural  seasons, 
to  need  pointing  out." — Gard.  Chron.  ]  being  the  very  contrary  of  the  object  for 
FLUES  are  pipes  formed  of  brick  or  i  which  our  green-houses  and  hot-houses 
slate,  for  conducting  heated  air  through  !  are  constructed  ;  viz.,  to  secure  a  tern- 
stoves  or  other  buildings  where  a  high  perature  in  which  their  tenants  will  be 
artificial  teinperature  is  desired.  It  is  a  in  perfection  at  their  natural  seasons, 
mode  of  heating  nearly  banished  by  the  Under  the  heads  of  Hot-beds  and  of  each 
much  more  manageable  and  eftectuaT  particular  plant  will  be  found  directions 
modes  of  heating  by  hot  water;  and  j  for  forcing,  and  it  will  be  sufficient  here 
flues  have  the  additional  disadvantages,  '  to  coincide  with  Dr.  Lindley  in  saying, 
that  they  require  frequent  sweeping,  i  that  as  forced  flowers  are  always  less 
and  that  they  emit  a  sulphurous  fume  ,  beautiful  and  less  fragrant;  and  forced 
that  is  injurious  to  plants  and  disagree-  '  vegetables  and  fruits  less  palatable  and 
able  to  the  frequenters  of  the  structures  i  less  nutritious  than  those  perfected  at 
80  heated.  This  has  been  obviated  by  I  their  natural  periods — it  is  desirable,  at 
using  Valencia  slates  in  the  place  ofj  the  very  least,  to  devote  as  much  effort 
bricks,  yet  flues  under  no  circumstances  !  and  expense  to  obtain  superior  produce 


i 


FOR 


233 


FOU 


at  accustomed  times,  as  to  the  procuring    of  the  tines  tearing  them  asunder."— 
it  unseasonably.     Rarity  is  good,  but    Card.  Chron. 
excellence  is  best.  FORMICA.     See  Ant. 

FORE-RIGHT  SHOOTS  are  the  FOTHEROILLA.  Four  species, 
shoots  which  are  emitted  directly  in  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Layers  and 
front  of  branches  trained  against  a  wall,    seed.     Peat. 

and  consequently  cannot  be  trained  in  This  genus  derives  its  name  from  John 
without  an  acute  bending,  which  is  al-  Fothergill,  an  eminent  physician,  born 
■ways  in  some  degree  injurious.  in  Yorkshire  in  1712.     In  1762  he  pur- 

FORK.  This  instrument  is  prefera-  chased  an  estate  at  Upton,  and  there 
ble  to  the  spade,  even  for  digging  over  founded  an  excellent  botanic  garden, 
open  compartments,  for  the  soil  can  be  ;  FOUNTAINS  surprise  by  their  novel- 
reversed  with  it  as  easily  as  with  the  ty,  and  the  surprise  is  proportioned  to 
spade;  the  labour  is  diminished,  and  the  height  to  which  they  throw  the  wa- 
the  pulverization  of  the  soil  is  more  ef-  ter;  but  these  perpendicular  columns 
fectual.  (See  Digghig.)  For  stirring  of  water  have  no  pretence  to  beauty, 
the  soil  in  plantations,  shrubberies,  and  j  The  Emperor  fountain  at  Chatsworth  is 
fruit  borders,  a  two-pronged  fork  is  the  most  surprising  in  the  world,  for  it 
often  employed,  but  that  with  three  j  tosses  its  waters  to  a  height  of  two  hun- 
prongs  is  quite  as  unobjectionable,  and  !  dred  and  sixty-seven  feet,  impelled  by  a 
a  multiplicity  of  tools  is  an  expensive  j  fall  from  a  reservoir  three  hundred  and 
f<il!y.  Dr.  Yelloly's  fork  is  certainly  a  eighty-one  feet  above  the  ajutage,  or 
good    working   implement.     Its   entire    mouth  of  the  pipe  from  which  it  rushes 

into  the  air. 

For  an  interesting  description  of  this 
es;  its  diameter"  one  and  a  half  inch;  '  fountain  and  the  grounds  at  Chatsworth, 
width  of  the  entire  prongs  seven  inches    the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  see 

Downing's  "  Horticulturist." 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  most 


length,  three  feet  three  and  a  half  inch- 
es; handle's  length,  two  feet  two  inch- 


at  the  top  ;  width  at  the  points  six  inch- 
es;  prongs  thirteen  and  a  half  inches 
long,  and  at  the  top  seven-eighths  of  an    powerful  fountains  in  Europe  : — 


inch  square,  tapering  to  a  point.  The 
straps  fixing  t!ie  head  to  the  handle  are 
eleven  inches  long,  two  inches  wide, 
and  half  an  inch  thick,  feathering  off; 
weight  of  fork,  eight  pounds. 

Leaf-fork.  Mr.  Toward,  of  Bagshot 
Park,  describes  a  very  serviceable  im- 
plement of  this  kind;  he  says — "One 
person  with  this  implement  will  take  up 
with  greater  facility  more  leaves  than 
two  persons  could  do  with  any  other 
tool.  It  is  simply  a  large  four-tined 
fork,  made  of  wood,  shod  with  iron; 
the  tines  are  eighteen  inches  long,  and 
are  morticed  into  a  head  about  seven- 
teen inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half' 
inch  by  two  and  a  quarter  inches  thick. 
The  tines  are  one  inch  in  width,  and  one 
and  a  half  inch  in  depth  at  the  head,  gra- 
dually tapering  to  a  point  with  a  curve  or 


Feet. 
The  Emperor  at  Chatsworth,  )     257 

height  of  jet  ....      J 
Wilhemhoihe    Fountain    in  ) 


190 


Hesse  Cassel  .  . 
Fountain,  St.  Cloud  .  .  .'  160 
Peterhoff,  Russia  ....  120 
The  old  Chatsworth     ...       94 

Versailles 90 

Mr.  Paxton  has  stated  that,  "  What- 
ever be  the  direction  of  the  jet,  the  dis- 
charge of  water  is  always  the  same, 
provided  that  the  altitude  of  the  reser- 
voir be  the  same.  This  is  a  necessary 
consequence  of  the  equal  pressure  of 
fluids,  in  all  directions.  Water  spout- 
ing from  small  ajutage  has  sufficient 
velocity  to  carry  it  to  the  same  height 
as  the  water  in  the  reservoir;  but  it 
never  attains  entirely  this  height,  being 


bend  upwards.  The  wood  of  which  they    prevented  by  various  concurring  causes 


are  formed  ought  to  be  hard  and  tough 
either  oak  or  ash  will  do,  but  theRobi- 


1st.  Friction  in  the  tubes.     2d.  Friction 
against  the  circumference  of  the  apcr- 


nia  Psuedo- Acacia  is  preferable  to  ei- |  tiire.     3d.  The  resistance  of  the  air,  its 
thcr.     The  head  should  be  made  of  ash,    weight  obstructing  the  rising  column." 
with  a  handle  of  the  same,  and  should    — Gard.  Chron 
be  two  feet  four  inches  long.     Its  re- 


Mr.  Loudon  justly  observes,  that   it 
not  easy  to  lay  down  data  on   this 

, „  _^_„     .jad;  if  the  bore  of  the  ajutage  be  too 

it  as  on  a  common  fork,  the  large  size  '  small,  the  rising  stream  will  want  sulfi- 


commendations  are  its  size  and  light-  '  is  not  easy  to  lay  down  data  on   this 
ness,  the  leaves  also  do  not  hang  upon  j  head  ;  if  the  bore  of  the  ajutage  be  too 


FOX 


234 


FRA 


cient  weight  and  power  to  divide  the 
air,  and  so  being  dashed  against  it,  will 
fall  down  in  vapour  or  mist.  If  too 
large  it  will  not  rise  at  all.  The  length 
of  pipe  between  the  reservoir  and  the 
jet  will  also  impede  its  rising  in  a  slight 
degree,  by  the  friction  of  the  water  on 
the  pipe.  This  is  estimated  at  one  foot 
for  every  hundred  yards  from  the  reser- 
voir. The  proportion  which  this  author 
gives  to  the  ajutages,  relatively  to  the 
conducting-pipes,  is  one-fourth  ;  and 
thus  for  a  jet  of  four  lines,  a  conduct- 
ing-pipe  of  an  inch  and  a  half  diameter  ; 
for  a  jet  of  six  or  seven  lines,  a  con- 
ducting-pipe  of  two  inches,  and  so  on. 
From  these  data,  the  height  of  the  foun- 
tain and  the  diameter  of  the  conducting- 
pipe  being  given,  the  height  to  which  a 
jet  can  be  forced  can  be  estimated  with 
tolerable  accuracy,  and  the  contrary. 
But  where  the  pipes  are  already  laid, 
and  the  power  of  the  head,  owing  to 
intervening  obstructions,  is  not  very 
accurately  known,  the  method  by  trial 
and  correction  by  means  of  a  leaden 
nozzle,  the  orifice  of  which  may  be 
readily  increased  or  diminished,  will 
lead  to  the  exact  power  under  all  the 
circumstances. 

Ajutages. — "  Some  are  contrived  so 
as  to  throw  up  the  water  in  the  form  of 
sheaves,  fans,  showers,  to  support  balls, 
&c.  Others  to  throw  it  out  horizontally, 
or  in  curved  lines,  according  to  the 
taste  of  the  designer;  but  the  most 
usual  form  is  a  simple  opening  to  throw 
the  spout  or  jet  upright.  The  grandest 
jet  of  any  is  a  perpendicular  column  is- 
suing from  a  rocky  base,  on  which  the 
water  falling  produces  a  double  effect 
both  of  sound  and  visual  display.  A 
jet  rising  from  a  naked  tube  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  basin  or  canal,  and  the  waters 
falling  on  its  smooth  surface,  is  unna- 
tural without  being  artificially  grand." 
— Gard.  Enc. 

Drooping  fountains,  or  such  as  bub- 
bling from  their  source  trickle  over  the 
edge  of  rocks,  shells,  or  vases,  combin- 
ing the  cascade  with  the  fountain,  are 
capable  of  much  greater  beauty. 

FOXGLOVE.     Digitalis. 

FRACTURES.  If  an  immaterial 
branch  is  broken,  it  is  best  to  remove 
it  entirely,  but  it  sometimes  happens 
that  a  stem  or  branch  which  cannot  be 
replaced,  is  thus  injured,  in  which  case 


and  the  stem  or  branch  but  small,  the 
parts  will  again  unite  by  being  put  back 
into  their  natural  position,  and  well 
propped  up.  Especially  the  cure  may 
be  expected  not  to  succeed  if  the  frac- 
ture is  accompanied  with  contusion,  or 
if  the  stem  or  branch  is  large.  And 
even  where  it  succeeds,  the  woody 
fibres  do  not  contribute  to  the  union; 
but  the  granular  and  herbaceous  sub- 
stance only  which  exudes  from  be- 
tween the  wood  and  liber,  insinuating 
itself  into  all  interstices,  and  finally 
becoming  indurated  in  the  wood.  — 
Keith. 

Splints  extending  at  least  a  foot  above 
and  below  the  fracture,  should  be  bound 
very  firmly  all  round,  and  a  plaster  of 
grafting-clay  to  exclude  wet  be  placed 
over  all ;  and  every  precaution  adopted 
to  prevent  the  surfaces  of  the  wound 
being  moved   by  the  force  of  the  wind. 

FRAGARIA.  Fourteen  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seeds  and  runners. 
Common  soil.     See  Strawberry. 

FRAMES  are  structures  employed 
either  in  forcing,  or  in  protecting  plants, 
and  are  of  various  sizes. 

According  to  the  good  practical  rules 
of  Abercrombie  :  —  "  The  one-light 
frame  maybe  about  four  feet  and  a  half 
in  width  from  back  to  front,  and  three 
feet  six  inches  the  other  way;  fifteen 
or  eighteen  inches  high  in  the  back, 
and  nine  in  front,  with  a  glass  sash  or 
light  made  to  fit  the  top  completely,  to 
slide  up  and  down,  and  move  away  oc- 
casionally. 

"  The  two-light  frame  may  be  seven 
feet  long,  four  and  a  half  wide,  and 
fifteen  or  eighteen  inches  high  in  the 
back,  with  bars  reaching  from  it  at  top 
to  the  front,  serving  both  to  strengthen 
the  frame  and  help  to  support  the  lights  ; 
the  two  lights  to  be  each  three  feet  six 
inches  wide,  made  to  fit  the  top  of  the 
frame  exactly. 

"  The  three-light  frames  should  be 
ten  feet  six  inches  long,  four  and  a  half 
wide,  and  from  eighteen  inches  to  two 
feet  high  in  the  back,  and  from  nine  to 
twelve  or  fifteen  inches  in  front — ob- 
serving that  those  designed  principally 
for  the  culture  of  melons,  may  be  rather 
deeper  than  for  cucumbers,  because 
they  generally  require  a  greater  depth 
of  mould  or  earth  on  the  beds;  though 
frames,  eighteen   or  twenty  inches    in 


it  is  advisable  to  attempt  a  reduction  of  the  back,  and  from  nine  to  twelve  in 
the  fracture  ;  and  if  it  be  only  partial, '  front,  are  often  made  to  serve  occasion- 


F  R  A 


235 


FR  A 


ally,  both  for  cucumbers  and  melons;  middle  to  conduct  off  all  wet  falling 
each  frame  to  have  two  cross  bars,  I  between  the  lights.  At  the  end  of  each 
ranging  from  the  top  of  the  back  to  ,  frame,  at  top,  should  be  a  thin  slip  of 
that  of  the  front,  at  three  feet  six  inches  board,  four  inches  broad,  up  to  the  out- 
distance, to  strengthen  the  frame,  and  side  of  the  lights,  being  necessary  to 
support  the  lights  ;  and  the  three  lights  guard  against  cutting  winds  rushing  in 
to  be  each  three  feet  six  inches  wide  ;  at  that  part  immediately  upon  the  plants, 
the   whole   together  being  made  to  fit    when  the  lights  are  occasionally  tilted 


the  top  of  the  frame  exactly,  every  way 
in  length  and  width. 
»  "  Sometimes  the  above  sort  of  frames 
are  made  of  larger  dimensions  than  be- 
fore specified  ;  but  in  respect  to  this  it 
should   be  observed  that  if  larger  they 


behind  for  the  necessary  admission  of 
fresh  air,  &c. 

"  With  respect  to  the  lights,  the 
wood-work  of  the  frame  should  be  inch 
and  a  half  thick  and  two  and  a  half 
broad  ;  and  the  bars,  for  the  immediate 


are  very  inconvenient  to  move  to  differ- :  support  of  the  glass-work,  should  be 
ent  parts  where  they  may  be  occasion-  about  an  inch  broad,  and  not  more  than 
ally  wanted,  and  require  more  heat  to  ,  inch  and  a  half  thick  :  for  if  too  broad 
warm  the  internal  air;  and  in  respect  and  thick,  they  would  intercept  the 
to  depth  particularly,  that  if  they  are  \  rays  of  the  sun,  so  should  be  only  just 
but  just  deep  enough  to  contain  a  due  :  sufficient  to  support  the  lights  and  be 
depth  of  mould,  and  for  the  plants  to  i  ranged  from  the  back  part  to  the  front. 


have  moderate  room  to  grow,  they  will 
be  better  than  if  deeper,  as  the  plants 
will  be  then  always  near  the  glasses — 
which  is  an  essential  consideration  in 
early  work — and  the  internal  air  will 
be  more  effectually  supported  in  a  due 


eight  or  nine  inches  asunder. 

"All  the  wood-work,  both  of  the 
frames  and  lights,  should  be  painted  to 
preserve  them  from  decay.  A  lead 
colour  will  be  the  most  eligible;  and 
if  done  three  times  over,  outside  and 


temperature  of  warmth.  For  the  deeper  i  in,  will  preserve  the  wood  exceedingly 
the  frame,  the  heat  of  the  internal  air  from  the  injuries  of  weather,  and  from 
will  be  less  in  proportion,  and  the  plants  '  the  moisture  of  the  earth  and  dung." 


being  far  from  the  glasses  will  be  some 
disadvantage  in  their  early  growth.  Be- 
sides, a  too  deep  frame,  both  in  early 
and  late  work,  is  apt  to  draw  the  plants 
up  weak;  for  they  always  naturally 
aspire  towards  the  glasses,  and  the 
more  space  there  is,  the  more  they 
will  run  up;  for  which  reason  the  Lon- 
don kitchen-gardeners  have  many  of 
their  frames  not  more  than  fourteen  or 
fifteen  inches  high  behind  and  seven  in 
front,  especially  those  which  are  in- 
tended to  winter  the  more  tender  young 
plants,  such  as  cauliflower  and  lettuce, 
and  for  raising  early  small'  salad,  herbs, 
radishes,  &c. 

"  The  wood  work  of  the  back,  ends, 
and  front  should  be  of  inch  or  inch 
and  a  quarter  deal,  as  before  observed, 
which  should  be  all  neatly  planed  even 
and  smooth  on  both  sides;  and  the 
joints,  in  framing  them  together,  should 
be  so  close  that  no  wet  nor  air  can  en- 
ter. The  cross-bars  or  bearers  at  top, 
for  the  support  of  the  glasses,  should 
be  about  three  inches  broad  and  one 
thick,  and  neatly  dove-tailed  in  at  back 
and  front  even  with  both  edges,  that 
the  lights  may  shut  down  close,  each 
having  a  groove  or  channel  along  the 


Mr.  Knight  has  suggested  an  import- 
ant improvement  in  the  form  of  frames. 
He  observes,  that  the  general  practice 
is  to  make  the  surface  of  the  bed  per- 
fectly horizontal,  and  to  give  an  incli- 
nation to  the  glass.  That  side  of  the 
frame  which  is  to  stand  towards  the 
north  is  made  nearly  as  deep  again  as 
its  opposite;  so  that  if  the  mould  is 
placed  of  an  equal  depth  (as  it  ought 
to  be)  over  the  whole  bed,  the  plants 
are  too  far  from  the  glass  at  one  end  of 
the  frame  and  too  near  at  the  other. 
To  remove  this  inconvenience,  he 
points  out  the  mode  of  forming  the  bed 
on  an  inclined  plane;  and  the  frame 
formed  with  sides  of  equal  depth,  and 
so  put  together  as  to  continue  per- 
pendicular when  on  the  bed,  as  repre- 
sented in  the  accompanying  sketch, 
Fig.  52, 

There  are  several  minor  points  in  the 
construction  of  frames  that  deserve  at- 
tention. The  strips  of  lead  or  wood 
that  sustain  the  panes  of  glass  should 
run  across  the  frame,  and  not  length- 
wise ;  they  then  neither  obstruct  so 
much  the  entrance  of  light  nor  the  pass- 
ing off  of  rain.  The  inside  of  the  frame 
should   be  painted  white,  since  planU 


FRA 

substitute  for  the  green-house  ;  and  on 
this  subject  we  have  the  following 
statement  of  Mr.  Crambe,  of  Redbraes, 
near  Edinburgh  : — 

"  Being  deficient  in  accommodation 
for  heaths  and  pelargoniums,  Mr. 
Crambe  procured  two  melon-frames, 
the  dimensions  of  which  were  twenty 
feet  long  by  eight  wide  ;  he  then  built 
walls  of  a  few  courses  of  bricks,  in- 
closing an  area  of  the  exact  size  of  the* 
frames  upon  which  they  were  placed. 
The  floor  was  elevated  sis  inches  above 
the  ground,  level  and  paved  with 
bricks  laid  in  finely-sifted   coal-ashes, 


generally  suffer   in    them    for  want   of  ^  ^^yj^g  tj,e^rgyi(.eg  l^gt^een  them  filled 


light :    if  the  accumulation  of  heat  was 
required,  the  colour  should  be'black. 

Raising  the  Frames. — It  is  a  well- 
known  difficulty  that  the  gardener  has, 
in  raising  the  frames  so  as  to  keep  the 
foliage  of  the  plants  within  them  at  a 
determined  and  constant  distance  from 
the  glass.     To  remedy  this,  Mr.  Nairn, 


with  sand,  which  makes  a  better  joint- 
ing than  lime,  the  close  joints  of  which 
leave  no  escape  for  the  surplus  water, — 
placing  the  building  in  a  longitudinal 
direction  from  east  to  west.  As  a  fire- 
flue  would  have  occupied  more  space 
than  could  be  spared,  Mr.  Rogers' 
conical     boiler    was     adopted.       The 


gardener  to  J.  Creswell,  Esq.,  of  Bat- I  bojjer  is   placed  on  the  outside   and  is 


tersea  Priory,  has  introduced  the  inge 
iiious  contrivance  represented  in  the  ac 
companying  sketch  and  references  : — 
A,  a  movable  frame  ;  b  b,  inside  lining 
of  the  pit  ;  c  c,  outer  wall.  Between 
these  the  sides  of  the  frame  pass,  and 
are  lowered  or  elevated  by  racks  and 
spindles,  d  d.     Fig.  53. 

Fig.  53. 


inclosed  in  a  case  of  double  sheet-iron, 
with  a  movable  cover,  and  funnel  of  the 
same  material,  for  the  conveyance  of 
smoke  into  a  brick-chimney,  the  space 
between  the  case  and  boiler  being  filled 
with  sand  as  an  excellent  non-conduc- 
tor. At  right  angles  to  the  end  of  the 
pit  is  a  brick-wall  about  three  feet 
high,  inclosing  the  boiler  on  two  sides, 
leaving  an  open  space  in  front  for  the 
admission  of  air  and  the  clearing  away 
of  ashes.  A  movable  wooden  cover,  of 
a  triangular  form,  is  placed  above,  to 
protect  the  whole  from  the  effects  of 
the  weather. 

"  The  size  of  the  boiler  is  eighteen 
inches  high  by  twelve  in  diameter  at 
the  base,  and  is  placed  upon  a  cast- 
iron  grating,  having  a  furnace-door  be- 
neath for  the  regulation  of  air.  The 
pipes,  two  inches  and  a  half  wide,  are 
conducted  along  the  front  and  secured 
to  the  wall  with  iron  hooks,  it  being 
A'morc  simple  plan  might  perhaps  unnecessary  to  convey  them  round  the 
be  adopted,  by  having  frames  of  the  back,  as  the  apparatus  is  found  suffi- 
same  length  and  breadth  as  the  origi-  cient  to  heat  a  space  of  double  the  size, 
nal,  but  only  from  an  inch  to  three  |  "  For  fuel  he  has  uniformly  found 
inches,  or  upwards,  deep.  These,  as  coke  to  maintain  a  constant  and  regu- 
necessary,  might  be  put  on  the  top,  and  lar  heat :  indeed  this  sort  of  boiler  is 
would  be  kept  close  by  the  pressure  of  not  suited  for  the  consumption  of  coal, 
the  lights;  bolts  and  nuts  might  also  ;  although,  by  a  little  alteration  of  the 
be  easily  applied,  and  the  interstices  i  present  form,  it  might  be  made  to  con- 
rendered  still   more  impervious  to  air  i  sume  it  as  freely  as  coke.     When  the 


by  being  faced  with  list. 


external    temperature  was    as   low  as 


The  frame    may   often  be  made   a  i  20",  the  internal  heat  of  the  pit  did  not 


FR  A 


237 


FRI 


vary  above  3°  in  fourteen  hours,  dur- 
ing which  time  it  required  no  atten- 
tion, and  tiie  cost  of  the  fuel  did  not 
exceed  twopence  in  twenty-four  hours. 
When  slight  storms  occurred,  a  cover- 
ing of  Russia-mats  was  substituted  in 
lieu  of  fire-heat,  which  is  always,  to 
a  certain  degree,  injurious  to  green- 
house plants,  but  more  particularly  so 
to  heaths,  a  class  of  plants  which,  when 
cultivated  in  properly  constructed   pits, 


Whitney's  or  Tanner's  conipositiona; 
or  the  gardener  may  employ  the  follow- 
ing preparation  : — 

"Old  pale  linseed  oil,  three  pints; 
sugar  of  lead  (acetate  of  lead),  one 
ounce;  white  resin,  four  ounces.  Grind 
the  acetate  with  a  little  of  the  oil,  then 
add  the  rest  and  the  resin.  Incorpo- 
rate thoroughly  in  a  large  iron  pot  over 
a  gentle  fire  ;  and,  with  a  large  brush, 
apply   hot  to  a    fine    calico    stretched 


have  a  decidedly  more  healthy  appear-  ,  loosely  previously,  by  means  of  tacks. 


ance    than     those    grown    in    green- 
houses."— Card.  Chron. 

Shelter  for  the  Glass. — In  proportion 
to  the  number  of  lights,  matting  for 
shading  and  sheltering  must  be  at  hand. 
The  usual  mode  of  covering  at  night  is 


upon  the  frame.  On  the  following  day 
it  is  fit  for  use,  and  may  be  either  done 
over  a  second  time,  or  tacked  on  tightly 
to  remain." — Gard.  Chron. 

The  quantity  made  according  to  this 
recipe  will   be   sufficient  for  about  100 


by  laying  on  mats,  and  over  these  litter, '  square  feet  of  calico. — Johnson's  Gard 


Almanack. 

FRANCISCEA  unijlora.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.    Cuttings.    Peat  and  loam. 

FRANCOA.    Three  species.     Hardy 


thickness  according  to  the  severity 
of  the  season.  Some  gardeners  lay 
hay  immediately  in  contact  with  the 
glass,  and  over  this  the  mats.     Every, 

person  conversant  with  these  modes  of  >  herbaceous.    Seed.    Common  light  soil 
shelter  is  aware  of  their  inconvenience. !      FRANKENIA.  Nine  species.  Chief 
In    rainy    weather   they    soon    become    ly  hardy  evergreen  trailers.     Cuttings 
wet,  and  rapidly  chill  the  beds  ;  added 
to  which,  the  trouble  caused  in  placing 
and  removing  them,  and  the  danger  to 
the  glass  from   the  stones  laid  on  as  a 


Loam  and  sandy  peat. 

FRANKINCENSE.     Pinus  tcoda. 

FRAXINUS.  The  ash-tree.  Forty- 
one  species.  Hardy  deciduous  trees, 
resislance  to  the  wind,  are  by  no  means  I  Seed,   or  budding  or  grafting    on    the 


inconsiderable 

Mr.  Seton,  to  obviate  these  incon- 
veniences, employs  a  particular  cover- 
ing, which  he  constructs  of  four  laths, 
two  of  such  a  length  as  to  exceed  a 
little  that  of  the  frame,  and  the  others 


common  ash  [F.eicelsio)). 

FREE-STONE  peaches  and  necta- 
rines, the  flesh  of  which  p^rts  readily 
from  the  stone. 

FRENCH  BEAN.   See  Kidney  Bean. 

FRENCH     MARIGOLD.       Tagetes 


in  a  similar  manner  that  of  its  breadth.  \  patula. 


These  are  bound  together  at  right 
angles,  so  as  to  form  a  parallelogram 
of  the  form  and  size  of  the  frame  ;  and 
pieces  are  bound  across  this  at  a  foot 
apart  from  each  other.  Over  this  a 
mat  is  spread,  and  over  the  mat  a  layer 
of  straw  is  fastened,  laid  on  level  like 
thatch,  from  three  to  six  inches  thic 


FRIESIA  peduncular  is.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Turfy 
loam  and  peat. 

FRINGE  TREE.     Chionanthvs. 

FRITILLARIA.  Fritillary.  Twenty- 
three  species,  besides  varieties.  Hardy 
bulbs.     Offsets.     Sandy  soil. 

'  The   season  for  planting  or  trans- 


as  may  appear  necessary.  If  the  i  planting  all  these  bulbs  is  when  their 
breadth  of  the  frame  is,  or  exceeds,  flower-stalks  are  decayed,  in  July  or 
four  feet,  it  is  best  to  have  the  covering  ;  beginning  of  August,  though  the  bulbs^ 
in  two  parts,  otherwise  it  becomes  taken  up  at  that  time  may  be  kept,  if 
weak  and  unwieldy.  These  panels, !  necessary,  by  being  laid  in  dry  sand  ; 
as  they  may  be  called,  Mr.  Seton  also  |  but  the  fritillary  {F.  pyrenaica)  and 
employs  in  preserving  tender  plants  [  Persian  lily  (F.  Prrs/cfl)  arc  rather  more 
through  the  winter.  A  pit  of  frames,  I  impatient,  out  of  the  earth,  than  the 
earthed  up  all  round,  and  covered  with  I  crown  imperial  (F.  imperialis),  and 
one  of  them,  or  two  or  three  if  needful,  j  therefore  should  always  be  put  in  again 


is  completely  impervious  to  frost. 
Substitutes  for    glass. — Oiled    paper 


as  soon  as  possible. 

Propagation  of  all  the  species. — The 


was  formerly  employed  ;  but   this  has    general    mode    of    propagation    of   all 
been  superseded  by  linen  dressed  with  !  these  plants  is  by  offsets,  which  may  he 


FRI 


238 


FRU 


separated  every  second  or  third  year. 
The  proper  time  is  when  their  flower- 
etalks  decay,  taking  the  whole  cluster 
of  roots  out  of  the  earth  and  separating 
them  into  distinct  roots,  planting  the 
emaller  offsets  by  themselves,  in  nurse- 
ry-beds, to  remain  a  year  or  two  ;  and 
the  larger  roots  plant  where  they  are 
designed  to  remain. 

They  are  also  propagated  by  seed  to 
gain  new  varieties.  The  process  is 
tedious.  The  fritillary  and  Persian  lily 
will  be  three  years,  and  the  crown  im- 
perial sometimes  six  or  seven,  before 
they  flower  in  perfection. 

The  seeds  are  to  be  sown  in  boxes 
of  light  earth  in  August  or  September, 


down  to  below  32o  without  freezing, 
but  it  solidifies  the  moment  it' is  agi- 
tated."— Principles  of  Gardening. 

The  seeds  of  some  plants  are  bene- 
fited by  being  frozen,  for  those  of  the 
rose  and  the  hawthorn  never  germinate 
so  freely  as  after  being  subjected  to  the 
winter  frosts. 

Freezing  is  beneficial  to  soils,  not 
only  by  destroying  vermin  within  its 
bosom,  but  by  aiding  the  atmosphere  to 
pervade  its  texture,  which  texture  is 
also  rendered  much  more  friable  by 
the  frost.  M.  Schluber  says  that  freez- 
ing reduces  the  consistency  of  soils 
most  remarkably,  and  that  in  the  case 
of  clays  and  other  adhesive  soils,  the 


covering  them  with  earth  a  quarter  of  i  diminution  of  their  consistency  amounts 


an  inch  deep. — Ahercromhie. 

FROST.  If  a  plant  be  frozen,  and 
though  some  defy  the  attacks  of  frost, 
others  are  very  liable  to  its  fatal  influ- 
ence, death  is  brought  upon  them  as  it 


to  at  least  50  per  cent.  In  hoeing  clay 
he  found  it  reduced  from  sixty-nine  to 
forty-five  of  the  scale  already  stated, 
and  in  the  ordinary  arable  soil  from 
thirty-three  to  twenty.  He  satisfactorily 


is  in  the  animal   frame,  by  a  complete  j  explains  this  phenomenon  by  observing 


breaking  down  of  their  tissue ;  their 
vessels  are  ruptured,  and  putrefaction 
supervenes  with  unusual  rapidity. 

The  following  contingencies  render 
a  plant  especially  liable  to  be  frozen. 

"  First.  Moisture  renders  a  plant 
susceptible  of  cold.  Every  gardener 
knows  this.  If  the  air  of  his  green- 
house be  dry,  the  plants  within  may  be 


that  the  crystals  of  ice  pervading  the 
entire  substance  of  the  frozen  soil,  ne- 
cessarily separate  the  particles  of  earth, 
rendering  their  points  of  contact  fewer. 
As  soil  in  our  climate  is  rarely  frozen 
to  a  depth  of  more  than  four  inches, 
and  in  extremely  hard  winters  it  does 
not  penetrate  more  than  six  inches  in 
light  soils,  and  ten  inches  in  those  that 


submitted  to  a  temperature  of  32^  with- i  contain  more  clay,  or  an  excess  of 
out  injury,  provided  the  return  to  a  '  moisture,  these  facts,  and  the  frequent 
higher  temperature  be  gradual.  '  failure  of  our  potato  crops,  have  led  Dr. 

"  Secondly.  Gradual  decrements  of.  Lindley  to  the  very  judicious  suggestion 
temperature  are  scarcely  felt.  A  myr- j  of  planting  these  crops  in  autumn, 
tie  may  be  forced  and  subsequently  [  which  must  be  the  best  time  if  practica- 
passed  to  the  conservatory,  to  the  cold-  '  ble,  for  it  is  pursuing  the  dictate  of  na- 
pit,  and  even  thence  to  an  open  border,  ture.  That  it  is  practicable,  I  have  no 
if  in  the  south  of  England,  without  doubt,  for  no  frost  would  injure  the 
enduring  any  injury  from  the  cold  of  sets,  if  a  little  coal  ashes  were  put  over 
winter;  but  it  would  be  killed  if  passed    them   in    each  hole,  for  coal  ashes  are 


at   once   from    the    hot-house    to    the 
border. 

Thirdly.     The  more  saline  are  the 


an  excellent  non-conductor  of  heat,  and 
consequently  opposed  to  a  low  reduc- 
tion of  temperature.     Even  if  potatoes 


juices  of  a  plant,  the  less  liable  are  buried  some  inches  beneath  the  soil's 
they  to  congelation  by  frost.  Salt  pre-  surface  are  frozen,  they  thaw  so  very 
serves  vegetables  from  injury  by  sudden  I  gradually,  that  no  injury  to  themoc- 
transitions  in  the  temperature  of  the  curs,  unless  the  freezing  has  been  suffi- 
atmosphere.  That  salted  soil  freezes  cient  to  burst  their  vessels,  which 
with  more  reluctance  than  before  the  !  occurs  very  rarely, 
salt  is  applied,  is  well  known,  and  that  j  FROTH-FLY.  See  Tettigonia. 
crops  of  turnips,  cabbages,  cauliflowers,  FRUIT  ROOM.  "Fruit  for  storing 
&c.,  are  similarly  preserved  is  equally  should  be  gathered  before  it  is  quite 
well  established.  ',  mature,  for  the  ripening  process,  the 

"Fourthly.  Absence  of  motion  en- ^  formation  of  sugar,  with  its  attendant 
ables  plants  to  endure  a  lower  degree  exhalation  of  carbonic  acid  and  water, 
of  temperature.     Water  may  be  cooled  |  goes  on  as  well  in  the  fruit  room  as  in 


FRU 


239 


FRU 


the  open  air  at  the  season  when  the  i  slight,  therefore,  are  to  be  avoided; 
functions  of  the  leaves  have  ceased,  and  instead  of  putting  fruit  in  heaps  to 
and  the  fruit  no  longer  enlarges.  In  sweat,  as  it  is  ignorantly  termed,  but 
gathering  fruit,  every  care  should  be  in  fact  to  heat  and  promote  decay,  fruit 
adopted  to  avoid  bruising;  and,  to  this  should  be  placed  one  by  one  upon  a 
end,  in  the  case  of  apples,  pears,  floor  covered  with  dry  sand,  and  the 
quinces,  and  medlars,  let  the  gathering 
basket  be  lined  throughout  with  sack- 
ing, and  let  the  contents  of  each  basket 
be  carried  at  once  to  a  floor  covered 
with  sand,  and  taken  out  one  by  one, 
not  poured  out,  as  is  too  usual,  into  a 
basket,  and  then  again  from  this  into  a 
heap,  for  this  systematic  mode  of  in- 
flicting small  braises  is  sure  to  usher  in 
decay,  inasmuch  as  that  it  bursts  the 
divisional  membranes  of  the  cells  con- 
taining the  juice,  and  this  being-extra' 


day  following,  if  the  air  be  dry,  be 
wiped  and  stored  away  as  before  di- 
rected. Fruit  for  storing  should  not 
only  be  gathered  during  the  middle 
hours  of  a  dry  day,  but  after  the  oc- 
curence of  several  such. 

'•'Although  the  fruit  is  stored  in  sand, 
it  is  not  best  for  it  to  be  kept  there  up 
to  the  very  time  of  using,  for  the  pre- 
sence of  light  and  air  is  necessary  for 
the  elaboration  of  saccharine  matter. 
A  fortnight's  consumption  of  each  sort 


vasated,  speedily  passes  from  the  stage  !  should  be  kept  upon  beach,  birch,  or 
of  spirituous  fermentation  to  that  of  elm  shelves,  with  a  ledge  all  round,  to 
putref;iction.    To  avoid  this  is  the  prin-    keep   on  them   about  half  an   inch    in 


cipal  object  of  fruit  storing,  whilst  at 
the  same  time  it  is  necessary  that  the 
fruit  shall  be  kept  firm  and  juicy.  Now 
it  so  happens,  that  the  means  required 
to  secure  the  one  also  effects  the  other 


depth  of  dry  sand  ;  on  this  the  fruit 
rests  softly,  and  the  vacancy  caused  by 
every  day's  consumption  should  be  re- 
placed from  the  boxes  as  it  occurs.  If 
deal  is  employed  for  the  shelving,  it  is 


"  To  preserve  the  juiciness  of  the  apt  to  impart  a  flavour  of  turpentine  to 
fruit,  nothing  more  is  required  than  a  |  the  fruit.  The  store-room  should  have 
low  temperature,  and  the  exclusion  of  a  northern  aspect,  be  on  a  second  floor, 
the  atmospheric  air.  The  best  practical  and  have  at  least  two  windows,  to  pro- 
mode  of  doing  this  is  to  pack  the  fruit '  mote  ventilation  in  dry  days.  A  stove 
in  boxes  of  perfectly  dried  pit-sand,  in  the  room,  or  hot-water  pipe  with  a 
employing  boxes  or  bins,  and  taking  regulating  cock,  is  almost  essentialj  for 
care  that  no  two  apples  or  pears  touch,  heat  will  be  required  occasionally  in 
The  sand  should  be  thoroughly  dried  very  cold  and  in  damp  weather;  the 
by  fire-heat,  and  over  the  uppermost  windows  should  have  stout  inside  shut- 
layer  of  fruit  the  sand   should  form  a    ters.     Sand  operates  as  a  preservative, 


covering  nine  inches  deep. 


not  only  by  excluding  air  and  moisture, 


Putrefaction  requires  indispensably  ;  but  by  keeping  the  fruit  cool;  for  it  is 
three  contingencies — moisture,  warmth,  one  of  the  worst  conductors  of  heat, 
and  the  presence  of  atmospheric  air,  or  and  moreover  it  keeps  carbonic  acid  in 
at  least  of  its  oxygen.  Now  burying  in  contact  with  the  fruit.  All  fruit  in 
sand  excludes  all  these  as  much  as  can  ripening  emits  carbonic  acid,  and  this 
be  practically  effected  ;  and  it  excludes,  gas  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  prevent- 
moreover,  the  light,  which  is  one  of  the  ives  of  decay  known, 
prime  agents  in  the  ripening  of  fruit.  I  "  The  temperature  of  the  fruit  room 
The  more  minutely  divided  into  small  should  never  rise  above  40°,  nor  sink 
portions  animal  or  vegetable  juices  may  '  below  34°  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer, 
be,  so  much  longer  are  they  preserved 
from  "putridity  :  hencfll  one  of  the  rea- 
sons why  bruised  fruit  decays  more 
quickly  than  sound  ;  the  membranes  of 
the  pulp  dividing  it  into  little  cells,  are 
ruptured  and  a  larger  quantity  of  the 
juices  are  together  ;  but  this  is  only 
one  reason,  for  bruising  allows  the  air 
to  penetrate,  and  it  deranges  that  inex- 
plicable vital  power,  which  whilst  un- 
injured acts  80  antiseptically  in  all 
fruits,  seed,  and  eggs.   Bruises  the  most 


the  more  regular  the  better.  Powdered 
charcoal  is  even  a  better  preservative 
for  packing  fruit  than  sand  ;  and  one 
box  not  to  be  opened  until  April,  ought 
to  be  packed  with  this  most  powerful 
antiseptic.  If  it  were  not  from  its  soil- 
ing nature,  and  the  trouble  consequent 
upon  its  employment,  I  should  advocate 
its  exclusive  use  ;  I  have  kept  apples 
perfectly  sound  in  it  until  June. 

"  It  is  not  unworthy  of  observation, 
that  the  eye  or  extremity  farthest  from 


rue 


240 


FUC 


the  stalk,  is  the  first  to  ripen.  This  is 
most  perceptible  in  pears,  especially  in 
the  chaumontelle.  That  end  therefore 
should  be  slightly  imbedded  in  the 
sand;  and  thus  excluding  it  from  the 
light,  checks  its  progress  in  ripening." 
— Principles  of  Gardening. 

FUCHSIA.  Twenty  species,  besides 
many  varieties.  Green-house  evergreen 
shrubs.  Seed  and  cuttings.  Light  rich 
loam  and  peat. 

Varieties  for  open  borders. — F.  Ric- 
cartonia;  globosa;  gracilis;  Thomsonii; 
Clintonia;  conica  ;  reflexa;  erecta  ;  and 
virgata. 

For  Pot-culture. — Brockmannii ;  Exo- 
niensis  ;  Colossus  ;  Attractor  ;  Enchan- 
tress; Eppsii;  Stanwelliana ;  Splendida; 
Defiance  ;  Laneii ;  Toddiana  ;  Cham- 
pion ;  Victory;  Majestica;  Paragon; 
Splendens;  Fulgens;  Robusta  ;  Youel- 
lii ;  Chandlerii ;  Venus  Victrix  ;  Money- 
pennii ;  Standishii;  Dalstonii ;  Curtisii ; 
Eclipse;  Rosa  Alba;  and  Spectabilis. 
There  are  about  eighty  other  named 
varieties  of  diii'ering  degrees  of  merit. 

Soil. — The  best  is  formed  of  equal 
parts  rotted  turf,  sandy  loam,  and  peat. 

Propagation  by  seed. — Sow  directly 
it  is  ripe.  Bruise  the  berries,  wash 
away  their  pulp,  mix  the  seed  with 
sand,  sow  thinly  in  pans  of  the  soil  just 
described,  and  place  in  the  green-house. 
Prick  into  thimbles  when  the  seedlings 
are  large  enough  for  handling;  place 
under  a  hand-glass,  in  a  stove  or  hot- 
bed, for  a  few  days,  and  then  remove 
into  a  green-house.  Shift  into  larger 
pots  as  the  roots  fill  those  in  which  they 
are  growing. 

By  cuttirigs. — No  plant  is  more  easily 
propagated  by  cuttings  at  any  season  o 


the  same  stock.  This  is  very  desirable 
where  room  has  to  be  husbanded.  Cut 
away  to  the  length  of  one  and  a  half 
inch,  half  the  thickness  of  the  two  shoots 
to  be  united,  bind  them  together;  sever 
through  the  scion  three-fourths  of  its 
thickness,  just  below  the  junction,  keep 
in  a  warm  moist  atmosphere,  and  in 
three  or  four  days  the  junction  will  be 
complete.  F.  fulgens,  F.  Cormackii 
and  other  strong  growing  varieties  are 
the  best  stocks." — Gard.  Chron. 

To  make  specimen  Fuchsias. — "In 
order  to  have  specimen  plants  of  Fuch- 
sias," says  Mr.  G.  Watson,  "  put  in 
cuttings  in  the  beginning  of  August ; 
planting  them  round  the  rims  of  five 
inch  pots  filled  with  light  sandy  soil 
and  well  drained  ;  then  place  in  a  cu- 
cumber-frame till  sufficiently  rooted, 
and  afterwards  remove  to  a  cool  and 
airy  part  of  the  green-house,  and  let 
them  remain  till  February.  In  that 
month,  pot  off  into  small  sixties,  and 
when  well  rooted  in  these  pots,  two  or 
more  healthy  and  well-shaped  plants  of 
each  variety  put  into  larger  pots  accord- 
ing to  their  size.  While  young,  care 
must  be  taken  that  the  earth,  in  which 
they  are  growing,  does  not  become 
soured  by  over  watering,  or  the  plants 
will  soon  become  sickly.  When  they 
have  filled  these  pots  with  roots,  the 
plants  must  be  removed  into  larger 
pots  and  carefully  tied  up  to  sticks  in 
order  to  keep  the  leading  shoots  up- 
right, as  several  of  the  varieties  have  a 
tendency  to  grow  downward,  and  it  is 
only  with  constant  care  that  these  va- 
rieties are  kept  vigorous. 

"  About  the  second  week  in  June, 
shift  for  the  last  time  into  pots  suffi- 


the  year  than  the  Fuchsia,  but  the  best  \  ciently  large  to  bloom  them  in  ;  in  pot- 


season  is  from  the  end  of  May  to  the 
end  of  July.  Have  the  cuttings  about 
three  inches  long;  strip  the  leaves  off 
the  lower  half  of  their  lengths,  and  plant 
in  pots,  having  the  surface  of  the  com- 
post in  them  to  the  depth  of  an  inch 
covered  with  sand.  Plant  in  this  the 
cuttings,  so  thattheir  ends  just  touch  the 
compost.  Moisten  the  sand,  place  the 
pots  in  a  green-house  under  the  cover 
of  hand-glasses.  When  rooted,  pot 
singly  in  sixties. 

By  grafting. — "The   early  part  of 


ting  particular  attention  must  be  paid 
to  the  drainage,  so  that  the  superabund- 
ant water  may  be  easily  passed  off. 

"  Plants  treated  in  this  manner  will 
begin  to  bloom  profusely  at  the  latter 
end  of  July,  and  continue  flowering  till 
the  end  of  Septjjmber ;  during  this  pe- 
riod the  pots  should  be  placed  in  pans, 
so  that  the  plant  may  be  well  supplied 
with  water,  and  yet  not  constantly 
soaked  in  it. 

"  Plants  thus  treated,  with  their 
shoots  pruned  to   three  or  four  buds, 


May  is  suitable  for  grafting /Mc/isias,  or  I  form  beautiful  objects  for  turning  out 
rather  for  inarching  them,  as  this  is  de-  I  into  the  flower  garden  the  following 
cidedly  the  most  successful  mode  of  summer;  but  if  very  large  specimens 
combining  more  than  one  variety  upon  ,  are  required,  their  pot  room  must  be 


FUE 


241 


FUM 


increased,  and  they  should  be  grown  i  duct  will  be  the  quantity  of  fuel  required 


in  the  open  air 


to  heat  a  cubic  foot  of  air,  one  degree  ; 


"  Those  who  cultivate  the  Fuchsia,    and  twenty  times  that  quantity  will  heat 


with  the  desire  of  obtaining  it  in  the 
greatest  perfection,  should  remember 
that  in  its  native  haunts  it  flourishes 
under  the  shade  of  loftier  shrubs.  Rea- 
son, therefore,  suggests,  and  experience 


it  twenty  degrees  ;  thirty  times  will  heal 
it  thirty  degrees,  and  so  on.  Now 
0.0075  lbs.  of  best  coals  will  heat  a 
cubic  foot  of  water  one  degree  ;  there- 
fore 0.000002625  lbs.  of  best  coals  will 


has  proved,  that  nothing  more  conduces  1  heat  a  cubic  foot  of  air  one  degree, 
to  its  vigour  than  shading  it  for  three  or  j      It  is  essential  to  good  and   profitable 
four  hours  during  the  hottest  period  of  j  fuel  that  it  should  be   free  from  moist- 
the   day,    and    syringing   gently    every  !  ure  ;  for  unless  it  be  dry,  much  of  the 
night  and  morning  during  hot  weather.' 
—  Gard.  Chron. 


heat  which  it  generates  is  consumed  in 
I  converting   that  moisture  into  vapour  : 
Winter  Protection. — At  the  approach  '  hence  the  superior  value  of  old  dense, 
of  frost,  that    excellent   horticulturist,    dry  wood,  to  that  which  is  porous  and 


Mr.  Mearns,  recommends  that  the 
plants  should  be  taken  out  of  the  soil, 
and  all  the  laterals  cut  from  them ; 
upon  those  intended  to  be  trained  to  a  i 
wall,  paling,  or  trellis,  leave  three, 
four,  five  or  six  canes.     They  are  then 


damp.  A  pound  of  dry  will  heat  thirty- 
five  pounds  of  water  from  32''  to  212'^; 
but  a  pound  of  the  same  wood  in  a 
moist  or  fresh  state,  will  not  similarly 
heat  more  than  twenty-five  pounds. 
The  value,  therefore,  of  different  woods 


ready  to  be  deposited  until  the  end  of  for  fuel  is  nearly  inversely  as  their 
April,  or  beginning  of  May,  in  a  pit  in  j  moisture :  and  this  may  be  readily  as- 
heath  or  any  other  tolerably  dry  soil,  I  certained  by  finding  how  much  a  pound 
or  sand,  and  place  them  in  a  sloping  i  weight  of  the  shavings  of  each  loses  by 
direction  in  the  pit  with  stakes  driven    drving  during  two  hours,  at  a  terapera- 

"  tufe  of  212". 

The  preceding  are  the  average  of 
results  obtainable  in  a  common  well- 
constructed  furnace.  By  a  complicated 
form  of  boiler,  perhaps  a  small  saving 
of  fuel,  in   obtaining  the  same  results. 


here  and  there  diagonally  over  them, 
that  they  may  be  kept  hollow,  and  to 
prevent  the  soil  fronn  pressing  too  much 
upon  their  brittle  stems. 

In  covering  them  use  no  straw,  or 
matting,  but  allow  the  soil  to  fall 
amongst  them,  and  form  it  into  a  sharp    may  be  effected  ;  but   it  will    be  found 


ridge  at  the  top. — Gard.  Chron. 


generally,    that   the    original    cost    of 


The  laterals  removed  at  the  time  of  apparatus,  and  the  current    additional 


this  winter-pruning,  if  divested  of  their 
laterals,  and  packed  in  powdered  char- 
coal, or  perfectly  dry  earth,  in  boxes, 
and  placed  out  of  the  reach  of  frost,  in 
a  cool  place,  will  retain  their  vitality 
until  next  April,  when  they  may  be  cut 
into  lengths  of  about  a  foot  long,  and 
planted  with  a  dibble;  insert  them  into 
the  ground,  so  as  to  leave  about  three 
inches  of  the  cuttings  above  the  surface 
in  any  place  where  they  are  wanted  to 


expense  for  repairs,  will  more  than 
exceed  the  economy  of  fuel. — Prin.  of 
Gard. 

FULL-FLOWER.  See  Double-flower. 

FUMARIA.  Six  species.  Hardy  an- 
nual climbers.    Seed.    Common  soil. 

FUMIGATING  is  employed  for  the 
destruction  of  certain  insects  ;  the  in- 
haled vapour  or  smoke  arising  from 
some  substances  being  fatal  to  them. 
Tobacco  (see  Tobacco)  is  the  usual  sub- 


flower  next  summer.     If  kept  tolerably    stance  employed;  and  it  may  be  ignited, 
moist,  they  will  be  found  to  make  good  ;  and  the  smoke  impelled  upon  the  insects 

by  bellows  ;  or  the  ignited  tobacco  may 
be   placed    under  a    box,  or    within   a 


flowering  plants  with  little  trouble 
Gard.  Chron. 


FUEL  is  no  small  item  in  the  annual    frame  together  with  the  affected  plant, 
expenditure  of  the  stove,  green-house.    The  vapour  of  turpentine  is  destructive 


and     conservatory     departments,    and 
therefore  deserves  consideration. 

The  specific  heat  of  water  being  1, 
and  that  of  atmospheric  air  0.00035,  or 
jg'jjjth,  if  the  quantity  of  fuel  which 
will  heat  a  cubic  foot  of  water  one  de- 
gree be  multiplied  by  0.00035,  the  pro- 
16 


to  the  scale  and  other  insects,  employed 
in  this  mode.  Mr.  Mills  has  also  stated 
the  following  as  the  best  mode  of  fumi- 
gating with  tobacco. 

"  According  to  the  size  of  the  place 
to  be  fumigated,  one  or  more  pieces  of 
cast   iron,  one  inch  thick,  and   three 


FUM 


242 


GAR 


inches  over,  are  made  red  hot;  (pieces  GALEANDRA    gracilis.     Stove 

of  old  tiles,  such  as  are  used  for  cover-  orchid.      Division.      Sandy   peat,  and 

ing  smoke  flues,  would  probably  answer  light  loam. 

equally  well  ;)  one  of  these  is  placed  in  GALEGA.     Goat's  Rue.     Five  spe- 

a  twenty-four  sized  pot,  on  which  is  put  cies,  and  some   varieties.     Hardy  her- 

the  quantity  of  tobacco  considered  ne-  baceous  perennials.     Division  or  seeds. 

cessary  to   charge   the    structure    with  Common  soil. 

smoke  sufficient   to  destroy  insect  life.  GALEOBDOLON  iw^eum  and  variety. 

To    fumigate  an    ordinary  sized  eight-  Hardy  herbaceous  perennial.    Division. 

light  house,  I  use   three  heaters,  and  Marshy  soil. 

three  twenty-four  sized   pots,  which  I  GALIPEA.    Two  species.    Stove 

liave  placed  on  the   front  flue  or  walk  ;  evergreen    shrubs.      Cuttings.      Peaty 

one  pound  of  strong  tobacco  is  put  on  soil. 

the  three   heaters  in    equal    parts,  and  GALL  is  a  tumour,  formed  in  conse- 

this  I  find  sufficient  to  till  the  house,  so  quence  of  the  part  being  punctured  by 

as  to  destroy  all   the    kinds  of  insects  an  insect,  the  tumour  becoming  the  ni- 

that  perish  by  fumigation.     The  system  dusof  the  insect  brood.  The  Oak  apple 

lias  these  advantages:  the  tobacco  is  so  caused  by  the  Cynips  querci  is  a  fami- 

quicklv    consumed,   that  the  house   is  liar  example;  as   also  are  the  bunches 

completely  filled   in  a  very  short  time,  of  leaves  not  unlike  a  rose  on  the  Rose 

and  but  little  smoke  can  escape  before  Willow,  and    the    mossy  tufts   on    the 

the  insects  are  destroyed;  the  pure  heat  twigs  of  the  wild  rose,  and  erroneously 

from  the  iron  heaters  prevents  injury  called  Bedeguar. 

from  gas,  and  as  no  blowing  is  required  GALPHINIA.     Two  species.    Stove 

there  is  no  dust:  it  being   only  neces-  evergreens  ;  one  a  shrub;  one  a  climber. 

sary  to  put  the  tobacco  on  the  heaters,  Ripened  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

and  leave  the  house." — Gard.  Chron.  I      GAMBOGE.     Gnrcinia  Gamhogia.     , 

FUMITORY.     Fumaria.  \      GAMMA  MOTH.     See  Noctua. 

FUNKIA.     Five  species.     Hardy  i      GANGRENE.     See  Canker. 
herbaceous.     Division.    Sheltered  light 
soil. 

FURCRCEA.     Seven  species.     Stove 

succulents'.    Suckers.    Rich  light  loam,  require  a  strong  moist  heat 

G^>RTNERA.    Two  species.    Stove  GARDEN  BALSAM.     Justicia  pec- 
evergreen   twiners.      Cuttings.      Loam  toralis. 
and  peat.  GARDEN   BEETLE.      See   Phyllo- 

GAGP2A.    Nineteen  species.     Hardy  pertha. 

bulbous  perennials.  Off"sets.    Light  soil.  GARDEN    PEBBLE    MOTH.      See 

GAGNEBINA.    Two  species.    Stove  Scapula. 

evergreen  shrubs.     Cuttings  and  seeds.  GARDENING.    "  Herder,  in  his  JiTa/- 

Loam  and  peat,  with  a  little  sand.  ligone,  caWs  gardening  the  second  libe- 

GAILLARDIA.  Four  species.  Hardy  ral  art,  architecture    the  first.     '  A  dis- 

herbaceous  perennials.  Division.   Com-  trict,'    says  he,  '  of  which    every   part 

mon  soil.  bears  what  is   best  for  it,  in  which  no 

GALA.CTIA.     Four  species.     Hardy  waste  spot  accuses  the  indolence  of  the 

deciduous   or  stove  evergreen  twining  inhabitants,  and   which    is    adorned   by 

plants.      Cuttings.       Division.      Seeds,  beautiful  gardens,  needs  no  statues  on 

Loam,  peat  and  sand.  the   road  ;    Pomona,  Ceres,  Pales,  Ver- 

GALACTITES.  Two  species.  Hardy  tumnus.  Sylvan  and  Flora  meet  us  with 

annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil.  all  their  gifts.     Art  and  nature  are  there 

GALANGALE.     Kampfera.  harmoniously  mingled.    To  distinguish, 

GALANTHUS.      Snowdrop.       Two  in   nature,   harmony    from    discord  ;  to 

species.       Hardy    bulbous    perennials,  discern  the   character  of  every  region 


GARCINIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  fruit  trees.  Ripened  cuttings. 
Light    loamy    soil    with    peat.       They 


Offsets.     Common  soil 


with  a  taste  which  developes  and    dis- 


GAhA'S.  aphylla.  Hardy  herbaceous  poses  to  the  best  advantage  the  beauties 
perennial.  Division.  Peaty  soil  in  a  of  nature — if  this  is  not  a  fine  art,  then 
moist  situation.  none  exists.'     However  true  it  may  be, 

GALAXIA.  Five  species.  Green-  that  gardening  deserves  to  be  called  a 
house  bulbous  perennials.  Offsets,  fine  art,  we  can  hardly  agree  with  Her- 
Sandy  peat  soil.  ,  der,  that  it  is  the  second  m  the  order  of 


GAR 


243 


GAR 


time ;  for  though  gardens  must  have 
originated  soon  after  man  had  advanced 
beyond  the  mere  nomadic  life,  yet  the 
practice  of  gardening  as  a  fine  art,  that 
is,  not  merely  as  a  useful  occupation, 
must  necessarily  have  been  of  a  much 
later  date.  The  hanging  gardens  of 
Semiramis    are    reckoned    among    the 


constructed  in  the  palaces  in  Rome, 
and  in  which,  as  Pliny  says,  nature  was 
counterfeited.  But  a  grotto  does  not 
constitute  a  garden;  and  that  the  Ro- 
mans had  no  fine  gardens,  in  our  sense 
of  the  word,  is  proved  by  several  pas- 
sages of  their  authors,  and  by  the  ac- 
counts we  have   of  their  gardens.     In 


wonders  of  the  world  ;  but  that  which  |  Pliny's  description  of  his  Tuscan  villa, 
astonishes  is  not  therefore  beautiful.  I  we  find,  indeed,  all  conveniences — pro- 
Scatlbldmgs,  supported  by  pillars,  co-  tection  against  the  weather,  an  agreea- 
vered  with  earth,  bearing  trees,  and  ble  mixture  of  coolness  and  warmth  ; 
artificially  watered,  are,  no  doubt,  won-  but  everything  beautiful  relates  merelv 
derful ;  but  we  have  no  reason  to  sup-  [  to  buildings,  not  to  the  garden,  which, 
pose  them  beautiful.  The  gardens  of  j  with  its  innumerable  figures  of  box,  and 
the  Persians  (paradises';  are  called  by  j  in  its  whole  disposition,  was  as  tasteless 
Xenophon  delightful  places,  fertile  and  i  as  possible.  Ofthe  gardens  of Lucullus, 
beautiful  ;  but  they  seem  rather  to  have  Varro  says,  that  they  were  not  remark- 
been  places   naturally   agreeable,  with    able  for  flowers  and  fruits,  but  for  the 

paintings  of  the  villa.  A  fertile  soil, 
and  a  fine  prospect  from  the  villas, 
which  were  generally  beautifully  situ- 
ated, seem  to  have  satisfied  the  Romans. 
Whatever  the  art  of  gardening  had  i)ro- 
duced  among  them,  was,  with  every 
other  trace  of  refinement,  swept  away 
by  the  barbarians  who  devastated  Italv. 
Charlemagne  directed  his  attention  to 
this  art,  but  his  views  did  not  extend 
beyond  mere  utility.  The  Troubadours 
of  the  middle  ages  speak  of  symmetri- 
cal gardens.  In  Italy,  at  the  time  of 
the  revival  of  learning,  attention  was 
again  turned  towards  pleasure  gardens, 
some  of  which  were  so  famous,  that 
drawings  were  made  of  them.  They 
may  have  been  very  agreeable  places, 
but  we  have  no  reason  to  suppose  them 
to  have  exhibited  much  of  the  skill  of 
the  scientific  gardener.  At  a  later 
period,  a  new  taste  in  gardening  pre- 
vailed in  France.  Regularity  was  car- 
ried to  excess;  clipped  hedges,  alleys 
laid  out  in  straight  lines,  flower-beds 
tortured  into  fantastic  shapes,  trees  cut 
into  the  form  of  pyramids,  haystacks, 
animals,  &c.,  were  now  the  order  of 
the  day.  The  gardens  corres])ondcd 
with  the  taste  of  the  time,  which  dis- 
played  itself  with   the   same    artificial 


fruit-trees,  flowers,  &c.,  growing  spon- 
taneously, than  gardens  artificially  laid 
outand  cultivated.  VVhetherthe  Greeks, 
so  distinguished  in  the  fine  arts,  neglect- 
ed the  art  of  gardening,  is  a  question 
not  yet  decided.  The  gardens  of  Al- 
cinoiis  (Odyssey,  vii.,  112 — 132)  were 
nothing  but  well  laid  out  fruit  orchards 
and  vineyards,  with  some  flowers.  The 
grotto  of  Calypso  {Odyssey,  v.,  63 — 73) 
is  more  romantic,  but  probably  is  not 
intended  to  be  described  as  a  work  of 
art.  The  common  gardens  which  the 
Greeks  had  near  their  farms,  were  more 
or  less  like  the  gardens  of  Alcinoiis. 
Attention  was  paid  to  the  useful  and  the 
agreeable,  to  culinary  plants,  fruits, 
flowers,  shadowing  trees  and  irrigation. 
Shady  groves,  cool  fountains,  with  some 
statues,  were  the  only  ornaments  ofthe 
gardens  of  the  philosophers  at  Athens. 
The  descriptions  of  gardens  in  the  later 
Greek  novelists  do  not  show  any  great 
progress  in  the  art  of  gardening  in  their 
time  ;  and  it  would  be  worth  while  to 
inquire,  whether  the  same  cause,  which 
prevented  the  cultivation  of  landscape 
painting  with  the  ancients,  did  not  also 
prevent  the  progress  of  the  art  of  gar- 
dening. The  ancients  stood  in  a  differ- 
ent relation  to  nature  from  the  moderns. 


The  true  art  of  gardening  is  probably  j  stiffness  in  dress,  architecture  and  poet- 


connected  with  that  element  of  the  ro-  i 
mantic,  which  has  exercised  so  great  an  j 
influence  on  all  arts  ever  since  the  re- i 
vival  of  arts  and  letters,  and,  in  some  ' 
degree,  ever  since  the  Christian  era.  I 
Even  the  grottoes  of  the  ancients  owed 


ry.  Lenotre  was  the  inventor  of  this 
style  of  French  gardening,  which,  how- 
ever, his  successors  carried  to  greater 
excess.  Nothing  natural  was  left,  and 
yet  nature  was  often  imitated  in  arti- 
ficial   rocks,   fountains,  &c.     Only   one 


their  origin  morely  to  the  desire  for  the  J  thing  strikes  us  as  truly  grand  in  car- 
coolness  they  afforded.  Natural  grot- ,  dens  of  this  sort — the  fountains,  which 
toes  led  to  artificial  ones,  which  were   were    constructed    at    great    expense. 


GAR 


244 


GAR 


The  Dutch  imitated  the  French.  The 
English  were  the  first  who  felt  the  ab- 
surdity of  this  style.  Addison  attacked 
it  in  his  famous  Essays  on  Gardening, 
in  the  Spectator  ;  and  Pope,  in  his 
fourth  Moral  Epistle,  lashed  its  petty, 
cramped  and  unnatural  character,  and 
displayed  a  better  taste  in  the  garden  of 
his  little  villa,  at  Twickenham  ;  crowds 
followed  him,  and  practice  went  before 
theory.  (See  Horace  Walpole's  History 
of  Modern  Taste  in  Gardening.)  This 
style,  however,  was  also  carried  to 
excess.     All  appearance   of  regularity 


tastic,  predominate  in  a  garden,  ac- 
cording to  the  means  which  can  be 
commanded.  This  is  not  so  easy  as 
might  appear  at  first,  and  it  requires  as 
much  skill  to  discover  the  disposition 
which  should  be  made  of  certain 
grounds,  as  to  carry  it  into  effect ;  but 
if  such  skill  were  not  required,  garden- 
ing would  not  be  an  art.  Another  prin- 
ciple, which  gardening  has  in  common 
with  all  the  fine  arts,  is,  that  it  is  by  no 
means  its  highest  aim  to  imitate  reality, 
because  reality  will  always  be  better 
than    imitation.     A   gardener  ought  to 


•was  rejected  as  hurtful  to  the  beauty  of  j  study  nature,  to  learn  from  her  the 
nature,  and  it  was  forgotten,  that  if  in  a  I  principles  and  elements  of  beauty,  as 
garden  we  want  nothing  but  nature,  we  1  the  painter  is  obliged  to  do;  but  he 
had  better  leave  gardening  altogether.  !  must  not  stop  there.  As  another  gene- 
This  extreme  prevailed,  particularly  ral  remark,  we  would  observe,  that  the 
after  the  Oriental  and  Chinese  style  (see  true  style  of  gardening  lies  between  the 
Chambers'  Dissertations  on  Oriental  two  extremes.  It  is  by  no  means  a  re- 
Gardening-)  had  become  known.  What  1  proach  to  a  garden  that  it  shows  the 
in  nature  is  dispersed  over  thousands  of ;  traces  of  art,  any  more  than  it  is  to  a 
miles,  was  huddled  together  on  a  small  drama.  Both,  indeed,  should  follow 
spot  of  a  few  acres  square — urns,  tombs;  '  nature  ;   but  in  respect  to  the  fine  arts, 


Chinese,  Turkish  and  New  Zealand 
temples;  bridges,  which  could  not  be 
passed  without  risk ;  damp  grottoes ; 
moist  walks  ;  noisome  pools,  which 
were  meant  to  represent  lakes;  houses, 
huts,  castles,  convents,  hermitages, 
ruins,  decaying  trees,  heaps  of  stones  ; 
— a  pattern  card  of  every  thing  strange, 
from  all  nations  under  heaven,  was  ex- 
hibited in  such  a  garden.  Stables  took 
the  shape  of  palaces,  kennels  of  Gothic 
temples,  &c. ;  and  this  was  called 
nature  !  The  folly  of  this  was  soon  felt, 
and  a  chaster  style  took  its  place.  At 
this  point  we  have  now  arrived.  The 
art  of  gardening,  like  every  other  art, 
is  manifold  ;  and  one  of  its  first  princi- 
ples, as  in  architecture,  is  to  calculate 
well  the  means  and  the  objects.     Im- 


there  is  a  great  difference  between  a 
free  following  of  nature  and  a  servile 
copy  of  particular  realities.  Tieck,  in 
his  Phantasien,  does  not  entirely  reject 
the  French  system  ;  at  least,  he  defends 
the  architectural  principle  as  one  of 
the  principles  of  the  art  of  gardening. 
There  are  many  works  of  great  merit 
on  gardening,  of  which  we  only  men- 
tion Descriptions  des  nouveaux  Jardins 
de  la  France,  &c.,  by  La  Borde  (Paris, 
1S08  to  J814),  the  most  complete  for 
descriptions;  Loudon's  Encyclopedia 
of  Gardening,  5th  edit.,  (London,  1827;) 
Handbuch  der  schonen  Gartenkunst,  by 
Dietrich  (Giessen,  1815);  Hirschfeld's 
Theorie der  Gartenkunst  (Leipsic,  1779), 
5  vols.,  4to.,  with  many  engravings,  a 
work    of  very  great  merit,  and  still  of 


mense  cathedrals  and  small  apartments,  considerable  use;  Le  ban  Jardinier, 
long  epics  and  little  songs,  all  may  be  ;  Almanack  pour  P  Annie  1830,  edited  by 
equ°ally  beautiful  and  perfect,  but  can  '  A.  Poiteau  (Paris),  1022  pages.  (See 
only  be  made  so  by  a  proper  regard  to  the  article  Horticulture.^ —  Encyclo- 
the'character  ofeach.  Thustheclimate,  padia  Americana. 

the  extent  of  the  grounds,  the  soil,  &c.,  j  GARDENER.  The  day  is  gone  when 
must  determine  the  character  of  a  gar-  '  the  spade  and  the  blue  apron  were  the 
den.  Aiken  justly  observes,  that  no-  ;  only  appropriate  devices  for  the  gar- 
thing  deviates  more  from  nature,  than  dener  ;  he  must  now  not  only  have  a 
the  imitation  of  her  grand  works  in  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  his 
miniature.  All  deception  ceases  at  the  art,  but  he  must  also  have  an  intimate 
first  view,  and  the  would-be  magnificent  acquaintance  with  its  sciences.  No 
garden  appears  like  a  mere  baby  house.  I  man  can  have  stored  in  his  mind  too 
Let  the  character  of  the  agreeable,  the  much  knowledge,  but  there  are  always 
sublime,  the  awful,  the  sportive,  the  ^  some  branches  of  information  of  more 
rural,  the  neat,  the  romantic,  the  fan-  I  value  than  others ;  of  these  to  the  gar- 


GAR 


245 


G  EI 


dener  there  are  none  so  important  as    leaf  mould  and  peat,  with  a  little  bush 


botany  and  chemistry.     Botany,  physi- 
ological as  well  as  classical.   Chemistry, 


rubbish. 

GASTONIA  palmata. 


especially  as  applied  to  the  examination  ]  green    shrub.     Cuttings. 


of  organic  nature. 

GARDENIA.    Twenty-seven  species 


Stove   ever- 
Sand,   loam. 


and  peat. 

GASTROCARPIIA  runcinata.    Half- 


and  two  varieties.  Stove  or  green-house    hardy    herbaceous   perennial.       Seeds. 


shrubs.      Cuttings. 
ROCAMBOLE. 


Loam 
Allium 


evergreen 
and  peat. 

GARDEN 
ophioscordon. 

GARDEN  SWIFT.     See  Hepialus. 

GARDOQUIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  G. 
betonicoides  is  an  herbaceous  perennial. 
Cuttings.     Sand,  loam,  and  peat 


Common  soil. 

GASTROCHILUS  pulcherrimus. 
Stove  herbaceous  perennial.  Division. 
Sandy  loam. 

GASTROLOBIUM.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Half 
ripened  cuttings.  Loam,  peat,  and 
sand. 

GASTRONEMA   clavatum.     Green- 


GARLAND  FLOWER.     Pleurandra  ,  house  bulbous  perennial.  Offsets.    Rich 


Cneorum. 

GARLICK.  Allium  sativum.  Is  ca- 
pable of  growing  in  almost  any  soil. 

Mode  and  Time  of  Plantirig. — It  is 
generally  propagated  by  parting  the 
root,  but  may  be  raised  from  the  bulbs 
produced  on  the  stems.     The  planting 


mould. 

GATHERER.  The  hand  is  the  best 
instrument  for  collecting  fruit  into  the 
basket,  but  to  avoid  the  danger  and 
breakage  of  branches  unavoidably  inci- 
dental to  using  long  ladders,  the  fol- 
lowing instruments  have  been  designed. 


may  be  performed  any  time  in  February,  !  Fig.  54,  for  apples  and  other  single  fruit. 


March,  and  early  in  April  ;  but  the 
middle  of  the  second  is  the  usual  time 
of  insertion.  A  single  clove  to  be 
placed  in  each  one  of  holes  made  six 
inches  apart,  and  one  and  a  half  deep, 
in  straight  lines,  six  inches  distant  from 
each  other;  care  being  taken  to  set  the 
root  downwards  :  to  do  this  it  is  the 
best  practice  to  thrust  the  finger  and 
thumb,  holding  a  clove  between  them, 
to  the  reijuisite  depth  without  any  pre- 
vious hole  being  made.  The  only  cul- 
tivation is  to  keep  them  clear  of  weeds, 
and  in  .Tune  the  leaves  to  be  tied  in 
knots  to  prevent  their  running  to  seed, 
which  would  greatly  diminish  the  size 
of  the  bulbs.  A  few  roots  may  be  taken 
up  as  required  in  June  and  July,  but 
the  whole  must  not  be  lifled  until  the 
leaves  wither,  which  occurs  at  the  close 
of  this  last  mentioned  month,  or  in  the 
course  of  August.  It  is  usual  to  leave 
a  part  of  the  stalk  attached,  by  which 
they  are  tied  into  bundles,  being  pre- 
viously well  dried  for  keeping  during 
the  winter. 

GARLIC  PEAR.    Cratteva. 

GARRYA  elliptica  and  laurifolia. 
Hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Layers. 
Loamy  soil 


Fig.  55,  for  grapes,  the  branches  of  which 
it  severs  and  retains  in  its  grasp. 

Fig.  54.  Fig.  55. 


GATHERING.     See  Fruit  Room. 

GAUDICHAUDIA  cynanchoides . 
Stove  evergreen  twiner.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Light  turfy  loam  and  peat. 

GAULSHERIA.  Four  species. 
Hardy  or  green-house  evergreen  shrubs. 
G.  procumbens,  a  creeper.  Layers. 
Peat  soil. 

GAURA.  Eight  species.  Chiefly 
hardy  plants.  G.  fruticosa,  increases 
by  cuttings.  The  perennials  by  seed  : 
they  thrive  in  a  rich  soil.  The  annuals 
and  biennials.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

GAZANIA.     Five    species.     Green- 


GARUGA  prj'ma/a.    Stove  evergreen  I  house   herbaceous  perennials  or  ever 


tree.     Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

GASTERIA.     Forty-two  species  and 

many  varieties.   Green-house  evergreen  evergreen  shrub.     Cuttings 

shrubs.  Suckers  or  leaves.  Sandy  loam,  of  loam  and  rotten  dung 


green  shrubs.  Cuttings.    Peat  and  loam. 

GEISSOMERIA    longijlora.      Stove 

Rich  aoi! 


GEI 


246 


GER 


GEISSORHIZA.    Eleven  species  and  '  piece  of  cloth  dipped  in  tar  and  bound 
few  varieties.     Green-house  bulbous    round  a  tree's  stem  prevents  its  ascent. 


perennials.     Offsets.     Sandy  peat. 

GEITONOPLESIUM.  Three  spe- 
cies. Green-house  herbaceous  peren- 
nials. G.  cymodum,  is  an  evergreen 
twiner.  Cuttings.  Peat  and  loam,  or 
sandy  peat. 

GELA.  Two  species.  Green-house 
evergreens.     Cuttings.     Sandy  peat 

GELASINE  azurea. 
bulbous  perennial. 

GEM.     See  Bud. 

GENISTA.  Forty-nine  species  and 
a  few  varieties.  Chiefly  hardy  ever- 
green shrubs.  A  few  deciduous  or  ever- 
green trailers  and  shrubs.  For  the 
green-house  or  half  hardy  kinds,  cut- 
tings, loam,  peat,  and  sand.  The 
hardy  kinds  are  increased  by  layers  or 
seeds. 

GENTIAN  A.  Fifty-eight  species 
and    some    varieties.      Hardy    plants 


G.  piniaria  attacks  the  pine  and  fir 
tribe. 

GEONOMA.  Six  species.  Palms. 
Seed.  Rich  sandy  loam,  and  a  strong 
heat. 

GERANIUM.  Fifty-one  species  and 
some  varieties.  Chiefly  hardy  herba- 
ceous perennials.  The  green-house 
Green-house  and  frame  kinds  increase  from  cuttings 
or  seeds,  and  grow  well  in  a  mixture  of 
loam  and  peat,  and  vegetable  soil.  The 
hardy  species  and  the  annuals  increase 
from  seeds,  and  require  only  common 
soil.     See  Pelargonium. 

GERARDIA.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
annuals,  biennials,  and  herbaceous  pe- 
rennials.   Seed  or  cuttings.    Peatv  soil. 

GERBERA  crenata.  Green-house 
biennial.    Seeds.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

GERMINATION  is  the  sprouting,  or 
first  step  in  vegetation  of  a  seed.     To 


The  herbaceous  kinds  for  the  most  part  >  enable  it  to  germinate,  it  must  have  a  per 


grow  well  in  a  rich  peaty  soil,  and 
may  be  increased  by  division-  The 
annuals  and  biennials  by  seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

GENTIANELLA.  Gentiana  acaulis. 
Is  a  hardy  and  herbaceous  creeper. 
Sow  the  seeds  of  this  as  soon  as  they 
are  ripe,  (otherwise  they  soon  lose  the 
power  of  vegetation,)  in  pans  filled  with 
rather  heavy  peat.  Sow  on  the  surface, 
without  any  covering  except  a  slight 
sprinkling  of  silver  sand  ;  then    place 


feclly-developed  embryo, and  be  ripe,  or 
nearly  ripe.     It  must  not  be  too  old. 

The  following  list,  furnished  by  the 
late  Mr.  Loudon,  shows  the  greatest 
age  at  which  some  of  our  common  gar- 
den seeds  germinate  freely  ;  and  this 
result  of  experience  is  quite  concurrent 
with  our  knowledge  of  their  chemical 
constitution  : — 

"One  year. —  Peas,  beans,  kidney 
beans,  carrot,  parsnip,  oraches,  herb- 
patience,    rhubarb,    elm,    poplar,    and 


the  pans  either  in  a  cold  frame  facing  |  willow.  Two  years. — Radish,  salsafy, 
the  north,  and  kept  close,  or  on  the  i  scorzonera,  purslane,  the  alliums,  car- 
north  side  of  a  wall,  where  they  are  i  doon,  rampion,  alisander,  love-apple, 
completely  screened  from  the  sun,  and  capsicum,  egg-plant.  Three  years. — 
cover  them  with  a  hand-glass.  i  Sea-kale,  artichoke,  lettuce,  marigold, 

Soil. — A  light  loam  suits  it  best ;  ma-    rue,  rosemary.    Four  years.-^Brassicas, 


nured  annually  with  leaf  mould.  If  the 
subsoil  is  dry,  the  soil  may  be  advan- 
tageously more  clayey. 

GEOMETRA.  The  Amphidasis  of 
some  entomologists,  is  a  genus  of  moths; 
including  G.  polosaria.  Pale  Brindled 
Beauty  Moth  which  appears  in  March  ; 


skirret,  spinach,  asparagus,  endive, 
mustard,  tarragon,  borage.  Five  and 
six  years. — Burnet,  sorel,  parsley,  dill, 
fennel,  chervil,  hyssop.  Ten  years. — 
Beet,  celery,  pompion,  cucumber,  me- 
lon." 

Mr.  Loudon  may  be  safely  received 


ego-s  deposited  in  bands  round  a  twig,  as  good  authority  on  subjects  which  he 
as  done  by  the  Lacky  Moth.  Caterpil- ]  investigated.  If  the  age  at  which  the 
jars  appear  with  the  opening  leaves  of  |  vitality  of  certain  seeds  cease   in   Eng- 


the   elm,  lime,  lilac,  and   apple  tree. 
They  are  at  first  a  light  green. 

G.  defoliaria,  Lime  Looper,  or  Mot- 
tled Umbre  Moth,  feeds  on  the  leaves 
of  the  lime  and  apple.  Moth  appears 
in  November.  Caterpillar  reddish,  with 
a  bright  yellow  stripe  on  each  side. 
Female  moth  has  no  wings,  so  that  a 


and  as  expressed  herein,  be  correct,  it 
proves  a  result  in  that  climate  different 
from  our  own.  For  instance,  peas, 
beans,  carrots,  &c.,  vegetate  freely  in 
the  United  States  when  two  or  three 
years  old,  sea-kale  seldom  after  the 
first  year,  and  so  of  other  seeds  enume- 
rated in  the  list. 


GER 


247 


GER 


A  certain  degree  of  warmth  is  essen-  that  prevent  the  incubation  of  egps,  un- 
ti.il  ;  for  no  known  plant  has  seed  that  '  less  they  be  kept  for  a  certain  period  at 
■will  germinate  below  or  at  the  freezing  ',  a  temperature  of  about  lOC^ 


point  of  water.     A  temperature  above 
32o  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer  there^ 


As  no  seed  will  germinate  unless  a 
certain  degree  of  heat  is  present,  so  also 


fore  is  requisite.  But  on  the  other  hand,  does  it  require  that  a  certain  quantity 
the  temperature  must  not  be  excessively  of  water  is  in  contact  with  its  outer 
high.  Even  no  tropical  seed,  probably,  skin  or  integument ;  and  this  is  required 
will  germinate  at  a  temperature  much  not  only  to  soften  this  covering,  and 
above  120^  F.,  and  we  know  from  the  thus  permit  the  enlargement  of  the  co- 
experiments  of  M.  M.  Edwards  and  tyledons  (seed  lobes)  always  preceding 
Colin,  that  neither  wheat,  oats,  nor  bar-  |  germination,  but  also  to  aftord  that  wa- 
ley  will  vegetate  in  a  temperature  of  ter  to  internal  components  of  the  seed. 


113' 


without   which    the    chemical    changes 


Every  seed  differing  in  its  degree  of  necessary  for  the  nutriment  of  the  em 


excitability,  conseqbently,  has  a  te 


seqbe 
t  wlii 


perature  without  wliich  it  will  not  ve- 


bryo    plant    will    not   take    place.     As 
water  is  essential  to  germination,  and 


getate,  and  from  which  cause  arise  the  only  a  certain  quantity  is  required  for 
consequences  that  dirterent  plants  re- ;  its  healthy  progress,  so  is  it  by  no  means 
quire  to  be  sown  at  different  seasons,  a  matter  of  indifference  what  matters  it 
and  that  they  germinate  with  various  I  holds  in  solution.  Until  germination 
degrees  of  rapidity.  The  gardener  has  commenced,  no  liquid  but  water  at 
should  always  bear  in  mind  that  it  would  common  temperatures  will  pass  through 
be  a  very  erroneous  conclusion,  because  the  integuments  of  a  seed. 
a  seed  does  not  germinate  at  the  accus-  :  So  soon  as  germination  has  com- 
tomed  time,  that  therefore  its  vegetating  menced,  this  power  to  exclude  foreign 
powers  are  departed.  No  two  seeds  fluids  ceases  ;  but  the  organs  starting 
taken  from  the  same  seed-vessel  ger- i  into  activity,  the  radicle  and  the  plumule 
minate  precisely  at  the  same  time;  but  \  are  so  delicate,  that  the  weakest  saline 
on  the  contrary,  one  will  often  do  so  I  solutions  are  too  acrid  and  ofiensive  f'»r 
promptly,  while  its  companion  seed  will  them.  It  may  be  noted  as  a  warning  to 
remain  dormant  until  another  year.  those  who  employ  steeps  for  seed,  with 

M.  de  Candolle  relates  an  instance  the  hope  of  promoting  the  vigour  of  the 
where  fresh  tobacco  seedlingscontinued  ,  future  plant,  that  they  must  keep  the 
to  appear  annually  for  ten  years  on  the  seed  in  those  steeps  a  very  few  hour?, 
same  plot,  though  no  seed  was  sown  In  forty-eight  hours,  if  the  temperature 
after  the  first  sowing;  and  the  same  '  be  60°  or  more,  putrefaction  coin- 
phenomenon  usually  occurs  for  two  or  inences,  and  germintition  is  weakened, 
three  years,  when  the  seed  of  either  the  or  entirely  destroyed.  M.  Vogcl,  of 
peony  or  hawthorn  are  sown.  Why  one  Munich,  has  published  an  exieiuied 
seed  is  more  easily  excited  than  another  course  of  experiments  upon  this  subject, 
is  as  yet  unexplained  ;  but  the  wisdom  and  they  fully  confirm  my  opinion  that 
of  this  one  of  many  i)rovisions  for  avoid-  salts,  innoxious  when  the  plant  is  of 
ing  the  accidental  extinction  of  a  spe-  robust  and  advanced  growth,  are  fatal 
cies  in  any  given  locality  is  readily  dis-  to  it  at  the  lime  of  germination. 
cerned.  An  ungenial  spring  may  destroy  :  The  presence  of  one  of  the  conslito- 
the  plants  from  those  seeds  which  first  ent  gases  of  the  atmosphere,  oxygen,  is 
germinated;  but  this  could  scarcely  oc-  also  essential  to  germination.  It  is  ne- 
curalso  to  those  of  the  second  and  third  cessary  that  the  oxygen  should  penetrate 
year,  or  even  to  those  which  were  only  \  to  the  cotyledonous  parts  of  the  seed, 
a  few  weeks  later  in  their  vegetation.       as  is  evident  by  the  changes  which  take 

It  is  not  possible  to  enunciate  a  ge-  place  during  germination,  and  it  is  f\ir- 
neral  rule  relative  to  germinating  teni-  ther  proved  by  experiment.  Wtien 
peratures,  requiring  no  exceptions;  but  healthy  seed  is  moistened  and  exposed 
in  general,  for  the  seeds  of  plants,  in  a  suitable  temperature  to  atmos- 
natives  of  temperate  latitudes,  the  best  pheric  air,  it  absorbs  the  oxygen  only, 
germinating  temperature  is  about  60°,  This  power  of  separating  one  gas  froi.i 
and  for  those  of  tropical  plants  about  the  others  appears  to  reside  in  tlie 
80°;  and  the  necessity  for  such  tempe-  ,  integuments  of  the  seed,  for  old  seeds 
ratures  depends  upon  the  same  causes  ;  lose  the  power  of  absorbing  the  oxygen, 


GER 


248 


GER 


and,  consequently,  of  germinating  ;  yet 
they  will  frequently  germinate  if  soaked 
in  an  aqueous  solution  of  chlorine — a 
gas  which  has  the  power  of  attracting 
liydrogen  from  water,  and  others  of  its 
compounds,  and  releasing  the  oxygen, 
doing  so  in  the  case  of  seeds  within 
their  integuments,  as  well  as  without- 
side.  Humboldt  and  Saussure  have 
also  shown  that  the  application  of  chlo- 
rine to  seeds  accelerates  its  germina- 
tion ;  and  Cress  seed,  which  under  or- 
dinary circumstances  requires  some 
days  to  complete  the  process,  they 
found  effected  it  in  no  more  than  three 


ant  phenomena, — but  we  can  penetrate 
the  mystery  no  farther. 

I  have  never  been  able  to  discover 
that  light  has  injurious  influence  over 
germination,  and  in  those  experiments 
apparently  proving  the  contrary,  due 
care  was  not  taken  to  prevent  the  seed 
being  exposed  to  a  greater  degree  of 
dryness  as  well  as  to  light. 

If  seed  be  placed  on  the  surface  of  a 
soil,  and  other  seed  just  below  that  sur- 
face, and  care  be  taken  to  keep  the  for- 
mer constantly  moist,  it  will  germinate 
just  as  speedily  as  the  buried  seed,  and 
f  exposed  to  the  blue  rays  only  of  the 


hours.  The  late  Mr.  George  Sinclair,  [  spectrum  by  being  kept  under  a  glass 
author  of  the  excellent  Hortus  Grami-',  of  that  colour,  ^ven  more  rapidly. 
neus    Woburnensis,  also    informed    me  |  Therefore  the  object  of  sowing  the  seed 

below  the  surface,  is  for  the  purposes 
of  keeping  it  in  a  state  of  equable  and 
salutary  moisture,  as  well  as  to  place 
the  radicle  iu  the  medium  necessary 
for  its  growth  into  a  root,  immediately 
it  emerges  from  the  integument  of  the 
seed.  These  facts  hold  out  some  bea- 
cons worthy  of  being   attended   to,  as 


that  he  employed  chlorine  with  sin 
gular  success.  He  obtained  it  by  mix- 
ing a  tablespoonful  of  muriatic  acid  with 
a  similar  quantity  of  black  ox  de  of  man- 
ganese, and  half  a  pint  of  water.  After 
allowing  the  mixture  to  remain  two  or 
three  hours,  the  seed  is  to  be  immersed 
in  the  liquid  for  a  similar  period,  and 


then  sown.     Another,  and    I  consider  !  guides  for  the  operation  of  sowing, 
the  most  eligible  mode  of  applying  the  !      They   point   out  that  every  kind  of 
chlorine  was  also  suggested  to  me  by  |  seed  has  a  particular  depth   below  the 


the  same  distinguished  horticulturist. 
In  this  way  he  said  he  made  tropical 
seeds  vegetate  which  refused  to  germi- 
nate by  other  modes  of  treatment.  He 
placed  the  mixed  ingredients  mentioned 
above  in  a  glass  retort,  inserting  its 
bulb  in  the  hot-bed,  and  bringing  its 
beak  under  the  pot  in  which  the  seeds 
were  sown,  connecting  it  with  the 
draining  aperture  of  the  pot.  The  chlo- 
rine  gas  is  gradually  evolved,  passing 


surface  at  which  it  germinates  most 
vigorously,  as  securing  to  it  the  most 
appropriate  degree  of  moisture,  of  oxy- 
gen gas,  and  of  warmth.  From  a  quar- 
ter of  an  inch  to  two  inches  beneath 
the  surface,  appear  to  be  the  limits  for 
the  seeds  of  plants;  but  they  usually 
vary  for  the  same  seeds  in  different 
grounds  and  countries.  It  must  be  the 
least  in  aluminous  soils  and  dry  cli- 
mates.    In  general,  sowing  should   be 


through  the  earth  of  the  pot  to  the  seeds,  performed  in  dry  weather,  especially 
with  more  or  less  rapidity,  according  '  on  heavy  soils,  not  only  because  of  the 
to  the  heat  employed.  This  absolute  i  greater  saving  of  labour,  but  because 
necessity  for  the  presence  of  oxygen  is  j  it  prevents  the  seed   being  enveloped 


a  reason  why  seeds  will  not  germinate 
if  buried  beyond  a  certain  distance  from 
the  earth's  surface ;  and  why  clayey 
soils  often  fail  of  having  a  good  plant, 
an  impervious  coat  of  the  clay  envelop- 
ing the  seed,  and  preventing  the  air's 
access.     How  oxygen  operates  in  aid- 


with  a  coat  of  earth  impermeable  by 
the  air,  "  which,"  says  Sir  H.  Davy, 
"  is  one  cause  of  the  unproductiveness 
of  cold  clayey  soils."  Perhaps  the 
time  at  which  any  ground  may  be 
raked  with  the  greatest  facility  is  as 
good   and   practical  a  criterion   as   any 


ing  the  seed  to  develope  the  parts  of  the  I  to  judge  when  it  is  fit  for  sowing.  In 
embryo  plant,  we  cannot  even  guess —  general,  if  clay  does  not  predominate 
•we  only  know  that  most  seeds  have  I  in  its  constitution,  a  soil  rakes  best  just 
more  carbon  (pure  charcoal)   in    their  [  after  it   has  been   turned   up  with  the 


composition  than  other  parts  of  their 
parent  plant;  that  the  oxygen  absorbed 
bv  the  seeds  combines  with  a  portion  of 
that  carbon,  and  is  emitted  in  the  form 
of  carbonic  acid.     These  are  the  attend- 


ipade.  If  clay  does  predominate  it 
usually  rakes  with  most  facility  after  it 
has  been  dug  two  or  three  days,  and 
then  immediately  after  a  gentle  rain. 
But  it  is  certain  that  the  sooner  seed  is 


GE  R 


249 


G  L  A 


sown  after  the  soil  is  dug  for  its  recep- 
tion, the  earlier  it  germinates.  In  the 
droughts  of  summer,  water  is  often  re- 
quired to  newly-sown  beds.  Such  ap- 
plication must  not  be  very  limited  or 
transitory  ;  for  if  the  soil  is  only  moist- 
ened at  the  immediate  time  of  sowing, 
it  induces  the  projection  of  the  radicle, 
which  in  very  parching  weather,  and 
in  clayey,  caking  soil,  I  have  known 
wither  away,  and  the  crop  be  conse- 
quently lost  from  the   want  of  a  con- 


brids,  are  the  next  in  beauty  to  G. 
psittacinvs,  but  they  are  not  so  hardy 
nor  so  vigorous.  They  require  taking 
up  every  season  ;  for  if  left  in  the 
ground,  though  protected  with  a  cover- 
ing, they  always  sufler  from  damp,  and 
never  start  early  enough  to  flower  well 
the  next  season. 

"  About  the  beginning  of  October, 
to  propagate  them,  take  from  well- 
established  plants  a  cluster  of  corms 
about  one  and  a  half  or  two  feet  in  cir- 


tinued   supply   of  moisture. — Princ.  of   cumference,  and   plant  them   one  foot 

apart,  and  two  or  three  inches  deep,  in 
beds  two  feet  wide,  with  a  little  sand 
at  the  bottom  of  the  bulbs.  When 
forced,  this  plant  forms  a  brilliant  orna- 
ment for  the  green-house  in  the  begin- 
ning of  summer. 

"  In  the  month  of  October  take  eight 
or  twelve-sized  pots,  and  fill  them  with 
as  large  a  mass  of  the  strongest  corms 
as  the  pots  will  admit,  and  protect  them 
till  they  are  required  for  forcing." — 
Gard.  i'hron. 

"  Gladiolus  psittacinus  or  natalentis, 
is  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of  the 
Cape  gladioli,  and,  from  its  easy  culti- 
vation, deserves  to  have  a  place  in  all 
flower-gardens  where  a  brilliant  dis- 
play is  required  during  the  autumn. 
Beds  should  be  prepared  some  time 
during  the  winter,  or  early  in  the 
spring,  by  digging  up  the  soil  deep 
and  leaving  it  rough,  adding,  at  the 
same  time,  a  good  portion  of  well- 
rotted  dung  and  a  little  sand,  if  the  soil 
is  of  a  stiff  nature  ;  but  if  light,  sand  ia 
not  required. 

"  About  the  middle  of  April  mark 
out  the  bed  into  rows,  one  foot  apart 
and  four  inches  deep,  putting  a  little 
sand  along  the  bottom  of  the  rows  ; 
then  place  the  bulbs  in  the  rows,  about 
nine  inches  or  one  foot  apart,  taking 
care  to  separate  all  the  bulbs,  and  only 
plant  one  in  each  place;  then,  having 
a  little  sand  (any  refuse  from  cutting 
pots,  or  bank-sand,  will  do),  put  a 
small  portion  round  each  bulb,  and  fill 
in  the  rows.  After  this  the  plants  will 
require  no  further  trouble  excp[)t  keep- 
ing clean  and  tying  up,  which  latter  is 
easily  done  by  driving  a  few  sticks 
round  the  outside  of  the  bed,  and  run- 
ning a  couple  of  tiers  of  tar-twine  round 
it.  With  this  treatment  the  gladioli 
will  begin  flowering  about  the  end  ot 
July,  and  will  contmue  blooming  for 
nearly  two  months,  particularly  if  they 


Gardening 

GEROPOGON.  Old  Man's  Beard. 
Three  species.  Hardy  annuals.  G. 
calyculatus  an  herbaceous  perennial. 
Seeds.     Common  soil. 

GESNERA.  Thirty  species,  and 
two  varieties.  Stove  herbaceous  pe- 
rennials, or  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Rich  light  soil. 

GETHYLLIS.  Five  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Offsets  or 
seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

GETONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

GEUM.  Twenty-three  species,  and 
a  few  varieties.  Hardy  herbaceous 
perennials.  Division  or  seeds.  Rich 
light  loamy  soil. 

GILIA.  Eight  species,  and  one 
variety.  Hardy  annuals.  Seeds. — 
Common  soil.  G.  aggregata ;  a  green- 
house biennial. 

GILLENIA.  Two 
herbaceous  perennials 
and  loam. 

GILLYFLOWER. 

GINGER.     Zingiber. 

GINGERBREAD  TREE.  Parin- 
arium  macrophyllum. 

GIPSY  MOTH.     See  hombyx. 

GIRDLING  is  a  mode  of  killing 
trees  adopted  in  clearing  the  forests  of 
America,  by  cutting,  early  in  the 
spring,  a  girdle  or  ring  round  the  stem 
of  each  tree,  taking  away  not  only  the 
bark  but  the  entire  alburnum  down  to 
the  hard  wood — the  ascent  of  the  sap 
is  thus  prevented.     See  Ringing. 

GLADIOLUS.  Forty  species  ;  many 
varieties.  Chiefly  green-house,  and  a 
few  hardy  bulbous  perennials. 

G.  cardinalis.  (in  the  culture  of  this 
we  have  the  following  information 
from  Mr.  A.  Mackenzie  and  Mr.  Gor- 
don : — 

"  Gladiolus  cardinalis,  and   its  hy- 


species.     Hardy 
,    Division.    Peat 

See  Mathiola. 


GL  A 


250 


GL  A 


are  freely  supplied  with  water  once  or  '  have  done  growings  Tor  the  season,  care 
twice  (as  the  season  nnay  require)  just  must  be  taken  not  to  dry  the  soil  in  the 
before  they  begin  to  expand  their  first  pans  too  quickly  or  too  much  ;  for  the 
flowers.  Care  must  be  taken,  however,  '  young  bulbs,  being  very  small,  are  apt 
not  to  water  them  overhead.  i  to    become    much    exausted,    and    fre- 

"  The  bulbs  to  be  taken  up  about  qiiently  perish  if  kept  very  dry  the  first 
the  end  of  October,  or  as  soon  as  the  i  winter.  They  should  be,  if  possible, 
stems  and  leaves  become  brown  or  placed  in  some  cool,  dry  situation, 
damaged  by  the  frost.  They  must  be  i  where  they  are  secure  from  frost.  In 
well  dried,  and  placed  in  some  situa- j  the  spring  they  should  be  again  placed 
tion  secure  from  frost  or  damp  until  ,  in  a  green-house  or  warm  pit,  and, 
the  next  spring,  when  they  must  be  di-  when  fairly  started,  they  should  be 
vided,  and  again  treated  as  before,  carefully  removed  into  fresh  pans  or 
The  large  bulbs  will  also  produce  pots,  being  rather  a  richer  soil  than 
numerous  offsets  round  their  root-end  ;  that  used  for  the  seeds,  planting  them 
but  these  are  of  little  value,  for  they  still  rather  thickly  in  the  pots  or  pans, 
will  be  two  or  three  years  before  they  and  keeping  them  shut  up  close  and 
flower;  and  as  every  flowering  bulb  rather  moist  for  a  few  days,  until  they 
planted  in  the  spring  produces  three  begin  to  grow  again,  after  which  treat 
or  four  bulbs  of  sufficient  size  to  bloom  them  as  before,  and  encourage  them  to 
next  season,  from  the  crown  of  the  old  i  grow  as  long  as  possible  in  the  autumn, 
one,  there  is  always  enough  for  all  I  then  rest  them  as  before.  The  next 
purposes.  The  plant  also  flowers  free-  1  spring  they  may  be  potted  in  smaller 
ly  ;  but  the  small  bulbs  and  the  seed-  pots,  and  treated  like  the  Gladiolus 
lings  will  be  so  long  before  they  flower,  cardinalis,  when  many  of  them  will 
that  they  are  not  worth  the  trouble  of  flower." — Gard.  Chron. 
raising,  except  for  the  sake  of  obtain-  I  GLASS  is  the  best  agent  employed 
jng  new  varieties." — Gard.  Chron.  by  the   gardener  to  exclude  the   cold, 

"  Gladiolus  ramosissimus  is  the  next  whilst  the  light  is  admitted  to  his  plants 
most  beautiful  kind  for  growing  either  t  which  are  natives  of  hotter  climates 
in  pots  or  in  a  bed.  The  bulbs  of  I  than  that  in  which  he  cultivates  them, 
these  hardier  kinds  should  be  taken  •  Now  that  the  excise-duty  is  removed 
up  every  two  years,  divided,  and  re-  j  from  glass,  the  gardener  is  enabled  to 
planted,  as  they  will  not  flower  so  !  employ  the  best,  and  a  thicker  kind 
finely  if  left  too  long  in  one  place.  j  than  formerly,  when  the  duty  was  high 

"They  require  a  rich  soil,  made  j  in  proportion  to  the  good  quality  and 
rather  free  by  adding  a  little  sand  to  it  j  weight.  Anxiety  to  obtain  the  best 
when  the  bulbs  are  being  planted.  By  glass  for  hot-houses,  &c.,  is  every  way 
this  treatment  nearly  all  the  cape  gladi-  j  laudable  ;  but  the  benefit  sought  for  is 
oli  may  be  made  to  flower  beautifully,  |  frustrated  if  it  be  not  constantly  well 
and  far  finer  and  better  than  if  retained  i  cleansed.  The  best  glass,  if  dirty, 
in  pots.     They  are  easily  increased  by    allows    fewer    rays    of   light    to    pass 


offsets  or  by  seeds  ;  but  the  latter  way 
is  rather  tedious,  and  only  worth  re- 
sorting to  for  the  sake  of  raising  new 
varieties.  When  this  is  intended,  the 
seed  should  be  sown  about  the  end  of 


through  than  interior  glass  kept  bright. 
A  thorough  cleansing  should  be  given 
both  to  the  outside  and  inside  twice 
annually,  during  the  first  weeks  of 
February  and   of  October,  and   a  third 


February,  in  pans  filled  with  a  mixture  i  cleansing,  on  the  outside  only,  at  the 
of  sandy  peat,  and  loam,  and  leaf- [  end  of  June.  In  proportion  to  the  de- 
mould.  The  seeds  should  be  planted  ficiency  of  light  does  the  plant  under 
about  half  an  inch  deep  in  the  soil,  and  ,  glass  become,  in  the  gardener's  phrase- 
the  pans  placed  in  a  green-house. —  ology,  drawn,-  that  is,  its  surface  of 
They  will  soon  vegetate,  and  require  I  leaves  becomes  unnaturally  extended, 
little  trouble,  for  the  first  season,  ex-  i  in  the  vain  effort  to  have  a  sufficient 
cept  watering  and  keeping  free  from  '  elaboration  of  the  sap  effected  by  means 
slugs  and  weeds,  taking  care,  how- ;  of  a  large  surface  exposed  to  a  dimi- 
ever,  that  they  are  kept  growing  as  j  nished  light,  for  which  a  less  surface 
vigorously  and  as  long  as  possible  by  would  have  been  sufficient  if  the  light 
freely  supplying  them  with  water  du-  |  were  more  intense.  The  plant  with 
ling  the  growing  season.     When  they  ]  this  enlarged  surface  of  leaves  becomes 


G  L  A 


251 


G  L  A 


unfruitful,  the  sap  being  expended  in 
tiieir  production  which  should  have 
been  appropriated  to  the  formation  of 
fruit. 

GLASS-CASES  are  of  various  kinds. 


time  will,  I  believe,  not  only  secure 
their  ripening  well  every  year  in  the 
midland  counties,  but  also  that  such 
advantage  will  be  available  in  the 
north  of  England,  where  grapes  never 


One  is  formed  of  glazed  wooden  frames,    ripen  on  the  open  walls." 


fitting  together,  to  protect  espaliers, 
wall-trees,  or  shrubs  too  large  to  be 
covered  with  a  hand-glass. 

Another  glass-case  is  made  for  pro- 
tecting a  single  branch.  It  is  thus  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Maund,  the   author  of  inside  the  glass,  it  is  only  necessary  to 


Lastly,  there  is  the  Wardian-rase 
to  cover  plants  growing  in  rooms, 
preserving  to  them  uniform  moisture 
and  excluding  dust.  To  prevent  the 
dew  which    is    occasionally   deposited 


Fig.  56. 


that  most  useful  periodical 
the  Botanic  Garden  : — 

"  Although  my  experi- 
ment   is    not    yet    com- 
pleted,   I    cannot     omit 
mentioning     to    you     its 
success.      Grapes  grown 
on    open    walls     in    the 
midland       counties      are 
rarely        well  -  ripened  ; 
therefore  this  year  I  pro- 
vided    a     small     glazed 
frame,   a  sort   of  narrow 
hand-glass,  of  the  shape 
shown    in     the    annexed 
outline,  to  fix  against  the 
wall,    and     inclose     one 
branch   of  the   vine   with 
its  fruit  and  foliage. 
"The  open  part,  which  rests  against 
the  wall,  is  thirteen   inches  wide,  and 
may  be  of  any  length   required  to  take 
in  the  fruit.     The  sides  are  formed  of 
single    panes    of   glass,    seven    inches 
wide,   and   meet   on  a   bar  which   may  j 
represent  the  ridge  of  a  roof,  the  ends 
inclosed  by  triangular  boards,  and  hav- 
ing a  notch  to  admit  the  branch.     This 
was  fixed   on  the  branch  a  month  be-  | 
fore  the   vine  came  into  flower.     The 
consequence      was,       the       protected  ' 
branches  flowered  a  week  earlier  than  j 
the    exposed.      The     frame    was    not 
fitted  closely  to  the  wall,  but  in  some 
places  may  have  been  a  quarter  of  an 
inch    from    it.      The   lateral   branches ! 
being  shortened  before  it  was  fixed,  it 
did  not  require  removal  even  for  prun-  ' 
ing,  because  I  adopt  the  long-rod  mode 
of  training,  which  is  peculiarly  adapted 
to   mv  partial  protection  system.     The 
temperature  within  the  frame  is  always 
bit^her  than  without,  sometimes  at  mid- 
day even  from  20"  to  30". 

"  By  this  simple  protection  I  find 
grapes  may  be  ripened  from  three 
weeks  to  a  month  earlier  than  when 
wholly   exposed,   and    this    saving    of 


open   the    case    frequently,   for  a  few 
minutes,   to    render    the    temperature 

Fig.  57. 


Fig.  58. 


GLA 


252 


GLO 


within  similar  to  that  outside.  They 
are  not  intended  to  exclude  the  air, 
and  are  now  made  very  ornamental. 

Fig.  59. 


GLASTONBURY  THORN.  CratcE- 
gus  oxyacantha. 

GLAUCIUM.  Six  species,  one  va- 
riety. Hardy  annuals  and  biennials. 
Seeds.     Common  soil. 

GLAUX  maritima.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous trailer.   Seeds.   Open  sandy  loam. 

GLAZING.     See  Stove. 

GLEDITSCHIA.  Ten  species,  be- 
sides varieties.  Hardy  deciduous  trees. 
Seeds.     Any  soil  suits  them. 

GLEICHENIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Peat 
and  loam. 

GLOBE-AMARANTH.    Gomphrena. 

GLOBE-FLOWER.    Trollius. 

GLOBE-THISTLE.     Echinops. 

GLOBULARIA.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
or  green-house  herbaceous  perennials. 
Cuttings  or  seed.  The  green-house  spe- 
cies thrive  in  loam  and  peat;  the  hardy 
kinds  in  sandy  light  soil. 

GLOBULEA.  Sixteen  species,  be- 
sides varieties.  Green-house  herbaceous 
perennials.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat,  with  brick  rubbish. 

GLORIOSA.  Four  species.  Chiefly 
stove  bulbous  perennials.  Division  ;  also 
seeds  sown  as  soon  as  gathered.  Turfy 
loam,  white  sand,  and  peat. 

G.  superba. — Mr.  W.  Scott,  of  Bury 
Hill,  gives  these  particulars  as   to   its 


culture : — 

"  It    naturally   requires    about    six    that  are  well  drained,  and  filled  with  a 


months'  rest,  and  will  seldom  start  for 
growth  before  March,  when  it  will  re- 
quire a  good  bottom  heat  of  at  least80°, 
either  in  a  bark-pit  or  cucumber-bed. 
The  greatest  error  committed  with  re- 
gard to  its  treatment  is  leaving  the  root 
to  start  in  the  same  pot,  &c.,  it  grew  in 
in  the  previous  year.  As  it  makes  its 
shoot  from  the  lower  end  of  the  new 
tuber,  which  is  consequently  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  pot,  if  it  is  not  taken  out, 
and  that  end  placed  upwards,  it  has  to 
struggle  through  the  whole  mass  of 
mould  to  reach  the  surface,  which  it 
often  fails  in  doing.  It  should  be  potted 
at  the  beginning  of  March  in  a  forty- 
eight  pot ;  or,  if  the  tuber  (which  some- 
times happens)  is  too  long,  a  bulb-pot 
may  be  used.  It  should  be  well  drained, 
and  planted  in  pure  light  peat  or  heath 
mould,  with  the  end  of  the  root  just 
above  the  surface.  When  it  makes  a 
shoot,  it  also  forms  fresh  roots  from  the 
base  of  the  new  shoot,  and  will  grow 
rapidly  if  kept  in  a  stove  or  vinery  at  a 
temperature  of  70^  or  80',  and  soon 
requires  a  larger  pot.  It  generally 
takes  a  six,  using  nothing  but  light  peat 
soil. 

"  It  may  then  be  trained  in  any  form 
most  convenient.  After  it  has  flowered 
and  the  leaves  are  decayed  withhold 
water  entirely  to  ripen  the  tubers,  which 
may  be  kept  in  the  dry  mould  till  the 
spring,  or  taken  out  and  kept  in  dry 
sand  till  the  season  for  potting  them." 
— Card.  Chron. 

GLOSSODIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house orchids.  Offsets.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

GLOXINIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennials.  All  are  propa- 
gated by  seed,  but  G.  maculata  is  also 
increased  by  division;  and  the  others 
by  leaves  taken  off"  close  to  the  stem. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand,  with  leaf  mould. 

Varieties. — Many  varieties  have  been 
raised  by  cross-impregnation,  but  for  a 
private  garden  the  following  may  be 
recommended:  —  G.  corcineus ;  G. 
Youngii ;  G.  Manglesii;  G.  rubra;  G. 
Maxima  ;   G.  speciosa  ,-  and  G.  Candida. 

Mr.  J.  McI.,  of  Hillsborough,  gives 
the  following  directions  for  the  culture 
of  these  flowers  : — 

"Propagation. — The  gloxinia  is  rea- 
dily increased  by  seeds  and  cuttings; 
the  seeds  should  be  sown  very  thinly, 
as  soon  as  they  are  gathered,  in  pans 


GL  Y 


253 


GO  A 


mixture  of  fine  peat  and  sand  ;  the  seeds 
should  not  be  covered ;  they  may  after- 
wards be  placed  in  a  frame  where  the 
temperature  is  about  680.  When  they 
have  acquired  one  or  two  leaves,  they 
should   be   potted  off  into   small   pots 


green-house   evergreens  ;  chiefly  twin- 
ers.    Seeds.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

GLYCIRUHIZA.  Liquorice.  Eight 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Slips  from  the  roots  with  eyes.  Planted 
in  the  spring.     Light  sandy  soil.     See 


and  not  dried  off  until  the  second  year,  [  Liquorice. 
as  the  small  fibres  are  not  sufficiently  ,  GLYPHYTERYX.  A  genus  of  moths, 
strong  to  cause  them  to  grow  vigor-'  "  G.  Boese/Za,  Spinach  Moth,  appears 
ously  in  spring.  This  remark  is  also  I  in  the  spring  and  throughout  the  sum- 
applicable  to  young  plants  raised  from  1  mer.  It  is  blackish-brown  coloured, 
cuttings.  I  Caterpillar   yellowish    green.        Feeds 

"  Gloxinias   are    readily    propagated  j  on  spinach,  strawberry  blite,  &c.,  and 
even  by  a  single  leaf  pressed  firmly  in-    lives  three  or   four  together,  under   a 
to  the  soil,  which  may  be  the  same  as  1  web  on  the  leaves." 
is  used  for  seeds.  |      Mr.  Curtis  says,  that  "when  fully  fed 

^'Culture. — The  roots  should  be  al- ^  the  caterpillars  leave  the  plants  on 
lowed  to  become  quite  dry  during  au- I  which  they  have  been  subsisting,  and 
tumn,  and  continue  so  all  the  winter ;  1  seek  some  crack  in  a  tree  or  wall, 
they  should  not  be  allowed  to  become  ^  where  they  spin  a  slight  cocoon,  and 
dry,  however,  all  at  once,  but  by  de- ,  change  to  pupa;  in  this  state  they  re- 
grces.  While  they  are  in  this  state  the  I  main  ten  or  twelve  days,  when  the  per- 
pots  may  be  laid  on  their  sides,  on  a  feet  insect  emerges.  The  moth,  when 
dry  shelf  in  the  green-house  until  Feb- [  its  wings  are  expanded,  is  about  five 
ruary  or  March,  but  February  is  the  lines  long  ;  the  head,  body,  and  feet 
best  time  for  starting  them.  In  potting  are  black,  with  a  shining  metallic  ap- 
them,  the  earth  should  be  carefully  :  pearance.  The  antenna;  are  black  with 
shaken  from  the  bulbs,  which  should  be  i  white  rings,  and  the  upper  wings  are 
repotted  in  a  mixture  of  one-half  de- [  yellow,  with  black  edges,  and  about  five 
cayed  vegetable  mould,  and  one-half  i  silvery  spots  disposed  in  the  shape  of  a 
good  rich  loam,  with  the  addition  of  a  cross ;  the  under  wings  are  blackish, 
little  sand  or  charcoal.  land,  as  well  as  the    upper,  have  long 

"  The  pots  should  be  well  drained,  j  fringes.  It  is  difficult  to  find  means  to 
In  planting,  press  the  roots  gently  on  destroy  so  minute  an  enemy  as  the  pre- 
the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  give  them  |  sent;  but  where  it  attacks  spinach  it  is 
no  water  for  some  time,  as  the  moisture  ;  much  better  to  pull  up  the  plants  with 
of  the  pot  will  be  sufficient  for  them  at  |  the  caterpillars  on  them,  and  burn 
first.  them  ;  where  they  appear  only  in  small 

"After  they  are  all  potted,  remove  quantities,  hand-picking  may  answer 
them  to  a  frame  where  the  temperature  >  very  well." — Gard.  Chron. 
is  about  60^,  and  when  they  have  com- 1  GMELINA.  Five  species.  Stove  or 
menced  growing,  give  them  a  little  green-house  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings, 
water,  increasing  the  quantity  as  they  Rich  loam  and  peat,  and  a  very  strong 
advance  in  growth.  A  little  air  should  heat, 
be  given  them  in  fine  weather.  \      GNAPHALIUM.  Six  species.  Chiefly 

"By  the  middle  of  May  they  will  hardy  plants.  G.  albescens,  an  evergreen 
have  attained  a  good  size,  and  some  of  shrub.  G.  purpuritim.  The  shrubby 
them  will  be  showing  flowers,  when  and  herbaceous  increase  by  cuttings  and 
they  may  be  removed  to  the  green-  division;  the  annuals  and  biennials  by 
house,  when  nothing  except  proper  at-  seeds.  Rich  light  soil, 
tention  to  watering  them  is  required.  GNIDIA.  Seventeen  species.  Green- 
When  the  plants  have  done  flowering,  house  and  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
water  should  be  gradually  withheld.  shoots  planted  in  sand.     Peat  soil. 

"  It   often    happens,    however,    that        QOAT  MOTH.     See  Bombyx. 
some  of  the  species  continue  in  a  grow- 


ing  state  all  the  winter,   for  instance 
G.  caulescens,  which   is   unlike   any  of 
the    others    in    habit    and    manner   of 
growth." — Gard.  Chron. 
GLYCINE.    Eight  species.    Stove  or 


GOAT'S  BEARD.     Spiraa  aruncus. 
GOAT'S  FOOT.     Oxalis  caprina. 
GOAT'S  ORIGANUM.   Thymus  Tra- 
goriganum. 

GOAT'S  RUE.     Galega. 


GO  A 


254 


GOO 


GOAT'S  THORN.  Astragalus  Tra^  I  GOOSEBERRY.  Ribes  grossularia 
gacantha.  The  European  succeed  but  indifferently 

GOBBO.     See  Artichoke.  [in  this  country,  unless  it  be  in  the  dry 

GODETIA.  Three  species.  Hardy  I  atmosphere  of  a  city.  Mildew,  the 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil.  j  especial  enemy  of  this  fruit,  seizes  on 

GODOYA  geminijiora.  Stove  ever-  i  it,  and  speedily  arrests  the  circulation 
green  tree.  Ripe  cuttings.  Peat  and  of  the  juices — the  consequence  is  inevi- 
loam.  table  disease.     It  has  been  said  that  a 

GOLDBACHIA  lavigata.    Hardy  an 


nual.     Seeds.     Common  soil 

GOLDEN  HAIR.  Chrysocoma  co- 
maurea. 

GOLDEN  ROD.     Bosea. 

GOLDEN  THISTLE.     Scolymus. 

GOLDEN  THISTLE.  Protea  Scoly- 
mus. 

GOLDFUSSIA  anisophylla.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  G.  glomerata,  stove 
herbaceous  perennial.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

GOLD  OF  PLEASURE.     Camelina. 

GOLDY  LOCKS.     Chrysocoma. 

GOMPHIA.  Six  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.     Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

GOMPHOCARPUS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

GOMPHOLOBIUM.  Twenty-five  spe- 
cies. Chiefly  green-house  evergreen 
shrubs.    Cuttings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

GOMPHRENA.  Seven  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  annuals  and  bien- 
nials, herbaceous  perennials,  or  ever- 
green shrubs.  Seeds;  and  the  shrubby 
kinds,  cuttings.     Rich  mould. 

GONGORA.  Four  species.  Stove 
orchids.     Division.     Wood. 

GONOLOBYS.  Twenty-one  species. 
Stove  evergreen  and  hardy  and  green- 
house deciduous  twiners.  The  hardy 
require  a  dry  situation,  and  increase  by 
division  or  seeds.  Peat  or  any  light 
soil.  For  the  stove  and  green-house 
kinds,  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

GONOSTEMON.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  San- 
dy loam. 

'GOODENIA.    Seven  species.   Green-! 
house  evergreen  shrubs,  and  herbaceous    fj^een  Prin 


solution  of  whale-oil  soap  will  destroy 
the  parasite,  and  preserve  the  fruit 
healthful  and  perfect. 

Varieties. — If  quality  be  the  chief 
consideration,  as  most  assuredly  it  ought 
to  be,  the  following  are  the  best: — 

Red  Champagne. 

Red  Turkey. 

Keen's  seedling,  Warrington. 

Early  White. 

Woodward's  Whitesmith. 

Hebburn. 

Green  Prolific. 

White  Fig. 

Pigmaston. 

Green  Gage. 

Yellow  Champagne. 

Taylor's  Bright  Venus. 

Red  Warrington. 

Rumbullion. 

If  size  be  the  primary  object,  the 
following  may  be  cultivated  : — 

Reds. 
Briton.  I  Lion's  Provider. 

Companion.  |  London. 

Conquering  Hero.   |  Roaring  Lion. 


Guido. 

'  Cossack. 
Fleur-de-Lis. 
Freedom. 
Lady  Stanley. 

Broom  Girl. 
Bird  Lime. 
Catherina. 
Goldfinder. 
Gunner. 


perennials.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

GOODIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  or 
seed.     Loam  and  Peat. 

GOOD  NIGHT.     Argyreia  bona  nox. 

GOODYERA.  Six  species.  Stove  or 
hardy  orchids.  The  former  do  best  in 
sandy  peat  and  leaf  mould  :  the  latter 
require  sandy  peat,  and  are  increased 
by  division. 


Young  Wonderful. 

Whites. 

Miss  Walton. 

Philip  the  First. 

Tally-ho. 

White  Eagle. 
Yellows. 

Leader. 

Pilot. 

Teazer. 

Two-to-one. 

Greens. 

Peacock. 
Turn-out. 
Thumper. 
Weathercock. 


Keepsake. 

Overall. 

Providence. 

The  size  to  which  some  of  these  have 

been  grown  are  as  follows : — 

Roaring  Lion     ....     29  dwts. 

Teazer 32;" 

Young  Wonderful  .     .     .     27i  " 

Companion 28     " 

London 35    " 


GOO 


255 


GOO 


To  raise  Varieties. — The  seed  must  bush,  B  B  is  the  soil  taken  out  about 
be  taken  from  perfectly  ripe  berries,  eighteen  inches  all  round  the  plant, 
and  sown  immediately  in  pots  of  light  i  and  about  six  inches  deep  at  C,  that  if 
loam,  to  remain  in  the  green-house  '  there  are  any  buds  or  suckers,  they  are 
during  winter,  or  be  preserved  in  sand  ;  sure  to  be  seen  and  destroyed.  Thisdo 
until  February,  and  then  sown.  The  j  every  year  in  December,  and  as  soon 
soil  must  be  kept  moderately  moist  un-  as  the  soil  is  taken  out,  spread  cowdung 
til  they  are  large  enough  to  prick  out  over  the  roots  as  shown  at  B,  after 
in  beds.  '  which  replace  the  earth  that  has  been 

Cu^img-s  are  the  best  mode  of  propa- '  taken  out:  when  you  have  any  new 
gating  approved  kinds.  Take  a  bearing  seedlings  to  propagate,  do  not  take  out 
shoot  not  less  than  nine  inches  long;  the  soil,  but  lay  the  manure  round  them, 
remove  all  the  buds  but  the  top  three, ,  and  cover  it  with  a  layer  of  earth, 
and  bury  them  to  within  an  inch  of  the  which  encourages  the  plant  to  produce 
lowest  bud  left.      Plant  them  in  rows    suckers. 


eighteen  inches  apart  each  way. 


'■  By   these  means  good  bushes  are 


Culture. — At  the  end  of  the  first  year,  sooner  obtained  than  by  cuttings,  and 
the  shoots  must  be  cut  down  to  a  few  generally  speaking,  well-rooted  suckers 
eyes,  and  the  plants  kept  clear  from  may  be  taken  off  in  October,  which 
any  summer  shoots  that  may  be  on  the  ,  produce  fruit  the  following  year.  The 
stem  or  that  spring  from  the  root;  they  cuttings  should  be  deprived  of  all  their 
must  have  plenty  of  water  the  first  sum-    under-ground  eyes  or  buds  ;  before  they 


They  will  be  fit  to  plant  out  in  two 
or  three  years  into  borders  or  quarters, 
at  eight  feet  between  the  rows,  and  six 
feet  apart.  At  the  time  of  planting  out, 
some  rich  compost  may  be  added  with 
great  etfect  towards  the  flavour,  size, 
and  abundance  of  the  crop. — Doyle. 

"  There  is  a  continual  tendency  on 


are  put  into  the  ground  to  take  cuttings 
from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  long,  cut 
the  upper  end  to  a  bud,  leaving  three  or 
four  other  buds  below  it,  then  pare 
away  all  the  other  buds,  and  pick  out 
the  lowest  of  all,  finishing  just  below  it 
by  a  horizontal  clean  cut."  —  Card. 
Chron. 
Pruning  in  the  summer  is  confined 


the  part  of  the  under  ground   buds  to    to   pinching    off  superfluous    and    mis 

become    branches,    and   these  are  the    placed  shoots,  it  always   being  kept  in 

suckers  that  we  find  so  troublesome  in       '    "     '  " 

many  kinds  of  soils.      By   continually 

stopping  and  wounding  them,  however, 

they  will  in  general  perish;  and  to  do 

this  is  what  we  recommend. 

"  The  Lancashire  gooseberry  grow- 
ers adopt  the  following  as  the  best 
means  of  preventing  gooseberries  from 


mind  that  the  centre  of  the  tree 
standards  must  be  kept  open  so  as  to 
admit  the  light.  "  At  the  time  of  prun- 
ing," says  Mr.  Doyle,  "  some  fine  young 
shoots  should  be  left  in  the  most  con- 
venient place  as  bearing  wood  for  the 
ensuing  year,  and  room  must  be  made 
for  them  by  cutting  out  some  of  the  old 


throwing  up  suckers,  and  also  an  excel-    wood.    Each  of  the  old  branches  should 
lent  plan  of  insuring  an  abundance   of  have  a  leader  left  of  new  wood,  which 


large  fruit. 


may    be    shortened    according    to    its 


"  In   the  sketch,  (Fig.  60,)  A  is  tlie  '  strength  so  as  to  leave  five  or  six  inches 

above  the  old  wood.  Very  strong  shoots 
need  not  be  so  much  shortened  unless 
in  a  part  of  the  bush  which  is  naked, 
and  requires  to  be  furnished. 

"  Avoid  shortening  the  shoots  unless 
when  the  tree  is  naked,  or  the  wood 
will  be  crowded,  tufted,  and  productive 
of  very  small  and  indifferent  fruit.  The 
leading  shoot  at  the  end  of  each  branch 
should,  where  it  is  possible,  terminate 
naturally,  if  it  be  not  inconsistent  with 
the  equable  extent  of  the  tree  ;  and  in 
most  cases  it  may  still  be  so  contrived 
by  having  recourse  to  the  next  lateral 
branch  of  the  desired   extent,  and  by 


GOO 


256 


GOU 


taking  away  that  which  straggled  be- I  low  temperature,  about  60°  afterwards, 
yond  it.     Let  it  be  recollected  that  at    and  not  higher  than  40°  at  night. 
the  time   when    the    young    trees    are  i      GORDONIA. — Four  species.     Hardy 
growing  in  the  nursery,  and  at  all  times!  deciduous  shrubs.     G.  hamatoxylon  is 


after,  the  attention  of  the  gardener 
'must  be  directed  to  what  is  called 
"  stemming  the  trees,"  which  is  pro- 
ducing and  continuing  a  clear  stem  to  a 
given  height,  (accordmg  to  the  growth 
of  the  different  kinds,)  by  taking  off  all 
lateral  shoots  at  their  first  appearance. 
Espaliers. — No  fruit  is  more  benefited 
than  that  of  the  gooseberry,  by  having 
the  tree  trained  as  an  espalier.  It  is 
best  done  to  stakes  arranged  lozenge- :  seeds 
wise,  (see  Espalier,)  or  the  bush  may  ,  heat 
be  trained  round  hoops  in  this  form. 


a  stove  evergreen  tree.  G.  pubescens, 
(the  Franklinea)  is  a  highly  attractive 
shrub  or  minor  tree,  indigenous  to 
Georgia,  &c.  Layers  or  cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

GOSSYPIUM.  The  Cotton  Tree. 
Eleven  species.  Stove  annuals,  bien- 
nials, perennials,  or  evergreen  shrubs. 
For  the  shrubby  kinds,  cuttings  and 
seeds.  The  annuals  and  biennials, 
A  light  rich  soil  and  a  moist 


Fig.  61. 


GOUANIA.  Six  species.  Stove  ever- 
green climbers.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

GOURD,  Sagenaria  vulgaris,  and 
PUMPKIN,  Cucurbita  pepo,  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  making  of  pies,  &c. 
There  are  numerous  varieties,  varying 
in  the  shape  and  colour  of  their  fruit: 
as  the  globular,  oval,  pear-shaped, 
green,  striped,  marbled,  yellow,  &c., 
&c.  One  variety,  of  a  pale  buff  or 
salmon  colour  and  globular  form  grows 
to  the  weight  of  one  hundred  and  ten 
pounds  and  upwards  :  it  is  known  in 
France  as  the  Potiron  Jaune,  and  used 
in  soups,  but  in  particular  from  being 
Fruit. — This  should  be  thinned,  the  !  mashed  and  eaten  as  potatoes  or  turn- 
smaller  berries  be  cut  away  with  a  pair  ips,  being  of  a  very  pleasant  and  pecu- 
of  scissors  for  tarts,  &c.,  as  required,  j  liar  flavour.  The  bottle-shaped  is  of 
and  the  fine  berries  left  for  dessert.  If  j  little  use  for  culinary  purposes,  but  is 
some  of  reds,  as  the  Warrington,  and  i  remarkable  as  being  of  the  form  of  a 
of  the  thick-skinned  yellows,  as  the  Florence  or  oil-flask. 
Mogul,  are  matted  over  when  the  fruit  j  Cucurbita  melopepo,  the  Squash.  Cu- 
is  ripe,  it  will  remain  good  until  Christ-  I  curbita  succada,  the  Vegetable  Marrow. 


mas.  This  is  easiest  done  when  the 
tree  is  grown  as  an  espalier.  To  in- 
crease the  size  of  the  berries,  abund- 
ance of  water  and  liquid  manure  are 
given  to  the  roots,  and  the  berries  are 
stickled  by  keeping  their  tips  in  saucers 


Both  these  are  cultivated  for  the  fruit, 
which  being  gathered  when  of  the  size 
of  a  goose's  egg,  is  boiled  vrhole  in 
salt  and  water,  laid  upon  toast,  and 
eaten  as  asparagus.  Of  the  squash, 
there  are  almost  as  many  varieties  as  of 


of  water;   this  is  sacrificing  the  flavour    the   pompion,  and  similarly  character- 


to   increase   the   circumference   of  the 
fruit. 


ized.     The  young  fruit  is  much  used  in 
pickles.     They  may  be  sown  in  a  hot- 


Vermin. — The    caterpillar    and    the  I  bed  of  moderate  strength,  under  a  frame 
black-fly  are  both  destroyed   by  syring-  ;  or  hand-glasses  at  the  end  of  March  or 


ing  the   bushes   with   water,   and  then 
dusting  the  leaves  above    and  beneath 
with  white   hellebore  powder,  or  with 
lime  and  soot  mixed   in   equal  propor-  \ 
tions. 


early  in  April.  In  May  they  may  be 
sown  in  the  open  ground,  beneath  a 
south  fence,  to  remain,  or  in  a  hot-bed, 
if  at  its  commencement,  to  forward  the 
plants  for  transplanting  at  its  close,  or 


Forcing.  —  Neither  the  gooseberry  early  in  June.  The  plants  are  fit  for 
nor  currant  can  be  forced  without  great  transplanting  when  they  have  got  four 
care.  No  heat  must  be  applied  when  j  rough  leaves,  or  when  of  about  a 
they  are  first  put  under  glass.     A  very  [  month's  growth.     They  must  be  plant- 


GOV 


257 


G  R  A 


ed  without  any  shelter  on  dunghills,  or  I  part  of  a  branch  of  one  plant  upon  the 

Grafting  is  a  ditllcult  mode  of  multi- 
plying an  individual,  because  it  is  re- 
quisite so  to  fit  the  scion  to  tlie  stock, 
that  some  portion  of  their  alburnums 
and  inner  barks  must  coincide,  other- 
wise the  requisite  circulation  of  the 
sap  is  prevented.  No  graft  will  suc- 
ceed if  not  immediately  grafted  upon  a 
nearly  kindred  stock.  I  say  immedi- 
ately, because  it  is  possible  that  by 
grafting  on  the  most  dissimilar  species 
on  which  it  will  take,  and  then  moving 
it  with  some  of  the  stock  attached,  to 
another  stock  still  more  remotely  allied, 
that  a  graft  may  be  made  to  succeed 
though  supplied  with  sap  from  roots  of 
a  very  dissimilar  species.  Thus  some 
pear  scions  can  hardly  be  made  to  unite 
with  a  quince  stock  ;  but  if  they  be 
grafted  upon  a  young  shoot  and  after- 
wards inserted  in  a  quince  stock,  they 
g:row  as  freely  as  if  inserted  in  a  seed- 
ling pear  stock. 

The  reason  for  this  unusual  difficulty 
in  the  way  of  uniting  kindred  species, 
arises  from  one  or  more  of  these  causes. 
First,  the  sap  flowing  at  discordant 
periods.  Secondly,  the  proper  juices 
being  dissimilar.  Or  thirdly,  the  sap 
vessels  being  of  inappropriate  calibre. 

Grafting  is  employed,  first,  to  multiply 
any  desired  variety  or  species;  second- 
ly, to  accelerate  its  fruitfulncss,  as 
when  the  shoot  of  a  two  year  old  apple 
seedling  js  grafted  upon  a  stock  of  six 
years'  growth,  it  will  arrive  at  fruitful- 
ncss much  sooner  than  one  left  on  the 
parent  stem  ;  thirdly,  to  improve  the 
([uality  of  the  fruit  by  having  a  more 
abundant  supply  of  sap  :  and  fourthly, 
to  renew  the  productiveness  of  stocks 
from  which  previous  kinds  had  fuled. 

The  best  modes  of  grafting  are  thus 
described  by  Dr.  Lindley  in  his  admir- 
able Theory  of  Horticulture : — "■Whip 
grnfting  is  the  commonest  kind  ;  it  is 
performed  by  heading  down  a  stock, 
then  paring  one  side  of  it  bare  for  the 
space  of  an  inch  or  so,  and  cutting 
down  obliquely  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
pared  part,  towards  the  pith  ;  the  scion 
is  levelled  oblitjuely  to  a  length  corre- 
sponding with  the  pared  surfice  of  the 
stock,  and  an  incision  is  made  into  it 
near  the  upper  end  of  the  wound  ob- 
liquely upwards  so  as  to  form  a  '  tongue,' 
which  is  forced  into  the  corresponding 
wound  in  the  stock  ;  care  is  then  taken 


in  holes  prepared  as  directed  for  the 
open  ground  crop  of  cucumbers.  Some 
may  be  inserted  beneath  pales,  walls 
or  hedges,  to  be  trained  regularly  over 
them  on  account  of  their  ornamental 
appearance.  They  may  be  treated  in 
every  respect  like  the  cucumber,  only 
they  do  not  want  so  much  care.  They 
require  abundance  of  water  in  dry 
weather.  When  the  runners  have  e.x- 
tended  three  feet,  they  may  be  pegged 
down  and  covered  with  earth  at  a  joint ; 
this  will  cause  the  production  of  roots, 
and  the  longer  continuance  of  the  plant 
in  vigour. 

The  fruit  for  seed  should  be  selected 
and  treated  as  directed  for  the  cucum- 
ber. It  is  ripe  in  the  course  of  Sep- 
tember or  October. 

We  have  retained  this  article  in  its 
original  form  as  a  matter  of  curiosity, 
not  only  as  regards  the  artificial  means 
necessary  in  Great  Britain,  for  the  pro- 
duction of  the  pumpkin  and  the  squash, 
but  also  with  reference  to  the  manner 
in  which  the  latter  vegetable  is  serv- 
ed at  table.  Fn  the  United  States  no 
person  who  cultivates  a  garden,  how- 
ever small,  can  be  presumed  ignorant 
as  to  the  culture  of  these  vines,  and  it 
is  therefore  unnecessary  to  add  a  word 
of  instruction.  The  pumpkin  described 
as  the  Fotiron  Jaune  is  the  one  known 
with  us  as  the  mammoth,  of  which  spe- 
cimens have  been  exhibited  before  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  over 
eight  feet  in  circumference. 

GOVENIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
orchids.  G.  gardneri  an  herbaceous 
perennial.  Division.  Sandy  peat  and 
light  loam.  G.lagfinophora,a.sA  swamp 
plant  in  very  sandy  peat.  "  Having 
filled  a  twenty- four  with  about  two 
inches  of  crocks,  place  over  them  a 
layer  of  spungy  peat  for  two  or  three 
inches  more,  and  then  fill  it  up  with 
nearly  equal  quantities  of  sharp  sand 
and  heath  mould,  so  that  the  surface  is 
nearly  all  sand.  Place  it  near  the  light 
in  a  cool  part  of  the  stove  about  GO^, 
and  keep  it  very  wet  as  long  as  it  con- 
tinues growing.  It  generally  flowers  in 
April  or  May.  Remove  to  the  green- 
house after  flowering,  and  keep  quite 
dry  in  the  stove  from  October  to  Feb- 
ruary."— Gard.  Chron. 

GRAFF  or  GR.\FT.     See  Scion. 
GRAFTING 


17 


uniting  a  scion   or 


GR  A 


258 


GR  A 


that  the  bark  of  the  scion  is  exactly  ad-  [  Cactaces;    the    parts   of   which,   ow- 
iusted  to  that  of  the  stock,    ing  to  their  succulence,  rea- 
Fig  62.      and    the  two  are  bound    dily  form  a  union  with  each  Fig.  64. 


l^A^ 


Other. 

"  A  far  better  method  than 
whip  grafting,  but   more  te- 

i.,^  „ap... B   «K id'ous,   is    saddle    grafting,   in 

through  the  stock  to  sus-  j  which  the  stock  is  pared  ob- 
tain the  life  of  the  scion  !  liquely   on   both    sides    till    it 
■       •  '       becomes  an  inverted   wedge. 


firmly  together 

"  Here  the  mere  con- 
tact of  the  two  enables 
the  sap  flowing  upwards 


until  the  latter  can  de 
velop  its  buds,  which  then 
send  downwards  their 
wood  ;  at  the  same  time 
the  cellular  system  of  the 
parts  in  contact  unites  by 
granulations,  and  when 
the  wood  descends  it 
passes  through  the  cel- 
lular deposit,  and  holds 
the  whole  together. 

"  The  use  of  '  tongue- 
ing'  is  merely  to  steady 
the  scion  and  to  prevent 


and  the  scion  is  slit  up  the 
centre,  when  its  sides  are 
pared  down  till  they  fit  the 
sides  of  the  stock.  In  this 
method  the  greatest  possible 
quantity  of  surface  is  brought 
into  contact,  and  the  parts  are 
mutually  so  adjusted,  that  the 
ascending  sap  is  freely  received 
from  the  stock  by  the  scion, 
while  at  the  same  time,  the 
descending  sap  can  flow  freely 
from    the    scion  into   the    stock. 


its  slipping.  The"advantage  of  this  mode  I  Knight,  in  describing  this  mode  of 
of  graftinl  is  the  quickness  with  which  operating,  has  the  following  observa- 
it  may  be  performed  ;  the  disadvantage    tions  : 

is,  that   the    surfaces   applied    to  each        <.c  The  graft  first  begins  its  efforts  to 
other    are   much  smaller  than  can  be    unite  itself  to  the  stock  just  at  the  period 
'   1  L_.  -.1 «n.,c  ...Unr.    fho   frirmntinn  nf  a    npw   interna! 


secured  by  other  means. 


when  the  formation  of  a  new  interna! 


CUreu  oy  oilier  lucaiio.  wncu    viic    n^iiuuii'^i.  ^.    ..    

"  It  is  however,  a  great  improvement  |  layer  of  bark  commences  in  the  spring, 
•i_  _  _ij   «^ni,i»>  rrf nfH'ntr    atill    pm- I  r,^A  «V.ofliiir)  vvKifVi  apnprafps  this  laver 


upon  the  old  crown  grafting,  still  em- 
ployed in  the  rude  unskilful  practice  of 
some  continental  gardeners,  but  expel- 
led from  Great  Britain  ;  which  consists 
of  nothing  more  than  heading  down  a 
stock   with   an   exactly  horizontal  cut, 


and  the  fluid  which  generates  this  layer 
of  bark,  and  which  also  feeds  the  in- 
serted graft,  radiates  in  every  direction 
from  the  vicinity  of  the  medulla  to  the 
external  surface  of  the  alburnum. 
"  The  graft  is  of  course  most  advan- 


stock  wMtn  an  exacu^  jiuniumui  y.^„,  a  j^jj^  grait  is  or  course  mosi  auviiii- 
and  splitting  it  through  the  middle,  into  t^ggously  placed  when  it  presents  the 
which  is  forced  the  end  of  a  scion  cut'  jgrgest  surface  to  receive  such  fluid,  and 
into    the   form  of  a  wedge,  when   the    .-.i„°_  »i.„  a..;^  ;»ooif  ;=  marlD  t<^i  rlfviatp 


whole   are    bound    together. 


—  -   —'  j  when  the  fluid  itself  is  made  to  deviate 
In    this    jgj^gj   j-j-om    its    natural    course.      Thi 


whole  are  Douna  lugemei.  m  """least  from  its  natural  course.  -iiiis 
method  the  split  in  the  stock  can  hardly  j  ^^^^^^  place  most  efficiently  when,  (as 
be  made   to  heal   without  great  care  ;  |  j^^  jj^jg  saddle  grafting)  a  graft  of  nearly 

*Vio        nninn       hptween       the  I I    ~:„.,  ...:.U    iU^    c^t*-!..!.-     io    /^ivirlorl    nfr 


Fig.  63. 


the  union  between  the 
edges  of  the  scion  and ' 
those  of  the  stock  is  very 
imperfect,  because  the 
bark  of  the  former  neces- 
sarily lies  upon  the  wood 
of  the  latter,  except  just 
at  the  sides:  and  from 
the  impossibility  of  bring- 
ing the  two  barks  in  con- 
tact, neither  the  ascend- 
ing nor  descending  cur- 
rents of  sap  are  able  freely 
to  intermingle.  This  plan 
is  much  improved  by  cutting  out  the 
stock  into  the  form  of  a  wedge,  instead 
of  splitting  ;  it  may, however,  be  advan- 
tageously employed  for  such  plants  as 


„  g)  a  graf 

equal  size  with  the  stock  is  divided  at 
its  base  and  made  to  stand  astride  the 
stock,  and  when  the  two  divisions  of 
the  graft  are  pared  extremely  thin,  at 
and  near  their  lower  extremities,  so 
that  they  may  be  brought  into  close 
contact  with  the  stock  (from  which  but 
little  bark  or  wood  should  be  pared  off^ 
by  the  ligature." — Hort.  Trans.  147. 

To  execute  saddle  grafting  properly, 
the  scion  and  stock  should  be  of  equal 
size ;  and  where  that  cannot  be,  a  se- 
cond method,  in  which  the  scion  may 
be  much  smaller  than  the  stock,  has 
been  described  by  the  same  great  gar- 
dener. 

This  is  practised  upon  small  stocks 


GRA 


259 


GRA 


almost  exclusively  in  Here- 
fordshire; but  it  is  never 
attempted  till  the  usual  sea- 
son of  grafting  is  past,  and 
till  the  bark  is  readily  de- 
tached from  the  alburnum. 
The  head  of  the  stock  is 
then  taken  off,  by  a  single 
stroke  ofthe  knife,  oblique- 
ly, so  that  the  incision  com- 
mences about  the  width  of 
the  diameter  of  the  stock, 
below  the  point  where  the 
medulla  appears  in  the  sec- 
tion, and  ends  as  much 
above  it  upon  the  opposite 
side.  The  scion,  or  graft, 
which  should  not  exceed  in 
diameter  half  that  of  the 
stock,  is  then  to  be  divided 


Chink  or  Shoulder 
Grafting. 

Fig.  68. 


Root  Grafting. 
Fig.  69. 


^..>-  „^ — ,  „.   ^ ,       By  whatever  mode  the  operation  be 

which  should  not  exceed  in    performed,  the    essentials  for   success 
Hi^impt^r    hnlf   thnt   ^f  tl,»    are,    1.    That   the    same     p      nj-nft. 
parts    of   the    stock    and      .    °        j,' 
longitudinally,  abouttwo  inchesupwards  1  scion  should  he  brought        h     f 
from  its  lower  end,  into  two   unequal    into  contact  as  much  as 


possible  —  bark  to  bark, 
and  alburnum  to  albur- 
num. 2.  That  as  the 
nourishment  has  to  be 
afforded  to  the  graft  from 
the  alburnum  ofthe  stock 
with  which  it  is  brought 
in  contact,  this  should  not 
be  exposed  to  the  air  for 
one   minute    longer   than 


Fig.  70. 


divisions,  by  passing  the  knife  upwards 
just  in  contact  with  one  side  ofthe  me- 
dulla. The  stronger  division  of  the 
graft  is  then  to  be  pared  thin  at  its  lower 
extremity,  and  introduced,  as  in  crown 
grafting,  between  the  bark  and  wood  of 
the  stock  ;  and  the  more  slender  divi- 
sion is  fitted  to  the  stock  upon  the  op- 
posite side. 

"  The  graft,  consequently,  stands 
astride  the  stock,  to  which  it  attaches  j  is  necessary  to  insert  the 
itself  firmly  upon  each  side,  and  which  ;  previously  prepared  graft, 
it  covers  completely  in  a  single  season. '  for  if  the  surface  becomes 
Grafts  of  the  apple  and  pear  rarely  ever  dry  in  the  slightest  de- 
fail  in  this  method  of  grafting,  which  gree,  vegetation  on  that  part  is  perma- 
may  be  practised  with  equal  success  i  nently  destroyed  ;  and  thirdly,  that  the 
with  young  wood  in  July,  as  soon  as  it    air  and  wet  should   be  excluded  after 


has  become  moderately  firm   and  ma- 
ture."— Theory  of  Horticulture. 

The  other  modes  of  grafting  require 
no  description,  but  will  be  best  under- 


the  scion  has  been  inserted,  otherwise 
the  dryness  of  the  parts,  or  the  dilution 
of  the  sap,  will  prevent  the  union.  To 
effect  the  desired  exclusion,  the  entire 


stood  by  a  reference  to  the  following  !  wound  must  be  inclosed  with  grafting 


sketches. 

Cleft  Grafting. 
Fig.  66. 


Side  Grafting. 
Fig.  67. 


clay  or  grafting  wax,  the  best  recipes 
for  which  are  these  : — 

Grafting  Clay  is  best  made  of  two 
parts  cow-dung;  three  parts  common 
clay  ;  and  one  part  awns  or  beards  of 
barley,  kneaded  together  thoroughly. 

Grafting  Wax. — Moist  bast  is  usually 
employed  tor  closing  the  wound  of  the 
stock,  but  it  is  far  preferable  to  use 
worsted,  and  over  this  a  coating  of  the 
grafting  wax,  made  according  to  the 
following  recipe  : — 

Burgundy  pitch 1  oz. 

Common  pitch 4 

Yellow  wax 4 

Tallow  or  lard 2 


GR  A 


260 


GRA 


Nitre  (carbonate   of  potash, 
powdered) 1 

The  same  composition  spread  upon 
slips  of  linen  makes  Grafting  Plaster, 
frequently  used  by  amateur  budders. 

G  R  A  M  M  A  N  T  H  E  S  chloraflora. 
Stove  annual.  Seeds.  Loam  and  lime 
rubbish. 

GRAMMATOPHYLLUM.  Two  spe- 
cies.   Stove  orchids.    Division.    Wood. 

GRANGERIA6or6oniV(J.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

GRAPE-VINE  (Vitis  vinifera).  Of 
this  fruit  ninety-nine  varieties  are  culti- 
vated in  the  Chiswick  Garden. 

Open-wall  culture.  —  Varieties  best 
suited  for  this,  according  to  the  experi- 
ence of  Mr.  Hoare,  are  : — 

Black  Hamburgh. 
Black  Prince. 
Esperione. 
Black  Muscadine. 
Miller's  Burgundy. 
Claret  Grape. 
Black  Frontignan. 
Grizzly  Frontignan. 
White  Frontignan. 
White  Muscadine. 
Malmsey  Muscadine. 
White  Sweetwater. 

Eighty-six  of  the  varieties  have  been 
cultivated  at  Wilbeck  within  the  last 
seven  years,  but  only  about  fourteen 
found  of  superior  excellence,  and  many 
of  the  others  were  mere  synonymes. 
Mr.  Tiliery,  from  this  long  course  of  ex- 
perience and  observation,  recommends 
the  following  selections: — 

''For  the  Earliest  House. — The  Pur- 
ple Constantia,  or  Frontignan  ;  White 
Frontignan;  Black  Prince  ;  Dutch,  or 
Stillward's  Sweetwater;  Black  Ham- 
burgh ;  and  Tripoli. 

"  For  Stove.  —  White  Muscat  of 
Alexandria;  Purple  Constantia  ;  White 
Frontignan  ;  Grizzly  Frontignan  ;  Black 
Muscat;  and  Black  Damascus. 

"  For  Green-house.  —  Black  Ham- 
burgh ;  Tripoli;  Grove-end  Sweetwa- 
ter; and  Muscadine. 

"  For  Latest  House. — West's  St.  Pe- 
ter's, and  Charlesworth's  Tokay. 

''For  a  Single  House  with  fourteen 
rafters. — One  Purple  Constantia;  one 
White  Frontignan  ;  one  Royal  Musca- 
dine, or  Chasselas  D'Arboyce ;  three 
Muscats;  three  Black  Hamburghs,  or 
Tripolis;  three  West's  St.  Peter's;  and 
two  Black  Princes. 


"  For  Pot-Culture,  to  cover  in  during 
April  and  May. — Purple  Constantia  and 
White  Frontignan." — United  Gar.  Jour. 
Until  recently  but  few  houses  for  the 
exclusive  growth  of  grapes  under  glass, 
had  been  erected  in  the  United  States. 
The  success  which  attended  the  effort 
in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  Boston, 
and  other  cities,  has  excited  emulation, 
and  at  this  day  (1847)  one  of  the  most 
attractive  features  of  our  Horticultural 
exhibitions,  are  grapes  grown  under 
glass,  not  exclusively  through  the  agen- 
cy of  fire-heat,  but  in  many  instances 
by  the  aid  of  the  glass  alone. 

Propagation. — Layering  is  the  most 
certain  and  most  expeditious  mode  of 
propagating  the  grape-vine.  In  the  first 
part  of  March  cut  away  the  fourth  bud 
of  the  shoot  to  be  layered,  pass  the 
shoot  through  the  hole  in  the  bottom  of 
garden-pot,  fill  this  with  light  rich  earth, 
so  that  the  wound  of  that  fourth  bud  is 
in  the  centre  of  the  earth,  and  two  buds 
above  its  surface  ;  fix  the  pot  firmly  to 
the  wall,  so  as  not  to  be  disturbed  ;  keep 
the  earth  constantly  moist  with  liquid 
manure,  giving  a  little  every  day,  and 
a  little  moss  tied  over  the  surface  and 
round  the  sides  of  the  pot  to  check 
evaporation.  Cut  away  the  layer  from 
the  parent  in  the  last  week  of  August; 
and,  turning  it  out  from  the  pot,  with- 
out at  all  disturbing  the  earth,  plant  it 
where  it  is  to  remain,  and  water  it 
plentifully  with  liquid  manure  until  the 
leaves  begin  to  fall. 

Cuttings. — At  the  time  of  autumn- 
pruning  select  some  middle-sized,  well- 
ripened  shoots,  cut  off  lengths  of  six 
buds,  keep  them  in  moist  sand  through 
the  winter,  and,  at  the  end  of  March, 
cut  them  in  half,  remove  the  two  lower 
buds,  and  plant  them  under  a  wall  hav- 
ing an  eastern  aspect,  leaving  the  upper 
bud  just  above  the  surface,  and  cover- 
ing them  with  a  hand-glass.  The  soil 
must  be  light,  rich,  and  well  pulverized, 
pressed  close  round  the  cuttings,  and 
kepi  constantly  moist  with  liquid  manure 
until  the  leaves  fall  in  autumn.  The 
surface  round  them  should  be  stirred 
at  least  twice  a  week  to  allow  the  air 
unimpeded  entrance. 

Coiling  is  only  a  peculiar  mode  of 
propagating  by  cuttings  suggested  by 
Mr.  Mearns,  whose  practice  has  been 
epitomised  thus  by  Dr.  Lindley: — 

"  In  the  propagation  of  vines  by  coil- 
.  ing,  Mr.  Mearns'  practice,  if  single  rods 


G  R  A 


261 


are  contemplated,  is  not  to  leave  them 
longer  than  four  or  five  feet,  and  to  re- 
move all  the  buds  but  the  uppermost. 
These  rootless  cuttings  are  coiled  into 
long  narrow  pots,  being  so  placed  that 
the  bud  of  the  apes  of  the  shoot,  al- 
though the  highest  part,  is  still  two 
inches  beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil; 
at  the  same  time  sufficient  room  is  left 
beneath  the  coil  for  the  roots  to  extend 
themselves.  These  cuttings  being  put 
in  between  the  middle  of  January  and 
the  end  of  March,  are  plunged  at  once 
into  a  hot-bed  between  90^  and  lOOo, 
where  they  remain  until  they  require 
more  pot-room.  They  are  then  shifted, 
and  placed  in  a  suitable  situation  until 
again  excited  in  November  or  December. 
When  the  cutting  begins  to  grow,  the 
shoot  is  trained  upright,  until  it  is  seven 
or  eight  or  ten  joints  long,  when  the  top 
is  pinched  off.  After  this  stopping  the 
laterals  are  displaced  as  they  appear; 
and  if  the  vines  have  done  well,  two  or 
three  of  the  buds  will  also  be  excited 
at  the  same  time,  in  which  case  the 
shoots  are  cut  down  to  the  lowest  ex- 
cited eye.  The  single  shoot  is  then 
trained  upright  and  divested  of  all  late- 
rals and  tendrils.  None  of  the  plants 
are  allowed  to  grow  longer  than  from 
four  to  six  feet,  at  which  length  the  tops 
are  pinched  off,  the  uppermost  lateral, 
which  is  also  stopped  at  the  first  joint, 
being  left  to  carry  off  the  remaining 
sap. 

"  At  this  season  the  plants  are  re- 
moved to  a  warm  and  sheltered  situa- 
tion in  the  open  air ;  and  when  the 
leaves  fall  they  are  headed  down  to 
one,  two,  or  three  joints,  according  to 
their  strength,  and  are  placed  against  a 
northern  aspect.  When  cold  weather 
sets  in  they  are  taken  back  to  a  shel- 
tered spot,  and  plunged  in  the  ground 
to  protect  the  roots,  the  pots  being 
mulched  over,  and  the  rods  covered  to 
protect  them  from  frost. 

"  When  these  yearling  potted  vines 
are  brought  early  into  action,  it  is  re- 
commended to  bow  a  piece  of  wire 
above  the  pot  with  both  its  ends  run- 
ning down  the  inside,  of  sufficient  height 
to  allow  the  whole  length  of  the  stem  to 
be  attached  to  it,  as  represented  in  the 
accompanying  figure. 

"  The  buds  from  the  stem  being  thus 
bent,  break  more  regularly  ;  and  when 
this  is  effected  the  vine  is  united,  and 
secured  to  an  upright  stake  or  sloping 


trellis.  To  prevent  evaporation  the  stem 
is  wrapped  loosely  in  moss,  which  is 
kept  constantly  moist  until  the  grapes 
are  set,  when  it  is  removed.  The  plants, 
up  to  this  period,  are  encouraged  by 
bottom-heat  and  shifting;  and  the  quan- 
tity of  fruit  is  regulated  by  the  size  of 
the  pot  and  the  quality  of  the  vine." — 
Card.  Chron. 

Seed. — To  raise  new  varieties  seed 
from  the  largest,  earliest,  and  best  rip- 
ened berries  must  be  separated  fron» 
their  pulp,  and  kept  until  the  February 
following;  then  to  be  sown  in  "pots 
filled  with  light  fresh  mould,  and  plunged 
in  a  moderately  warm  hot-bed.  Tliey 
will  come  up  in  four  or  six  weeks;  and 
when  the  plants  are  about  six  inches 
high,  they  should  be  transplanted  singly 
into  forty-eights,  and  afterwards  into 
pots  of  larger  size. 

"Water  gently  as  circumstances  re- 
quire; allow  abundance  of  light  and 
air,  and  carefully  avoid  injuring  any  of 
the  leaves.  Cut  down  the  plants  everv 
autumn  to  good  buds,  and  sulfer  only 
one  of  these  to  extend  itself  in  the  fol- 
lowing spring.  Shift  into  larger  pots, 
as  occasion  requires,  till  they  have 
produced  fruit.  This,  under  good  ma- 
nagement, will  take  place  in  the  fourth 
or  fifth  year,  when  the  approved  sorts 
should  be  selected,  and  the  rest  de- 
stroyed, or  used  as  stocks  on  which  to 
graft  or  inarch  good  sorts." — Enc.  of 
Gard. 

If  a  hybrid  grape  be  required,  the 
stamens  of  the  female  parent  must  be 
cut  away  with  very  sharp-pointed  scis- 
sors   before  their  anthers    have   burst. 


GRA 


262 


GRA 


and  the  pollen  be  applied  to  the  stigma  j  "  When  such  portions  of  the  latter 
from  the  male  desired  to  be  the  other  ,  as  are  shortened  for  receiving  the  grafts 
parent.  No  very  superior  varieties  have  I  have  made  a  bit  of  shoot,  graft  as  you 
yet  rewarded  those  who  have  attempted  [  would  other  fruit  trees,  taking  care  to 


thus  to  improve  the  grape. 


preserve  the  shoot  at  the  top  in  claying. 


left  this  record  of  his  experiments  on 
the  same  mode  of  propagation  : — "I 
conceived  it  probable  that  the  success 
of  the  Roman  cultivators  in  grafting 
their  vines  might  arise  from  the  selec- 


Budding.  —  A    good    authority   thus    and  until  the  buds  on  the   scion   have 

states  his  mode: —  ,  pushed,  then  shorten  it  back.  Inarching 

"  About   the  first  week   in   March  I    may  be  performed   any  time   after  the 

perform  the  operation  :  or,  as  soon  as    vines  have  started,  so  far  as  to  bleed." 

I  perceive  the  sap  begin  to  rise,  I  cut   — Gard.  Chron. 

from  a  branch,  about  three  inches  in  Mr.  Knight,  the  late  eminent  pre- 
length,  an  eye  having  attached  as  much  sident  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  has 
wood  as  I  could  possibly  get  with  it; 
at  each  end  of  the  eye,  I  cut  off  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  the  upper  bark, 
making  the  ends  quite  thin  ;  I  next  mea- 
sure off  the  exact  length  of  the  bud,  on 

the  base  of  the  vine  intended  to  be  |  tion  of  grafts  similar  to  their  cuttings, 
budded,  and  make  a  nick  slanting  up-  and  the  result  of  the  following  experi- 
ward  at  the  upper  part,  and  another  ment  leads  me  to  believe  my  conjecture 
slanting  downward  at  the  bottom.  I  to  be  well  founded.  I  selected  three 
then  take  the  piece  neatly  out,  so  that  cuttings  of  the  Black  Hamburgh  Grape, 
the  bud  may  fit  nicely  in  ;  and  by  mak-  each  having  at  its  base  one  joint  of  two 
ing  the  nick  as  stated  above,  each  end  years  old  of  wood  :  these  were  inserted 
of  the  bud  is  covered  by  the  bark  of  the  ;  in,  or  rather  fitted  to  branches  of  nearly 
shoot.  I  bind  the  buds  firmly  round  i  the  same  size,  but  of  greater  age ;  and 
with  matting,  and  clay  it,  taking  care,  all  succeeded  most  perfectly.  The  clay 
however,  that  the  clay  does  not  cover  which  surrounded  the  base  of  the  grafts 
the  eye  of  the  bud  :  I  then  tie  it  round  was  kept  constantly  moist,  and  the 
with  moss,  and  keep  it  constantly  moisture  thus  supplied  to  the  graft  ope- 
damp  ;  and  as  the  sap  rises  in  the  vine,  j  rated   very   beneficially,   at  least,  if  it 

I  was  not  essential  to  the  success  of  the 
operation.  A  very  skilful  gardener  in  my 
vicinity,  to  whom  I  mentioned  my  inten- 
tion of  trying  the  foregoing  experiment, 
I  was  completely  successful  by  a  some- 
what different  method.  He  used  grafts 
similar  to  mine,  but  his  vine  grew  under 
:  the  roof  of  the  hot-house,  in  which  sit- 
uation he  found  it  difficult  to  attach 
such  a  quantity  of  clay  as  would  supply 
the  requisite  degree  of  moisture  to  the 
graft ;  and  he  therefore  supported  a  pot 
under  each  graft,  upon  which  he  raised 
the  mould  in  heaps  sufficiently  high  to 
cover  the  grafts  and  supply  them  with 
moisture.      The    grafts    which    I    used 


the  bud  begins  to  swell. 

"  When  the  vine  commences  to  push 
out  young  shoots,  take  the  top  ones  off, 
in  order  to  throw  a  little  more  sap  into 
the  bud,  and  as  you  perceive  it  getting 
stronger,  take  off  more  young  shoots, 
'  and  so  continue  until  you  have  taken 
off  all  the  young  shoots.  Budding  can 
only  be  performed  where  the  long-rod 
system  is  practised,  as  in  that  case  you 
have  the  power  of  confining  the  sap  to 
the  bud,  which  will  grow  vigorously. 
As  soon  as  you  perceive  this,  cut  the 
vine  down  to  the  bud.  Budding  has  the 
advantage  over  grafting,  by  not  leaving 
an  unsightly  appearance  where  the  bud 


was  inserted.     I  always  allow  the  mat-  j  consisted  of  about  two  inches  old  wood, 


ting  to  remain  on  until  about  the  month 
of  September." 

Grafting. — "The  best  method,"  says 
Dr.  Lindley,  "  of  grafting  vines  is  to 
shorten  the  branch,  or  shoot,  at  the 
winter  pruning  to  the  most  eligible  place 
for  inserting  the  graft.  The  graft  should 
be  kept  in  sufficiently  moist  soil  till  the 
time  of  performing  the  operation,  and 
for  a  week  previous  in  the  same  tem- 
perature as  that  which  the  vines  to  be 
operated  upon  are  growing. 


and  five  of  annual  wood,  by  which 
means  the  junction  of  the  new  and  old 
wood,  at  which  point  cuttings  most  rea- 
dily emit  shoots  and  receive  nutriment, 
was  placed  close  to  the  head  of  the 
stock,  and  a  single  bud  only  was  ex- 
posed to  vegetate." — Knight's  Papers. 
As  the  practice  is  rather  precarious, 
I  will  add  further,  the  observations  of 
Mr.  Braddick  : — "  I  feel  confident  in 
stating  that  healthy  vines  may  be  suc- 
cessfully grafted  with   young   wood  of 


GRA 


263 


GRA 


the  preceding  year's  growth,  from  the  westerly  point  or  even  due  S.,  exposes 
time  that  the  shoots  of  the  stocks  which  the  vine  to  the  strong  winds  which  pre- 
the  grafts  are  to  be  put  upon  have  made  vail  from  the  W.  and  S.W. 
four  or  five  eyes,  until  mid-summer.  Soil. — The  best  soil  is  a  light,  rich, 
with  every  prospect  of  the  grafts  grow-  sandy  loam,  eighteen  inches  deep,  rest- 
ing, and  without  the  least  danger  of  the  ing  on  a  drainage  of  twelve  inches  of 
stocks  suffering  by  bleeding.  They  may  bricklayers' rubbish, 
likewise  be  grafted  with  shoots  of  the  Manures. — The  richest  manures,  such 
same  summer's  growth,  worked  in  the  as  night-soil,  blood,  bone-dust,  and 
rind  of  the  young  wood,  from  the  time  butchers'  offal,  are  most  beneficial  to 
that  the  young  bunches  of  grapes  be-  vines,  and  should  be  added  annually  to 
come  visible  on  the  stocks  till  July,  :  the  border  in  which  they  grow.  During 
out  of  doors,  or  till  a  month  later  under  |  the  time  of  their  being  in  bloom,  aslight 


glass.  The  operation  must  not  be  per- 
formed later  than  the  periods  here  spe- 
cified, because  time  is  necessary  for  the 
young  shoots  of  the  grail  to  become 
hard  and  ripen  before  winter." — Hort. 
Soc.  Trans. 


trench  in  a  circuit  three  feet  from  the 
stem  should  be  opened,  and  the  con- 
tents of  the  house  slop  pail,  soapy 
water,  and  urine,  be  poured  into  it 
daily. 

Walls,  for  the  grape-vine,  need  never 


Single  Eyes,  or  Buds. — Mr.  Appleby  be  higher  than  eight  feet,  and  the  more 

gives  the  following  directions   for  this  substantial    the    better,    as    they    cool 

mode  of  propagation: — "  Take  a  single  slowly  in  proportion  to  their  thickness, 

bud  with  about  half  an  inch  of  wood  on  !  They  should  be  painted  annually  with 

each  side  of  it,  and  insert  it   in  a  pot  a  creamy  mixture  of  one  part  lime  and 

four  inches  in  diameter,  filled  with  light  two  parts  soot,  to  fill  up  the  nail  holes, 

rich  soil,  covering  the  bud  half  an  inch,  the  harbours  of  insects,  to  destroy  moss, 

and  pressing  the  earth  firmly  about  it,  and  to  increase  the  warmth  of  the  wall, 

place  the  pots  in  a  bark  bed,  or  dung  Although   a   dark-coloured    body   radi- 

bed   covered  with  saw  dust;  either  of  ates  heat,  and  consequently  cools  more 


these  will  do,  provided  the  heat 
moderate.  It  will  soon  shoot  up  above 
the  soil  and  begin  to  send  out  roots  ; 
water  very  sparingly,  for  a  time  in- 
creasing the  quantity  as  it  requires  it. 
Air  is  given  on  all  mild  days  to  make 
it  become  stout  and  of  a  good  colour. 
As  soon  as  the  roots  reach  the  sides  of 


quickly  than  a  similar  body  of  a  light 
colour,  yet  this  is  prevented  if  a  proper 
screen  is  placed  before  it.  (See  Shelters.) 
A  coping  should  project  from  the  top 
of  the  wall  four  inches  wide,  if  this  be 
four  feet  high,  and  an  additional  inch 
for  every  foot  of  height. 

Pruning  and  Training.  —  The  vine 


the  pots,  shift  into   large  pots,  which    bears  on  wood  one  year  old  only,  and 
operation  may  be  done   thrice   during    this  knowledge  must  control  thes^ope- 


the  growing  season  ;  it  will  require  a 
stick  to  support  it,  and  all  the  super- 
fluous leaves  and  tendrils  removed ; 
ripen  the  wood  by  keeping  ^s  dry  an 
atmosphere  in  the  pit  or  frame  as  pos- 
sible during  the  latter  part  of  the  sea- 
son, endeavouring  to  effect  this  without 
any  reduction  of  temperature,  which 
should   average  about  70°   Fahrenheit. 


rations,  for  after  a  branch  has  borne  it 
is  of  no  further  use  ;  and  in  pruning,  a 
chief  object  consequently,  is  to  get  rid 
of  all  the  old  wood  that  can  be  spared. 
As  Mr.  Clement  Hoarse's  practice  is 
founded  upon  this,  I  adopt  hia  rules 
without  any  modification.  He  obtains, 
he  says: — "All  the  fruit  of  a  vine  from 
a  few  shoots  trained  at  full  length,  in- 


When  the  wood  is  sufficiently  ripened,    stead  of  from  a  great  number  of  spurs 
keep  the  plant  in  a  cool  house  or  frame,    or  short  shoots.  To  provide  these  shoots 


just  protected  from  frost  until  the  plant- 
ing season." — Card.  Chron. 


WALL  CULTURE. 


Aspect. — The  object  to  be  obtained 
is   not  only  warmth,   but  shelter  from 


the  former  bearers  are  cut  down  to  very 
short  spurs  at  the  autumnal  pruning, 
and  at  the  same  time  a  sufficient  number 
of  shoots  are  left  at  whole  length  to 
produce  fruit  in  the  following  year;  at 
the  succeeding  autumn  these  latter  are 


the  wind,  which  is  injurious  to  the  vine  cut  down  to  very  short  spurs,  and  the 
at  all  times  of  its  growth.  To  secure  <  long  shoots  that  have  pushed  from  the 
this  desideratum,  the  best  aspect  is  S.E.  '  spurs  are  trained  at  whole  length  as 
Even  E.  by  N.  is  a  good  aspect.     Any  \  before,  and  so  on  annually  in  alternate 


GR  A 


264 


GRA 


The  fourth  spring  in  February  remove 
the  1,  2,  4,  5,  and  6  buds,  bending  the 
shoots  down  horizontally  thus: 


Fig.  73. 


succession.  This  method  recommends  i 
itself  by  its  simplicity,  by  the  old  wood 
of  the  vine  being  annually  got  rid  of, 
by  the  small  number  of  wounds  inflicted 
in  the  pruning,  by  the  clean  and  hand- 
some appearance  of  the  vine,  and  by 
the  great  ease  with  which  it  is  managed, 
in  consequence  of  its  occupying  but  a 
small  portion  of  the  wall.  i 

"  1st.     In    pruning,   always  cut   up-  ' 
wards,  and  in  a  sloping  direction. 

"2d.  Always  leave  an  inch  of  blank 
wood  beyond  the  terminal  bud,  and  letj 
the  cut  be  on   the  opposite  side  of  the  ; 
bud.  i 

"3d.  Prune  so  as  to  leave  as  few  and  training  the  shoots  from  buds  3  and 
wounds  as  possible,  and  let  the  surface  7  as  there  represented.  Prune  and  train 
of  every  cut  be  perfectly  smooth.  ]  as  before  directed  during  the  summer, 

"4th.  In  cutting  out  an  old  branch,  j  removing  also  superfluous  shoots,  and 
prune  it  even  with  the  parent  limb,  that ,  in  November  cut  back  a  and  c  to  about 
the  wound  may  quickly  heal.  eight  or  tvi-elve  buds  according  to  the 

"  5tli.  Prune  so  as  to  obtain  thequan- I  stiength  of  the  vine;  and  6  and  d  so  as 
tity  of  fruit  desired  on  the  smallest  I  to  leave  only  one  bud  on  each.  In  the 
number  of  shoots  possible.  \fif'^  spring  train  the  shoots  from  these 


"  6th.  Never  prune  in  frosty  weather, 
nor  when  a  frost  is  expected. 

"  7th.  Never  prune  in  the  months  of 
March,  April,  or  May.  Pruning  in  either 
of  these  months  causes  bleeding,  and 
occasions  thereby  a  wasteful  and  an  in- 
jurious expenditure  of  sap. 

"  8th.  Let  the  general  autumnal  prun- 
ing take  place  as  soon  after  the  1st  of 
October  as  the  gathering  of  the  fruit 
will  permit. 

"Lastly,  use  a  pruning-knife  of  the 
best  description,  and  let  it  be,  if  pos- 
sible, as  sharp  as  a  razor." — Hoare  on 
the  V'qie. 

In  the  spring  next  after  the  planting, 
two  buds  only  having  been  left,  reinove 
the  one  which  shoots  the  most  weakly, 
and  rub  off  all  others  but 
Fig.  72.  that  one  selected  to  re- 
main as  often  as  they  ap- 
pear.    Nail  the  shoot  to 


single  buds  in  the  same  waving  form  as 
before. 

"  The  vine,"  says  Mr.  Hoare,  to 
whose  valuable  work  I  am  indebted 
for  most  of  the  preceding  directions, 
"  has  now  assumed  the  form  which  it 
is  permanently  to  retain,  and  the  man- 
ner in  which  it  is  trained  may  be  con- 
sidered as  the  commencement  of  a  sys- 
tem of  alternately  fruiting  two  shoots, 
and  training  two  at  full  length  for  bear- 
ing wood  in  the  following  year;  which 
method  may  be  continued  every  year 
without  any  alteration  until  the  capacity 
of  the  vine  is  equal  to  the  maturation 
of  more  fruit  than  can  possibly  be  borne 
by  two  single  shoots,  which,  on  an  aver- 
age, may  be  estimated  at  sixty  pounds 
weight  annually.  Several  years  must 
elapse  before  this  will  be  the  case  ;  but 
when    it   is,    the    arms  may    be    easily 


engthened  by  the  training  in  of  a  shoot 
the  wall  as  often  as  it  ex-  \  at  their  extremities,  and  managing  it  in 
tends  six  inches  beyond  I  the  same  manner  as  when  the  arms  of 
the  previous  shred.  In  i  the  vine  first  formed.  It  is  very  advis- 
November  cut  the  vine  so  |  able,  however,  that  the  vine  should  not 
as  to  leave  only  two  buds.  I  be  suffered  to  extend  itself  further  on 
In  the  second  spring  ma- 1  the  wall,  for  in  such  case,  the  bearing 
shoots  emitted  from  the  centre  are  sure 
to  decline  in  strength ;  whereas,  by 
confining  the  dimensions  of  the  vine  to 
a  single  arm  on  each  side  of  the  stem, 
and  each  arm  to  the  support  and  nou- 
rishment of  two  branches  only,  the  very 
best  description  of  bearing  shoots  will 
never  fail  to  be  generated  close  at  home, 


nage  as  before,  and  in  the 
November    cut   down    to 
three  buds;  the  vine  will 
then  appear  thus  :     Fig.  72. 

The  third  spring  retain  two  shoots, 
treating  as  before.  In  September  pinch 
off  their  tops,  and  in  November  prune 
them  so  as  to  retain  some  buds. 


GR  A 


265 


GR  A 


and  these,  as  the  vine  advances  in  age,  I  seasons.    Vines  and  green-house  plants 
will  become  prolific  almost  beyond  con-  '  do  not  agree  very  well ;  but  under  such  a 
ception.     I  have  often  ripened  as  many    system  they  may  be  kept  from  quarrel- 
as  seven  full  sized  bunches  of  grapes  on  \  ling  much." — Card.  Chron. 
two  shoots  which  have  pushed  from  a  | 

single  bud,  on  vines  managed   in  this  vines  in  hot-house. 

manner.  Indeed,  those  who  have  been  Varieties.  —  The  proportions  the  dif- 
accustomcd  to  permit  their  vines  to  ;  ferent  vines  should  bear  to  each  other, 
cover  a  large  space  of  walling,  and  to  in  order  to  secure  the  best  succession 
possess  a  great  number  of  branches,  and  a  constant  supply,  are  three  Black 
can  scarcely  imagine  how  much  easier  a  Hamburgh's;  two  White  Muscats  of 
vine  is  managed,  and  with  what  cer-  Alexandria;  one  White  and  one  Black 
tainty  the  fruit  is  increased  in  quantity,  Frontignan  ;  one  Black  Prince,  and  one 
and  improved  in  quality." — Hoare  on  Black  St.  Peter's. 
the  Vine.  Construction    of   Vinery.  —  For   the 

Thinning.  —  When  the  vine  has  be-  general  principles  applicable  to  the 
come  fruitful,  in  August,  it  must  have  construction  of  this  and  all  other  hot- 
the  berries  of  each  branch  thinned  until  houses,  see  the  titles  Stove,  Trellis,  ^-c. 
not  more  than  half  their  original  num-  '.  Borders.  —  These  may  be  formed 
ber  remain.  It  is  best  done  with  a  '  eight  feet  broad,  of  a  soil  similar  to 
sharp-pointed  pair  of  scissors,  and  care  that  recommended  for  the  open  wall 
being  taken  to  remove  the  smallest  vines,  with  the  same  attention  to  ma- 
berries.  This  increases  the  weight  and  nuring  and  drainage, 
excellence  of  the  bunches,  for  two  ber-  '  Planting  and  Pruning.  —  The  prac- 
ries  will  always  outweigh  four  grown  tice  of  Mr.  Mearns  in  this  particular  is 
on  the  same  branchlet  of  a  bunch,  be-    very  good  :  — 

sides  being  far  handsomer,  and  having  ,  "  The  vines  are  planted  inside  the 
more  juice  as  compared  with  husks.  ,  house  at  two  feet  and  a  half  apart, 
The  average  weight  of  the  bunches  on  !  nearly  close  to  the  front  wall,  and  are 
a  vine  may  be  taken,  when  ripe,  at  headed  down  to  within  a  foot  of  the 
half  a  pound  each,  and  with  this  data  soil.  One  shoot  only  is  allowed  to  pro- 
it  is  easy  to  carry  into  practice  Mr.  ]  ceed  from  each  plant,  which  at  the  end 
Clement  Hoare's  excellent  rule  for  pro-  [  of  the  first  season  is  cut  down  to  the 
portioning  the  crop  to  the  size  of  the  second  or  third  eye.  Next  year  two 
vine.  If  its  stem,  measured  just  above  leading  shoots  are  encouraged,  the 
the  ground,  be  three  inches  in  circum-  strongest  of  which  is  stopped  when  it 
ference,  it  may  bear  5  lbs.  weight  of;  has  grown  three  or  four  joints  beyond 
grapes.  '  the  middle  of  the  root',  and  the  weaker, 

3^  inches 10  lbs.      after  having  grown  three  or  four  feet, 

4  "  15  for   the    purpose  of  strengthening  the 

4J      '•■  20  I  eyes.     At  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  the  lead- 

5  "  2.5  ing  shoots  are  reduced,  the  main  one 

And  so  five  pounds  additional  for  every  to  the  length  of  the  middle  of  the  roof, 
haif  inch  of  increased  circumference.     ^  and  the  lower  one  to  the  third  eye.    In 

I  the  third  season,  one  leading  shoot  is 
VINES  IN  GREEN-HOUSE.  j  trained  in  from  each  shoot,  and   from 

Training  here  must  be  the  same  as  i  the  leading  shoot  fruit-bearing  side 
in  the  hot-house,  and  the  points  besides  \  shoots  are  produced.  One  bunch  is  left 
to  be  attended  to  are  : —  on  each,  and  the  shoot  stopped  at  one 

"  1.  To  train  the  vines  to  the  rafters,  [  or  two  joints  above  it.  No  side  shoots 
or  otherwise,  so  that  they  shall  not  are  allowed  to  proceed  from  the  spur, 
overshadow  the  interior  before  the  end  '  the  leading  shoot  from  which  is  to  be- 
of  May.  2.  To  empty  the  green-house  come  the  bearing  wood  for  the  next 
of  all  green-house  plants  after  that  pe-  year.  Thus,  in  the  autumn  of  the  third 
riod,  and  to  take  every  possible  pains  season  the  lower  part  of  the  house  is 
to  get  the  wood  ripe  ;  you  cannot  have  furnished  with  a  crop  of  grapes  from 
grapes  without  well-ripened  wood.  If  shoots  proceeding  from  wood  of  the 
vines  are  very  late  in  growing,  they ;  preceding  year,  and  parallel  to  this 
will  reiiuirc  fire-heat  in  autumn,  in  j  bearing  shoot  on  each  vine  is  the  young 
order  to   ripen   their  wood,  in   many  |  shoot  for  the  next  year's  crop. 


GR  A 


266 


GRA 


"  In  winter,  the  shoot  from  the  ex-  i  of  every  month  till  April.  Where  there 
tremity  of  the  bearing  branch  is  cut  off,  are  but  three  houses,  it  will  be  early 
at  the  top  of  the  roof,  or  within  twelve  \  enough  to  commence  the  first  house  in 
or  fifteen  inches  of  it,  and  the  shoot  j  November,  the  second  in  February, 
from  the  spur  is  cut  down  to  the  mid- |  and  the  third  in  April.  To  cause  the 
die  of  the  roof,  and  all  the  spurs  which  vines  to  break  equally  all  the  length  of 
had  borne  the  grapes  are  now  cut  out.  |  the  shoot,  tie  them  down  to  the  front 
Each  vine  is  now  furnished  with  two  i  windows,  until  the  buds  are  all  expand- 
shoots  of  bearing  wood,  a  part  of  old    ed,  that  one  part  of  it  may  not  be  more 


barren  wood,  and  a  spur  for  producing 
a  young  shoot  the  following  year.  In 
the  fourth  summer  a  full  crop  is  pro- 
duced, both  in  the  upper  and  lower 
half  of  the  house.  The  longer  shoot 
bearing  on  the  upper  half  of  its  length, 
and  the  shorter  on  its  whole  length;  a 
leading  shoot  is  produced  from  the  short 
shoot,  and  another  from  the  spur 


excited  than  another. 

"  When  every  bud  has  pushed,  care- 
fully separate  the  vines  one  by  one; 
and  as  it  is  convenient,  regulate  the 
shoots,  stop  them,  and  tliin  the  number 
of  branches,  and  do  all  that  is  required. 
Then  tie  them  up  loosely  to  the  rafter; 
and  should  they  hang  down  a  foot  from 
the  glass,  it  is  an  advantage,  especially 


"  In  the  pruning  season  of  the  fourth  I  during  the  early  part  of  the  season.' 


year,  the  centre  shoot  is  entirely  re- 
moved, and  replaced  by  the  side  shoot, 
now  the  whole  length  of  the  roof,  and 
this  side  shoot  is  in  its  turn  supplanted 
by  the  shoot  from  the  spur,  while  a  spur 
is  prepared  to  succeed  it. 

"  Summer  Pruning.  —  Mr.  Mearns 
gives  the  following  directions  :  — '  Stop 
the  bearing  branches  at  the  bunch,  in 


Syringing  and  Steaming. — "  During 
the  time  of  forcing  the  vine  (unless  they 
are  in  blossom)  and  the  ripening  of  the 
fruit,  syringe  them  freely  with  rain- 
water, morning  and  evening,  all  over; 
also  steam  the  houses  by  pouring  water 
on  the  pipes  or  flues,  to  keep  up  a 
moisture  in  the  air.  It  is  beneficial  to 
the  growth  of  the  plant,  swells  the  ber- 


stead  of  the  next  joint  above  it,  which  \  ries,  and  keeps  down  the  red  spider 
is  the  usual  practice;  for  I  found  that]  While  the  vines  are  in  blossom,  refrain 
the  fruit  did  equally  well,  and  it  divest-  I  from  syringing,  but  use  the  steam  freely, 
ed  the  branch  of  an  incumbrance,  while  ;  "  When  the  berries  begin  to  colour, 
it  allowed  a  much  larger  portion  of  light  also  cease  syringing;  but  use  the  steam 
to  come  into  the  house,  together  with  a    a  fortnight  longer,  though  only  at  night 


more  free  circulation  of  air  among  the 
fruit  and  young  wood.  I  blind  all  the 
eyes  on  each  fruit  spur  as  soon  as  they 
push  above  a  joint  or  two,  before  I 
pinch  them  back,  always  cautiously  re- 
taining one  eye ;  and  am  particularly 
cautious  that  nothing  should  happen  to 
injure  the  leaf  that  accompanies  the 
bunch,  for  if  that  is  lost,  the  fruit  of 
course  will  come  to  nothing."' — Hort. 
Soc.  Trans. 
Forcing.  —  This   is  sometimes  com 


As  soon  as  the  grapes  are  nearly  ripe, 
keep  as  dry  an  atmosphere  as  possible, 
both  to  give  the  fruit  a  good  flavour, 
and  to  ripen  the  wood." 

Covering  the  Border. — "This  in  the 
early  part  of  the  forcing  season  is  ab- 
solutely necessary,  using  either  light 
horse-litter,  or  fresh-gathered  leaves. 
No  frost  must  be  allowed  to  reach  the 
stems  or  roots ;  if  it  does,  the  vines 
will  droop  when  the  sun  shines,  and 
the  bunches  will  be  crippled,  and  per- 


menced  in  September,  but  the  close  of  i  haps  never  come  out  properly.  A  tar- 
ihe  next  month  is  sufficiently  early. '  paulin  is  useful  to  cover  the  litter  and 
Mr.  Appleby,  of  Macclesfield,  gives  dung,  to  keep  off  the  heavy  rains  and 
the    following  very   full   and   excellent    snow." 

directions: — "In  places  where  there  1  Temperature.  —  "  Commence  forcing 
are  a  number  of  houses  devoted  to  the  I  the  vine  with  a  low  temperature.  The 
vine,  it  is  possible  to  have  ripe  grapes  I  first  week  keep  up  the  heat  to  50o,  the 
all  the  year  round.    To  accomplish  this    second  to  60°,  the  third  to  65°,  and  the 


completely,  six  houses  are  necessary 
though  it  may  in  some  degree  be  done 
with  three.  In  the  former  case,  the 
first  house  ought  to  be  started  at  the 
end  of  October,  the  second  on  the  first 
of  December,  and  so  on,  the  first  day 


fourth  to  70  Night  temperature  about 
10°  lower.  A  good  rule  is  60o  for  vines 
in  leaf,  and  70^  when  blooming  and 
ripening  fruit ;  the  night  temperature 
may  then  be  20°  lower." 

Setting  the  Fruit.  —  "  To  effect  the 


GR  A 


267 


GR  A 


setting  of  the  fruit,  and  more  especially 
in  the  earlier  part  of  the  forcing  season, 
use  a  camel-hair  pencil  to  disperse  the 
pollen  on  the  stigmas.  Some  kinds  of 
grapes  have  very  little  pollen,  while 
others  have  plenty  to  spare.  In  this 
case  take  a  sheet  of  white  paper,  and 
hold  it  under  the  bunch  that  has  abund- 
ance of  pollen,  gently  shake  the  bunch, 
and  then  with  the  camel-hair  pencil  ap- 
ply the  pollen  to  such  kinds  as  are  deti- 
cient." 

Thinning  the  Berries.  —  As  soon  as 
the  berries  are  set  and  begin  to  swell, 
it  is  time  to  thin  them.  For  this  opera- 
tion there  are  proper  scissors,  with  long 
handles  and  short  blades.  Provided 
with  these,  some  good  soft  matting,  and 
with  something  to  catch  the  berries  in. 


the  tarpaulin  is  the  best,  as  it  keeps 
them  dry,  and  of  course  renders  them 
more  able  to  endure  frost."  —  Gard. 
Chron. 

Vines  in  Pots.  —  The  first  week  in 
February  is  the  best  time  for  planting 
the  cuttings  of  vines  in  pots,  to  remain 
in  cultivation  in  them.  If  intended  to 
be  fruited  next  season,  plant  the  cut- 
tings in  thirty-twos,  selecting  well- 
ripened  shoots,  with  only  one  plump 
bud,  and  cutting  the  shoot  at  each  end 
down  to  about  one  inch  and  a  half  of 
the  bud.  Bury  this  bud  in  the  earth, 
composed  of  equal  parts  of  fresh  light 
turfy  soil  and  decayed  leaves.  Plunge 
in  a  bottom  heat  of  90°  ;  temperature 
of  frame  60o  to  90°.  In  April,  shift  to 
the  fruiting  pots,  twos  or  fours,  accord- 


(which  make  excellent  vinegar  or  tarts,  j  ing  to  the  strength  of  plant  desired. 
&c.,)  commence  the  operation  by  tying  :  Soil,  two  parts  light  turfy  loam,  and  one 
up  the  shoulders  of  such  bunches  as  |  part  old  night-soil.  Temperature,  60° 
require  it,  to  the  wires  on  each  side  of  j  to  80°.  Place  the  pots  so  near  the 
the  rafter ;  or,  if  the  bunches  are  very  roof,  that  the  shoots  may  be  at  once 
large,  fasten  some  thin  narrow  lath  to    trained  near  the  glass  as  they  advance. 


the  rafter,  to  tie  the  shoulders  to. 


Best  length  for  the  shoots,  from  four  to 


Some  persons  use  a  thin  piece  of!  six  feet,  though  they  will  bear  even  ten 
Jath  notched  at  each  end,  to  prop  the  |  feet ;  therefore  stop  each  when  a  foot 
shoulders  off  from  the  main  body  of  the  j  longer  than  required  for  next  season, 
bunch;  but  I  do  not  like  this  plan  so  j  Manure  water  must  be  employed  to 
well  as  the  matting,  the  props  being  apt  i  sustain   the  growth   of  the  vines,  and 


to  drop  out 

In  order  to  have  large  berries,  thin 
very  freely,  so  much  so,  that  the  bunches 
look  like  slieletons.  Of  course  thin  ac- 
cording to  the  kind  ;  some  sorts  under 
the  best  management  do  not  swell  to 
such  a  size  as  others  ;  hence  it  is  ne- 
cessary to  know  the  mediu.-n  size  to 
which  every  variety  will  swell,  and  thin 
accordingly. 

Watering  the  Roots.  —  Use  manure 
water  alternately  with  clear  water.  If 
the  border  be  well  watered  once  a  week, 
it  is  sufficient.  Remember  to  place 
boards  to  walk  on,  and  as  soon  as  the 
water  has  sunk  in,  and  the  surface  be 


every  means  adopted  to  ripen  the  wood. 
Early  in  September,  the  pots  may  be 
placed  out  of  doors,  on  the  north  side 
of  a  wall,  and  laid  on  their  sides,  to 
hasten  the  vines  into  a  state  of  rest. 
In  November,  they  may  be  returned 
under  glass,  and  forcing  commenced 
to  ripen  a  crop  by  the  end  of  March. 
If  strong,  and  grown  in  No.  2  pots, 
seven  bunches  may  be  left  upon  a  Ham- 
burgh, eight  upon  a  Muscadine,  but 
u[)on  weaker  plants  only  about  halt 
those  numbers. 

Mr.  W.  Stothard,  gardener  at  Chant- 
rey  House,  in  1841,  gives  these  direc- 
tions : — "  When  the  vines  that  are  let 


comes   rather  dry,  go   over  it  with   a    into  the  house  have  reached  the  top  of 
Dutch  hoe  and  rough  rake;  the  more  {  the  rafters,  instead  of  stopping  the  lead- 


frequently  it  is  stirred  the  less  water  it 
will  take  ;  if,  however,  it  is  so  smooth 
as  to  let  the  water  run  off,  instead  of 
sinking  in,  point  the  surface  over  with 
a  fork  and  leave  it  rough. 

Covering  the  Vines  in  Winter.  — 
"  When  the  vines  are  not  covered  with 
glass  in  consequence  of  other  fruits 
being  grown  in  the  house,  protect  them 
from  severe  frost ;  hay-bands  may  be 
used,  and  long  straight  wheat  straw  ; 


ing  shoot,  as  is  commonly  done,  and 
often  too  soon,  which  causes  the  eyes 
to  burst,  and  renders  them  useless  for 
the  succeeding  year,  turn  the  shoot 
back,  and  having  ready  a  pot  of  suitable 
size,  well  drained  and  filled  w'ith  fresh 
turfy  loam  and  rotted  dung,  of  equal 
parts,  place  it  upon  the  back  shelf  or 
wall  of  the  pit,  and  as  soon  as  the  young 
shoot  has  attained  a  sufficient  length  to 
be  laid  into  the  pot,  cut  out  two  or  three 


GR  A 


268 


GR  A 


eyes,  and  as  many  of  its  leaves,  and  I  linings  of  the  pine  pits  select  the  most 
scrape  oft'  a  little  of  the  bark  the  whole    decayed  parts  of  the  manure, 
length  of  the   part  intended   for  roots,  ;      "I  usually  allow  the  shoots  to  run  to 
which  is  bent  into  the  pot,  and  covered  !  the   extent  of  thirteen   eyes,  and  then 


with  mould  to  the  depth  of  six  or  seven 
inches.  No  attention  is  required,  ex- 
cepting to  train  the  shoot  as  it  advances 
in  growth,  and  keep  the  mould  in  the 
pot  a  little  moist,  to  encourage  the 
emission  of  roots,  which  will  appear  in 
a  fortnight  or  three  weeks,  and  soon 
fill  the  pot.  When  the  shoot  is  laid  in 
the  pot,  allow  it  to  grow  from  four  to 
eight  feet  long,  according  to  the  strength 
of  the  parent  vine,  to  which  leave  it 
attached  until  it  has  done  growing,  and 
perfectly  ripened  its  wood 


stop  them. 

"  By  the  middle  of  September  the 
wood  becomes  ripened,  and  I  then 
prune  them  back  to  the  ninth  eye,  and 
remove  them  from  the  pinery  to  the 
open  air,  setting  them  under  a  south 
wall,  on  bricks  placed  edgewise,  so  as 
to  admit  free  drainage.  On  the  first  of 
November,  I  generally  take  in  fifty-pots 
for  forcing;  (this  I  have  occasionally 
done  on  the  first  of  October  ;)  when  they 
are  washed  with  soft  sonp  and  sulphur. 
After  all  the  eyes  have  shown  fruit, 


"Should  there  not  be  a  sufficient  I  select  from  six  to  eight  of  the  best 
quantity  of  leaders,  place  pots  under  I  bunches  to  remain,  and  pluck  off"  the 
the  rafters  at  mostconvenient  situations,  |  others,  never  allowing  one  eye  to  bear 
and  likewise  on  the  front  flue;  but  the  j  more   than  one  bunch.      I  syringe  the 


shoots  that  are  laid  in  these  pots  never 
suffer  to  exceed  five  feet  in  length. 
When  the  plants  are  severed  from  the 
parentvines,  put  them  out  under  a  wall, 
where  they  are  protected  from  frosts, 
and  take  into  the  house  as  required  for 
forcing;  at  that  time  shift  into  pots 
about  a  foot  over  and  fourteen  inches 
deep,  to  remain  until  the  fruit  is  cut, 
after  which  they  may  be  thrown  away, 
sure  of  a  fresh  supply  of  plants  every 
year  by  the  same  process."  —  Card. 
Chron. 

Mr.  H.  Burn,  gardener  of  Tottenham 
Park,  gives  the  following  particulars  of 
his  mode  of  cultivating  the  vine  in  pots : 
— "  I  invariably  set  the  eyes  in  thumb 
pots  on  the  first  of  February,  and  putting 
moss  about  two  and  a  half  inches  deep 
on  the  flue  at  the  back  of  the  pine  pits, 
I  place  the  pot  upon  it,  keeping  the 
moss  always  moist. 

"  As  soon  as  the  bud  or  eye  has  grown 
and  become  well  furnished  with  roots, 
I  repot  into  sixty-sized  pots,  and  con- 
tinue afterwards  to  shift  as  fast  as  the 
pots  become  filled  with  roots ;  from 
sixties  to  forty-eights,  thirty-twos,  twen- 
ty-fours, sixteens,  and  twelve-sized  pots 
successively  ;  and  lastly,  into  bushel- 
pots,  which  I  have  made  for  the  purpose. 
I  encourage  rapidity  of  growth  as  much 
as  possible,  by  feeding  them  with  liquid 
manure  made  from  cows'  and  deers' 
dung  ;  and  during  the  whole  time  keep 
a  good  drainage  at  the  bottom  of  the 
pots.  The  soil  I  used  is  nothing  more 
than  three-fourths  strong  turfy  loam, 
and  -one-fourth  horse-dung ;    from  the 


vines  gently  with  warm  water  three 
times  a  week,  and  water  thern  twice  a 
week  with  the  liquid  manure.  Should 
they,  however,  occasionally  require 
more  moisture,  I  give  them  nothing 
more  than  soft  water  about  milk  warm. 
I  invariably  fruit  annually  from  100  to 
120  vines,  taking  in  after  the  first  fifty 
the  rest  in  succession. 

Fig.  74. 


"  The  above  engraving  represents  a 
transverse  section  of  the  vinery,  with 
bed  for  tree  leaves  to  decay  and  heat; 
frame-work  for  the  support  of  front 
trough  sixteen  inches  wide  at  the  top, 
and  ten  inches  deep,  and  the  wire  un- 
der the  rafters  on  which  the  vines  are 
trained."  —  United  Card,  and  Land 
Steward's  Journ, 


GRA 


269 


GRA 


Vines  in  Frames. — We  have  the  fol-  i  cumulates  in  the  interior  of  the  leaves, 


lowing  information  on  this  mode  of  cul- 
ture : — "  It  is  well  adapted  for  gardens 
where  the  quantity  of  glass  is  limited, 
and  is  practised  liy  Mr.  Dawson,  gar- 
dener to  Lord  Ducie,  at  the  Hoo,  Hert- 
fordshire. About  the  first  week  in  April, 
a  bed  of  partly  decayed  dung,  to  which 
a  small  quantity  of  raw  material  is  add- 


and  swells  them  up  in  the  form  of  warts. 
The  presence  of  the  latter  on  tlie  under 
side  only,  is  owing  to  perspiration  from 
the  vines,  taking  place  principally  by 
that  surface,  which  is,  moreover,  much 
softer  and  looser  in  texture  than  the 
upper  surface." — Gard.  Chron. 
liust. — The  rust  of  the  vine  is  a  dis- 


cd ,  so  as  to   produce  a  slight  heat,  is,  ease  which  attacks  the  grapes,  covering 
made  at  about  eighteen  inches  from  the    them  with   a  tough  brown  skin,  which 


wall  in  front  of  the  selected  vines. 


is  incapable  of  natural  extension,  and 


"  This  bed  is  built  sufficiently  deep  |  which  stops  their  growth.  Wherever 
to  admit  of  its  being  about  three  feet  i  the  disease  appears,  the  crop  is  injured 
high,  after  settling.  The  frame  used  by  j  or  even  ruined.  Various  causes  have 
Mr.  Dawson  separates  into  two  portions,  I  been  suggested  as  the  origin  of  this 
so  that  the  lower  part  can  be  first  placed  j  disease  ;  but  the  true  origin  I  believe 
upon  the  bed.  It  contains  a  trellis  upon  j  to  be  a  sudden  unhealthy  reduction  of 
which  the  vines  are  trained,  fixed  about  temperature  whilst  the  grapes  are  young. 
a  foot  above  the  surface  of  the  dung.  From  one  frosty  night  I  have  seen  the 
The  upper  portion  of  the  frame  can  be  \  fruit  of  apple  trees  infected  with  a  very 


afterwards  put  on  and  secured  to  the 
lower  by  small  brackets.  The  advan- 
tage of  having  the  frames  constructed 
in  this  way  is  the  ease  and  safety  with 
which  the  vine  can  be  taken  in  ;  since, 
in  introducing  the  shoots  of  a  vine 
through  a  hole  cut  in  the  back  of  a 
frame     of    ordinary    construction,   the 


similar  induration  of  the  skin. 

Bleeding. — If  pruned  late  in  the  spring 
the  vine  is  very  liable  to  bleed  at  this 
season.  A  red  hot  iron  applied  to  the 
wound  until  it  is  partially  charred  will 
stop  the  effusion  of  sap  for  a  time,  and 
to  render  the  cure  permanent,  the  place 
should  be  well  rubbed  and  coated  with 


buds  would  be  liable  to  be  rubbed  off.:  a  paste  made  of  newly  burnt  lime  and 
No  more  care  is  required,  except  in  \  grease.  This  hardens  and  forms  an  eC- 
stopping,  thinning,   kdt     Air  is  given    fectual  plaster. 

freely,  but  no  linings  to  the  bed  are  re- '  Shrivelling  arises  in  the  berries  from 
quired.  In  severe  weather  a  covering  j  a  want  of  sap.  It  is  caused  by  several 
is  put  on,  but  this  is  not  generally  re-  modes  of  bad  cultivation,  as  excess  of 
sorted  to.  By  pursuing  the  above  me-  |  wet  and  cold  to  the  roots;  over-heating 
thod,  fruit  of  good  quality  has  been  cut  ^  and  subsequent  reduction  of  tempera- 


by  the  latter  end  of  August,  for  which 
Mr.  Dawson  has  obtained  several  prizes 
at  local  horticultural  exhibitions." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

DISEASES. 

Shanking  is  a  moist  gangrene,  at- 
tacking and  destroying  the  stalk  of  the 
grapes,  arising  apparently  from  the  tem- 
perature of  the  soil  being  unsuitably 
below  that  in  which  the  branches  are 
vegetating. 

IVarts  on  Leaves. — Dr.  Lindley  says, 
"  The  appearance  of  warts  on  their 
under  side,  is  most  probably  caused  by 
damp  atmosphere  and  rich  soil,  and 
may  be  conceived  to  arise  thus:  the 
water  which  the  leaves  derive  from  the 
stem,  and  absorb  from  the  atmosphere, 
is    unable   to   escape   again,  in    conse- 


ture  in  the  house  :  and  by  thinning  the 
leaves  erroneously. 

Insects  infesting  the  Vine. — See  Scale, 
Thrips,  Wasp,  ^-c. 

GRAPE  HYACINTH.     Muscari. 

GRAPE  PEAR.  Amelanchier  Bo- 
tryapium. 

GRASS  MOTH.     See  Charcsas. 

GRASS-PLOT,  correctly  speaking,  is 
a  parterre,  or  beds  of  flowers,  arranged 
with  grass-turf  between  them,  instead 
of  gravel.  It  is  usually  confounded  with 
Lawn,  which  see. 

GRASS  RAKE.     See  Lawn  Rake. 

GRATIOLA.  Six  species.  Hardy 
or  green-house  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Rich  moist  soil. 

GRAVEL  WALKS,  like  all  other 
Walks,  (vide,)  reqmre  a  good  suhstratum 
quence  of  the  air  that  surrounds  them  of  drainage,  and  the  facing  of  about  five 
being  continually  loaded  with  moisture;  inches  deep  of  gravel.  It  must  have  no 
the  result  of  this  is,  that  the  water  ac-    stones  mixed  with  it  larger  than  good- 


GR  A 


270 


GRE 


sized  marbles,  and  about  one-fourth  of 
it  must  be  much  smaller.  If  a  portion 
of  clay  is  by  nature  or  art  incorporated 
with  the  gravel,  it  will  bind  more  firmly, 
and  present  when  rolled  a  more  com- 
pact and  even  surface. 

The  following  is  an  excellent  plan  to 
make  or  turn  gravel  walks  in  d  ry  weather. 
If  of  a  sandy  or  gravelly  nature  strew  a 
little  clay  or  marl  upon  the  walks.  When 
turned  ovei  take  away  all  large  stones, 
and  place  them  at  the  bottom  of  the 
mass.  Immediately  after  you  have  le- 
velled the  walk  apply  the  roller,  and  let 
an  assistant  follow,  pouring  upon  it  wa- 
ter from  a  watering  pot  with  coarse  rose ; 
in  twenty-four  hours  after,  if  the  wea- 
ther is  dry,  it  will  be  as  solid  as  a  stone 
floor.  The  writer  has  had  ocular  de- 
monstration of  the  fact  in  twenty  in- 
stances in  the  driest  weather. — Gard. 
Chron. 

The  best  method  of  extirpating  grass 
which  springs  up  from  beneath  a  gravel 
walk  and  spreads  over  its  surface,  is  to 
break  up  the  walk,  and  pick  out  care- 
fully all  the  under-ground  runners  which 
may  be  met  with.  Where  it  is  not  de- 
sirable to  disturb  the  walk,  the  best 
way  is  to  spread  salt  in  considerable 
quantities  over  its  whole  surface  ;  and 
if  after  the  first  application  it  is  found 
that  portions  of  the  grass  still  exist,  let 
another  coating  of  salt  be  applied, 
which  will  effectually  destroy  it.  Care 
must  be  taken,  however,  if  the  walk 
is  edged  with  box,  that  the  salt  does 
not  come  in  contact  with  it,  otherwise 
it  will  destroy  the  edging  also. 

"  In  the  early  part  of  April,  gravel 
walks  are  usually  turned  ;  and  practice 
has  taught  that  there  is  a  right  as  well 
as  a  wrong  way,  even  for  the  perform- 
ance of  this  simple  operation.  After 
the  walk  has  been  broken  up  and  level- 
led, and  a  facing  of  new  gravel  spread 
over,  this  ought  to  be  left  for  three  or 
four  days,  and  until  a  shower  of  rain 
has  fallen,  before  the  roller  is  used. 
This  bleaches  the  gravel,  and  washes 
down  the  fine  particles,  so  that,  imme- 
diately after  rolling,  the  walk  is  solid, 
and  has  a  clean  bright  surface." — Gard. 
Chron. 

Dr.  Lindley  has  proposed  a  substi- 
tute for  gravel  in  the  construction  of 
walks,  which  will  get  rid  of  most  of 
the  annoyances  attendant  upon  gravel; 
for,  formed  of  this  material,  they  will 
never  be  troubled  by  worms  or  weeds, 


and  will  never  require  rolling.  They 
may  be  made  of  the  same  arched  form  ; 
and  if,  at  the  time  of  making,  the  surface 
be  sprinkled  with  fine  bright  coloured 
gravel,  they  will  be  as  handsome  as  if 
formed  entirely  of  that  material. 

The  composition  recommended  must 
be  made  and  laid  down  in  perfectly  dry 
weather. 

"  Procure  a  quantity  of  road-sand,  or 
similar  powdery  material — finely  sifted 
lime-rubbish  will  do — and  let  it  be  tho- 
roughly dried,  so  that  it  feels  like  dust 
when  handled  :  also  sift  out  of  the  cinders 
from  the  dwelling-house,  &c.,  the  finer 
parts,  and  let  these  be  also  made  per- 
fectly dry  ;  mix  these  carefully,  two 
parts  road-sand  to  one  of  ashes.  In  a 
dry  place,  on  a  dry  day,  spread  a  quan- 
tity of  the  mixture,  as  a  bricklayer 
spreads  his  lime,  with  a  hollow  in  the 
middle.  Into  this  hollow  pour  some 
coal-tar,  boiling  hot.  Incorporate  the 
whole  with  a  shovel,  as  if  making  mor- 
tar, and  when  a  thick  paste,  spread  it 
three  or  four  inches  thick  over  the 
ground,  laid  out  for  the  walk  or  floor. 
The  ground  should  previously  be  beaten 
down  as  firm  and  as  level  as  possible. 
Powder  it  all  over  with  dry  and  rather 
coarse  sand,  after  which  a  few  passages 
of  the  roller  wiH  press  it  level.  Leave 
it  for  a  few  days  to  harden,  after  which 
the  walk  is  fit  for  use,  and  will  last  for 
very  many  years." — Gard.  Chron. 

GREAT  BURNET.     Sanguisorba. 

GREAT  CENTAUREA.  Centaurea 
centaurium. 

GREEN-HOUSE.  This  is  a  winter- 
residence  for  plants  that  cannot  endure 
the  cold  of  our  winter,  yet  do  not  re- 
quire either  the  high  temperature  or 
moist  atmosphere  of  a  stove  [i.  e.  hot- 
house] . 

"  The  first  thing  to  be  attended  to  in 
its  construction,"  says  Mr.  H.  Fortune, 
of  the  Chiswick  Gardens,  "  is  the  choice 
of  a  proper  situation.  South  is  the  best 
aspect,  or  as  nearly  that  as  possible  : 
south-west  or  south-east  will  do,  or  even 
east  or  west ;  but  on  no  account  should 
it  ever  face  the  north.  Green-houses 
should  be  fixed  in  situations  where  they 
will  not  be  shaded  from  the  sun  by  any 
part  of  the  dwelling-house,  or  other 
buildings,  and  should  also  be  quite  free 
from  large  trees.  They  should  not 
be  placed  near  trees  for  another  reason 
than  being  shaded  by  them,  namely, 
the  glass  in  the  roof  being  apt  to  be 


GRE 


271 


GRE 


broken  by  the   rotten   branches  which 
are  sent  down  during  high  winds. 

"Another  most  desirable  considera- 
tion is,   to   make   arrangements    for    a 
constant  supply  of  rain-water.     This  is 
very    easily   done    when   the    house    is 
building.     Gutters  are  wanted  to  carry 
the  wet  off  the  roof;  and,  in  so  doing, 
letit  be  brought  into  a  tank  in  the  house, 
and  used  for  watering  the  plants.    Slate- 
tanks  may  be  used  for  this  purpose,  or  ; 
they  may  be  built  of  brick  and  cement-  ; 
ed   over  on  the  inside.     This  will  be  ' 
economy   in   the  end  ;    and   the   water 
collected    in  this  way  is   much    to    be  \ 
preferred  to  many  kinds  obtained  from 
springs.  I 

"  A  drain  should  be  made  to  enable 
the  tank  to  be  emptied  at  pleasure,  and 
into  which  the  water  used  in  washing 
out  the  house  can  be  swept,  without 
running  into  the  tank." — Gard.  Chron. 

The  following  is  the  plan  of  a  green- 
house erected  at  Yester,  the  seat  of  the 
Marquis  of  Tweedale,  and  which  an- 
swers perfectly. 

"  In  ordinary  severe  weather,  while 
the  thermometer,  in  the  open  air  during 
night,  ranges  between  20^  and  30^,  no 
difficulty  is  found  in  keeping  the  tem- 
perature to  any  point  required  between 
50°  and  80'-',  which  is  quite  sufficient. 
The  stove  is  heated  with  coke ;  and 
during  a  period  while  the  thermometer 
ranged  between  60^  and  76^,  the  cost 
did  not  exceed  2s.  Qd.  per  month.  The 
fuel  consumed  during  the  time  was  ten 
bushels.  We  do  not  know  what  is  the 
principle  of  the  stove,  but  it  resembles 
an  Arnott,  and  stands  within  the  house, 
which  is  twenty-five  feet  long,  twelve 
feet  broad,  and  thirteen  feet  high. 

"  a  a,  back  wall ;  b  b,  mouths  of  cold 
air  stove,  d  ;  e  f,  a  f^w  descending  steps 
by  which  it  is  supplied  from  the  outside  ' 
with  fuel,  through  an  opening  in  the 
wall,  as  shown  in  the  plan.  On  the 
same  level  there  is  a  place,  /,  for  con- 
taining coke,  as  represented  by  the 
dotted  lines;   g-  g   is  a  brick  casing. 

Fig.  75. 


formed  in  lengths  of  two  feet  each,  and 
neatly  joined  together;  they  are  open 
at  top,  and  have  movable  covers.  In- 
to this  casing  the  heated  air  from  the 
stove  is  first  received,  and  afterwards 
distributed  at  pleasure.  In  addition  to 
the  heat  given  oft'  in  this  way,  the  brick 
casing,  from  retaining  the  hot  air,  toge- 
ther with  the  flue-pipe  passing  through 
it,  becomes  so  hot  as  to  give  off  a  large 
quantity  in  a  radiating  form. 

"In  the  figure,  two  of  the  flue  covers 
are  removed  to  show  the  surface  of  the 
iron  water-troughs,  fitted  on  the  flue- 
pipe,  and  resting  on  the  bottom  of  the 
brick-casing,  better  seen  in  the  sectional 
view.  The  troughs  are  only  filled  with 
the  healed  air  when  it  is  wanted  in  a 
humid  condition  ;  in  other  cases  the 
humidity  from  the  cistern  A,  which  sup- 
plies water  for  the  ordinary  purposes  of 
the  house,  will  be  sufficient;  i  and  j 
are  wood  wedges  inserted  on  one  side 
of  the  covers  to  raise  them,  more  or 
less,  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
heat  required  :  k  is  the  termination  of 
the  flue-pipe,  w  liere  it  ascends,  crossing 
the  house  above  the  door,  and  entering 
the  back  wall  into  the  chimney.  When 
the  house  is  to  be  heated,  it  is  only  ne- 
cessary to  light  the  fire  in  the  stove  d, 
and  open  one  of  the  cold  air-drains  6  c, 
as  in  the  present  instance  the  internal 
one,  b,  is  open.  The  arrows  represent 
the  cold  air  flowing  towards  the  stove, 
where  it  enters  below,  and  after  travers- 
ing a  numerous  formation  of  winding 
channels  in  a  heated  state,  discharges 
itself  into  the  brick-casing,  g  g,  above 
the  flue-pipe,  from  which  it  escapes  as 
heretofore  mentioned. 

"  When  the  cold  air  is  taken  from 
the  external  drain,  c,  the  internal  one, 
b,  is  closed ;  a  regulation,  however, 
which  is  entirely  at  the  discretion  of 
the  superintendent  of  the  house :  r, 
the  regulator  in  the  ash-pit  of  the  sjove, 
the  handle  of  which  is  turned  so  as  to 
admit  a  greater  or  less  quantity  of  air, 
bv  which  the  combustion  of  fuel  in  the 
stove  is  regulated:  s  s  and  m  m,  venti- 
lating grates  ;  ri  n,  rods  of  iron  sus- 
pended to  the  frames  of  the  top  win- 
dows to  open  and  shut  them  ;  g,  a  sys- 
tem of  small  rods  for  conveying  the 
drip  from  the  inside  of  the  roof  to  the 
cistern.  A;  j>,  cover  of  stove-pit:  it  is 
hinged,  and  readily  thrown  back  when 
admission  to  the  stove  is  wanted. 

"  For   ordinary-sized   plant  or  fruit- 


272 


G  RE 


houses,  the  above  method  of  heating 
will  be  found  quite  sufficient.  Where 
very  large  structures  are  required  to 
be  heated,  any  additional  quantity  may 
be  procured  by  means  of  hot  water- 
pipes  supplied  from  a  boiler  placed 
within  the  patent  stove.  The  pipes 
may  be  conveyed  in  a  different  direction 
from  the  hot-air  flue.  The  boiler,  al- 
though heated  with  the  stove-furnace, 
requires   no   additional    fuel."  —  Gard. 


perty,  it  by  no  means  forms  the  only 
valuable  feature  in  them.  Plants  can 
be  easily  reached  and  easily  removed  ; 
the  appearance  of  the  interior  is  very 
much  improved,  and  no  space  is  wasted. 
In  a  common  glass  shed,  at  least  one 
half  is  useless — that  is  to  say,  the  whole 
of  that  part  which  is  next  the  back  wall. 
Here,  on  the  contrary,  every  portion  of 
the  interior,  except  the  walks,  is  ren- 
dered available. 

"  The  construction  of  the  roof  is 
excellent.  It  rises  at  an  angle  of  30o, 
which  is  exactly  that  best  suited  for 
houses  of  such  a  description  ;  the  raft- 
ers are  very  light,  and  of  a  better  form 
than  any  we  have  previously  seen.  We 
will  not  pretend  to  say  why  they  pro- 
duce so  good  an  effect;  for  words  will 
never  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  the 
cause  of  the  beauty  of  such  objncts. 
Perhaps  it  is  their  lightness;  probably 
it  is  the  two  combined.  Lightness  of 
appearance  has  been  combined  with 
strength  by  the  addition  of  an  iron  rod 
to  the  lower  edge  of  the  rafter,  in  the 
place  of  a  head. 

"  In  order  to  strengthen  the  roof  and 
to  provide  for  the  cultivation  of  climb- 
ers, all  the  rafters  are  connected  by 
means  of  curved  iron  rods,  which  them- 
selves  add   much  to   the  beautiful   ap- 


Chron.  jocivcs   auu   iiiucu  lo    me   oeauiiiui   ap- 

On  a  larger  scale  is  the  green-house  I  pearance  of  the  interior.  This  mode 
at  Kew;  but  as  the  same  principles  |  "^  combining  strength  and  decoration 
and  arrangements  may  be  adopted  on  a  ;  ^'^Y  of  course  be  varied,  but  it  will  not 

smnllpr   si^nlo     T    irii-o    fN^    r^ll^..,; —  „..    i  hp  imnrnvpH 


smaller  scale,  I  give  the  following  ex- 
tracts from  the  details,  published  by 
Dr.  Lindley  : — 

"  The  general  arrangement  is  excel- 
ent.  None  of  the  door-ways  are  placed 
in  direct  continuation  of  the  walls  ;  but 
they  are  either  formed  immediately  op-  j  hand-pumps. 

of  plants,        "  It    must  be  apparent  that   such   a 


be  improved. 

"  Another  important  thing  in  the  ar- 
rangements is  the  ample  provision  for 
receiving  in  tanks  the  rain-water  that 
falls  on  the  roof  of  the  building  :  this 
is    raised    for   use    by  means  of  small 


posite   the  principal   masses  of  pi „, 

or  obliquely  with  respect  to  the  walks  ; 
so  that  the  eye  necessarily  rests  upon  the 
foliage  as  soon  as  the  house  is  entered. 
".Then,  again,  at  the  point  where  the 
houses  join  each  other,  a  semicircular 
stage  is  thrown  forward,  by  which  the 
disagreeable    effect  of  a  long    narrow 


house  as  this  is  precisely  what  is  most 
generally  wanted  by  those  who  build 
green-houses.  If  a  large  space  is  re- 
quired, it  is  easy  to  lengthen  any  of 
the  arms;  if  more  variety  is  desired, 
another  cross  house  could  be  readily 
added  to  the  smaller  one.    Should  it  be 


»jio<igi  ccaL>ic     ciic-ui    ui     a.    long    narrow  I  <i>J"cu  tu  mc  amtiner  uiit.     kMiouia  11  oe 

■walk,  in  a  small  house,  is  completely  too  large,  as  will   more   frequently  be 

removed.  the  case,  the  smaller  arm  may  be  co- 

"The  house  is  span-roofed,  and  illus-  P'ed  or  the  larger,  as  the  case  "may  be. 

trates  the  great  advantage  of  this  kind  If  a  stove  is  wanted  instead  of  a  green 


of  construction  over  the  wretched  lean 
tos,  which  were  formerly  in  fashion 
We  need  not  say  that  one  of  the  ad 


house,  it  would  only  be  necessary  to 
inclose  the  stages,  to  put  hot  water 
troughs  into  the  chamber  so  obtained, 


•  ire   uccu   iiui   s<ij(    mill   Kiie   oi   ine  ao-  iiuu^no  imu   iiie  ciianiuer   so  ooiaineu, 

vantages  of  a  span-roofed  house  is,  that  and    to    add    evaporating- pans   to   the 

plants  are  exposed  to  light  in  all  direc-  pipps  which  are  carried  round  the  walls 

tions:   but,  all-important  as  is  that  pro-  "I"   short,  it  appears   to  us  that  ir 


GRE 


273 


GRE 


this  one  house  are  contained  illustra-  as  he  proceeded  towards  the  meridian, 
tions  of  all  the  more  important  objects  ,  the  astragals  and  rafters  formed  a  shade, 
which  are  in  the  majority  of  cases  to  be  '  and  air  being  given,  the  plants  survived 


attained  in  green-house  building. 


and    soon    recovered ;    in    the    lean-to 


"  It  should  be  added,  that  the  upright  house  they  blackened  and  perished." 
sides  of  the  house  are  glazed  with  panes 
of  sheet-glass,  in  one  length  ;  and  that 
each  of  the  roof  sashes  has  but  two  panes 
in  its  length  ;  this  no  doubt  adds  very 
much  to  its  beautiful  appearance." — 
Card.  Chron. 

The  plan  given  of  the  green-house  at 
Yester  is  a  lean-to,  but  the  same  system    TempletoniaTiauca. 
ot  heating  is  adaptable  to  a  span-roofed  ,  puHenea  daphnoides. 
house.     This  form  is  to  be  preferred  on    gtatice  arborea 
many  accounts.     Thus,  as  the  practice    pjineica  decussata 
is  most  injurious  to  have  the  tempera-  |  Oxylobium  retusu'm. 
ture  of  the  hot-house  too  elevated  dur-  ;  Loddigesia  oxalidifolia 
ing  the  night,  so  no  less  injurious,  in 
winter,  is  it  to  permit  tender  plants  in 
the   green-house  or   elsewhere,  which 
may  have  been  subjected  to  a  freezing 
temperature,  to  be  suddenly  exposed  to 


GREEN-HOUSE  PLANTS. 

DWARFS  SUITABLE    FOR  BEDDING  IN  THE 
HOUSE. 

Acacia  armata. 
Chorozema  varium. 
SoUya  hcterophylla. 


Epacris  grandiflora. 
—  impressa. 


Diosma  rubra. 
Eutaxia  myrtifolia. 
Eriostemon  buxifolium. 
Dilhvynia  floribunda. 
Boronia  deiiticulata. 


CLIMBERS  FOR  THE  BACK  WALL. 


Corraa  speciosa 
Euchilus  nbcordatum. 
f  .      ,      -r.  Hovea  Celsi. 

a  higher  degree  of  heat.     Experience    chironia  frutescens. 

has  placed  it  beyond  dispute  that  such 

plants  should  be  shaded  from  the  sun, 

and  thus  returned  very  slowly  to  a  more 

genial  temperature.     So  convinced  by 

experiment  of  the  importance  of  secur-    ^ 

ing  plants  in  greenhouses  from  sudden    Genista  canariensis. 

transitions  is  Mr.  Macnab,  the  curator    pQiyrjala  oppositifolia 

of  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Socie-    Coleonema  tenuifolia. 

ty's  garden,  that  he  has  those  structures    Lambertia  formosa. 

ranging  north  and  south, and  consequent- 
ly with  a  western  and  eastern  aspect. 

They  have  two  aspects,  because  he  has    Clematis  azurea  grandiflora. 

them  with  span  roofs,  instead  ofthe  old Sieboldi. 

leaa-to  form.      For  green-houses,   but   Cobosa  scandens. 

not  for  forcing,  there  is  no  doubt  that   Maurandya  Barclayana. 

this  form  is  to  be  preferred  ;  and  Mr.  \  Kennedya  Mactryaltac. 

M'Nab  thus  enumerates  its  advantages:  ' 

"  In  a  span-roofed  house  the  circulation         select  plants  for  the  shelves. 

of  air  may  be  constantly  kept  up  so  as  i  Boronia  pinnata,  serrulata,  and  anemo- 

effectually  to  prevent  damp.    For  such  a  j      nefolia. 

green-house  fire  heat  is  scarcely  at  all    Polygala  oppositifolia  and  cordifolia. 

required;   for,  if  there  be  a  free  circu-    Gardoquia  Hookeri. 

lation  of  air   during  the    autumn   and    Roelia  ciliata, 

winter   months,  and   if  the  tables  and    Hovea  celsi  and  pungens. 

shelves  be  carefully  kept  dry  and  clean,   Chorozema      varium, 

water    being    sparingly  given    to   such 

plants  only  as  require   it,  cold,    even 

descending  to  freezing  occasionally  the 

surface  of  the  soil,  will  do  less  injury 

than  the  application  of  fire  heat  to  most 

plants.     In  the  case  of  plants  frozen  in 

a  lean-to  house,  and  others  in  a  span- 
roofed  house  extending  north  and  south, 

the  consequences  were  much  the  least    I.uculia  gratissima. 

injurious  in  the  latter,  for  in  it  the  in-   Leschenaultia  formosa  and  biloba. 

fluence  of  the  sun  was  much  less  felt;   Coleonema  tenuifolia. 
18 


Ilenchmanni. 
Mirbelia  floribunda. 
Aphelexis  humilus. 
Pimelea    spectabilis, 

hispida. 
Bossicea  linophylia. 
Eutaxia  myrtifolia. 
Dilhvynia  floribunda. 


Dicksoni,     and 


decussata,    and 


GRE 


274 


GRE 


Genista  canariensis. 
SprengeliaincarnataandCroweasaligna, 

together  with  the  different  kinds  of 
Acacia. 
Corrtea. 
Camellia. 
Azalea,  &c. 

Climbers  may  consist  of — 
Kennedya  Maryettae. 
Hardenbergia  monophylla  and  macro- 

phylla. 
SoUya  linearis. 

Gompholobium  polymorphum. 
Zichya  glabrata. 
Tropoeopium  brachyceras,  tricolor,  and 

azureum. 
Mandevillia  suaveolens. 
Dolichos  lignosus. 
Clematis  azurea  grandiflora. 
Veronica  speciosa. 
Chorozema  varium  nanum. 
Pimelia  spectabilis. 
Hovea  pungens. 
Leschenaultia  grandiflora. 
Mirbelia  dilatata. 
Statice  Dickensoni. 
Tropoeolum  azureum. 
Tetranema  mexicanum. 
Habrothaninus  fasciculatus. 

cyaneus. 

Boronia  crenulata. 
Eriostemon  buxifolium. 
Gompholobium  versicolor. 
Tecoma  jasminoides  rosea. 
Echeveria  secunda. 
Hardenbergia  macrophylla. 

SWEET-SCENTED    GREEN-HOUSE    PLAKTS. 

Aloysia  citriodora. 
Daphne  odora. 
Gardenia  radicans. 
Jasminum  grandiflorum. 
Luculia  gratissima. 
Heliotrope.  , 

Common  Orange,  of  which  the  Brigadier 
multiflora  is  one  of  the  best. 


Lilium  lancifolium  and  its  varieties. 
Sollya  linearis. 
Leschenaultia  formosa. 

GREEN-HOUSE    BULBS. 

Oxalis  Bowei  and  versicolor. 
Lachenalia  tricolor. 
Sparaxis  tricolor  and  grandiflora. 
Tritonia  palida,  crispa,  and  squalida. 
Ixia    patens,   viridiflora,    aristata,   and 

crocata. 
Watsonia  fulgida. 
Hypoxis  elegans. 

Green-house  plants  are  chiefly  kept 
in  pots  or  tubs  for  moving  them  info 
shelter  in  winter,  and  into  the  open  air 
in  summer;  for  being  all  exotics  from 
warmer  parts  of  the  world,  they  are  not 
able  to  live  in  the  open  air  in  the 
winter. 

Most  of  them  will  prosper  in  any 
good  rich  garden  earth.  Some  sorts, 
however,  require  a  particular  compost. 
As  to  the  pots  and  tubs  to  contain  the 
plants,  they  must  be  of  different  sizes, 
according  to  that  of  the  plants  ;  and 
when  these  become  too  large  for  pots, 
they  must  be  shifted  into  tubs,  hooped 
with  iron,  and  with  handles  at  top  to 
each,  of  the  same  metal.  See  Flower 
Pots  and  Potting. 

Removing  into  the  open  air. — All  the 
sorts  succeed  in  the  open  air  from  May 
or  beginning  of  June  until  October  ;  but 
from  October  until  May  or  June  again 
they  require  the  shelter  of  the  green- 
house. The  varieties  of  Myrtle,  Gerani- 
um, Oleander,  Cistus,  Phlomis,  Shrubby 
Aster,  Tree  Wormwood,  Tree  Candy 
Tuft,  Yellow  Indian  and  Spanish  Jas- 
mines, Indian  Bay,  are  the  first  that  will 
bear  removal  into  the  air;  and  in  June, 
accordingly  as  the  season  proves  more 
or  less  favourable,  bring  forth  all  the 
others.  But  this  should  not  be  done 
until  there  is  a  fair  prospect  of  summer 
being  settled. 

It  is  a  good  observation  that  when  the 
Mulberry   tree    begins    to    expand    its 


GREEN-HOUSE   PLANTS    FLOWERING 

AUTUMN. 

Hedychium  Gardinerianum  (which  does  |  leaves  this  is  a  certain  sign  of  the  ap- 
best   when   planted  in  the  border  of  proach  of  summer,  and  settled  weather 


the  house). 
Mimulus  glutinosus. 
Leonotis  Leonurus. 
Bouvardia  splendens. 
Achimenes  longiflora. 
Chironia  frutescens. 
Swainsonia  galegifolia. 

Mandevilla  suaveoleos. 


alba. 


fit  to  begin  moving  out  most  sorts  of 
green-house  exotics.  A  mild  warm  day 
should  be  chosen  for  this  work,  and  if 
during  a  warm  rain  it  will  be  of  much 
advantage,  as  it  will  wash  the  leaves 
and  branches,  and  greatly  refresh  the 
plants. 

When  they  are  first  brought  out  it  is 
proper  to  place  the  plants  in  some  shel- 


GRE 


275 


GRE 


tered  sunny  place  for  a  fortnight,  till  supplying  them  with  fresh  air  at  all  op- 
they  are  inured  to  the  open  air,  and  portunities  in  mild  weather,  and  giving 
then  in  any  open  exposure,  where  they  moderate  waterings  occasionally,  pick- 
are  designed  to  remain  for  the  summer,  ing  off  decayed  leaves  as  often  as  they 
As  soon  as  they  arc  brought  out  let  appear,  and   making  moderate  fires  in 


them  be  cleared  from  dead  leaves  and 
dead  wood,  and  let  the  earth  on  the 
surface  of  the  pots  be  stirred,  taking  a 
little  of  the  old  out  and  adding  some 
fresh  in  its  stead  ;  then  give  a  moderate 
watering,  not  only  to  the  soil  but  also 
over  the  heads  of  the  plants.  Supply 
them  with  water  during  that  season,  in 
hot  dry  weather.  All  except  the  suc- 
culent will  require  it  three  times  a  week 
at  least,  and  in  a  very  hot  dry  season 
once  a  day  will  be  requisite.  The  suc- 
culent kinds  must  also  have  a  moderate 


severe  or  foggy  weather. 

When  the  plants  are  first  housed, 
they  should  have  as  much  free  air  as 
the  nature  of  the  season  will  admit,  by 
opening  the  windows  every  mild  day  to 
their  full  extent ;  and  if  the  air  is  quite 
temperate,  they  may  remain  open  at 
nights  for  the  first  week  :  but  in  cold 
nights  let  them  be  constantly  shut.  This 
work  of  admitting  air  must  be  attended 
to  all  winter. 

The  proper  time  of  day,  during  llie 
winter,    for    admission    of  air   is    from 


supply  of  water  twice  a  week  in  dry  I  about  eight,  nine,  or  ten  in  the  morn- 
weather,  observing  that  the  proper  time  ing  till  three  in  the  evening,  according 
of  the  day  for  watering  all  the  sorts  at  to  the  mildness  of  the  weather;  but 
this  season  is  either  in  a  morning  before  as  the  days  lengthen  and  the  warmer 
nine  o'clock,  or  in  the  afternoon  after  season  advances,  give  more  air  in  pro- 
four  or  five.  Moderate  rains  should  not  |  portion  earlier  and  later  in  the  day,  as 
deter  from  watering,  especially  such  j  you  shall  judge  proper,  being  careful 
plants  as  have  spreading  heads,  as  these  ;  always  to  shut  all  close  every  evening 
prevent  the  rains,  unless  very  heavy  or  '  as  soon  as  the  sharp  air  approaches, 
constant,  from  falling  in  sufficient  quan-  In  foggy  weather  it  is  advisable  to  keep 
tities  on  the  earth  of  the  pots  to  moisten  the  windows  quite  close,  for  the  great 
it  properly.  In  hot  weather,  if  some  ;  damp  occasioned  by  fogs  is  very  perni- 
mowings  of  short  grass,  or  moss,  which  cious  to  plants  whilst  they  are  confined 
is  neater,  are  spread  on  the  surface  of  in  the  house;  likewise  in  frosty  weather 
the  Orange  Tree  tubs  and  others,  it  will  keep  the  house  close,  unless  the  frost 
gre-atly  preserve  the  moisture.  During  is  moderate,  and  the  middle  of  the  day 
the  season  loosen  the  surface  of  the  sunny  and  warm,  when  some  of  the 
earth  occasionally.  windows  may   be   opened  a  little,  but 

Removing  into  the  Green-house. — To-  shut  close  again  if  the  sun  is  clouded, 
wards  the  latter  end  of  September,  or  In  severe  weather  let  the  shutters  also 
as  soon  as  the  nights  become  cold,  be-  be  closed  every  night,  and  occasionally 
gin  to  return  into  the  green-house  the  in  severe  days,  and  be  particularly 
more  tender  kinds,  and  especially  the  careful  to  water  with  great  moderation 
succulents  should  be  removed  to  shelter  whilst  the  plants  remain  in  the  green- 
at  the  first  approach  of  excessive  wet   house. 


and  cold  nights. 


A  sunny  day  from  about  eleven  to  two 


The   Oranges,   Lemons,  and  all  the,  o'clock,   is   then    the   proper  time   for 


other  species  of  Citrus,  should  also  be 
moved  into  shelter  in  due  time,  either 
at  the  end  of  September  or  early  in 
October. 

Continue  moving  in  the  others  as  the 
cold  increases,  and  by  the  end  of  the 
month  or  first  week  of  November  bring 
in  the  whole  collection  ;  observing,  ac- 
cording as  the  time  approaches  for  mov- 
ing in  the  different  sorts,  to  clear  them 
peri'ectly  well  from  decayed  leaves,  &c., 
and  let  all  the  pots  be  well  cleaned, 
and  loosen  the  surface  of  the  earth  in 
each  pot,  adding  a  little  fresh  soil. 
Their  principal  culture   now   will   be, 


watering.     (Abercombie.) 

See  January  and  other  months  for  the 
routine  work. 

GREEN  MANURE  is  a  mass  of  re- 
cently growing  plants  dug  whilst  green 
and  fresh  into  the  soil,  for  the  purpose 
of  enriching  it;  and  it  is  a  rule  without 
any  exception,  that  all  fresh  vcg(>tal)le 
matters  so  turned  into  the  earth  do 
render  it  more  fertile,  and  if  plants  are 
grown  upon  the  soil  for  this  purpose, 
the  greater  the  amount  of  the  surface 
of  leaves  in  proportion  to  that  of  roots 
the  better,  because  such  plants  obtain  a 
large  proportion  of  their  chief  constitu- 


GRE 


276 


GRO 


ent, — the  chief  constituent  of  all  plants, 
carbon, — from  the  atmosphere  :  they, 
therefore,  return  to  the  soil  more  de- 
composing matter  than  they  have  taken 
from  it. 

The  putrefaction  of  the  vegetables, 
and  the  gases  in  that  case  emitted,  says 
my  brother,  Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson, 
"  appear  to  be  on  all  occasions  highly 
invigorating  and  nourishing  to  the  suc- 
ceeding crop.  During  this  operation, 
the  presence  of  water  is  essentially  ne- 
cessary, and  is  most  probably  decom- 
posed. The  gases  produced  vary  in 
different  plants  ;  those  which  contain 
gluten  emit  ammonia  ;  onions  and  a  few 
others  evolve  phosphorus ;  hydrogen, 
carbonic  acid  gas,  and  carburetted  hy- 
drogen gas,  with  various  vegetable 
matters,  are  almost  always  abundantly 
formed.  All  these  gases  when  mixed 
with  the  soil  are  very  nourishing  to  the 
plants  growing  upon  it.  The  observa- 
tions of  the  farmer  assure  us  that  they 
are  so.  He  tells  us  that  all  green  ma- 
nures cannot  be  employed  in  too  fresh 
a  state,  that  the  best  corn  is  grown 
where  the  richest  turf  has  preceded  it, 
and  that  where  there  is  a  good  produce 
of  red  clover  there  will  assuredly  follow 
an  excellent  crop  of  wheat  ;  he  finds 
also  that  when  he  ploughs  in  his  crop  of 
buckwheat  to  enrich  his  land,  that  this 
is  most  advantageously  done  when  the 
plant  is  coming  into  flower." — Farm. 
Encyc. 

Sea  Weed  is  a  species  of  green  ma- 
nure, for  it  ought  to  be  employed 
whilst  quite  fresh.  There  are  many 
species,  and  they  differ  very  essentially 
in  their  components.  The  LnurinariiB , 
those  long,  tawny-green,  ribbon-like 
algae  so  common  on  our  coasts,  contain 
besides  vegetable  matter  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  salts  of  potash  in  addition 
to  those  of  soda  ;  whereas  the  Fuci  con- 
tain none  of  the  salts  of  potash.     All, 


The  advantage  of  green  manure  is 
practically  understood  by  thousands  of 
our  farmers,  who,  though  they  may  be 
unable  to  philosophize  upon  the  subject 
or  refer  to  its  true  chemical  cause,  fully 
appreciate  its  value. 

The  great  desideratum  of  those  who 
aim  at  enriching  the  soil,  is  to  produce 
clover, — that  attained,  the  rest  is  easy. 
Clover,  when  turned  in,  prepares  the 
land  for  every  description  of  crop,  and 
places  the  whole  under  the  control  of 
the  husbandman. 

GREVILLEA.  Forty-two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings,  and  some  species,  seeds. 
Sand,  loam  and  peat. 

GRIFFINIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  Seeds. 
Turfy  loam,  white  sand  and  peat. 

GRINDELIA.  Nine  species.  Chiefly 
green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  G.  an- 
gustifolia  and  G.  squamosa  are  herba- 
ceous perennials,  and  G.  ciliata  a  hardy 
annual.     Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

GRISLEA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat  and  loam. 

GROBYA  AmhersticE.  Stove  orchid. 
Division.     Wood. 

GROTTO,  is  a  resting  place,  formed 
rudely  of  rock-work,  roots  of  trees, 
and  shells,  and  is  most  appropriately 
placed  beneath  the  deep  shade  of  woods, 
and  on  the  margin  of  water.  Its  inten- 
tion is  to  be  a  cool  retreat  during  sum- 
mer. 

GROUND  CHERRY.  Cerasus  Cha- 
mcEcerasus. 

GROUND  CHRISTA.  Cassia  Cha- 
mmchrista. 

GROUND  CISTUS.  Rhododendron 
Chamdcistus. 

GROVE,  is  a  moderately  extensive  as- 
sociation of  trees  without  underwood. 

"  The  character  of  a  grove  is  beauty ; 
for  fine  trees  are  lovely  objects,  and  a 


however,  are  excellent  manures,  and  I J  grove    is    an    assemblage  of    them,   in 


know  a  garden,  near  Southampton,  very 
productive,  tliat  for  some  years  has  had 
no  other  manure.  It  is  particularly 
good  as  a  manure  for  potatoes.  The 
Fucus  vesiculosus,  so  distinguishable  by 
the  bladders  full  of  air  embedded  in  its 


which  every  individual  retains  much  of 
its  own  peculiar  elegance,  and  whatever 
it  loses  is  transferred  to  the  superior 
beauty  of  the  whole.  To  a  grove, 
therefore,  which  admits  of  endless  vari- 
ety in  the  disposition  of  the  trees,  differ- 


leaves,  is  a  very  excellent  manure.  It  encesin  their  shapesand  theirgreensare 
contains,  when  dry,  about  84  parts  ve- i  seldom  very  important,  and  sometimes 
getable  matter,  13  parts  sulphate  of '  they  are  detrimental.  Strong  contrasts 
lime  and  magnesia,  with  a  little  plios-  ,  scatter  trees  which  are  thinly  planted, 
phate  of  lime,  and  3  parts  sulphate  and  j  and  which  have  not  the  connexion  of 
muriate  of  soda.  I  underwood  ;  they  no  longer  form  one 


GRO 


277 


GU  A 


plantation  ;  they  are  a  number  of  single    ferred  of  a  moderate  size  ;  but  culinary 
trees.    A  thick  grove  is  not,  indeed,  ex-    vegetables  should    be    grown    rapidly, 
posed  to  this  mischief,  and  certain  situ-  |  and  of  as  gigantic  a  size  as  may  be. 
ations  may  recommend  different  shapes  [      G  R  Y  L  L  0  T  A  L  P  A  .     See   Mole- 
and  different  greens  for  their  effects  up-    Cricket. 


on  the  surface.  The  eye,  attracted  into 
the  depth  of  the  grove,  passes  by  little 
circumstances  at  the  entrance;  even 
varieties  in  the  form  of  the  line  do  not 
always  engage  the  attention,  they  are 
not  so  apparent  as  in  a  continued  tliick- 
et,  and  are  scarcely  seen  if  they  are  not 
considerable. 
"But  the  surface  and  the  outline  are  not 


GUAIACUM.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Ripe  cuttings.  Rich 
loam. 

GUANO.  This  now  celebrated  ma- 
nure has  been  known  as  the  chief  fer- 
tilizer employed  by  the  Peruvians, 
almost  as  long  as  that  part  of  the  New 
World  has  been  recognized  by  geo- 
graphers.   Its  name,  in  the  language  of 


the  only  circumstances  to  be  attended  '  that  country,  signifies  the  manure — and 
to.  Though  a  grove  be  beautiful  as  an  it  merits  such  distinction,  as  being  one 
object,  it  is,  besides,  delightful  as  a  of  the  most  powerful  assistants  to  vege- 
spot  to  walk  or  to  sit  in ;  and  the  choice  tation  which  can  be  applied  to  the  soil, 
and  the  disposition  of  the  trees  for  ,  Guano  is  not  peculiar  to  Peru,  but  is 
effect  within  are  therefore  a  principal  :  found  in  immense  beds  upon  many  rocks 
consideration.  Mere  irregularity  alone  '  and  islands  of  the  Atlantic,  being  the 
will  not  please,  strict  order  is  there  excrements  of  the  marine  birds  frc- 
more  agreeable  than  absolute  confusion,  quenting  those  ocean  solitudes.  It  has 
and  some  meaning  better  than  none.  ,  been  lately  analyzed  by  Dr.  Ure,  who 
A  regular   plantation   has  a  degree  of  reports  it  as  composed  of  the  following 


proportional  constituents: — 

Azotized   organic  matter," 
including  urate  of  am- 
monia, and   capable  of 
affording  from   8  to   17  >50.0 
per   cent,  of   ammonia  I 
by  slow  decomposition  | 
in  the  soil       ...     .J 

Water 

Phosphate  of  lime        .     . 

Ammonia,    phosphate    of"") 
magnesia,  phosphate  of 
ammonia,    and    oxalate  I  .-« 
of   ammonia,    contain-  ,' 
ing  from  4  to  9  per  cent.  | 
of  ammonia  J 

Siliceous  matter      ...        1.0 

This  analysis  explains  the  source  from 
whence   failure    has    been    derived    to 


beauty;  but  it  gives  no  satisfaction,  be- 
cause we  know  that  the  same  number 
of  trees  might  be  more  beautifully  ar- 
ranged. A  disposition,  however,  in 
which  the  lines  only  are  broken,  with- 
out varying  the  distances,  is  less  natural 
than  any  ;  for  though  we  cannot  find 
straight  lines  in  a  forest,  we  are  habitu- 
ated to  them  in  the  hedge-rows  of  fields ; 
but  neither  in  wild  nor  in  cultivated 
nature  do  we  ever  see  trees  equidistant 
from  each  other;  that  regularity  be- 
longs to  art  alone.  The  distances,  there- 
fore, should  be  strikingly  different;  the 
trees  should  gather  into  groups,  or  stand 
in  various  irregular  lines,  and  describe 
several  figures  ;  the  intervals  between 
them  should  be  contrasted  both  in  shape 
and  in  dimensions  ;  a  large  space  should 
in  some  places  be  quite  open,  in  others  |  many  who  have  tried  it.  It  is  the  most 
the  trees  should  be  so  close  together  as  |  violently  stimulating  of  all  the  known 
hardly  to  leave  a  passage  between  them  ;  '  natural  manures,  and  they  have  applied 
and  in  others  as  far  apart  as  the  con-  it  too  abundantly.  This  is  shown  by 
nexion  will  allow.  In  the  forms  and  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Maund.  When 
the  varieties  of  these  groups,  these  applied  to  Strawberries  once  a  week  in 
lines,  and  these  openings,  principally  a  liquid  state,  (four  ounces  to  a  gallon,) 
consists  the  interior  beauty  of  a  grove."    it  made    them  very  vigorous  and  pro- 


11.0 
25.0 


—  Whateley. 
GROWTH. 


j  ductive;  but  sprinkled  upon  some  young 
It  may  be  taken  as  a   seedlings  of  the  same  fruit  it  killed  them. 


universal  maxim  in  gardening,  that  slow  Two  ounces  per  yard,  (five  cwt.  per 
growth  and  smallness  of  size  increases  acre,)  were  sprinkled  over  Onions,  and 
the  intensity  of  flavour,  and  that  rapidity  they  doubled  the  untreated  in  size. 
of  growth  and  increase  of  size  render  Potatoes  manured  with  one  ounce  and  a 
flavour  more  mild.  Fruit,  therefore,  j  half  per  yard,  were  rendered  much 
should  be  ripened  slowly,  and  be  pre- 1  more  luxuriant  than  others   having  no 


GU  A 


278 


GYP 


■ w 

guano.      Brussels   Sprouts  were    half!  evergreen  shrubs.     Cuttings  or  seeds 
destroyed  by  being  planted  in  immedi- 1  Sandy  peat  and  loam 


ate  contact  with  nine   parts  earth  and 
one     part    guano.       Geraniums    were 


GUINEA-PEACH.     Sarcocephalus. 
GUINEA-PLUM.   Farinarium  excel- 


GUM  ARABIC  TREE.  Acacia  ara- 
bica. 

GUM  CISTUS.     Cistus  Ladaniferus. 

GUM  TREE.    Eucalyptus  robusta. 

GUMMING.     See  Extravasated  Sap. 

GUSTAVIA  augusta.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Rich  soil. 

GUZMANNIA  tricolor.     Stove  her- 


greatly  injured  by  liquid  manure  of|  sum 
guano,  (four  ounces  per  gallon,)  but 
"  Plants  of  various  sorts  in  pots,  water- 
ed only  with  guano  water,  half  an  ounce 
to  a  gallon,  have  flourished  astonish- 
ingly; none  have  failed.  These  are 
lessons  which  cannot  be  mistaken." — 
Auctorium,  223.    Mr.  Rendle  and  other 

persons  record,  as  the  result  of  dearly- _ 

purchased  experience,  that  where  guano  '  baceous     perennial.      Suckers.      Rich 

,       ,-i    ,._!_, x?.._i   -„i — 1 :-.   1  niould. 

GYMNADENIA.  Four  species. 
Hardy  orchids.  Division.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

GYMNEMA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

GYMNOCLADUS  canadensis.  Hardy 
deciduous  tree.  Cuttings.  Open  loamy 
soil. 

G  Y  M  N  0  G  R  A  M  M  A  .  Fourteen 
species.  Stove  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Loam  and  peat. 

GYMNOLOMIA.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

GYMNOSTACHYS  anceps.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennials.  Suckers. 
Peat  and  loam. 

GYNANDROPSIS.     Six  species. 


has  failed  to  be  beneficial,  or  has  been  in 
jurious,  it  has  been  applied  in  quantities 
too  powerful  for  the  plants  to  bear.  In 
a  liquid  state,  half  an  ounce  per  gallon, 
and  given  to  growing  plants  once  a  week, 
it  never  fails  to  be  productive  of  vigour. 

There  is  reason  to  fear  that  all 
the  advantages  attributed  to  Guano, 
may  not  be  realized.  That  it  has  pro- 
duced striking  effects  on  certain  crops 
cannot  be  questioned — especially  on 
grass,  wheat  and  Indian  corn  ;  but  we 
are  far  from  subscribing  to  the  opinion 
of  those  who  in  their  zealous  praise  of 
this  new  fertilizer,  assert  that  it  is 
cheaper  to  buy  it,  than  haul  manure 
from  the  barn-yard  to  the  fields ! 

There  are  many  crops  on  which  it 
appears  to  produce  but  little  effect: 
The  writer  has  used  over  two  tons  of 


whatwasreputed  to  be  the  best  Peruvian  i  Hardy  or  stove  annuals  and  biennials. 


guano,  in  experiments,  chiefly 
Kitchen  garden  vegetables  carefully  no- 
ting the  quantity  applied,  mode,  &c.,  but 
in  nearly  every  instance  without  per- 
ceiving any  important  result. — Doubt- 
less much  depends  on  the  soil,  and  the 


Seeds.    Sandy  loam. 

GYPSUM,  or  Plaster  of  Paris,  is  a 

sulphate  of  lime,  composed  of^ — 

Sulphuric  acid 43 

Lime       33 

Water 24 


presence  or  absence  of  those  constitu- !  It  has  been  employed  advantageously 
.         L-   1      -1 J    :_     ...1 „„„.„„„.. ^  »„  >u.,  >...„;„  »„j  „..f..«n   of 


ents  which  abound  in  guano — where 
they  already  exist  in  the  soil,  in  suf- 
ficient quantity,  no  benefit  can  result 
from  its  application. 

GUATTERIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

GUAVA.     Psidium. 

GUAZUMA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

GUELDER  ROSE.   Viburnum  opulus. 

GUERNSEY  LILY.  Nerine  sar- 
niensis. 

GUETTARDA.  Seven  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

GUILANDINA.  Two  species.  Stove 


as  a  manure  to  the  turnip  and  potato,  at 
the  rate  of  3  cwt.  per  acre.  Potato  sets 
are  frequently  rolled  in  it  when  pulver- 
ized. It  has  been  recommended  to  be 
sprinkled  in  stables,  and  to  be  mixed 
with  dunghills,  "  to  fix  the  ammonia," 
as  it  is  popularly  termed.  That  am- 
moniacal  fumes  are  given  out  from  the 
urine  of  horses,  and  from  decomposing 
dungheaps,  is  true  ;  but  it  is  quite  as 
true,  that  sulphate  of  lime  thus  em- 
ployed will  not  detain  a  thousandth  part 
of  them,  owing  to  the  sulphuric  acid 
having  a  greater  affinity  for  the  ammonia 
than  lor  lime,  and  carbonic  acid  having 
a  greater  affinity  for  lime  than  for  am- 
monia. And  it  is  also  true,  that  all  the 
ammonia  lost  in  fumes  from  a  dunghill 


GYP 


279 


HAL 


might  be  more  readily  and  as  cheaply  "  Inquire  in  the  counties  of  Chester, 
restored  to  it  by  mixing  ^vith  it,  when  '  Lancaster,  and  others  around  us,  where 
dug  into  the  soil,  a  little  of  the  am-  clover  is  so  beneficially  cultivated,  how 
moniacal  liquor  from  the  gas  works,  much  is  due  to  that  excellent  man,  for 
Gypsum  is  extensively  used  in  Pennsyl-  the  great  pains  he  took  to  extend  the 
vania  and  in  many  cases  with  the  best  use  of  gypsum?  On  this  subject,  I  very 
results.  For  its  introduction  originally  recently  transmitted  to  the  Judge,  a 
we  are  indebted  to  the  late  Judge  Peters;  !  testimonial  of  gratitude  from  one  of  the 
from  a  "short  notice"  of  whom,  by  most  intelligent  persons  of  Lancaster ; 
Samuel  Breck,  Esq.,  we  extract  the  fol-;  who    unhesitatingly    ascribes    to    Mr 


lowing: 


Peters'  book  on   plaster,  and  his  other 


"  As  a  practical  farmer,  Mr.  Peters  !  agricultural  essays,  the  merit  of  having 
had  from  time  to  time  communicated  |  produced  a  good  part  of  the  rich  culti- 
tlie  results  of  the  experiments  made  at  j  vation,  for  which  that  country  is  so 
Belmont,  to  such  of  his  neighbours  as  :  celebrated." 

chose  to  profit  by  them  ;  but  he  had  not  |  GYRENIA  biflora.  Half-hardy  bulb- 
written  much,  if  anything,  upon  agri-  I  ous  pereijnials.  Division.  Peat  and 
culture,  before  the  year  1797.    His  first  i  loam. 

publication  was  then  made,  and  con-  I  GYROCARPUS.  Two  species.  Stove 
tained  a  statement  of  facts  and  opinions  \  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam  apd 
in  relation  to  the  use  of  Gypsum.  This 
pamphlet  circulated  widely,  and  pro- 
duced such  a  change  in  husbandry,  by 
introducing  the  culture  of  clover,  and 
other  artificial  grasses,  as  gave,  we  all 
know,  a  mngical  increase  to  the  value 
of  farms.  Estates  which  until  then  were 
unable  to  maintain  stock,  for  want  of 
winter  fodder,  and  summer  pasture, 
were  suddenly  brought  into  culture,  and 
made  productive.  Formerly,  on  a  farm 
destitute  of  natural  meadow,  no  stock 
could  be  supported  ;  and  even  where 
natural  meadow  existed,  the  barn  yard 
was  exhausted  to  keep  up  sufficient 
fertility,  (in  the  absence  of  irrigation,) 
to  feed  a  very  few  horses  and  black 
cattle. 

"  Such  was  the  situation  of  our  hus- 


peat. 

HABENARIA.  Ten  species.  Stove 
orchids.  Division.  Leaf-mould  and 
peat. 

HABRANTHUS.  Fourteen  species. 
Green-house  and  hardy  bulbs.  Offsets 
and  seeds.     Sandv  loam  and  peat. 

H^MADICTY'ON  venosum.  Stove 
evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

HiEMANTHUS.  Twenty-one 
species.  Green-house  bulbs.  Offsets. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

H.T.MILIS.     See  Tinea. 

H  ^:  M  0  D  0  R  U  M  .  Two  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous.  Division. 
Loam  and  peat. 

HA-HA,  is  a  sunk  fence,  being  placed 
at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  and  spreading 


bandry,  for  some  years  after  the  revolu- [  ditch,  either  to  avoid  any  interruption 
tion.  It  is  proper  to  advert  to  it,  that '  to  an  expanse  of  surface,  or  to  let  in  a 
we  may  understand  the  full  extent  of  desired  prospect.  As  all  deceptions  are 
our  obligation  to  the  Judge.  In  the  >  unsatisfactory  to  good  taste,  and  as 
year  1770,  he  was  shown  the  effects  of  when  viewed  lengthwise  these  fences 
gypsum  on  clover,  in  a  city  lot,  occupied  ^  are  formal  and  displeasing,  they  ought 
by  Mr.  Jacob  Barge,  on  the  commons  never  to  be  adopted  except  in  extreme 
of  Philadelphia. 

"  The  secret  of  its  powerful  agency 
came  from  Germany,  where  it  was  ac- 
cidentally discovered.  Mr.  Peters  ob-  :  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs 
tained  a  small  quantity,  which  he  used  tings.  Loam,  peat,  and  sand, 
successfully,  and  gradually  promoted  HALESIA.  Snowdrop  Tree.  Three 
its  consumption,  until,  by  his  example,  species.  Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Cut- 
and  his  publications,  the  importation  tings  and  layers.  Common  soil. 
from  Nova  Scotia  alone,  into  the  single  HALF-HARDY  PLANTS  arc  those 
port  of  Philadelphia,  increased  to  the  which  require  partial  shelter,  as  in  a 
enormous  amount  of  fourteen  thousand  cold  pit  or  frame,  during  the  winter, 
tons  annually.  This  was  before  the  Here  some  attention  is  required  to  ex- 
discovery  of  that  fossil  in  the  United  elude  from  them  dampness  and  frost, 
States.  :  but  especially  the  first.    On  these  points 


cases. 

HAIR.     See  Animal  Matters. 
H  A  K  E  A  .       Forty-eight     species. 
Cut- 


HAL 


280 


HAN 


Mr.  W.  Wakefield   gives  these   good 
directions : — 

"  To  prevent  dampness  there  must 
be  a  free  circulation  of  air  ;  the  plants 
must  be  placed  on  a  dry  bottom  ;  and  if 
they  are  in  a  situation  which  will  admit 
of  a  fire  occasionally,  it  will  render  the 
pits  or  house  dry,  but  it  should  be  used 
very  sparingly,  and  only  when  abso- 
lutely necessary.  But  even  with  all  i 
care  and  attention,  damp  will  attack  | 
some  plants,  and  generally  those  that  I 
are  most  succulent  in  their  nature,  or  1 
the  young  and  tender  tops  of  others. 
We  should  therefore  watch  narrowly 
and  remove  every  leaf  or  shoot  affected, 
as  damp  not  only  destroys  the  indi- 
vidual immediately  affected,  but  ex- 
tends its  influence  to  those  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  one  so  affected.  It  is 
contagious;  it  engenders  mould,  which 
being  a  speciesof  fungus,  is  rapidly  dis- 
seminated, attacking  and  destroying 
wherever  the  damp  has  prepared  the 
leaves  for  its  reception.  Neither  should 
plants  be  too  much  crowded,  as  that 
obstructs  the  free  circulation  of  air. 

"  Watering  should  of  course  be  done 
sparingly,  but  still  it  w-ill  be  required 
occasionally.  Care,  however,  should 
be  taken  to  preserve  the  foliage  as  dry 
as  possible,  as,  there  being  but  little  sun 
in  winter,  and  that  not  of  sufficient 
strength  to  evaporate  the  superabundant 
moisture  rapidly,  it  quickly  rots  the 
leaves,  especially  of  Pelargoniums,  and 
similar  plants  having  leaves  which  form 
a  kind  of  dish  in  which  the  water  ac- 
cumulates in  considerable  quantities. 

"  When  fire  is  had  recourse  to  for  dry- 
ing the  house  or  pits,  choose  a  fine  day, 
and  give  all  the  air  possible,  so  that 
the  moisture  dislodged  by  the  heat  may 
be  dispersed. 

"  If  the  season  is  likely  to  be  dry, 
first  make  a  hole  for  the  plant,  and  in 
the  bottom  of  this  put  some  rotten  dung, 
or  any  sort  of  material  that  will  retain 
■water.  Water  this  well,  and  then  put 
in  the  plant,  filling  the  hole  to  within 
two  inches  of  the  surface  ;  again  water 
-well,  and  then  fill  up  the  hole. 

"  If  obliged  to  water  the  plants  after- 
wards, cause  the  beds  to  be  hoed  over 
next  day  as  soon  as  they  are  dry  enough  ; 
plants  do  better  under  this  treatment 
than  by  watering  them  so  much  as  is 
usually  done  when  there  is  no  appear- 
ance of  damp  on  the  leaves  over  late  in 
the  evening." — Gard.  Chron. 


HALIMODENDRON.  Three  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Layers  and 
seeds,  or  grafts  on  Robinia.  Sandy  loam. 

HALLERIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Rich 
sandy  loam. 

HALTICA.     See  Black  Fly. 

HAMAMELIS.  Witch  Hazel.  Two 
species.  Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Lay- 
ers.    Common  soil. 

HAMBURCtH  PARSLEY.  See  Pars- 
ley (Hamburgh). 

HAMELIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

HAMILTONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

HANBURY.     See  Ambury. 

HANDBARROW  is  best  made  of 
this  form  : — 

Fis.77. 


The  cage  below  is  useful  for  carrying 
leaves  and  other  litter ;  and  when  the 
close  moveable  cover  is  on,  it  serves  as 
a  conveyance  for  plants  in  large  pots  or 
tubs,  which,  when  in  flower  or  bearing 
fruit,  might  be  too  violently  shaken  in  a 
wheelbarrow. 

HAND-GLASS  is  a  portable  glass- 
case  used  for  sheltering  cauliflowers 
and  other  plants  in  winter,  and  during 
early  spring,  or  to  retain  a  regular 
supply  of  moisture  to  cuttings  until 
they  are  rooted.  The  most  durable 
and  convenient  are  made  with  cast  iron 
framing  of  this  form : — 

Fig.  78. 


They  are  sometimes  made  with  movea- 
ble tops  as  here  represented,  but  the 
only  advantage  it  affords  is,  that  several 
of  the  lower   portions  may  be  placed 


HAN 


281 


HE  A 


upon  each  other  to  protect  any  tall 
growing  shrub  in  severe  weather,  other- 
wise they  are  more  troublesome  to  move, 
and  more  liable  to  breakage  than  if 
made  entire. 

ilAND-WEEDIXG:  much  of  it  might 
be  banished  from  the  garden,  if  in  the 
kitchen  department  all  crops  were  in- 
serted in  drills.  This  is  most  desirable  ; 
for  the  stirring  of  the  surface  conse- 
quent to  hoeing,  is  much  more  beneficial 
to  the  crops,  and  cannot  be  repeated 
too  frequently. 

HAPALOSTEPHIUM.  Eightspecies. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division  and  seed. 
Sandv  rich  soil. 

HARDENBERGIA  monophylla  is  a 
green-house  climber,  the  cultivation  of 
which  is  thus  narrated  by  Mr.  G.  Wat- 
son : — 

"  Train  with  five  leading  shoots,  one 
from  the  centre  of  the  pot,  to  which  a 
long,  small,  neat  stick  is  placed  ;  the 
other  four  being  fastened  to  four  similar 
sticks  at  regular  distances  round  the 
edge  of  the  pot.  From  each  of  these 
leading  shoots  proceed  numerous  side- 
branches  which  are  densely  covered 
•with  flowers.  When  the  plant  has  done 
blooming,  which  is  by  the  end  of  May 
or  beginning  of  June,  still  allow  it  to 
remain  in  the  green-house  until  the 
shoots  are  well  ripened.  During  this 
time  the  plant  is  watered  sparingly; 
for  it  is  only  by  moderating  the  supply 
of  water  that  we  can  imitate  those  pe- 
riodical seasons  of  rest  to  which  this, 
as  well  as  all  other  exotic  plants,  is  ex- 
posed in  its  native  climate. 

"  By  the  first  week  in  August  it  is 
taken  from  the  green-house  and  well 
soaked  with  water,  then  placed  in  the 
open  air  in  a  sheltered  situation,  but 
fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  being  double 
potted  to  prevent  the  sun's  rays  from 
destroying  the  small  fibres,  which  are 
the  principal  feeding  organs. 

"  The  whole  of  the  side  shoots  are 
pruned  to  one  or  not  more  than  two 
eyes,  and  the  leading  shoots  cut  back 
according  to  their  strength,  so  as  to  call 
into  action  the  whole  of  the  remaining 
buds.  As  soon  as  the  new  shoots  are 
from  one  to  two  inches  in  length,  the 
plant  is  taken  from  the  pot  and  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  soil  is  shaken  from  its 
roots ;  the  stronger  roots  are  at  the 
same  time  cut  back  to  smaller  fibres. 
It  is  then  repotted  in  a  new  or  clean 
■washed  pot,  thoroughly  drained. 


"The  soil  in  which  it  thrives  well  is 
chopped  turfy  heath-mould,  mixed  with 
a  little  sand.  After  forcing  it  is  placed 
in  a  shady  place  for  a  short  time,  and 
by  degrees  exposed  fully  to  the  sun, 
being  taken  into  the  green-house  by  the 
end  of  September.'" — Card.  Chron. 

HARDY  PLANTS  are  those  which 
endure  uninjured  our  seasons  without 
protection.  Half-hardy  Plants  arc  those 
which  require  a  temporary  protection 
during  the  colder  portions  of  the  year. 

HAREBELL.  Campanula  rotundi- 
folia. 

HARES  and  RABBITS  are  deterred 
from  injuring  trees  and  shrubs  by  mixing 
night-soil  and  clay  in  water,  and  daub- 
ing it  over  the  stems  with  a  brush,  in 
November  ;  and  if  the  winter  proves 
very  wet,  in  February.  The  November 
dressing  is,  however,  generally  suffi- 
cient. This  mixture  has  stopped  their 
depredations  entirely,  even  when  they 
had  commenced  operations.  —  Gard. 
Chron. 

HARE'S-EAR.     Bupleurum. 

HARE'S-FERN.  Davallia  canari- 
ensis. 

HARE'S-FOOT.     Ochromalagopus. 

HARONGA  madagascariensis.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

HARPALYCE.  Four  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

HARRISONIA  loniceroides.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

HARTOGIA  cjpensis.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

HAUTBOY.    See  Strawberry. 

HAWK  FLY.     See  Scmw. 

HAWKWEED.     Hieracium. 

HAWORTHIA.  Sixty-two  species. 
Green-house  succulents.  Suckers  or 
cuttings  of  leaves.  Sandy  loam  and 
leaf-mould. 

HAWTHORN.     Crattegus. 

HAWTHORN  BUTTERFLY.     See 

PlERIS. 

HAYLOCKIA  pmsilia.  Half-hardy 
bulb.     Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 

HAZEL.     Corylus  avellana. 

HEADING,  or  as  it  is  also  termed 
Cabbaging  or  Loaving,  is  an  inaptitude 
to  unfold  the  central  leaves,  character- 
izing the  various  members  of  the  Cab- 
bage tribe.  They  have  their  centre  or 
bud  composed  of  a  larger  number  of 
leaves  than  usual,  and  these,  in  some 


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282 


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instances,  are  so  complex]y  combined 
that  the  plant  has  not  sufficient  power 
to  force  them  open  to  permit  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  seed-stem.  The  close- 
ness of  the  heading  is  regulated  by  the 
exposure  to  the  light.  In  a  shady  situ- 
ation all  the  leaves  are  required  to  ela- 
borate the  sap,  on  account  of  the  defi- 
cient light  rendering  each  less  active; 
therefore  they  open  as  they  are  formed. 
In  a  free  exposure  a  few  leaves  are  able 
to  effect  the  requisite  decomposition  ; 
and  hence  the  reason  why  cabbages  al- 
ways have  "  harder  hearts''''  in  summer 
than  in  spring  or  autumn,  when  the 
light  is  less  intense. 

HEADING-DOWN  is  cutting  off  en- 
'tirely  or  to  a  considerable  extent,  the 
branches  of  a  tree  or  shrub — a  process 
not  rashly  to  be  resorted  to,  and  adapted 
only  to  reduce  them  when  the  plant 
seems  declining  in  vigour,  or  has  attain- 
ed an  undesirable  size. 

HEART'S-EASE.     See  Pansy. 

HEAT  is  the  prime  agent  employed 
by  the  Almighty  Creator  to  call  vege- 
table life  into  existence,  to  develop 
vegetable  form,  to  effect  all  vegetable 
changes,  and  to  ripen  all  vegetable 
produce.  All  these  effects  are  per- 
formed most  efficiently,  in  the  case  of 
every  plant,  at  some  different  tempera 


growth  of  the  plant  to  diminish  and  its 
colour  to  become  more  pale  ;  this  effect 
being  now  produced  by  the  plant's  tor- 
pidity, or  want  of  excitement  to  perform 
the  requisite  elaboration  of  the  sap,  as 
it  is  by  over-excitement  when  made  to 
vegetate  in  a  temperature  which  is  too 
elevated. 

If  blossoms  are  produced  at  all,  they 
are  unfertile,  and  the  entire  aspect  o 
the  plant  betrays  that  its  secretions  are 
not  healthy  and  its  functions  are  dead- 
ened. Mr.  Knight  says,  "that  melon 
and  cucumber  plants,  if  grown  in  a 
temperature  too  low,  produce  an  excess 
of  female  blossoms;  but  if  the  tempera- 
ture be  too  high,  blossoms  of  the  oppo- 
site sex  are  by  far  too  profuse."  The 
drier  the  air  the  greater  is  the  amount 
of  moisture  transpired  ;  and  this  be- 
comes so  excessive,  if  it  be  also  pro- 
moted by  a  high  temperature,  that 
plants  in  hot-houses,  where  it  has  oc- 
curred often,  dry  up  as  if  burned.  The 
justly  lamented  Mr.  Daniell  has  well 
illustrated  this  by  showing,  that  if  the 
temperature  of  a  hot-house  be  raised 
only  five  degrees,  viz.  from  75''  to  80", 
whilst  the  air  within  it  retains  the  same 
degree  of  moisture,  a  plant  that  in  the 
lower  temperature  exhaled  fifty-seven 
grains  of  moisture,  would  in  the  higher 


ture  or  degree  of  heat;  and  he  who  temperature,  exhale  one  hundred  and 
ascertains  most  correctly  those  heats,  \  twenty  grains  in  the  same  space  of 
has  taken  a  gigantic  step  towards  ex-    time. 

cellence  as  a  gardener.  An  uncongenial  Plants,  however,  like  animals,  can 
heat  is  as  pernicious  to  vegetables  as  to  bear  a  higher  temperature  in  dry  air 
animals.  Every  plant  has  a  particular  than  they  can  in  air  charged  with  va- 
temperature  without  which  its  functions  pour.  Animals  are  scalded  in  the  lat- 
cease  ;  but  the  majority  of  them  luxuri-  ,  ter  if  the  temperature  is  very  elevated, 
ate    most  in    a  climate   of  which    the  ^  and   plants  die,  under  similar  circum- 


extreme  temperature  does  not  much 
exceed  32°  and  90°.  No  seed  will 
vegetate — no  sap  will  circulate — at  a 
temperature  at  or  below  the  freezing 
point  of  water.  No  cultivation  will 
renderplants,  natives  of  the  torrid  zone 


stances,  as  if  boiled.  MM.  Edwards 
and  Colin  found  kidney-beans  sustained 
no  injury,  when  the  air  was  dry,  at  a 
temperature  of  IG?^;  but  they  died  in 
a  few  minutes  if  the  air  was  moist. 
Other    plants     under    similar    circum- 


capable  of  bearing  the  rigours  of  our  '  stances,   would   perish    probably   at    a 


winters,  although  their  offspring,  raised 
from  seed,  may  be  rendered  much  more 
hardy  than  their  parents.  Others  are 
capable  of  resisting  the  greatest  known 


much  lower  temperature  ;  and  the  fact 
affords  a  warning  to  the  gardener  to 
have  the  atmosphere  in  his  stoves  very 
dry  whenever  he  wishes  to  elevate  their 


cold  to  which  they  can  be  exposed  ;  yet  temperature  for  the  destruction  of  in- 
all  have  degrees  of  temperature  most  sects  or  other  purposes, 
congenial  to  them,  and  if  subjected  to  !  Some  plants,  like  some  animals,  are 
lower  temperatures,  are  less  or  more  [  able  to  endure  a  very  high  degree  oftem- 
injured  proportionately  to  the  intensity  I  perature.  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  others 
of  that  reduction.  If  the  reduction  of  j  have  breathed  for  many  minutes  in  an  at- 
temperature  be  only  slightly  below  that  '  mosphere  hot  enough  to  cook  eggs ;  and 
which  is  congenial,  it  only  causes  the    I  have  myself  travelled  in  Bengal  breath- 


H  E  A 


283 


HE  A 


ing  air,  without  inconvenience,  which 
rendered  the  silver-mountings  of  my 
green  spectacles  too  hot  to  be  borne 
without  their  occasional  removal. 

So  do  certain  plants  flourish  in  hot- 
water  springs  of  which  the  temperature 
varies  between  the  scalding  heats  of 
from  loO*-'  to  ISO^  of  Fahrenheit's  ther- 
mometer; and  others  have  been  found 
growing  freely  on  the  edges  of  volca- 
noes, in  an  atmosphere  heated  above 
the  boiling  point  of  water.  Indeed,  it 
is  quite  certain  that  most  plants  will 
better  bear,  for  a  short  time,  an  elevat- 
ed temperature  which,  if  long  continu- 
ed, would  destroy  them,  than  they  can 
a  low  temperature.  Thus  a  temperature 
much  above  the  freezing  point  of  wa- 
ter, to  orchidaceous  and  other  tropical 
plants,  is  generally  fatal  if  endured  by 
them  for  only  a  few  minutes  ;  whereas 
a  considerable  elevation  above  a  salu- 
tary temperature  is  rarely  injurious  to 
plants.  But  this  is  not  universally  the 
case ;  for  the  elegant  Primula  marginata 
is  so  impatient  of  heat  that,  although 
just  about  to  bloom,  it  never  opens  a 
bud,  if  brought  into  a  room  in  which 
there  is  a  fire. 

The  temperature  should  always  be 
regulated,  in  our  hot-houses,  with  a 
due  regard  to  the  light.  At  night  it 
should  be  so  low  as  to  put  the  circula- 
tion of  the  sap  into  a  comparative  state 
of  rest;  and  in  dull  days  the  tempera- 
ture should  be  full  10^  lower  than  in 
those  of  bright  sunshine. 

HEATHS  {Erica).  This  truly  beau- 
tiful tribe  is  in  the  climate  of  the  United 
States  of  but  little  interest.  Scarcely 
half  a  dozen  of  the  almost  countless 
species  and  varieties  of  Erica  have 
proved  capable  of  resisting  the  effects 
of  our  restless  climate.  It  is  a  curious 
fact,  that,  though  this  genus  is  diffused 
over  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  not  a 
single  species  has  been  found  in  the 
Western  hemisphere. 

Varieties. — Of  these  the  following  are 
good  selections  : — 

HARDY   CAPE    HEATHS,  FOR   FLOWERING 
DURING  THE    SUMMER   MONTHS. 

Erica  Bowieana,  white. 

Grandiflora,  yellow. 

Ventricosa,  pink. 

Echitlora,  purple. 

Beaumontiana,  blush. 

Mundula,  pink. 

Cerinthoides,  scarlet. 


Erica  Ampullacea. 

Aristata,dark  crimson  and  pink. 

Aggregata,  purple. 

Vindiflora,  green  and  pink. 

Phrysodes,  whiXe. 

USEFUL   KINDS   ARE  : 

Hartnelli,  pink. 

Aristata  ]\Iajor,  red. 

Acuminata  longitlora,  purple. 

Tenuiflora,    white,    with    pink 

shade. 

Inflata,  white. 

Archeriana,  scarlet. 

Depressa,  yellow. 

Elegans,  light  purple. 

Cavendishii,  yellow. 

Mutabilis,  light  purple. 

Retorta  Major,  pink. 

Lamberti  Rosea, flesh-coloured. 

Hyemalis,  purple,   lipped  with 

white. 

Tricolor,  red. 

Lirinaioides    Superba,     purple, 

with  white  tip. 

Jasmini,  flora  alba,  white,  and 

all  the  varieties  of  Ventri- 
cosa. 

VARIETIES  BLOOMING  BETWEEN   NOVEM- 
BER AND  MAY. 

Erica  Verticillata. 

Mammosa,  M.  pallida. 

Hyemalis. 

Willmoreana. 

VVestcottii. 

Grandinosa. 

Arbuscula. 

Umbellata. 

Rubra  P.,  alba. 

Pyramidalis. 

Transparens. 

^—  Regermirans. 

Mr.  Reid  very  justly  remarks,  "that, 
in  small  establishments,  the  green-house 
being  generally  furnished  with  vines,  to 
keep  plants  in  them  in  summer  is  out  of 
the  question  ;  he  therefore  selects  three 
or  four  plants  of  only  the  winter  flower- 
ing sorts,  such  as  would  keep  up  a  show 
of  bloom  from  November  till  April. 
Early  in  May  the  plants  might  be  all 
taken  out,  and  the  house  should  be  shut 
up  for  the  purpose  of  forwarding  the 
vines." 

With  something  like  the  following 
selection,  a  very  nice  show  of  bloom 
might  be  kept  up  during  all  the  time 
that  it  is  necessary  to  have  the  plants 
in  the  house  ;  and  thev  are,  with  very 


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284 


HEA 


few  exceptions,  strong  growers  and  free  I  these  a  layer  of  turfy  peat  should   be 


bloomers,  and  all  can  be  bought  at  a 
]ow  rate: — 

Erica  Westcottii. 

Colorans. 

Arbuscula. 

Hyemalis. 

Picta. 

Transparens, 


Nova. 


Vernix. 

Vernix  Coccinea. 

Cerinthoides. 

Superba. 

Mutabilis. 
Bicolor. 
Willmoreana. 
Rubra  Calyx. 

■  Lambertiana. 

■  Lambertiana  Rosea. 

■  Exsurgens. 
Coccinea. 


Archeriana. 
■  Praestans. 

Pyramidalis  Verna. 
Autumnalis. 


■  Tenella. 

Gracilis  Autumnalis. 
Verna. 


—^  Pellucida. 

Mammosa. 

Pallida. 

Curviflora. 

Scabriuscula. 

Propagation. — Mr.  Fleming  gives  the 
following  very  full  and  excellent  direc- 
tions : — 

"  Heaths  are  propagated  in  two  ways 
— by  seeds  and  by  cuttings.  Seeds  are 
either  obtained  from  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  or  are  gathered  from  plants 
which  have  flowered  in  this  country. 
When  they  are  received  from  the  Cape 
they  should  be  sown  immediately,  un- 
less this  should  happen  late  in  the  au- 
tumn, or  in  winter  ;  and  in  that  case 
the  sowing  should  be  deferred  until 
spring.  When  seeds  of  this  kind  are 
sown  late  in  the  year,  they  either  do 
not  vegetate  at  all,  or,  if  they  are  ex- 
cited into  growth,  the  stimulus  is  so 
weak,  and  the  days  are  so  short  and 
dull,  that  they  get  sickly,  and  frequent- 
ly damp  off.  For  the  same  reason, 
seeds  which  are  saved  in  this  country 
should  either  be  sown  in  spring,  or  very 
early  in  summer. 

"  Some  flat  pots,  or  seed-pans,  should 
be  half  filled  with  potsherds  ;  and  over 


placed  to  prevent  the  soil  from  being 
washed  down  and  destroying  the  drain- 
age. The  pots  should  then  be  filled  to 
within  half  an  inch  of  the  top  with  fine 
peat,  and  this  should  be  slightly  pressed 
down  with  the  back  of  the  hand,  or 
with  the  bottom  of  a  small  flower-pot, 
to  make  it  level  and  more  solid.  If  this 
is  not  attended  to,  the  seeds  are  liable 
to  sink  too  deep  in  the  soil,  and  are 
prevented  from  germinating.  They 
should  then  be  sown,  and  slightly  co- 
vered with  fine  peat  soil,  after  which 
they  should  be  watered  and  removed  to 
the  seed-house.  In  all  large  nurseries 
or  gardens,  a  house,  pit,  or  frame,  is 
set  apart  for  raising  seeds.  It  is  to  a 
place  of  this  kind  that  the  pots  contain- 
ing the  heath-seed  should  be  removed, 
and  as  we  suppose  this  to  be  done  in 
spring,  no  artificial  heat  will  be  requir- 
ed, that  received  from  the  sun  being 
quite  sufficient.  If  the  seed  has  been 
good,  the  young  plants  will  soon  make 
their  appearance  above  ground.  As 
they  get  strong,  the  shading  should  be 
gradually  discontinued,  and  more  air 
admitted,  until  they  are  a  little  harden- 
ed and  ready  to  pot  off.  They  should 
then  be  put  singly  into  thumb-pots  in 
sandy  peat  soil  well  watered,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  a  close-shaded  frame. 
Here  they  will  remain  for  ten  days  or  a 
fortnight,  until  their  roots  establish 
themselves  in  their  new  quarters,  when 
more  air  may  gradually  be  admitted, 
and  the  plants  subjected  to  the  same 
treatment  as  those  in  the  green-house 
or  heathery." — Gard.  Chron. 

Cuttings. — The  same  good  authority 
says  that,  "  No  particular  time  can  be 
specified  for  striking  cuttings  of  heaths, 
because  the  plants  are  in  a  fit  state  for 
taking  off  the  cuttings  at  different  times ; 
but  the  earlier  in  the  season  the  better, 
although  many  cultivators  succeed  per- 
fectly so  late  as  the  months  of  August 
and  September.  The  plants  from  which 
the  cuttings  are  taken  must  be  perfectly 
healthy.  The  wood  should  be  firm  and 
nearly  ripe,  because  if  taken  when  very 
young  it  is  almost  certain  to  damp  off. 
The  short  lateral  shoots,  about  an  inch 
or  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  should  al- 
ways be  chosen,  and  the  leaves  stripped 
off  them  to  about  half  their  length,  and 
the  ends  cut  across  with  a  sharp  knife  ; 
in  this  state  they  are  ready  for  the  cut- 
ting-pot.    The  cutting-pots   should  be 


H  EA 


285 


HE  A 


prepared  in  the  following  manner.  Fill  ■  same  manner  as  the  young  seedlings 
them  about  two-thirds  with  broken  pots,  above  described." — Card.  Chron. 
and  cover  these  with  a  thin  stratum  of  Soil. — "  The  best  for  the  growth  of 
turfy  peat,  or  some  other  substance  to  heaths  is  that  rich  brown  turfy  peat, 
prevent  the  sand  with  which  the  pots  commonly  found  on  the  surface  of  land 
are  filled  up  from  choking  the  drain-  where  the  native  heath  grows.  Some- 
age.  The  silver  sand,  common  about  times  grass  will  be  found  growing  very 
London,  is  very  well  adapted  for  strik-  strong  on  this  soil,  as  at  Shirley  Com- 
ing heaths  ;  but  almost  any  sand  will  mon  ;  but  wherever  the  land  is  barren, 
answer  the  purpose ;  it  is  generally  pre-  it  is  an  indication  of  poor  soil,  and 
ferred  as  free  from  the  rusty  colour  of  should  not  be  selected.  It  is  always 
iron  as  possible.  The  cuttings  may  best  to  have  it  dug  and  brought  home 
then  be  inserted  in  the  sand,  not  deep-  to  the  compost  yard  at  least  a  year  be- 
ly,  but  merely  deep  enough  to  support  fore  it  is  to  be  used.  The  fibrous  mat- 
themselves;  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  ter  will  then  have  time  to  decay,  and 
inch  is  quite  sufficient.  They  must  will  make  excellent  manure  for  the 
then  be  well  watered  ;  bell  glasses  are  roots  of  the  plants.  During  the  winter 
of  great  service  in  striking  them,  but  and  spring  it  should  be  several  times 
certainly  not  indispensable  to  success,  turned  over,  and  by  this  means  the 
When  they  are  used,  they  must  be  fre-  whole  will  get  well  mixed  and  exposed 
quently  taken  off  and  wiped  dry,  other-  i  to  the  influence  of  the  frost.  Peat  soil 
wise  the  moisture  will  probably  rot  the  is  generally  found  naturally  well  mixed 
cuttings.      When    they    are    dispensed  with  fine  white  sand  ;  but  where  this  is 


with  the  cuttings  should  be  placed  in 
a  situation  which  is  moist  and  shaded, 
and  then  they  will  be  surrounded  in  a 
great  measure  with  the  same  circum- 
stances as  under  a  bell  glass. 

"Very  little  artificial  heat  is  neces- 
sary in  striking  heaths,  much  is  certain- 
ly  injurious.      A    cucumber    or  melon 


not  the  case,  a  small  quantity  should  be 
added  to  the  soil  before  it  is  used." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

After-Culture,  Potting,  4c.— "As 
the  young  plants  grow  and  fill  the  pots 
of  a  larger  size,  follow  the  different 
sizes  of  the  pots  commonly  made  in  the 
potteries  from  '  thumbs'  downwards  to 


frame  nearly  exhausted,  or  the  shaded  those  of  a  larger  size.  Thus  the  young 
part  of  a  cool  stove,  will  answer  the  cuttings  or  seedlings  are  first  potted  in 
purpose  early  in  spring,  and  later  in  '  thumbs,'  then  in  sixties,  then  forty- 
the  season,  when  thesun-heat  is  greater, ,  eights,  and  so  on.  At  every  shifting 
a  close  fence  slightly  shaded  is  all  that  the  neck  of  the  plant  ought  to  be  kept 
is  required.  The  care  required  after-  a  little  higher  than  the  soil,  and  when 
wards  is  to  shade  during  bright  sun-  large  pots  or  tubs  are  used,  Mr.  M'Nab's 
shine,  to  remove  into  the  shade  early  i  plan  of  mixing  small  pieces  of  freestone 
in  the  afternoon,  and  also  to  see  that  with  the  soil  is  a  most  excellent  one  ; 
the  watering  is  not  neglected.  of  course  it  is  necessary  for  the  health 
"  More,  perhaps,  depends  upon  the  of  the  plants  to  have  the  pots  properly 
kind  of  water  which  is  used,  and  the  drained  and  the  worms  kept  out  of  them, 
regularity  with  which  it  is  given,  than  I  "  Heaths  will  not  bear  their  roots 
upon  anything  else  in  operation  ;  if  we  being  cut  or  destroyed,  particularly 
except  the  selection  of  proper  cuttings,  after  the  plants  attain  a  certain  age. 
Rain  or  river  water  is  by  far  the  best  The  shifting  may  be  done  at  any  season 
kind  to  use.  After  the  cuttings  have  except  winter  ;  but  this  must  be  regu- 
struck  root  they  should  be  gradually  lated  in  a  great  degree  by  the  state  of 
hardened  by  exposure  to  the  air  before  the  plants,  as  they  flower  and  grow  at 
they  are  potted  off.  Small  thumb-pots  so  many  different  times.  Spring,  how- 
are  the  best  for  the  first  potting,  and  ever,  is  the  time  when  the  most  of 
the  soil  used,  should  be  very  sandy  peat,  them  ought  to  be  shifted,  and  if  they 
The  greatest  care  should  be  taken  to  are  placed  out  of  doors  during  summer, 
preserve  the  young  rootless  from  injury,  they  will  all  require  to  be  looked  over 
because  if  this  is  not  attended  to,  the  again  before  they  are  brought  into  the- 
plants  will  receive  a  sudden  check  at  house  in  autumn.  The  kind  of  water 
first,  which  is  very  prejudicial.  After  which  is  used  for  these  plants  is  of  the 
potting,  they  should  be  removed  to  a  greatest  consequence  in  keeping  them 
close-shaded  frame,  and  treated  in  the  in  a  high   state  of  health.     When   the 


HEB 


286 


HED 


pots  are  properly  drained,  there  is  not  and  bank,  and  leveling  the  top  of  the 
much  danger  to  be  apprehended  from  bank  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  border, 
over  watering;  but  the  plants  are  sure  then  plant  the  sets  in  one  or  two  rows 
to  suffer  if  the  ball  is  allowed  to  get  the  whole  length  ;  but  two  rows  a  foot 
too  dry,  and  hence  the  great  use  of  asunder  is  the  most  eligible  for  all  out- 
small  pieces  of  freestone,  recommended  ward  fences,  as  it  always  forms  the 
by  Mr.  M'Nab.  In  the  winter  season,  thickest,  strongest,  and  most  effectual 
when  there  is  any  danger  from  frost,  hedge-fence.  Mark  out  a  space  for  a 
heaths  and  all  other  hardy  green-house  ditch  three  or  four  feet  wide  at  top, 
plants  should  always  be  watered  in  the  which  is  to  be  digged  three  feet  deep 
early  part  of  the  day,  as  they  are  much  each  side,  sloping  gradually  to  a  foot 
more  likely  to  be  injured  if  watered  in  wide  at  bottom,  forming  a  bank  along 
the  afternoon.  It  is  the  best  plan  under  upon  the  inner  edge  on  which  to  bed  or 
these  circumstances  to  keep  them  as  plant,  which  should  be  planted  as  you 
dry  as  they  will  bear  without  injury,  for  advance  in  forming  the  ditch  and  bank. 
wet  soil  freezes  much  sooner  than  dry.  Having  lined  out  the  width  of  the  ditch. 
Frequent  syringing  is  also  of  great  use  then  along  the  inner  edge  lay  a  row  of 
in  fine  weather ;  but  this  must  never  be  square  spit  turfs,  grass  side  downwards, 
done  when  the  plants  are  likely  to  suf-  to  form  the  beginning  of  the  bank,  back- 
fer  from  damp,  or  when  the  weather  ing  it  up  with  spits  of  earth  from  the 
is  cold  and  frosty.  The  principal  art  of  formation  of  the  ditch,  and  top  it  with 
making  fine  specimens  of  heaths,  con-  a  little  of  the  fine  mould  or  crumbs; 
sists  in  dwarfing  them,  and  forming  and  then  upon  this  proceed  to  lay  the 
them  into  round  green  bushes.  This  is  first  row  of  plants:  first  let  the  sets 
done  by  pinching  out  the  points  of  the  be  headed  to  about  five  or  six  inches, 
shoots  when  the  plants  are  young,  and  and  the  roots  trimmed,  then  lay  them 
continuing  the  practice  whenever  the  upon  the  bed  of  turf  with  their  tops  out- 
stems  are  inclined  to  grow  long-jointed,  ward,  in  an  upward  direction,  about  ten 
It  must,  however,  be  done  in  a  judi-  or  twelve  inches  asunder,  covering  their 
cious  manner,  otherwise  if  done  at  the  roots  with  mould  also  out  of  the  ditch  ; 
wrong  season  the  flowering  will  be  and  then  lay  another  row  of  turf  along 
spoiled.  The  proper  time  is  after  the  upon  the  necks  of  the  plants,  and  more 
flowering  season  is  past,  or  when  the  mould  from  the  ditch  upon,  and  behind, 
plant  is  growing  freely,  and  before  it  the  turf;  and  when  the  bank  is  thus 
has  begun  to  form  its  flower  buds." —   raised  a  foot   above   the    row  of  sets. 


Gard.  Chron 

HEBENSTREITIA 
Green-house   evergreen    shrubs 
tings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat 


plant  another  row  in  the  same  manner, 

Ten    species,    placing  each  set  against  the  spaces  of 

Cut-    those  of  the  first  row,  so  covering  them 

with  more  earth  from  the  ditch  to  the 


HEDEOMA.     Two   species.     Hardy    depth  of  three  feet,  sloping  each  side  to 


annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soi 

HEDERA.  Ivy 
several  varieties, 
climbers.     Slips.     Common  soil 

HEDGE,  properly  includes  every 
kind  of  fence,  but  the  present  details 
apply  for  the  most  part  to  growing 
fences.  Abercrombie  says,  that  "all 
outward    hedges    designed    as    fences 


one  foot  width  at  bottom,  and  trim  up 
Two  species  and  i  all  remaining  earth,  throwing  a  suf- 
Hardy  evergreen  ficiency  behind  the  top  of  the  banking  to 
bank  up  the  whole  even,  in  a  sort  of 
broad  border,  all  the  way  along  the  top, 
sloping  a  little  back,  so  as  to  correspond 
nearly  with  the  adjoining  ground.  But 
in  planting  for  an  outward  fence,  some 
form  the  ditch  and  bank  first  as  above. 


should  have  a  ditch  on  the  outside,  three    and  plant  the  sets  in  two  rows  along  the 


or  four  feet  wide  at  the  top,  three 
deep,  sloping  to  one  wide  at  bottom, 
raising  a  low  bank  on  the  inside  on 
which  to  plant  the  hedge,  which  may 
be  planted  either  on  the  side  of  the 
'said  inner  bank  in  two  rows,  one  above 
the  other  a  foot  asunder,  planting  them 


top  ;  that  is,  afier  having  formed  the 
ditch  and  bank,  then  leveling  the  top 
forming  a  foot  of  border  all  along  a 
yard  wide;  plant  the  sets  along  the 
middle  thereof  upright,  in  two  rows  a 
foot  asunder,  and  sis  inches  distant  in 
each  row,  observing  the  same  when  in- 


aa  you  advance  in  forming  the  ditch  and  tended  to  raise  a  hedge  at  once  from 
bank,  or  may  be  planted  entirely  on  the  seed  sowed  where  you  design  the  hedge 
top  of  the   bank,  first  forming  the  ditch  |  to    be,  sowing  them  along  the  top  in 


HED 


287 


HED 


drills  a  foot  asunder.    Sometimes  when  Hedge-shrubs  are    Evergreen  Holly; 

hedges  are  designed  for  middle  fences  Yew;  Laurel  ;  Laurustinus;  Phillyrea; 

to  divide   fields,   a   two-sided    bank   is  Alaternus;  Bay;  and  Evergreen  Oak : 

raised  a  yard  high,  and  as  broad  at  top,  but  the   holly  and   yew  form   the  best 

having  a'slight  ditch  on  each  side  ;  and  hedges  for  general  use 


each  side  of  the  bank  is  formed  with 
square  spit  turfs  from  the  adjoining 
ground,  and  the  middle  filled  up  with 
mould  from  the  ditches  on  each  side; 
so  that  when  finished,  it  forms  a  yard- 
wide  border  all  the  way  along  tlie  top, 
and  along  the  middle  of  which  plant 
two  rows  of  hedge-sets  or  seed,  in  drills, 
as  before  observed.  But  in  places  where 


Deciduous  kinds. — Hawthorn  ;  Black- 
thorn; Crab;  Elder;  Hornbeam;  Beech; 
Elm ;  Lime-tree,  and  Alder  are  all 
proper,  either  for  middling  or  tall 
hedges,  as  they  may  be  trained  up  from 
about  six  or  eight  to  fifteen  or  twenty 
feet  high,  and  the  elm  to  double  that 
height  if  required.  Privet  is  also  some- 
times used  for  moderately  high  hedges  : 


the  whole  length. 

"In    respect    to    the    trainin 


no  ditch  nor  raised  bank  is  required,  as  ;  and  for  low  hedges,  the  Rose  ;  Sweet- 
may  be  the  case  for  middle  hedges  in  ^  briar;  Syringa  ;  and  Berberry, 
the  interior  parts  of  grounds,  especially  !  All  full  trained  hedges,  in  order  to 
in  gardens;  then  the  place  for  the  hedge  :  preserve  them  in  proper  form,  close 
being  marked  out  on  the  level  ground  and  neat,  must  be  clipped,  both  on  the 
two  or  three  feet  broad,  dig  it  along  one  '  sides  and  top,  once  or  twice  a  year,  but 
good  spade  deep  at  lesst,  and  then  plant  never  less  than  once  ;  and  the  best  time 
your  sets  of  any  sort  in  two  rows,  rang-  of  the  year  for  this  work  is  summer, 
ing  along  the  middle  ;  or  if  you  design  from  about  the  middle  or  latter  end  of 
to  sow  seeds,  &c.,  of  any  sort  at  once,  June  to  the  end  of  August,  for  then  the 
where  you  intend  to  have  the  hedge,  ]  hedges  will  have  made  their  summer 
sow  them  in  two  drills  afoot  asunder  :  shoots,  which  should  always,  if  possible, 

be  clipped  the  same  season  while  in 
and  i  leaf,  and  before  the  shoots  become 
general  culture  of  these  sorts  of  hedges  hard,  whereby  you  will  be  able  to  per- 
il must  be  remarked,  that  all  such  as  ,  form  the  work  more  expeditiously  and 
are  exposed  to  cattle,  must  as  soon  as  '  with  greater  exactness,  for  regular 
planted  be  fenced,  either  with  a  stake  hedges  should  be  cut  as  even  as  a  wall 
and  bush  hedge,  with  hurdles,  or  with  ;  on  the  sides,  and  the  top  as  straight  as 
rails  and  open  paling,  for  four  or  five  J  a  line;  observing,  after  the  hedge  is 
years,  till  the  hedge  grows  up,  observing  i  formed  to  its  proper  height  and  width, 
not  to  place  the  fence  too  close  to  the  !  always  to  cut  each  year's  clipping 
hedge  to  interrupt  its  growth.  The  [  nearly  to  the  old  of  the  former  year, 
hedge  must  also  be  duly  weeded  while  ',  particularly  on  the  side  ;  for  by  no 
young,  and  this  should  be  particularly  means  suffer  them  to  grow  above  a 
attended  to  the  first  two  years.  And  if  foot  or  two  wide,  nor  suff'er  them  to 
designed  to  train  the  hedge  regularly  by  advance  upon  you  too  much  at  top, 
clipping  it  with  garden  shears,  it  should  where  it  is  designed  or  necessary  to 
be  annually  performed  in  summer;  ob-  i  keep  them  to  a  moderate  height.  But 
serving,  however,  to  top  it  but  sparingly  :  to  keep  hedges  in  perfectly  good  order, 
while  it  is  young,  until  arrived  at  its  in-  they  should  be  clipped  twice  every  sum- 
tended  height:  only  just  trim  off  the  nier  ;  the  first  clipping  to  be  about  mid- 
tops  of  the  straggling  shoots  to  preserve  '  summer,  or  soon  after,  when  they  will 
a  little  regularity,  and  promote  lateral  have  made  their  summer  shoots;  and 
wood  to  thicken  it  as  it  advances,  and  as  they  will  shoot  again,  what  may  be 
cut  it  in  also  moderately  on  the  sides;  called  the  autumn  shoot,  the  second 
but  when  arrived  at  nearly  its  proper  clipping  is  necessary  towards  the  mid- 
height  of  four,  five  or  six  feet,  or  more,  die  or  latter  end  of  August,  and  they 
then  trim  it  close  on  the  sides  and  top,  will  not  shoot  again  that  year.  How- 
annually,  to  preserve  it  thick,  and  ,  ever,  when  it  does  not  suit  to  clip  them 
within  its  proper  bounds ;  in  cutting  the  but  once  in  the  summer,  the  clipping 
sides  always  cutting  in  nearly  to  the  old  should  not  be  performed  until  the  be- 
wood  of  the  former  year's  cut,  other-  ginning  of  August,  for  if  cut  sooner 
wise  your  hedge  will  get  too  broad  ;  and  they  will  shoot  again,  and  appear  al- 
keep  always  the  top  narrower  than  the    most  as   rough   the    remainder  of  the 


bottom. 


summer  and  all  winter  as  if  they  had 


H  E  D 


2S8 


HED 


not  been  clipped.  Very  high  hedges  are 
both  troublesome  and  expensive  to  cut. 
The  clipping  is  sometimes  performed 
by  the  assistance  of  a  high  machine, 
scaffolding  or  stage,  twenty  or  thirty 
feet  high  or  more,  having  platforms  at 
different  heights  for  the  men  to  stand 
upon,  the  whole  made  to  move  along 
upon  wheels  ;  it  is  composed  of  four 
long  poles  for  uprights,  well  framed 
together,  eight  or  ten  feet  wide  at  bot- 
tom, narrowing  gradually  to  four  or 
five  at  top,  having  a  platform  or  stage 
at  every  seven  or  eight  feet  high,  and 
one  at  the  top  of  all;  and  upon  these 
the  man  stands  to  work,  each  platform 
having  a  rail  waist  high  to  keep  the 
man  from  falling  ;  and  a  sort  of  a  ladder 
formed  on  one  side  for  the  man  to 
ascend,  and  at  bottom  four  low  wheels 
to  move  it  along  ;  upon  this  machine  a 
man  may  be  employed  on  each  stage 
or  platform,  trimming  the  hedge  with 
shears,  and  sometimes  with  a  garden 
hedge  bill  fixed  on  a  handle  five  or  six 
feet  long,  which  is  more  expeditious, 
though  it  will  not  make  so  neat  work 
as  cutting  with  shears. 

A  hedge  is  not  only  an  imperfect 
screen,  but  in  other  respects  is  worse 
than  useless,  since  nothing  can  be 
trained  to  it,  and  its  roots  exhaust  the 
soil  in  their  neighborhood  very  con- 
siderably; as  the  south  fence  of  a  gar- 
den it  may  be  employed,  and  hawthorn 
is  perhaps  the  worst  shrub  that  could 
be  made  use  of.  It  is  the  nursery  of 
the  same  aphides,  beetles,  and  cater- 
pillars, that  feed  upon  the  foliage  of 
the  apple  and  pear,  from  whence  they 
spread  to  the  trees  nearest  the  hedge, 
and  finally  overrun  the  whole  garden  ; 
evergreen  are  better  than  deciduous 
hedges,  and  more  especially  the  holly, 
which  is  not  so  slow  a  grower  as  is 
generally  imagined. 

In  a  cloudy  day  in  April  or  May,  the 
wind  seems  to  be  actually  refrigerated 
in  passing  through  a  thick  hawthorn 
hedge,  and  this  may  be  accounted  for 
on  the  same  principle  that  cool  air  is 
obtained  in  the  houses  of  India,  by 
sprinkling  branches  of  trees  with  water 
in  their  verandas.  Holly,  laurel,  and 
most  evergreens,  exhale  but  little  mois- 
ture from  their  leaves,  except  for  about 
a  month  in  June,  consequently  in  April 
and  May,  when  we  most  require  warmth, 
and  in  September  and  October,  the 
leaves  of  these,  when  fully  exposed  to 


the  sun  become  heated  to  the  touch  to 
85°  or  90"^.  Added  to  this,  hoar  frost 
or  a  deposition  of  moisture  of  any  kind 
never  attaches  so  readily  or  remains 
for  so  long  a  time  upon  the  foliage  of 
evergreens  as  upon  the  sprays  of  decid- 
uous shrubs,  consequently  the  refrige- 
ratory power  is  greatly  diminished. 
When  the  garden  is  of  considerable 
extent,  three  or  four  acres  and  up- 
wards, it  admits  of  cross-walls  or 
fences  for  an  increase  of  training  sur- 
face and  additional  shelter. 

Hedges  should  always  be  clipped  into 
a  conical  form,  as  the  diminution  of  the 
branches  towards  the  top  increases  their 
developement  at  the  bottom. 

Furze  makes  one  of  the  best  and 
handsomest  of  hedges,  if  kept  regularly 
clipped.  Upon  the  formation  of  such  a 
hedge,  we  have  the  following  remarks 
by  Mr.  McI.  of  Hillsborough  : — 

"  The  most  ancient  and  perhaps  the 
most  simple  of  all  fences  are  walls 
made  of  turf.  These  walls,  however, 
are  much  injured  by  the  atmosphere, 
and  the  rubbing  and  butting  of  the  cat- 
tle. To  guard  against  this  they  should 
be  planted  or  sown  with  the  Ulex  Euro- 
paus  or  Furze.  The  roots  of  this  plant 
will  soon  penetrate  the  turf,  and  tend 
to  bind  the  wall.  The  plants  not  only 
afford  shelter  as  well  as  food  for  the 
cattle,  but  add  to  the  height  of  the  wall 
and  give  it  a  formidable  appearance. 
When  walls  are  made  for  this,  the 
foundation  should  be  three  feet  wide, 
and  tapering  to  fifteen  inches  at  top. 
As  the  plants  advance  in  growth,  they 
should  be  regularly  trimmed  with  the 
shears  ;  by  proper  attention  to  this  they 
will  be  prevented  from  growing  too  tall 
and  thin  at  the  bottom.  If  this  is  an- 
nually repeated,  the  plants  will  be 
longer  preserved  in  a  healthy  and  vig- 
orous state;  clipping  has  also  a  good 
effect  in  checking  the  furze  from  spread- 
ing over  the  field.  A  good  and  substan- 
tial fence  may  thus  be  quickly  formed 
over  on  a  soil  that  will  not  produce  a 
biding  fence  of  any  other  kind. 

"  Sweet  Briar  (Rosa  Rubiginosa) 
makes  a  good  hedge.  Its  heps  may  be 
sown  in  the  autumn,  as  soon  as  ripe, 
or,  which  is  better,  in  the  month  of 
March,  having  kept  them  in  the  mean 
time  mixed  with  sand.  But  it  is  far 
more  convenient  to  buy  for  sweet  briar 
layeryoung  plants  from  the  nurserymen, 
and  to  plant  them  a  foot  apart  early  in 


HED 


289 


H  E  L 


the  month  of  November.  Let  them 
grow  as  tliey  like  the  first  year,  and  cut 
them  down  to  the  ground  the  second, 
they  will  then  spring  up  and  require 
no  more  future  care,  than  occasional 
trimming  with  the  pruning  knife  or 
shears  so  as  to  keep  the  hedge  in 
shape.  When  it  gets  naked  at  the 
bottom,  it  must  be  again  cut  down." — 
Card.  Chron. 

The  Laurustinus,  Phillyrea,  Laurel, 
Furze,  &c.,  referred  to  in  the  foregoing 
article,  are  not  sufficiently  hardy  to  re- 
sist the  winter  of  the  middle  states,  and 
some  of  them  would,  it  is  presumed, 
scarcely  withstand  the  sun  of  the  South- 
ern. For  ornamental  hedges  it  is  safer  to 
rely  on  the  red  and  white  Cedar,  Chinese 
and  American  Arborvitas,  Juniper,  Ame- 
rican Holly,  Variegated  Euonymus, 
Hemlock  Spruce,  &c.  For  purposes 
of  protection  the  Madura  or  Osage 
Orange  is  unquestionably  the  best, 
wherever  it  can  sustain  the  winter — 
which  it  is  able  to  do  so  far  North  as 
New  York.  The  Buck  Thorn  (Rham- 
nus  catharticus)  has  been  highly  recom- 
mended, more  especially  for  colder 
climates.  The  English  method  of  plant- 
ing on  an  elevated  bank  with  ditch  on 
one  or  both  sides,  is  inapplicable  to 
this  country,  where  excess  of  moisture  is 
seldom  felt :  in  other  respects  the  mode 
of  treatment  detailed  in  the  preceding 
article  may  be  pursued  in  this  climate. 

For  an  interesting  paper  on  this  sub- 
ject see  Dowiiing's  "  Horticulturist." 

HEDWIGIA  balsamifera.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

HEDYCHIUM.  Twenty-two  species. 
Stove  herbaceous.  Division.  Light  rich 
soil. 

HEDYSARUM.  Twenty  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division  or  seed. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

H  E  I  M  I  A.  Three  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  San- 
dy loam  and  peat. 

HELENIUM.  Eight  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Division  or  seed.  Com- 
mon soil. 

HELIANTHEMUM.  One  hundred 
and  twenty-one  species.  Chiefly  hardy 
and  hall-hardy  shrubs  or  trailers.  Cut- 
tings and  seed.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

HELIANTHUS.   Thirty-four  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  and  annual.     Seed. 
Common   soil.     See  Sunflower  and  Je- 
rusalem.  Artichoke. 
19 


HELIOCARPUS  americanus.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandj 
loam  and  peat. 

HELIOPHILA.  Twenty-three  spe- 
cies. Hardy  annuals  and  green-house 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seeds  or  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

HELIOPSIS.  Three  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.      Division.     Common  soil. 

HELIOTROPIUM.  Seventeen  spe- 
cies. Hardy  annuals,  and  green-house 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seed  or  cuttings. 
Common  soil. 

The  following  are  good  directions  for 
the  culture  of  the  Heliotrope  : — 

"  Prepare  in  August  as  many  shallow 
thirty-two  sized  pots  as  will  be  required, 
by  fdling  them  to  the  depth  of  an  inch 
and  a  half  with  broken  crocks,  upon 
which  a  layer  of  the  rough  sifiings  of 
leaf  mould  should  be  laid  ;  the  remain- 
ing space  should  be  tilled  with  a  mix- 
ture of  finely  sifted  leaf  mould  and 
silver  sand,  previously  well  incorporat- 
ed, which  when  pressed  down  (irmly, 
should  be  exactly  level  with  the  border 
of  the  pots. 

"  For  cuttings,  the  tips  of  the  young 
shoots  about  three  inches  in  length, 
should  be  chosen,  and  these  should  be 
taken  off  immediately  below  a  joint  or 
the  base  of  a  leaf  bud. 

"After  removing  two  or  three  of  the 
lower  leaves,  plant  the  cuttings  in  the 
pots  prepared,  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
deep,  and  two  inches  apart ;  water  them 
well  with  a  fine  rose  two  or  three  times, 
so  that  every  part  of  the  soil  may  be 
thoroughly  moistened,  which  may  easi- 
ly be  known  by  the  water  percolating 
tlirough  the  bottom  of  the  pots.  If  this 
is  not  attended  to,  and  the  surface  soil 
alone  is  penetrated  by  the  water,  cer- 
tain failure  will  be  the  result. 

"The  cuttings,  when  planted,  should 
be  removed  to  a  cucumber  or  other 
frame,  where  a  tolerably  damp  heat 
can  be  supplied  ;  they  should  be  kept 
shaded  from  the  sun,  and  air  admitted 
in  small  quantities,  only  during  the  hot- 
test part  of  the  day.  In  about  a  fort- 
night, the  plants  will  begin  to  form 
roots,  and  the  shading  may  be  gradually 
diminished  during  the  morning  and  af- 
ternoon ;  the  quantity  of  air  given  them 
may  be  increased  by  degrees,  and  at 
the  end  of  a  month  from  the  time  ot 
planting,  the  cuttings  will  be  ready  for 
potting  off  singly. 

"  For  this  purpose  large  sized  sixties 


HEK 


are  lot  adapCed,  aad  the  aoil  dMMld  I 
W  i  <—|w>«gJ  of  eqmal  puti  of  louai 
aad  araady  peat,  widi  aaall  ({aaaAitiea 
•f  leaf  aoald  aad  vdl  deeajed  bs- 
■are.  Tke  tvo  latter  oalj  dedd  be 
afted,  Aie  Iiiaai  aad  peat  beiag  left 
ntlicr  ro^t,  aad  a  &ir  portkMi  oT 
dniaa^e  beiag  aaed,  will  aDow  tke 
«alcr  to  pass  t/S  Mote  fteelj,  wUdi  is ! 
af  tbe  gicaleat:  coaoeqaeace  daciag  the 
mmtia  Boatbs;  Ae  tipa«>f  Ae  ahoetsi 
dboald  also  be  piached  ofi*  to  reader  Ike  i 
^aats  basbnr. 

"  Whem  iwtted,  Aej  my  be  takes 
badi  to  tbe  fiaBe  aad  kept  laAcr  dooe 
iar  a  fev  dajs,  aatfl  Aiej  begia  to  root 
iato  tdhe  fiedi  soil,  after  whKb  air  bmj 
be  fiedy  ^Bitted  to  tbea.  .Aboattlie 
begiaaing  of  October  th^  any  be  re- 
moved to  aa  airy  part  of  the  gr^i~- 
hoaa^  vhere,  if  pratected  fioai  r- 
aad  dae  atSeatJOB  will  be  paid  to  ^.l- 
tenag,  tihey  will  aarwire  the  wiater  aa-  i 
iBJaied.'^ — GanL  CTi—. 

The  Heliotrope  Smms  aa  adwraUe 
bolder  plaat;  wbea  plained  or  plaated 
oat  eative,  the  blomo  is  pcodaeed  ia 
JaeifaiMliMe  p«ofaMoa  ihiuijghuat  td>e 
nwiaiiTr,  ewea  tiU  the  appuMfb  of  frost; 
wbea  it  aiay  be  ie|inttrdj,  aad  ifured . 
to  a  place  of  delter,  a^aia  to  oecapy  \, 
its  Offit  door  post,  am  Ae  letara  of  aoa»-  :^ 
■er  weatter. 

HEI.L£BO]t1IiS.  Siiae ipnaea. I 
Hardy  heibaceooK.  Seed  aad  diwiraoa.  i 
CoiaBoasinl. 

HELX£BiIA.  Tface  apeaeaL.  Store 
herbaceoaa.    DiriMn.   li^A  tiA  aoHL 

HELOmAS.  Three  ipecies.  Hardy 
herboceoas.    Divtsoa.    Moist  peat. 

HKUKBOCAIJJS.  Fire  spe«»es. 
Hardy  heibaceoas.     Dtviaoa.     L^bti 


HEMICLIDIA JSoiierr.  Grces- 
hoase  eTevsveea  sfatab.  CMliags.  TWrfy 
hRoa,  peat^aoid  aaad. 

HEMIDESMirSniduaB.  Store  eier- 
gieca  twiaer.  Cattiags.  Loaai  aad  peat. 

HEMDiXXIS auateaa.  Stoveberb- 
aceows.    Catti^a.    Loaat  aad  peat. 

H£iaO]!frnS  jmlmmtm  Stove  feia. 
DihrialoB.    Loaai  aad  peat. 

HEMLOCK.    Caanak 

HEMLOCE  SPKOCE.    Pinna  caas- 


HE3S^A3nM:HM:JLKa.!S.  SeeAswf. 
HKliCSATREE. 
HEPATICA.  F< 
VmrieUa. — 1.  Great  a^le  Rae.  3. 
Staudl  Blae.      3.  Paiple.     -1.  Leaser 


White.  5.  Great  White.  6. 
loared,  or  Aigeatiial.  7.  White  with 
red  ataaeaa.  8.  Red.  9.  Doable 
Pafple.  10.  DoaUe  Blae.  11.  DoaUe 
While.  12.  Sugie  Yellow.  13.  Peaeh- 
coloaKed.  14.  Sagle  Piak.— ITsrical- 
faralCUnuf. 

They  are  piopagated  by  divinoa  of 
Ae  roots  ;  aad  grow  best  ia  sandy  loaai, 
oa  a  weU-draiaed  or  t^tea  sabsnl. 

ma*!  \  I.rTS  b^lmmx.  Gardea  Swift. 

A  aolh,  of  wUch  the  caterpillar  is 

laeie  iadwcfiiaiaate  ia  ita  aitadta  lyoa 

oar  j^aats  thas  ««  aay  other  rav^o-  of 

tir    ri-iri.     T"  ■  U  rf  amicalas, 

n   -  I  •   : :  ■ .    paianpa,  lefc- 

;-F.  £-a  stiawber- 

~  :    destroyed 

-n^llv,  is 

:*>5ly. 


timea  this    ' 
the    appe 

May,  aad    . 

eveao^  ia 

places.    T 

ready  ariiiLi 

saoa  hatci 

daced  are 

a^ute,  aritt  - 

apper  part  w  ^ 

Thec^erp...   - 

sUaiagcylbc.  :•:::.::  — 

heraca:  7} A 

Hardy  aar  ^ 
HEBBA : 
pereaaials 
aaally,  arh:. \: 
ia  die  earth. 

herba: 

adrygaur^'^: 

acoilectior. 

faOy  dried  . 

of  aach  a   : 

aace  a  Ai  . 

serred  ia  : 

|daats,  w> 

graver  woe   . 

oaght  to  c  t 

carried  home  -jl  \ 

be  dried  bypres^ 

or  wiA  a  hot  bbl'  : 

these  has  its  advaata^ea.    M  prcaaare 

be  eaaployed,  a  botaaical  press  any  be 

procared.     The  ptesa  is  nade  of  two 

naoodi  boards  of  hard  wood,  18  iacbes 

loag,  13  broad,  aad  2  thick.    Screws 

■nut  be  fixed  ia  eadi  cocaer  wiA  aats. 


HER 


291 


HER 


If  a  press  cannot  easily  be  had,  books  moved,  and  the   plants  examined.     I 

may  be  employed.     Next,  some  quires  not  sufficiently  dried,  they  mav  again 

of  unsized  blotting  paper  must  be  pro-  be  replaced  in  the  same  manner  for  a 

vided.      The    specimens,    when    taken  day  or  two.     In   drying  plants  with  a 

out  of  the  tin   box,  must   be  carefully  hot  smoothing  iron,  they  must  be  placed 

spread   on   a  piece  of  pasteboard,  co-  within  several  sheets  of  blotting  paper, 

vered  with  a  single  sheet  of  the  paper,  and  ironed  till  they  become  sufficiently 

quite  dry;   then  three  or  four  sheets  of  dry.     This  method  answers  best  for  dr\-- 

the  same  paper  must  be  placed  above  ing  succulent  and  mucilaginous  plants, 

the  plant,  to  imbibe  the  moisture  as  it  When    properly    dried,   the   specimens 

is  pressed  out.   It  is  then  to  be  put  into  should  be  placed  in  sheets  of  writing 

the  press.  As  many  plants  as  the  press  paper,  and  may  be  slightly  fastened  bv 
will  hold  may  be  piled  up  in  this  man- 
ner. At  first,  they  ought  to  be  pressed 
gently.  After  being  pressed  for  about 
twenty-four  hours,  the  plants  ought  to 
be  examined,  that  any  leaves  or  petals 


making  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  stalk 
pass  through  a  slip  of  the  paper,  cut  for 
the  purpose.  The  name  of  the  genus 
and  species  should  be  written  down, 
the  place  where  it  was  found,  nature  of 
which  have  been  folded  may  be  spread  the  soil,  and  the  season  of  the  year, 
out,  and  dry  sheets  of  paper  laid  over  These  specimens  may  be  collected  into 
them.  They  may  now  be  replaced  in 
the  press,  and  a  greater  degree  of  pres- 
sure applied.  The  press  ought  to  stand 
near  a  fire,  or  in  the  sunshine.  After 
remaining  two  days  in  this  situation, 
they  should  be  again  examined,  and 
dry  sheets  of  paper  be  laid  over  them. 
The  pressure  ought  then  to  be  con- 
siderably increased.  After  remaining 
three    days   longer    in   the    press,   the 


genera,  orders,  and  classes,  and  titled 
and  preserved  in  a  portfolio  or  cabinet. 
The  method  of  preserving  many  of  the 
cryptogamous  plants  is  more  difficult, 
on  account  of  the  greater  quantity  of 
moisture  which  they  contain,  and  the 
greater  delicacy  of  their  texture." — En- 
cyc.  Am. 

HERBARY  was  a  department  of  the 
garden  formerly  much  more  cultivated 


plants  may  be  taken  out,  and  such  as  than  at  present,  when  the  more  potent 
are  sufficiently  dry  may  be  put  in  a  dry  medicinal  plants  of  hotter  climates  are 
sheet  of  writing  paper.  Those  plants  so  easily  procurable.  The  following  is 
which  are  succulent  may  require  more  a  list  of  the  tenants  of  the  herbary,  the 
pressure,  and  the  blotting  paper  to  be    appropriate  cultivation  of  which  will  be 

found  under  their  particular  titles  : — 


again  renewed.  Plants  which  dry  very 
quickly  ought  to  be  pressed  with  con- 
siderable force  when  lirst  put  into  the 
press;  and,  if  delicate,  the  blotting 
paper  should  be  changed  every  day. 
When  the  stem  is  woody,  it  may  be 
thinned  with  a  knife,  and,  if  the  flower 
be  thick  or  globular,  as  the  thistle,  one  Caraway 
side  of  it  may  be  cut  away,  as  all  that  Chamomile 
is  necessary,  in  a  specimen,  is  to  pre- 
serve the  character  of  the  class,  order, 
genus,  and  species.  Plants  may  be 
dried  in  a  box  of  sand  in  a  more  expe- 
ditious manner  ;  and  this  method  pre- 
serves the  colour  of  some  plants  better. 
The  specimens,  after  being  pressed  for 
ten  or  twelve  hours,  must  be  laid  with- 
in a  sheet  of  blotting  paper.  The  box 
must  contain  an  inch  deep  of  fine  dry 


Angelica. 

Balm. 

Basil. 

Blessed  Thistle. 

Borage. 

Burnet. 


Chervil. 

Coriander. 

Dill. 

Hyssop. 

Lavender. 

Liquorice. 


Marigold. 

Marjoram. 

Mint. 

Pennyroyal. 

Peppermint. 

Purslane. 

Rue. 

Sage. 

Savory. 

Scurvy  Grass. 

Tansy. 

Tarragon. 

Thyme. 

Wormwood. 


sand  on  which  the  sheet  is  to  be  placed,    clava  Herculis. 


HERBERTIApu/f?ie//a.     Half-hardy 
bulb.     Seed.     Sandv  loam  and  peat. 
HERB-GRACE.   'See  Rue. 
HERCULES-CLUB.       Xanthoxylum 


H  E  R  M  A  N  N I  A  . 


and   then    covered  with   sand  an  inch 

thick  ;  another  sheet  may  then  be  de-  j  Green-house   evergreen 

posited  in  the  same  manner,  and  so  on,  ■  tings.     Light  rich  soil 

till  the  box  be  full.     The  box  must  be 

placed  near  a  fire  for  two  or  three  days.    Hardy   and   half-hardy  orchids 

Then  the  sand  must  be  carefully  re-  |  sidn.    Chalk  and  peat 


Forty  species, 
shrubs.     Cut- 


H  E  R  M  I  N  I  U  M  .     Three  species. 
Divi- 


HER 


292 


HOE 


HERON'S-BILL.     Erodium. 

HERPESTIS.  Three  species.  Aqua- 
tic perennials,  stove  or  hard}'.  Seed 
or  division.     Rich  light  soil. 

HERRERIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Division.  Loan) 
and  peat. 

HESPERANTHA.  Six  species. 
Green-house  bulbs.  Offsets.  Sand, 
Loam,  and  peat. 

HESPERIS.  Rocket.  Fifteen  spe- 
cies, besides  varieties.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous and  annual.  Division  or  seed. 
Rich  light  soil. 

HESPEROSCORDUM.  Two  species. 
Hardy  bulbs.     Offsets.     Sandy  soil. 

HETERANTHERA.  Three  species. 
Aquatics,  stove,  green-house,  and  har- 
dy.    Division.     Sandy  soil,  in  water. 

HETEROPTERIS.  Eight  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  climbers.  Cut- 
tings.    Sand,  peat,  and  loam. 

HEUCHERA.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Light  soil. 

HIBBERTIA.  Ten  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs  and  twiners. 
Cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

HIBISCUS.  Sixty-nine  species,  be- 
sides varieties.  Some  annual  and  bien- 
nial, but  chiefly  perennials,  both  hardy 
and  tender.      Mr.   Paxton   says,  "  the 


HOE.  This  is  the  implement  which 
should  be  most  frequently  in  the  gar- 
dener's hand,  for  the  surface  of  the  soil 
can  never  be  too  frequently  stirred.  I 
entirely  agree  with  Mr.  Barnes  in  think- 
ing the  hoe  one  of  the  gardener's  best 
friends  ;  and,  as  it  always  must  be  a 
more  frequently  used  implement  than 
any  other,  what  is  the  best  form  of  its 
construction  deserves  some  considera- 
tion. The  handles  should  never  be 
made  of  heavy  wood,  for  this  wearies 
the  hand,  and  is  altogether  a  uselessly 
heavy  weight  thrown  upon  the  work- 
man. It  is  merely  the  lever,  and  every 
ounce  needlessly  given  to  this,  dimin- 
ishes, without  any  necessity,  the  availa- 
ble moving  power.  The  best  woods 
for  handles  are  birch  or  deal. 

For  earthing  up  plants,  broad  blades 
to  hoes  are  very  admissible,  and  they 
may,  without  objection,  have  a  breadth 
of  nine  inches;  but  this  permission  of 
breadth  does  not  extend  to  hoes  re- 
quired for  loosening  the  soil  and  de- 
stroying weeds.  These  should  never 
extend  to  beyond  a  breadth  of  six  inch- 
es, and  the  work  will  be  done  best  by 
one  two  inches  narrower.  The  iron 
plate  of  which  they  are  formed  should 
be  well  steeled,  and  not  more  than  one- 


shrubby    stove    and  green-house   kinds    sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick.     The  weight 


all  grow  from  cuttings,  and  thrive  in 
loam  and  peat.  //.  syriacus,  from  lay- 
ers or  seed,  in  common  soil.  The 
hardy  herbaceous  kinds  require  a  moist 
soil." — Bot.  Diet. 

HIDE-BOUND.     See  Bark-hound. 

HIERACIUM.  One  hundred  and 
nineteen  species.  Chiefly  hardy  herba- 
ceous. H.  glutinosum  is  an  annual. 
Seed  in  the  open  soil.  The  others  by 
division  in  light  soil. 

HILLIA.  Two  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.  Cuttings.  Turfy  loam 
and  sand. 

HIPPEASTRUM.  Two  species. 
Stove  bulbs.  Offsets.  Turfy  loam  and 
peat. 

HIPPION.  Three  species.  Green- 
house biennials.    Seed.    Light  rich  soil. 

HIPPOCREPIS.  Nine  species.  Har- 
dy perennial  trailers  and  annuals.  Cut- 
tings or  seed.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

HIPPOPHAE.  Four  species.  Har- 
dy trees.  Layers  or  cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

HIRjEA.  Four  species.  Stove  ever- 
green climbers.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 


necessary  should  be  thrown  by  the 
workman's  arm  and  body  upon  the 
handle,  and  the  thicker  the  blade,  the 
greater  is  the  pressure  required  to  make 
it  penetrate  the  soil.  It  should  be  set 
on  the  handle  at  an  angle  of  68^,  as 
this  brings  its  edge  when  used  at  a  good 
cutting  angle  with  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  and  the  workman  soon  learns  at 
what  point  most  effectively  to  throw 
his  weight,  and  holds  the  handle  fur- 
ther from,  or  nearer  to  the  blade,  ac- 
cordingly as  he  is  a  tall  or  short  man. 
Mr.  Barnes,  of  Bicton  Gardens,  whose 
opinions  relative  to  hoeing  I  have  al- 
ready quoted,  has  paid  considerable 
attention  to  the  formation  of  this  im- 
plement, and  has  favoured  me  with  a 
letter  upon  the  subject,  from  which  I 
will  now  give  some  extracts. 

He  employs  nine  sized  hoes,  the 
smallest  having  a  blade  not  more  than 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  broad,  and  the 
largest  ten  inches.  The  smallest  are 
used  for  potted  plants  and  seed-beds, 
and  those  from  two  inches  and  a  half 
to  four  inches  wide  are  used  for  thin- 
ning and  hoeing  among  crops  generally. 


HOE 


293 


HOE 


These  have  all  handles  varying  in  length  ;  The  whole  length  of  this  prong  is  nine 
from  eight  inches  and  a  half  to  eighteen  inches,  and  it  is  attached  to  a  staff  five 
inches,  all  the  neck  or  upper  part  form-  feet  long.  Such  an  implement  is  light 
ed  of  iron,  for  the  smaller  sizes  not !  and  easy  to  use;  it  requires  no  sloop- 
thicker  than  a  large  pencil,  and  that  ing,  and  will  tear  up  the  deepest-rooted 
part  which   has  to   be  grasped  by   the  j  weeds."' 

workman  is  only  six  inches  long,  and  ;  Hoes  are  made  in  a  great  variety  of 
"  formed  either  of  willow  or  some  other  forms;  the  following,  figured  in  The 
soft  light  wood,  which  is  best  to  the  feel  Rural  Register,  are  those  most  gene- 
of  the  hand;  for  hard  heavy  wood  is  '  rally  used,  and  perhaps  are  all  which 
cumbersome,  harsh,  and  tiring."     Each  i  are  truly  desirable  ;  they  are,  when  well 


labourer  works  "  with  one  in  each  hand, 
to  cut  right  and  left."  "The  blade  is 
made  thin,  and  with  a  little  foresight 
and  activity  it  is  astonishing  how  much 
ground  can  be  got  over  in  a  short 
time." 

Mr.  Barnes  has  all  his  hoes  made 
with  a  crane  neck.  The  blades  broader 
than  four  inches  Mr.  Barnes  has  made 
like  a  Dutch  hoe. 

"The  crane  neck  allows  the  blade 
to  pass  freely  and  kindly  under  the  fo- 
liage of  any  crop  where  the  earth  re- 
quires loosening;  and  the  blade  works 
itself  clean,  allowing  the  earth  to  pass 
through,  as  there  is  no  place  for  it  to 
lodge  and  clog  up  as  in  the  old-fash- 
ioned hoc,  to  clean  which,  when  used 
of  a  dewy  morning,  causes  the  loss  of 
much  time  in  scraping." 

"  The  draw-hoe"  is  correctly  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Loudon  as  a  "  plate  of 
iron  attached  to  a  handle  about  four 
feet  long,  at  an  angle  less  than  a  right 
angle.  The  blade  is  either  broad  for 
cutting  weeds,  deep  and  strong  for 
drawing  earth  to  the  stems  of  plants, 
curved,  so  as  to  act  like  a  double 
mould-boarded  plough  in  drawing  drills, 
formed  into  two  strong  broad  prongs 
for  stirring  hard  adhesive  soils, — or  it 
is  formed  to  accomplish  the  first  and 
last  purposes,  as  in  the  double  hoe  or 
Dutch  hoe. 

"  The  thrust-hoe  consists  of  a  plate 
of  iron  attached  somewhat  obliquly  to 
the  end  of  a  handle  by  a  bow,  used  only 
for  killing  weeds  or  loosening  ground 
which  is  to  lie  afterwards  raked.  As 
a  man  can  draw  more  than  he  can  push, 
most  heavy  work  will  be  easiest  done 
by  the  draw-hoc." — f2nc.  Gard. 

In  the  island  of  Guernsey  a  very  ef- 
fective weeding-prong  is  used,  and  is 
thus  described  in  the  Gardener^s  Chron- 
icle : — 

"  It  is  something  in  the  shape  of  a 
hammer,  the  head  flattened  into  a  chisel 
an  inch  wide,  and  the  fork  the  same. 


made,  of  cast  steel. 

Square  garden  Hoe. 


Fig.  79. 


Pronged-back 
Hoe.   Fig.  SI. 


Forked-back 
Hoe.    Fig.  82. 


Dutch  or  Scuffle 
Hoe.   Fig.  85. 


HOI 


294 


HON 


HOITZIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandv  loam  and  peat. 

HOLLY  {Ilex  aqui folium.)  Of  this 
hardy  evergreen  shrub  there  are  eight 
varieties: — 1,  silver-edged  ;  2,  golden- 
edged  ;  3,  thick-leaved;  4,  prickly; 
5,  yellow-leaved;  6,  variegated;  7, 
spotted  ;  8,  recurvum.  It  is  so  desira- 
ble, as  an  ornamental  and  as  a  hedge- 
shrub,  that  it  deserves  some  more  par- 
ticular notice. 

If  grown  as  single  ornamental  shrubs, 


in  any  poor  light  sandy  soil,  or  in  a 
swampy  situation,  but  likes  a  strong, 
deep,  dry,  loamy  soil." — Card.  Chron. 

The  best  season  for  clipping  hollies 
is  early  in  spring,  before  they  make 
their  annual  growth. 

The  European  Holly  does  not  fully 
resist  the  winter  of  Pennsylvania,  un- 
less on  well  drained  land,  and  further 
north  it  is  probable  it  would  suffer  much 
more,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  the  sea, 
where  many  plants  do  well  that  are  not 
able  to  withstand  the  winter  of  the  same 


they  "  should  not  be  overshadowed  by  i  latitude  in  the  interior 


other  trees;  and  if  the  land  is  manured 
for  it  so  much  the  better.  As  to  prun- 
ing it,  with  a  view  to  make  it  grow  fast, 
the  less  you  do  of  that  the  better.  All 
that  is  necessary  is  to  encourage  the 
leader,  if  necessary,  by  stopping  any 
laterals  that  try  to  interfere  with  it.  In 
the  nurseries,  when  hollies  are  stunted 
and  bushy-headed,  they  are  headed 
down  with  a  view  to  obtaining  a  clean 
straight  shoot;  but  they  should  not  be 
allowed  to  become  stunted,  and  then 
there  would  be  no  need  to  cut  them 
back.     In  hollies  and  all  other  things. 


Our  own  native  Holly,  {Ilex  opaca,) 
is  a  fine  plant  too  long  overlooked. — 
Why  do  not  persons  of  taste  decorate 
their  grounds  with  this  noble  American 
evergreen,  which  will  grow  in  any  soil, 
and  resist  the  winter's  frost  and  sum- 
mer's sun  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  our  continent. 

HOLLYHOCK  {Althaa  rosea).  There 
is  also  a  sub-species.  A.  R.  Biloba. 
This  flower  has  lately  gained  the  atten- 
tion from  florists  it  deserves;  and  there 
are  now  many  varieties.  Dr.  Lindley 
justly  observes  that,  "the  hollyhock  is 


stop  where  necessary  ;  but  prune  not  at  j  little  more  than  a  biennial,  and  fre- 
all  if  you  can  help  it." — Gard.  Chron.  \  quently  dies  suddenly  if  sown  too  early 
Large  plants  will  bear  moving:  "  if;  in  the  first  season,  or  if  allowed  to  re- 
they  are  shifted  in  wet  weather,  as,  for  \  main  long  in  the  seed-bed  before  trans- 
example,  at  the  beginning  of  the  July  j  planting ;  therefore  the  best  way  to 
rains,  or  at  any  other  period  when  a  ■  keep  them  in  health  is  not  to  sow  them 
week  or  ten  days  of  dull  damp  weather  i  before  June,  and  when  large  enough  to 


can  be  calculated  upon,  they  are  certain 
to  succeed.  The  season  least  exposed 
to  risk  is  perhaps  the  end  of  autumn, 
in  the  dull  damp  part  of  October  or 
November;  the  worst  season  is  the 
spring." — Gard.  Chron. 

Dr.  Lindley  says  that  "  the  most  ex- 
peditious way  of  making  holly-hedges  is 
to  procure  large  plants  from  some  nur- 
sery ;  but,  with  the  smallest  expense 
and  more  time,  the  following  may  be 
recommended  : — 

"  Gather  a  sufficient  quantity  of  ber- 
ries when  ripe;  then  dig  a  hole  three 
or  four  feet  deep,  and  throw  the  berries 
in,  crushing  and  mixing  them  with  some 
fine  soil  at  the  same  time;  close  the 
hole  with  the  soil  taken  out,  and  throw 
some  litter,  or  other  covering,  over  the 
whole,  to  prevent  the  wet  or  frost  pen- 
etrating about  them  in  beds.  They 
will  make  nice  little  plants  the  first  sea- 
son ;  and  by  transplanting  the  stronger 


transplant  them  singly  where  they  are 
to  remain  and  flower  in  the  following 
season  :  afterwards  cut  them  down  as 
soon  as  they  have  done  flowering,  and 
remove  them  to  a  fresh  situation,  where 
the  ground  has  been  well  manured,  be- 
fore winter.  By  continuing  this  treat- 
ment you  may  keep  the  same  variety 
for  years." — Gard.  Chron. 

HOMERIA.  Ten  species.  Green- 
house bulbs.  Offsets.  Loam,  peat,  and 
sand. 

HONESTY.     Lunaria, 

HONEY-BERRY.     Melicocca. 

HONEY-DEW.  See  Extravasated 
Sap. 

HONEY-FLOWER.     Melianthus. 

HONEY-GARLIC.    Nee  t  arose  or  dum. 

HONEYSUCKLE.  {Lonicera  peri- 
clymemim.)  This  hardy,  beautiful,  and 
fragrant  flowering  shrub  will  grow  in 
almost  any  soil,  and  will  thrive  where 
ew    others   will,    under  the    shade    of 


ones,  vou  will  have  fine  plants  in  about   trees.     There   are   the  following   sub- 
three  years.     The  holly  will  not  thrive    species  : — 


HON 


295 


HOR 


1.  Periclymenuin  Semper  virens;  too  long  for  the  space  allotted  for  them, 
Perfoliate  evergreen;  Virginia  Honey-  especially  all  those  with  weak  strag- 
suckle,  which  always  flowers,  common- I  gling  tops;  and  nail  in  the  remaining 


ly  called  Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 

2.  Periclymenum  Racemosum,  Ho- 
neysuckle with  yellowiih  flowers,  grow- 
ing in  bunches,  and  a  snowy  fruit. 

3.  Periclymenum  Verticillatum,  ano- 
ther  tree-like    honeysuckle,    with    in- 


branches  and  shoots  close  to  the  wall. 

Propagation  is  effected  by  layers  and 
cuttings,  more  particularly  the  latter, 
both  of  which  readily  emit  roots,  and 
form  plants  in  one  year,  fit  to  trans- 
plant.     Some  sorts  are  also  propagated 


fleeted  branches,  and  a  coral-coloured  by  suckers  and  by  seed 
flower.  By  Layers. — In  autumn,  winter,   or 

4.   Periclymenum   Germanicum,   the  spring,   lay   a   quantity    of   the   lower 

German  honeysuckle.  young   shoots  of  the    former  summer, 


5.    Periclymenum  Italianum,   Italian  ;  shortening  their  straggling  tops  ;   they 


honeysuckle. 


will  be  well  rooted  by  the  autumn  fol- 


6.    Periclymenum    Vulgare,    honey-    lowing,  each  commencing  a  good  plant. 


suckle  with  a  corymbus  of  flower  ter- 
minating the  stalks,  hairy  leaves,  grow- 
ing distinct,  and  very  slender  branches, 
commonly  called  English  Honeysuckle, 
or  Woodbine. 


and  should  be  taken  off,  and  planted  in 
nursery  rows,  for  a  year  or  two,  to  ac- 
quire proper  size  and  strength  for  use. 

By   Cuttings. — Any  time  from  Octo- 
ber till  March,  is  the  proper  time  for 


7.   Periclymenum  Americanum,  the ,  this  work,  but  the  sooner  the   better. 


evergreen  honeysuckle. 


and  by  which  method  prodigious  quan- 


Ae  to  the  general  culture,  they  require  ,  titles  of  the  plants  may  be  raised,  as  al- 
very  little;  the  upright  sorts  in  particu-  ,  most  every  cutting  will  readily  grow, 
lar,  require  to  have  only  their  straggling  i      Choose  of  the  young   shoots  of  the 
shoots  shortened,  and  dead   wood  cut    previous   summer,   the    strongest    and 


out;  and  the  trailing  kinds,  which  are 
trained  as  climbers,  must  have  their 
branches  conducted  in  a  proper  man- 
ner  upon    their    respective    supports; 


most  robust,  which  divide  into  cuttingB 
from  about  six  or  eight  to  ten  or  fifteen 
inches  long,  plant  them  in  rows  in  any 
shady  border  of  common  earth,  a  foot 


nd  every  year  all  rambling  shoots  asunder,  and  half  that  distance  apart  in 
must  be  reduced  and  trained  as  you  each  row,  or  closer  if  greater  ((uaiitities 
shall  see  proper,  so  as  to  preserve  them  are  required,  putting  of  each  cutting 
within  due  limits;  unless  you  design  '  two  parts  out  of  three  of  its  length  into 
they  shall  run  wild  in  their  own  rural  the  ground;  they  will  take  root  freely, 
way,  especially  those  intended  to  climb  and  shoot  at  top  so  as  to  form  proper 
among  the  branches  of  tree/,  shrubs,  plants  l)y  autumn  or  winter  following, 
and  bushes;  those  also  intended  and  at  which  time  tiiey  may  be  transplanted 
trained  annually,  laying  the  shoots  ,  into  the  nursery  quarters  to  have  more 
alongat  their  length,  especially  till  they  room  to  grow,  placing  them  in  rows 
have  covered  the  allotted  space;  short-  two  feet  distance,  and  a  foot  apart  in 
ening  or  clearing  out,  however,  all  such  the  rows,  where  let  them  remain  a  year 
stragglers  as  cannot  be  properly  train-  or  two,  or  till  wanted  for  the  shrub- 
ed;   likewise  such  of  those  sorts  as  are  ,  bery. 

trained  against  walls,  S:c.,  must  have  By  Seed. — If  sowed  in  autumn  in  a 
an  annual  pruning  and  training,  by  go-  bed  of  common  mould  an  inch  deep, 
ing  over  them  two  or  three  times  in  many  of  the  plants  will  probably  rise 
summer,  laying  in  some  of  the  most  in  spring  ;  but  a  great  part  of  them  are 
convenient  shoots,  some  at  their  length,    apt  to  remain  till  the  second  spring  be- 


shortening  or  trenching  others,  as  it 
shall  seem  necessary  to  preserve  regu- 
larity, and  the  proper  succession  of 
flowers ;  observing,  however,  to  train 
enough,  at  this  time  particularly,  of 
such  as  shall  appear  necessary  to  con- 
tinue the  bloom  as  long  as  possible; 
and  in  winter  pruning,  thin  out  all  those  herbaceous 
left  in  summer  which  may  now  appear  mon  soil, 
superfluous,  and  shorten  all  such  as  are 


fore  thev  appear.     (Ahercrombie.) 

HONEYWORT.     Cerinthe. 

HOOP-PETTICOAT.  JNarcissus  bul- 
bocodium. 

HOP-HORNBEAM.    Phologophora. 

HOREHOUNU.     Marrubium. 

HORKELLIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
Seed  and  division.    Com- 


HOHilNUM    pyrenaicum.      Hardy 


HOR 

Seed  and  division. 


296 


HOR 


Com- 


herbaceous 
nion  soil. 

HORN.     See  Animal  Matters. 

HORNBEAM.     Carpinus. 

HORN-OF-PLENTY.     Fedia. 

HORN-POPPY.     Glaucium. 

HORSE-CHESTNUT.  JSscuIus. 
There  are  the  following  species  and 
varieties : — 

^^.  Hippocastanum.  Common  horse- 
chestnut.  Asia.  Seeds  sown  in  March. 
Flowers  in  May.     Height  forty  feet. 

^.  H.  folia  aurea.  Gold-striped 
horse-chestnut 


crowns  of  the  roots,  form  the  best ; 
those  taken  from  the  centre  never  be- 
coming so  soon  fit  for  use,  or  of  so  fine 
a  growth.  If  the  latter  are,  however, 
unavoidably  employed,  each  set  should 
I  have  at  least  two  eyes  ;  for  without  one 
'  they  refuse  to  vegetate  at  all.  For  the 
obtaining  a  supply  of  the  crowns,  any 
inferior  piece  of  ground,  planted  with 
sets  six  inches  apart  and  six  deep,  will 
furnish  from  one  to  five  tops  each,  and 
may  be  collected  for  several  successive 
years  with  little  more  trouble  than 
keeping  them  clear  of  weeds  ;  but  the 


^.  H.  folia  argentea.     Silver-striped    times  for  planting  are  in  October  and 


horse-chestnut, 

These  two  varieties  have  the  same 
characteristics  as  the  preceding,  but 
are  propagated  by  grafting  in  March. 

ji.  Jlava.     Y'ellow  horse-chestnut. 

jS.  pavia.     Scarlet  horse-chestnut. 

^.  pavia  rosea 
chestnut. 

All  natives  ofCarolina.  June.  Grafts. 
Twenty  feet. 

Horse-chestnuts  all  require  a  light, 
rich,  well-drained  soil,  and  a  sheltered 
situation,  being  much  injured  by  violent 
winds.  When  in  blossom  they  are 
strikingly  beautiful,  and  their  round 
Leads  group  well  with  trees  having 
more  pointed  forms.     They  may  all  be 


February  —  the   first  for  dry  soils,  the 
latter  season  for  moist  ones. 

The  sets  are  inserted  in  rows  eighteen 
inches  apart  each  way.  The  ground 
should  be  trenched  between  two  and 
three  feet  deep,  the  cuttings  being 
Pale  scarlet  horse-  1  placed  along  the  bottom  of  the  trench, 
and  the  mould  turned  from  the  nest 
one  over  them,  or  inserted  to  a  similar 
depth  by  a  long  blunt-pointed  dibble. 
They  should  be  placed  in  their  natural 
position,  which  has  considerable  influ- 
ence over  the  forwardness  of  their 
growth;  the  surface  raked  level,  and 
kept  clear  of  weeds  until  the  plants 
are  of  such  size  as  to  render  it  unneces- 
sary.    The  mould  ought  to  lie  as  light 


grafted  on  the  common  horse-chestnut,    as   possible   over  the   sets  ;    therefore, 


which  is  increased  bv  seed  or  layers. 

HORSE-CHESTNiJT  MOTH.  See 
Bombyx. 

HORSE-RADISH.  Cochlearia  Armo- 
racia.  Delights  in  a  deep,  mouldy,  rich 
soil,  kept  as  much  as  possible  in  a  mo- 
derate but  regular  degree  of  moistness. 
Hence  the  banks  of  a  ditch,  or  other 


treading  on  the  beds  should  be  carefully 
avoided.  The  shoots  make  their  ap- 
pearance in  May  or  June,  or  even  ear- 
lier if  they  were  planted  in  autumn. 

As  the  leaves  decay  in  autumn,  have 
them  carefully  removed  ;  the  ground 
being  also  hoed  and  raked  over  at  the 
same   season,  which   may  be  repeated 


place  which  has  a   constant  supply  of'  in  the  following  spring  before  they  be 
"   ■'  '  "       gin  to  vegetate,  at  which  time  eighteen 

inches  depth  of  mould  to  be  laid  regu- 
larly and  lightly  over  the  bed. 

In  the  succeeding  autumn  they  mere- 


water,  is  a  most  eligible  situation  for 
the  beds,  so  that  they  do  not  lie  so  low^ 
as  to  have  it  in  excess.  If  tlie  soil  is 
poor,  or  beneath  the  drip  of  trees,  the 


roots  never  attain  any  considerable  size,  ly  require  to  be  hoed   as  before,   and 

Manures. — Should  the  ground  require  may  be  taken  up  as  wanted.    By  having 

to  be  enriched,  leaf-mould,  or  other  tho-  three    beds  devoted    to    this   root,  one 

roughly  decayed  vegetable   substance,  will  always    be    lying    fallow   and    im- 

should  be  dug  into  the  depth  at  which  proving;  of  which  period  likewise  ad- 

the  sets  are  intended  to  be  planted.    If  vantage  should  be  taken  to  apply  any 

cow    or    horse-dung    be   employed,   it  requisite  manure. 

should  be  in  a  highly  putrescent  state.  If,    when  of  advanced    growth,  the 

Propagation.  —  Horse-radish  flowers  plants  throw  out  suckers,  these  should 

in  June,  but  in  this  climate  seldom  per-  be  carefully  removed,  during  the  sum- 

lects  its  seed,  consequently  it  is  propa-  mer,  as  they  appear, 

gated    by  sets,  which  are  provided   by  '  In  September  or  October  of  the  se- 

cuttinf  the  main   root  and  offsets  into  cond  year,  as  before  stated,  the  roots 

lenr'tlis  of  two  inches.     The^opSj  or  may  be  taken  up  ;  and  in  November  a 


H  OR 


297 


HOR 


sufficient  quantity  should  be  raised  to  i  ract  of  Syene  to  the  shores  of  the  Delta; 


preserve  in  sand  for  winter  supply. 

Taking  vp.  —  To  take  them  up  a 
trench  is  dug  along  the  outside  row 
down  to  the  bottom  of  the  upright 
roots,  which,  by  some  persons,  when 
the  bed  is  continued  in  one  place,  are 
cut  off  level  to  the  original  stool,  and 
the  earth  from  the  next  row  is  then 
turned  over  them  to  the  requisite  depth  ; 
and  so  in  rotation  to  the  end  of  the 
plantation.      By  this  mode  a  bed  wi 


but  it  was  when  Thebes  with  its  Imn- 
dred  brazen  gates,  and  the  cities  of 
Memphis  and  Ileliopolis,  were  rising 
in  magnificence,  and  her  stupendous 
pyramids,  obelisks,  and  temples,  be- 
came the  wonders  of  the  world.  The 
hills  and  plains  of  Palestine  were  ce- 
lebrated for  beautiful  gardens;  but  it 
was  not  until  the  walls  and  temple  of 
Jerusalem  announced  the  power  and 
intelligence  of  the   Israelites,  and  the 


continue  in  perfection  for  five  or  six  i  prophets  had  rebuked  their  luxury  and 
years  ;  after  which  a  fresh  plantation  is  extravagance.  The  queen  of  the  East 
usually  necessary.  But  the  best  prac-  ,  "  had  heard  of  the  fame  of  Solomon  ;" 
tice  is  to  take  the  crop  up  entirely,  and  his  fleets  had  brought  him  the  gold  of 
to  form  a  plantation  annually;  for  it ,  Ophir,  and  the  treasures  of  Asia  and 
not  only  causes  the  roots  to  be  finer,  j  Africa ;  the  kings  of  Tyre  and  Arabia 
but  also  affords  the  opportunity  of  were  his  tributaries,  and  princes  his 
changing  the  site.  If  this  mode  is  fol-  !  merchants,  when  he  "  made  orchards," 
lowed  care  must  be  taken  to  raise  every  "  delighted  to  dwell  in  gardens,"  and 
lateral  root;  for  almost  the  smallest  of  planted  the  "  vineyard  of  Baalhaman." 
them  will  vegetate,  if  left  in  the  ground.  ;  The  Assyrians  had  peopled  the  borders 
HORSE-RADISH  TREE.    Moringa.  \  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  from  the 


HORSE-THISTLE.     Cirsium. 


Persian    gulf  to    the    mountainous    re- 


HORTICULTURE  (from  hortus,  gions  of  Ararat,  and  their  monarchs  had 
garden,  and  colo,  I  till)  includes  in  its  founded  Nineveh  and  Babylon,  before 
most  extensive  signification,  the  culti-  j  we  hear  of  the  gardens  of  Semiramis. 
ration  of  esculent  vegetables,  fruits  and  I  The  Persian  empire  had  extended  from 
ornamental  plants,  and  the  formation  the  Indus  to  the  Archipelago,  when  the 
and  management  of  rural  scenery  for  paradise  of  Sardis  excited  the  astonish- 
the  purposes  of  utility  and  embellish- ,  ment  of  a  Spartan  general,  and  Cyrus 
ment.  The  earliest  effort  of  man  to  mustered  the  Grecian  auxiliaries  in 
emerge  from  a  stale  of  barbarism  was  ;  the  spacious  garden  of  Ceh-ena;.  The 
directed  to  the  tillage  of  the  earth  :  (Ireeks  had  repulsed  the  invasions  of 
the  first  seed  which  he  planted  was  the  [  Darius  and  Xerxes,  and  Athens  had 
first  act  of  civilization,  and  gardening  i  reached  the  height  of  her  glory,  when 
was  the  first  step  in  the  career  of  re-  |  Cimon  establisheJ  the  Academus,  and 
finemcnt ;  but  still  it  is  an  art  in  which  '  presented  it  to  his  fellow  citizens  as  a 
he  last  reaches  perfection.  When  the  public  garden.  Numerous  others  were 
savage  exchanges  the  wild  and  wander-  soon  planted,  and  decorated  with  tem- 
ing  life  of  a  warrior  and  hunter,  for  the 
confined  and  peaceful  pursuits  of  a 
planter,  the  harvests,  herds,  and  flocks 
take  the  place  of  the  simple  garden. 
The  mechanic  arts  are  next  developed  ; 
then  commerce  commences,  and  manu- 
factures soon  succeed.  As  wealth  in- 
creases, ambition  manifests  itself  in 
the  splendor  of  apparel,  of  mansions 


pies,  porticoes,  altars,  statues  and  tri- 
umphal monuments  ;  but  this  was  dur- 
ing the  polished  age  of  Pericles,  when 
Socrates  and  Plato  taught  philosophy 
in  the  sacred  groves ;  wfien  the  theatre 
was  thronged  to  listen  to  the  poetry  of 
Euripedes  and  Aristophanes;  when  the 
genius  of"  Phidias  was  displayed  in  rear- 
ing the  Parthenon  and  sculpturing  the 
equipages  and  entertainments.  Science,  statues  of  the  gods;  when  eloquence 
literature,  and  the  fine  arts  are  unfold- ;  and  painting  had  reached  perfection, 
ed,  and  a  high  degree  of  civilization  is  and  history  was  illustrated  by  Herodotus, 
attained.  It  is  not  until  all  this  has  Thucydides,  and  Xenophon.  Rome  had 
taken  place,  that  horticulture  is  culti- ,  subjugated  the  world,  and  emulated 
vated  as  one  of  the  ornamental  arts.  ;  Athens  in  literature,  science,  and  the 
Egypt,  the  cradle  of  civilization,  so  far  arts,  w^hen  the  superb  villas  of  Sallust, 
perfected  her  tillage,  that  the  banks  of  Crassus,  Pompey,  Cffisar,  Maecenas  and 
the  Nile  were  adorned  by  a  succession  Agrippina  were  erected,  and  the  pa- 
of  luxuriant  plantations,  from  the  cata-   laces  of  the  emperors  were  environed 


HOR 


298 


HOR 


by  magnificent  gardens.  The  history  j  petus  to  cultivation,  which  is  felt  in  the 
of  modern  nations  presents  similar  re-  'remotest  countries.  Its  example  has 
suits.  Horticulture  long  lingered  in  i  been  followed  in  the  most  flourishing 
the  rear  of  other  pursuits.  Most  of  the  kingdoms  of  the  eastern  continent,  and 
common  fruits,  flowers  and  oleraceous  many  similar  institutions  have  been 
vegetables  which  had  been  collected  by  .  founded  in  the  United  States.  The  ef- 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  from  Egypt,  '  feet  of  these  is  to  diffuse  through  every 
Asia  and  other  distant  climes,  were  country  the  knowledge  and  products  of 
successively  extended  over  Western  all.  The  history,  literature  and  science 
Europe;  but  so  gradual  was  their  pro-  of  gardening,  open  a  wide  field  for  stu- 
gress,  after  the  dark  ages,  that,  till  ^  dy  and  inquiry.  The  pleasure  which 
the  reign  of  Henry  VHI.,  scarcely  any  gardens  aff'orded  men,  even  in  the  ear- 
kitchen  vegetables  were  cultivated  in  ;  liest  times,  appears  from  the  scriptural 
England,  and  the  small  quantity  con-  I  account  of  the  garden  of  Eden.  The 
sumed  was  imported  from  Holland.  !  garden  of  Gethsemane,  and  that  of  the 
Fuller  observes,  that  "  gardening  was  j  good  and  just  Arimathean,  are  memor- 
first  brought  into  England,  for  profit,  j  able  in  the  sacred  history  of  the  Messiah, 
about  the  commencement  of  the  17th  i  The  Elysian  fields  were  the  heaven  of 
century.  Peaches,  nectarines,  apricots,  !  classic  mythology,  and  the  devout  Mus- 
plums,  pears,  cherries,  strawberries,  i  sulman  hopes  to  renew  his  existence 
melons,  and  grapes,  were  luxuries  but  |  in  a  celestial  paradise.  The  bards, 
little  enjoyed  before  the  time  of  Charles  |  scholars  and  philosophers  of  the  classic 
n.,  who  introduced  French  gardening  ages,  have  transmitted  descriptions  of 
at  Hampton  court,  Carlton  and  Marl-  the  gardens  of  the  ancients,  from  those 
borough,  and  built  the  first  hot  and  ice  :  in  which  Homer  places  the  palace  of 
houses.  At  this  period  Evelyn  trans-  |  Alcinous  and  the  cottage  of  Lartes, 
Jated  the  "Complete  Gardener,"  and  a  ;  to  the  splendid  villas  of  Pliny  and 
treatise  on  orange  trees,  by  Quintinyne  ;!  Lucullus.  Among  the  ancient  Greek 
and,  having  devoted  the  remainder  of  |  writers,  Hesiod,  Theophrastus,  Xen- 
his  life  to  the  cultivation  of  his  rural  ,  ophon  and  JEVmn  treated  of  gardens  to 
seat  at  Sayes  court,  near  Deptford,  and  '  a  certain  extent;  and  the  works  of 
the  publication  of  his  Sylva,  Terra,  •  those  who  wrote  after  the  seat  of  go- 
Pomona,  and  Acetaria,  he  "  first  taught  I  vernment  was  removed  to  Constantin- 
gardening  to  speak  proper  English."  1  ople  were  collected  under  the  title  of 
In  the  Netherlands,  France,  Germany,  i  Geoponica,  and  have  been  translated  by 


and  Italy,  a  formal  and  very  imperfect 
system  of  gardening  was  practised  with 
considerable  success ;  but  it  was  ge- 
nerally in  a  languishing  condition, 
throughout  the  world,  until  the  com- 
mencement of  the  ISth  century,  when 
it  attracted  the  attention  of  some  of  the 
first  characters  of  Great  Britain  ;  but 
the  establishment  of  the  present  im- 
proved style  of  horticulture  is  of  very 


Owen.  Among  the  Latins,  Varro  was 
the  first  author,  to  whom  succeeded 
Cato,  Pliny  the  Elder,  Columella  and 
Palladius.  Passages  are  to  be  found, 
relative  to  the  subject,  in  Martial,  Virgil 
and  Horace;  but  Pliny's  Natural  Histo- 
ry, and  Columella's  book  on  gardens, 
contain  the  most  correct  information 
on  Roman  horticulture.  Literature  and 
the   arts   having  revived  in   Italy,  that 


recent  date.  "Bacon  was  the  prophet,  country  was  the  first  to  produce  books 
Milton  the  herald,  and  Addison,  Pope  j  on  agriculture  and  gardening,  and  that 
and  Kent  the  champions  of  true  taste."  j  of  Crescenzia  became  celebrated.  The 
The  principles  which  were  developed  in  field  and  garden  cultures  of  Italy  are 
their  writings,  and  those  of  Shenstone,    so  nearly  allied,  and   horticulture  and 


the  Masons,  and  VVheatley,  \vere  suc- 
cessfully applied  by  Bridgeman,  Wright, 
Brown,  and  Eames  ;  the  system  soon  be- 
came popular,  and  gradually  extended 
over   Europe,  and    ultimately   reached 


agriculture  have  been  so  blended  by  the 
writers,  that  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain 
under  which  department  to  include  their 
works.  The  best  for  general  informa- 
tion  on    the   tillage   of  that   delightful 


the  United  States.  But  the  labours  of  region  is  the  Annali  dell'  Agricultura. 
the  London  Horticultural  Society  have  The  Germans,  as  in  all  the  branches  of 
mainly  contributed  to  the  perfection  and  ,  letters,  science,  and  arts,  have  an  im- 
present  high  estimation  of  gardening.  '  mense  number  of  books  in  the  depart- 
That  noble  institution  has  given  an  im-  \  ment  of  gardening,  especially  on    the 


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subject  of  planting  and  forest  trees.  | 
Those  which  furnish  the  best  idea  of 
the  state  of  culture  in  that  country,  are 
Dietrich's  Worterbuch.  with  the  supple- 
ment of  1820,  and  Sickler's  Deutsche 
Handwirtshaft.  The  Dutch  excel  more 
in  the  practice  than  the  literature  of 
gardening.  They  have  no  work  of  very 
recent  date  ;  that  of  Comelin,  which 
was  published  about  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century,  is  among  the  earliest; 
and  those  of  La  Court  and  Van  Osten 
are  said  to  be  among  the  best  that  have 
appeared.  The  Journal  of  a  Horticul- 
tural Tour  in  Holland  and  Flanders,  by 
a  deputation  of  the  Caledonian  Horti- 
cultural Society,  gives  the  most  satis- 
factory account  of  gardening  in  that 
part  of  the  continent,  in  1S17.  The 
TransactionsoftheStockholm  and  Upsal 
academies  furnish  the  chief  information 
which  is  to  be  obtained,  in  relation  to  ; 
the  rural  economy  of  Sweden.  The  i 
first  author  was  Rudbeck,  who  was  a  I 
cotemporary  of  Commelin.  Russia  and 
Poland  have  produced  but  very  few 
original  books  on  horticulture.  The 
Agricultural  Transactions  occasionally 
published  by  a  society  in  Warsaw,  with 
those  of  the  Economical  Society  of  St. 
Petersburg,  may  be  considered  as  af- 
fording the  most  accurate  intelligence 
as  to  the  culture  of  those  countries. 
In  the  latter  city  is  an  extensive  imperial 
botanical  garden,  which  being  under  the 
direction  of  able  professors,  emulates 
those  of  the  more  favoured  portions  of 
southern  Europe.  The  only  recorded 
source  for  obtaining  any  knowledge  of 
Spanish  tillage,  are  the  Transactions 
of  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society  of 
Madrid.  The  horticultural  literature 
of  France  is  of  an  early  date,  and  the 
authors  are  not  only  numerous,  but 
many  of  them  in  the  highest  repute. 
Etienne  and  Belon  were  the  pioneers, 
while  Du  Hamel,  Girardin,  D'Argen- 
ville,  Rossier,  Tessier,Calvel,  Noisette, 
Du  Petit  Thours,  Jean  and  Gabriel 
Thouin,  Bosc  and  Vicomte  Haricart  de 
Thury,  may  be  considered  as  among 
the  most  able  of  their  followers,  in  the 
various  branches  of  rural  economy. 
For  a  general  knowledge  of  French 
culture,  the  Nouveau  Cours  d'Agricul- 
ture,  in  thirteen  volumes,  published  in 
1810,  should  be  consulted  ;  but  the 
most  valuable  publications  on  the  exist- 
ing mode  of  gardening,  are  the  monthly 
Annales  de   la  Socitti   d^ Horticulture, 


the  Annales  de  I'Institut  Royal  Jlorti- 
cole  de  Framont,  and  the  Bon  Jardinier, 
an  annual  publication  compiled  by  pro- 
fessor Poiteau  and  Vilmorin.  The  first 
English  treatise  on  rural  economy  was 
Fitzherbert's  Book  of  Husbandry,  which 
was  published  in  1C34.  The  works  of 
Tusser,  George  and  Piatt  soon  after  ap- 
peared, and,  early  in  the  18th  century, 
the  celebrated  treatise  of  Jethro  Tull 
excited  much  attention  ;  and  several 
new  works  of  considerable  merit  were 
announced  before  1764,  when  the  valu- 
able publications  of  Arthur  Young, 
Marshal,  and  numerous  other  authors, 
spread  a  knowledge  of  cultivation,  and 
cherished  a  taste  for  rural  improve- 
ments, throughout  Great  Britain.  The 
literature  of  horticulture  rapidly  ad- 
vanced ;  but  as  many  of  the  most  emi- 
nent writers  have  been  named,  in  treat- 
ing of  the  science  and  art  of  gardening, 
it  is  unnecessary  to  mention  them  in 
this  place.  The  citizens  of  the  United 
States  have  been  chiefly  dependent  on 
England  for  books  relating  to  agricul- 
ture and  gardening.  Still  several  have 
appeared  by  native  writers,  which  are 
highly  creditable  to  the  authors  and  the 
country;  especially  those  which  relate 
to  the  botanical  department.  Muhlen- 
burg,  Bigelow,  Eliot,  Torry,  Colden, 
Bartram,  Barton,  Hosack,  Mitchel,  Dar- 
lington, Ives,  Dewey  and  Hitchcock, 
are  entitled  to  great  praise  for  their 
successful  attempts  to  illustrate  the 
American  flora.  One  of  the  earliest 
writers  on  husbandry  was  Belgrove, 
who  published  a  treatise  on  husband- 
ry, in  Boston,  in  17.5.5;  and  in  1790 
Deane's  New  England  Farmer  appeared; 
but  McMahon,  Cox,  Thacher,  Adlam, 
Prince,  Buntly,  Butler,  Nicholson  and 
Fessenden,  since  the  commencement 
of  the  present  century,  have  produced 
works  on  the  various  cultures  of  the 
United  States,  which  are  generally  cir- 
culated, and  lield  in  great  estimation. 
The  scientific  relations  of  horticulture 
are  numerous,  and  require  an  extensive 
acquaintance  with  the  various  branches 
of  natural  history  and  physics.  Bota- 
ny, mineralogy,  chemistry,  hydraulics, 
architecture  and  mechanics  must  furnish 
their  several  contributions,  which  it  is 
the  province  of  the  artist  to  apply. 
After  the  illustrious  Linnajus  published 
his  system  of  Nature,  botany  became  a 
popular  science,  and  a  variety  of  in- 
teresting elementary  works  awakened 


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attention  to  the  beauties  of  nature,  and  I  for  its  numerous  superb  edifices,  exten- 
a  passion  for  experimental  and  orna-  sive  prospects,  and  the  systematical 
mental  planting  was  induced,  wliich  j  arrangement  of  the  pleasure  grounds, 
lias  been  productive  of  great  results. !  than  for  the  improvements  and  decora- 
Mineralogy  enables  us  to  obtain  ac- i  tions  of  the  surrounding  scenery,  in 
curate  knowledge  of  terrestrial  sub- |  accordance  with  those  principles  which 
stances,  and  the  mode  of  distinguishing  are  derived  from  a  close  observance 
the  divers  kinds  of  earths,  which  con-  !  of  the  pleasing  effects  of  nature.  The 
stitute  a  cultivable  soil  ;  and  chemistry  j  rural  residences  of  the  Romans  appear 
instructs  us  as  to  the  nature  and  pro- ^  to  have  been  mere  places  of  temporary 
perties  of  these  various  earths,  having  |  retreat,  and  were  planted  with  odorife- 
for  its  objects,  when  applied  to  horti- |  rous  flowers  and  shrubs  and  ornamented 
culture,  ail  those  changes  in  the  ar-  |  rather  by  the  civil  architect  than  the 
rangements  of  matter,  which  are  con-  [  horticultural  artist.  From  the  estab- 
nected  with  the  growth  and  nourishment ;  lishment  of  the  papal  government  to 
of  plants,  the  comparative  value  of,  the  commencement  of  the  13th  centu- 
their  produce  as  food,  the  constitution  '  ry,  the  monks  were  the  only  class  of 
of  soils,  the  manner  in  which  lands  are  ,  persons  who  attended  to  ornamental 
enriched  by  manure,  or  rendered  fertile  [  gardening.  After  that  period,  the  style 
by  the  different  processes  of  cultivation.  :  prevalent  throughout  Europe  consisted 
Inquiries  of  such  a  nature  cannot  but    in  tall  hedges,  square  parterres  fiintas 


be  interesting  and  important,  both  to 
the  theoretical  horticulturist  and  the 
practical  gardener.  To  the  first  they 
are  necessary  in  applying  most  of  the 
fundamental  principles  on  which  the 
theory  of  the  art  depends.     To  the  se- 


ticaliy  planted,  straight  walks,  and  rows 
of  trees  uniformly  placed  and  pruned. 
In  fact,  but  little  improvement  was 
made  from  the  time  of  the  emperors^ 
Vespasian  and  Titus  until  the  reign  of 
George    III.  of  England.     It    is    true, 


cond  they  are  useful  in  affording  simple  I  Hampton  Court  had  been  laid  out  by 
and  easy  experiments  for  directing  his  i  Cardinal  Wolsey;  Le  Notre  had  plant- 
labours,  and  for  enabling  him  to  pursue  I  ed  Greenwich  and  St.  James's  Park 
a  certain  and  systematic  plan  of  im- !  during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  ;  and,  in 
provement.  To  hydraulics  belong,  not  ,  that  of  George  II.,  Queen  Caroline  had 
only  the  conducting  and  raising  of  water  enlarged  Kensington  Gardens,  and  form- 
with  the  construction  of  pumps  and  other  i  ed  the  Serpentine  river;  but  Lord  Ba- 
engines  for  those  purposes,  but  the  laws  |  thurst  was  the  first  who  deviated  from 
which  explain  the  nature  of  springs  i  straight  lines,  as  applied  to  ornamental 
and  fountains.  By  the  principles  of  j  pieces  of  water,  by  following  the  natu- 
that  science,  artificial  lakes,  canals  and  I  ral  courses  of  a  valley.  Still,  what  has 
aqueducts  are  formed,  irrigations  pro- j  been  emphatically  called  the  Dufc/i  sys- 
jected,  and  water  rendered  subservient ' /em  universally  prevailed,  and  the  shear 


to  the  useful  purposes  of  life,  as  well 
as  to  the  embellishments  of  pleasure- 
grounds  by  jets  d'eau,  cascades  and 
streams.  Architecture,  as  a  branch  of 
horticulture,  is  of  the  first  importance. 
Without  its  aid,  it  would  be  impossible 
to  give  that  propriety  and  elegance  to 


ing  of  yew,  box  and  holly  into  formal 
figures  of  various  kinds,  and  the  shaving 
of  river  banks  into  regular  slopes,  went 
on  until  their  absurdity  became  con- 
temptible, and  a  better  and  more  natural 
taste  was  induced.  Verdant  sculpture, 
regular  precision  in  the  distribution  of 


the  scenery,  and  to  produce  that  pleas-  compartments  and  rectangular  boundary 
ing  effect,  which  is  the  chief  object  of  walls,  yielded  to  more  chaste  designs, 
landscape  gardening.  Mechanics,  in  all  j  Bridgenian  succeeded  to  Loudon  (not  the 
its  branches,  is  required  for  the  purposes  distinguished  author)  and  Wise,  and  be- 
of  horticulture.  Great  improvements  ]  came  a  distinguished  artist;  he  rejected 
have  been  effected  in  gardening  within  !  many  of  the  absurd  notions  of  his  pre- 
the  last  half  century.  During  the  age  decessors,  and  enlarged  the  bounds  of 
of  Cicero,  a  formal  kind  of  gardening  horticulture.  Other  innovators  depart- 
prevailed,  characterized  by  clipped  ed  from  the  rigid  rules  of  symmetry  ; 
hedges  and  long  avenues  of  trees.  ;  but  it  was  reserved  for  Kent  to  realize 
Pliny  the  Younger  has  given  an  account  i  the  beautiful  descriptions  of  the  poets, 
of  his  villa  at  Laurentum,  and  from  the  and  carry  the  ideas  of  Milton,  Pope, 
description,  it  was  rather  distinguished  1  Addison  and  Mason  more  extensively 


HO  R 


301 


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into  execution.  According  to  Lord  continued  in  repute  for  upwards  of  a 
Walpole,  he  was  painter  enough  to  century  ;  tor  it  appears  to  have  been  in 
taste  the  charms  of  landscape,  suffi-  vogue  as  late  as  1770.  The  court  and 
ciently  bold  and  opinionative  to  dare  nation  wished  to  be  dazzled  by  novelty 
and  to  dictate,  and  born  with  a  genius  and  singularity,  and  his  long,  clipped 
to  strike  out  a  great  system  from  the  alleys,  triumphal  arches,  richly  deco- 
twilight  of  imperfect  essays.  He  leap- 1  rated  parterres,  his  fountains  and  cas- 
ed the  fence,  and  saw  that  all  nature!  cades,  with  their  grotesque  and  strange 
was  a  garden.  The  great  principles  on  •  ornaments,  his  groves  full  of  architec- 
which  he  worked  were  perspective,  i  ture  and  gilt  trellises,  and  his  profusion 
light  and  shade.  Groups  of  trees  broke  |  of  statues,  enchanted  every  class  of  ob- 
a  too  extensive  lawn  ;  evergreens  and  servers.  His  principal  works  were  the 
wood  were  opposed  to  the  glare  of  the  '  gardens  of  Versailles,  Meudon,  St. 
champaign,  and,  by  selecting  favourite  Cloud,  Sceaux,  Chantilly,  and  the  ter- 
objects,  and  veiling  deformities,  he  re-  race  of  St.  Germain.  Gray,  the  poet, 
alized  the  compositions  of  the  great  was  struck  with  their  splendor  when 
masters  in  painting.  Where  objects !  filled  with  company,  and  when  the 
were  wanting  to  animate  his  horizon, '  water-works  were  in  full  action;  but 
his  taste  as  an  architect  could  immedi-^  Lord  Kaimes  says,  they  would  tempt 
ately  produce  them.  His  buildings,  one  to  believe,  that  nature  was  below 
his  temples,  his  seats,  were  more  the!  the  notice  of  a  great  monarch.  Le 
work  of  his  pencil  than  of  his  science  Nijtre  was  succeeded  by  Dufresny,  who, 
as  a  constructor.  He  bade  adieu  to  differing  considerably  in  taste  from  that 
all  the  stiff  modes  of  canals,  circular,  great  artist,  determined  on  inventing  a 
basins,  and  cascades  tumbling  over  |  more  picturesque  style  ;  but  his  efforts 
marble  steps.  Dealing  in  none  but  the  I  were  rarely  carried  into  full  execution, 
true  colours  of  nature,  and  seizing  upon  |  He,  however,  constructed  in  a  manner 
its  most  interesting  features,  a  new  i  superior  to  his  predecessor,  the  gardens 
creation  was  gradually  presented.  The  j  of  Abbe  Pajot  and  those  of  Moulin  and 
living  landscape  was  chastened  or  po- ,  Chemin  creux.  After  the  peace  of  1762, 
lished,  not  transformed.  The  elegant!  the  English  system  began  to  pass  into 
works  of  Rcpton,  the  unrivalled  essays  ,  France,  and  portions  of  ancient  gardens 
of  Price  on  the  picturesque,  and  the  '  were  destroyed,  to  make  way  for  young 
valuable  pulilications  of  Gilpin, Madock,  plantations  a  l^Anglaise.  Laugier  was 
Panty,  Sang  and  Loudon,  with  those  of  the  first  author  who  espoused  the  Eng- 
many  other  writers  on  landscape  and  j  lish  style,  and  the  next  in  order  was 
ornamental  gardening,  have  had  an  ex- i  Prevot.  It  was  at  this  time  that  Viscount 
tensive  influence  in  promoting  correct !  Girardin  commenced  his  improvements 
ideas  of  natural  scenery.  The  improv-  j  at  P>menonville,  and  the  change  of  the 
ed  style  of  horticulture,  every  where  horticultural  taste  in  France,  may  be 
apparent  in  Great  Britain,  attracted  the  :  referred  to  the  last  quarter  of  the  18th 
attention  of  the  other  nations  of  Europe,  century.  The  English  style  has  gra- 
and  English  gardening  became  the  de-  ,  dually  found  its  way  into  most  civilized 
signation  for  all  that  was  beautiful  in  |  countries.  Only  25  years  have  elapsed 
that  pleasing  art — the  synonyme  of  per-  since  the  London  Horticultural  Society 
fection  in  rural  culture.  At  the  period  !  was  established, and  there  are  now  more 
when  this  new  system  of  laying  out  |  than  50  similar  institutions  in  Great 
ground  was  gaining  converts,  and  be-  Britain,  which  still  maintains  the  first 
gan  to  be  practically  adopted,  Viscounts  rank  in  the  art ;  but  France  is  making 
Girardin,  a  French  military  officer  of|  great  efforts  to  rival  her.  A  horticul- 
high  rank,  travelled  through  England,  [  tural  society  was  established  in  Paris 
and,  on  his  return,  he  not  only  improved  |  in  1S26,  and  has  already  more  than  two 
his  seat  at  Ermenonville  in  conformity  thousand  members,  and  the  number  is 
to  that  style,  but  published  a  work  of|  rapidly  increasing.  It  has  been  patron- 
great  celebrity  on  the  Composition  des  ]  ised  by  the  court,  and  most  of  the  nobles 
Paysages  sur  le  Terrain,  ou  des  Moyens^  and  men  of  distinction  in  France  have 
d'embellir  la  Nature  pris  des  i/a6i7a- I  eagerly  united  with  the  proprietors  of  es- 
tions.  The  French  style  of  laying  out  I  tales  and  practical  cultivators  to  collect 
gardens  had  been  settled  by  Le  Notre,  |  and  disseminate  intelligence  throughout 
during   the   reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  |  that  flourishing  empire.     In  the  various 


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provinces  where  horticultural  societies 
have  not  been  founded,  those  of  agri- 
culture, or  of  the  sciences  and  arts, 
have  established  departments  expressly 
devoted  to  that  interesting  pursuit;  and 


the  United  States,  a  like  spirit  has 
been  more  recently  developed.  Horti- 
cultural societies  have  been  instituted 
in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston, 
Albany,   Geneva,  and   South  Carolina, 


during  the  year  1S27,  a  practical  and  [  and  a  zealous  disposition  evinced  to 
theoretical  institution  was  founded  at  J  compete  with  the  nations  of  the  eastern 
Fromont,  by  the  enlightened  and  mu-  i  continent.  The  environs  of  many  of 
nificient  Chevalier  Soulange  Bodin,  for  j  the  cities  are  in  a  high  state  of  cultiva- 
educating  gardeners,  and  introducing  ;  tion,  and  the  markets  are  beginning  to 
improvements  in  every  department  of  |  be  well  stocked  with  numerous  varie- 
horticulture.  The  garden  contains  about '  ties  of  fruits  and  vegetables.  It  is  now 
130  acres,  and  is  divided  into  compart-  ;  the  duty  of  American  cultivators  to  re- 
ments  for  every  variety  of  culture.  |  ciprocate  the  benefits  which  they  have 
Extensive  green  -  houses,  stoves  and  so  long  received  from  their  transatlantic 
orangeries  have  been  erected,  and  all  |  brethren,  and  to  develope  the  resources 
the  other  appendages  furnished,  which  ]  of  a  country,  which  offers  such  an  ex- 
are  requisite  for  rendering  the  establish- ,  tensive  range  of  research  to  the  natu- 
ment  effectual  for  instruction  and  ex-i  ralist.  Many  of  the  most  useful  and 
periment.  The  nursery  of  the  Luxem-  |  magnificent  acquisitions  of  the  groves, 
bourg  long  supplied  a  great  part  ofl  fields,  gardens  and  conservatories  of 
Europe  with  fruit  trees.  The  Jardin  i  Europe  are  natives  of  the  western  he- 
des Plantes,  in  Paris,  includes  compart- 1  misphere.    The  indigenous  forest  trees, 


ments,  which  may  be  considered  as 
schools  for  horticulture,  planting,  agri- 
culture, medical  botany  and  general 
economy,  and  is  unquestionably  the 
most  scientific  and  best  managed  estab- 
lishment in  Europe.    The  flower  garden 


ornamental  shrubs,  flowers,  fruits,  and 
edible  vegetables  of  North  America, 
are  remarkable  for  their  variety,  size, 
splendour  or  value.  Extending  from  the 
pole  to  the  tropics,  and  from  the  At- 
lantic to    the   Pacific,    North  America 


of  Malmaison,  the  botanical  garden  of  J  embraces  every  clime,  and  every  vari- 
Trianon,  and  numerous  nursery,  herb,  ety  of  soil,  teeming  with  innumerable 
medicinal,  experimental  and  botanical  specimens  of  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
gardens,  in  various  parts  of  the  king-  j  With  such  advantages,  most  of  which 
dom,  are  pre-eminent  for  the  variety, ,  are  included  within  the  United  States, 
number  and  excellence  of  their  pro-  it  is  to  be  expected  that  the  citizens 
ducts.  Holland  has  been  distinguished, !  will  be  as  distinguished  for  their  ad- 
since  the  period  of  the  crusades,  for  her  j  vancement  in  rural  economy  as  in  civil 
flower  gardens,  culinary  vegetables,  j  and  religious  freedom.  The  natural 
and  plantations  of  fruit  trees.  The  ,  divisions  of  horticulture  are  the  esculent 
north  of  Europe  and  the  United  States  ,  or  kitchen  garden,  seminary,  nursery, 
are  still  dependent  upon  her  florists  for  I  fruit  trees,  and  vines,  flower  garden, 
the  most  splendid  varieties  of  bulbous-  !  green-houses,  arboretum  of  ornamental 
rooted  plants  ;   and  her  celebrated  nur-    trees    and    shrubs,    the    botanical    and 


series,  which  have  long  replenished 
those  of  Europe,  have  been  recently 
fortunate  in  the  acquisition  of  Van 
Mons  and  Duquesne.  Some  of  the 
finest  fruits  of  our  gardens  were  pro- 
duced   by   these    indefatigable    experi- 


medical  garden,  and  landscape  or  pic- 
turesque gardening.  Each  of  these 
departments  requires  to  be  separately 
studied  before  it  can  be  managed  so  as 
to  combine  utility  and  comfort  with 
ornament  and  recreation.     To  accom- 


mentalists,  and,  with  the  excellent  va-  plish  this  on  a  large  scale,  artists, 
rieties  created  by  Knight,  promise  to  scientific  professors,  and  intelligent  and 
replace  those  which  have  either  become  ;  experienced  practical  superintendents, 
extinct,  or  are  so  deteriorated  in  qua-  j  are  employed  in  Europe,  but  they  have 
lity,  as  to  discourage  their  cultivation.;  not  as  yet  been  much  required  in  the 
From  St.  Petersburg  to  the  shores  of  ^  United  States.  The  owners  of  the  soil 
the  Mediterranean,  horticulture  has  '  have  generally  designed  and  executed 
made  a  rapid  progress,  and  each  nation  j  such  improvements  as  have  been  made 
is  emulous  to  perfect  its  culture,  in  ac-  j  in  the  conveniences  and  embellishments 
cor'dance  with  the  most  improved  prin-  j  of  country  residences.  The  kitchen 
ciples  of  science,   art  and  taste.     In    garden  is  an  indispensable  appendage 


II  0  R 


303 


HO  R 


to  every  rural  establishment.  In  its  mentable  negligence  of  this  delightful 
simplest  form,  it  is  the  nucleus  of  all  culture.  In  England,  the  eye  is  con- 
others.  Containing  small  compartments  tinually  struck  with  cottages  embowered 
for  the  culture  of  esculent  vegetables,  amidst  fruit  trees,  shrubs  and  flowers, 
fruits  and  ornamental  plants,  these  may  while  a  neat  compartment  of  esculent 
be  gradually  e.xtended,  until  the  whole  vegetables  supplies  much  of  the  food 
estate  assumes  the  imposing  aspect  of  for  the  support  of  the  inmates.  In 
picturesque  or  landscape  scenery.  The  Germany,  Holland,  and  a  portion  of 
details  of  the  several  grand  divisions  Italy,  it  is  the  general  attention  which 
of  horticulture  are  to  be  learned  from  all  ranks  bestow  upon  the  grounds  sur- 
the  numerous  authors  who  have  devoted  rounding  their  habitations,  that  gives 
their  especial  attention  to  each,  and  such  a  pleasing  aspect  to  those  coun- 
ihose  which  have  been  named,  with  tries.  But  little  attention  has  been  paid 
many  others,  should  be  consulted  by  in  the  United  States  to  the  planting  of 
every  gentleman  who  wishes  to  parti- 1  forest  trees,  ornamental  shrubs  and 
cipate  in  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  a  flowers,  although  the  native  varieties 
garden.  The  most  valuable  and  in- j  are  numerous,  highly  valued  in  other 
teresting  branches  of  gardening  to  the  countries,  and  constitute  the  most  in- 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  generally, '  teresting  exhibitions  in  those  celebrated 


are  of  course  those  which  include  the 
culture  of  esculent  vegetables,  fruits 
and  ornamental  plants.  These  may  be 
enjoyed,  in  various  degrees,  by  all  the 
proprietors  of  the  soil.  It  is  only  ne- 
cessary that  information  should  be  dis- 
seminated, and  examples  presented  by 
the    more   intelligent   and    opulent,  to 


establishments,  which  are  enriched  by 
collections  from  all  quarters  of  the 
globe.  Arboriculture  claims  attention, 
not  merely  for  the  purposes  of  rural 
embellishment,  but  to  replace  the  valu- 
able timber  trees,  which  are  fast  disap- 
pearing throughout  the  Atlantic  states. 
The  forest  trees  of  North  America  ex- 


remove  the  too  common  prejudice,  that    ceed   140,  while   in   Europe   there  are 


gardens  are  costly  and  useless  append' 
ages,  re<iuiring  great  expenditure  and 
labour,  without  any  adequate  protit  or 
satisfaction.  So  far  from  this,  there  is 
not  a  farmer,  not  an  owner  of  an  acre 
of  land,  who  will  not  be  enriched  or 
gratified  by  devoting  a  portion  of  his 
industry  to  the  tillage  of  a  garden  : 
they  may  find  many  hours  which  can 
be   thus   profitably  and  pleasantly  em- 


only  37.  There  are  53  species  of  the 
oak,  17  of  the  pine,  15  of  the  walnut, 
and  8  of  the  maple.  Of  those  magnifi- 
cent trees  which  compose  the  genus  of 
the  magnolia,  but  15  are  known,  9  of 
which  belong  to  the  United  States.  In 
all  ages  and  countries,  flowers  have 
been  universally  cherished.  "  Who," 
asks  Boursault,  "  does  not  love  flow- 
ers?     They    embellish    our    gardens; 


ployed.  Personal  attention,  with  judi-  j  they  give  a  more  brilliant  lustre  to  our 
cious  arrangements,  and  a  proper  divi-  festivals  ;  they  are  the  interpreters  of 
sion  of  labour,  will  accomplish  much.  ourafTections  ;  they  are  the  testimonials 
Many  of  the  most  valuable  products  of  of  our  gratitude;  we  present  them  to 
agriculture  were  first  introduced,  and  |  those  to  whom  we  are  under  obliga- 
their  qualities  tested,  in  the  garden.  |  tions ;  they  are  often  necessary  to  the 
"  If,  therefore,"  says  the  learned  and 
eloquent  Poiteau,  "  we  would  ascend 
to  the  origin  of  Agriculture,  it  is  in  the 
garden  that  her  cradle  will  be  found. 
There,  like  the  young  Hercules,  she 
first  tried  her  powers,  and  prepared, 
like  him,  to  overrun  the  world,  which 
she  speedily  cleared  of  monsters,  and 
bestowed  upon  man  the  laws  of  civil- 
ization." Although  commendable  ef- 
forts have  been  made,  in  several  parts 
of  the  country,  to  introduce  and  mul- 
tiply all  kinds  of  esculent  vegetables. 


pomp  of  our  religious  ceremonies,  and 
they  seem  to  associate  and  mingle  their 
perfumes,  with  the  purity  of  our  pray- 
ers, and  the  homage  which  we  address 
to  the  Almighty.  Happy  are  those  who 
love  and  cultivate  them."  The  ancients 
paid  particular  attention  to  flowers. 
They  were  in  great  request  at  the  en- 
tertainments of  the  wealthy  ;  they  were 
scattered  before  the  triumphal  chariots 
of  conquerors ;  they  formed  the  dis- 
tinguishing insignia  of  many  divinities  ; 
they  glitter  as  gems  in  the  diadem  of 
most  of  the  choice  varieties  of  fruits,  j  the  seasons,  and  constitute  the  mys- 
and  many  of  the  ornamental  trees  and  tical  language  of  poetry.  VV'e  are  told 
plants,  still  there  is  a  general  and  la-  |  that  Descartes  prosecuted,  with  equal 


HO  S 


304 


HOT 


ardour,  astronomy  and  the  culture  of 
flowers.  The  great  Conde  devoted  his 
leisure  hours  to  that  delightful  pursuit, 
and  the  vase  of  flowers  was  daily  re- 
newed upon  the  table  of  Lord  Bacon, 
while  composing  the  volumes  of  his 
sublime  philosophy.  In  the  cities  of 
Europe,  ilower-markets,  for  the  sale  of 
bouquets  and  ornamental  plants,  are  as 
common  as  those  for  fruits.  In  this 
new  world,  these  delicate  daughters  of 
the  sun  have'  not  received  that  atten- 
tion which  indicates  the  highest  state  of 
civilization  :   but  a  tafete  for  floriculture 


of  heat,  or  hot-beds,  in  the  gardener's 
forcing  department. 

A  hot-bed  is  usually  made  of  stable- 
dung,  of  which  that  made  by  the  best 
fed  horses  is  to  be  preferred.  It  should 
be  about  ten  days  from  the  stalls,  and 
without  too  large  a  proportion  of  litter. 
After  being  thrown  into  a  heap,  of  conic 
form,  for  five  or  six  days,  it  must  be  so 
turned  over,  that  the  inner  parts  are 
brought  to  the  outside,  the  clots  well 
separated  with  the  fork,  the  heap  being 
re-formed  conically  as  before,  and  left 
for  an  equal  number  of  days.     By  this 


ia    increasing   throughout    the    Union,  I  time  and  treatment  the  dung  in  general 
and    ornamental    plants    embellish   the  !  acquires  a   sufficient  and  steady  heat; 


country  seats  of  the  opulent  and  the 
dwellings  of  honest  industry.  Botani- 
cal gardens  have  been  established  in 
several  of  the  states,  and  the  large 
cities  can  now  boast  of  their  marts  and 
exhibitions  of  flowers.  One  of  the 
greatest  impediments  to  the  progress 
of  horticulture  in  the  United  States  has 
been  the  deficiency  of  nurseries,  both 
as  to  number  and  extent.  They  are 
not  only  requisite  for  furnishing  the  va- 
rious kinds  of  trees  and  plants  which 
are  demanded  for  utility  and  embel- 
lishment, but  to  give  publicity  to  the 
most  valuable  and  interesting  species, 
as  well  as  to  excite  a  taste  for  their 
cultivation.  These  establishments,  how- 
ever, have  been  much  increased  and 
improved  within  a  few  years,  and  there 
are  several  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston, 
New  York,  Albany,  Philadelphia,  and 
in  the  district  of  Columbia,  which  are 
highly  creditable  to  the  proprietors  and 
to  the  country." — Encyc.  Am. 

HOSACKIA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Division  and  seed.  Com- 
mon soil. 

HOSE-IN-HOSE  is  a  form  of  double 
flowers,  when  one  corolla  is  inserted 
within  the  other,  as  is  frequently  the 
case  with  the  primrose. 

HOSTA.  Three  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.    Cuttings.    Peat  and  loam. 

HOT-BED.  When  a  temperature  of 
45^,  moisture,  and  atmospheric  air  oc- 
cur to  deaden  vegetable  matters,  these 
absorb  large  quantities  of  oxygen,  evol- 
ving also  an  equal  volume  of  carbonic 
acid.  As  in  all  other  instances  where 
vegetable  substances  absorb  oxygen  gas 
in  large  quantities,  much  heat  is  evolved 
by  them  when  putrefying;  and  advan- 
tage is  taken  of  this  by  employing 
leaves,  stable-litter,  and  tan,  as  sources 


if,  however,  it  is  very  dry  and  fresh,  it 
must  be  moderately  moistened,  and  left 
for  five  or  six  days  more.  At  the  time 
of  forming  the  heap,  as  well  as  at  every 
turning,  water  should  be  applied  if  its 
substance  appears  at  all  dry,  as  a  regu- 
lar state  of  moisture  is  of  first  import- 
ance to  the  obtaining  a  favourable  fer- 
mentation. It  should  remain  until  the 
straw  in  general  assumes  a  dark  brown 
colour,  when  it  should  be  immediately 
formed  into  the  bed.  Leaves  or  tan 
may  be  mixed  with  advantage,  as  heat 
is  thereby  generated  during  a  greater 
length  of  time.  In  cold,  wet,  or  bois- 
terous weather,  the  heaps  should  be 
covered  to  a  moderate  depth  with  lit- 
ter. 

In  making  the  beds,  they  must  be  so 
situated  as  to  be  entirely  free  from  the 
overshadowing  of  trees,  buildings,  &c., 
and  having  an  aspect  rather  a  point 
eastward  of  the  south.  A  reed  fence 
surrounding  them  on  all  sides  is  a  shel- 
ter that  prevents  anj'  reverberation  of 
the  wind,  an  evil  which  is  caused  by 
paling  or  other  solid  inclosure.  This 
must  be  ten  feet  high  to  the  northward 
or  back  part,  of  a  similar  height  at  the 
side,  but  in  front  only  six.  The  wicket 
or  gate  must  be  of  sufficient  width  to 
admit  a  loaded  wheelbarrow.  An  in- 
closure of  this  description,  one  hundred 
feet  in  length  and  sixty  broad,  will  be 
of  a  size  sufficiently  large  for  the  pursuit 
of  every  description  of  hot-bed  forcing. 
But  for  cucumbers,  melons,  and  a  few 
inferior  articles,  a  space  for  six  or  eight 
lights  is  sufficient.  Fruit  may  be  forced 
slightly  by  being  trained  within  it  on 
the  southern  aspect;  the  fence  on  that 
side  in  that  case  must  be  of  brick  or 
wood. 

To  prevent  unnecessary  labour,  this 


HOT 


305 


HOT 


inclosure  should  be  formed  as  near  to    the  bed  in  all  cases  must  be  guided  by 

the  stable  as  possible.     For  the  recep-  j  the  size  of  the  frame. 

tinn  of  the  bed,  a  trench   is  often  dug  ]      To   prevent  the   sudden   changes  of 

of  its    determined  length  and  breadth,  j  temperature  in  the  external  air  atfect- 

and  six   inches  deep,  if  the   soil  is  wet,    ing  the  heat  of  the  bed,  coat  the  sides 

or  eighteen  or  more  if  it  is  dry.     In  a    of  the  bed    with  sand  ;    coal-ashes   or 

dry  soil  and  climate  this  cannot  be  pro-  '■  earth  might  be  substituted,  to  a  thick- 

ductive  of  much  injury,  but  otherwise    ness  of  two  feet. 

it  almost  always  chills  the  bed:  at  the        As  the  heat  declines,  linings,  or  as 

same  time  it  is  to  be  observed,  that  it    they  might   be    more    properly  called, 


is  never  productive  of  benefit,  further 
than  not  being  so  high;  it  is  easier  of 
access,  but  gives  much  additional  trou- 
ble, brfth  at  the  time  of  founding  and 
afterwards,  when  linings  are  to  be  ap- 
plied 


coatings,  are  made  use  of,  which  con- 
sist of  hot  fermenting  dung  laid  from 
eighteen  to  twenty-four  inches,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  coldness  of  the  season, 
&c.,  all  round  the  bed  to  the  whole  of 
its  height,  and  iffounded  in  a  trench. 


The  site  of  the  bed  being  determined,  one  equally  deep  must  be  dug  for  the 
a  stake  should  be  driven  perpendicu-  coating,  it  being  of  importance  to  re- 
larly  at  the  four  corners  as  a  guide  for '  new  the  heat  as  much  as  possible 
its  rectangular  construction.  The  dung  throughout  its  whole  mass  ;  if,  after  a 
must  be  thoroughly  mixed  just  before  it  while,  the  temperature  again  declines, 
is  used,  and  as  carefully  separated  and  the  old  coating  must  be  t;dven  away, 
spread  regularly  with  the  fork,  as  the  and  a  similar  one  of  hot  dung  applied 
bed  is  formed  with  it.  It  is  beneficially  in  its  place.  As  the  spring  advances, 
settled  down  in  every  part  alike  by  the  warmth  of  the  sun  will  compensate 
beating  with  the  fork  as  the  work  pro-  for  the  decline  of  that  of  the  bed  ;  but 
ceeds,  rather  than  by  treading;  for  if ,  as  the  nights  are  generally  yet  cold, 
too  much  compressed,  a  high  degree  of;  either  a  moderate  coating,   about  nine 


heat  is  generated  but  is  soon  spent: 
contrary  phenomenon  is  often  caused 
if  trod  to  a  still  greater  excess,  namely, 
that  no  heat  at  all  is  engendered. 

The    longest   or   littery    part   of  the 


or  ten  inches  thick,  is  required,  or  the 
mowings  of  grass,  or  even  litter,  may 
be  laid  round  the  sides  with  advantage. 
The  depth  of  earth,  as  well  as  the 
time  and  manner  of  applying,  vary  con- 


dung  should  be  laid  at  the  bottom  of  siderably  ;  it  should  never  be  put  on 
the  bed,  and  the  finer  fragments  of  the  until  four  or  five  days  after  the  bed  is 
dung  upon  the  top.  If  it  is  not  regu-  formed:  before  it  is  applied,  the  edges 
larly  and  moderately  moist  throughout,  of  the  bed  should  be  raised  full  eight 
it  should  be  sprinkled  over  with  water.  ,  inches  higher  than  the  middle,  as  from 
As  the  surface  on  which  the  bed  is  ,  the  additional  weight  of  the  frame  they 
founded  is  usually  horizontal,  so  is  the  are  sure  to  sink  more  and  quicker, 
dung  laid  perfectly  parallel  with  it.  Mr.  thereby  often  causing  the  earth  to  crack 
Knight  recommends  it,  on  the  contrary,  and  injure  the  roots  of  the  plants. 
to  be  equally  inclined  with  its  founda-  The  roots  of  plants  being  liable  to 
tion,  that  it  may  associate  well  with  the  injury  from  an  excessive  heat  in  the 
new  form,  which  he  recommends  for  bed,  several  plans  have  been  devised 
frames.     See  Frame.  '  to  prevent  this  etfect.     If  the  plants  in 

The  breadth  of  a  bed  must  always  be    pots  are  plunged   in   the  earth   of  the 


five  feet,  and  in  the  depth  of  winter 
four  and  a  half  feet  high  when  firmly 
settled  ;  to  form  it  of  this  size,  about 
twelve  barrow  loads  of  dung  are  re- 
quired to  a  light. 

In  early  spring,  a  height  of  three  and 
a  half  feet  is  sulficient,  and  as  the  sea- 
son advances,  it  may  decline  to  three 
two   and    a   half  feet.     In   May  or 


bed,  they  may  be  raised  an  inch  or  two 
from  the  bottom  of  the  holes  they  are 
inserted  in  by  means  of  a  stone.  But  a 
still  more  etfectual  mode  is  to  place 
them  within  other  pots,  rather  larger 
than  themselves  ;  a  space  filled  with 
air  being  thus  interposed  between  the 
roots  and  the  source  of  heat,  an  elfect- 
ual  security  is  obtained.      To  prevent 


early  summer,  when  the  only  object  is  the  same  injury  occurring  when  the 
to  hasten  the  germination  of  seeds,  two  plants  are  in  the  earth  of  the  bed,  a 
feet  or  eighteen  inches  is  not  less  than  moderate  layer  of  neats'-dung  laid  be- 
the  necessary  height.  The  length  of  tween  the  earth  and  the  fermenting 
20 


HOT 


306 


HOT 


mass,  is  an  efficient  precaution,  and  is  '  are  frosty  for  the  admission  of  air.  A 
much  preferable  to  a  similarly  placed  ,  complete  remedy  for  all  these  difficul- 
layer  of  turf,  which  interrupts  too  much  I  ties  is  afforded  by  a  plan,  which  suc- 
the  full  benefit  of  the  heat.  A  plan  re- 1  ceeds  on  the  principle  that  warm  air 
commended  by  Bradley  is  well  worthy'  ascends,  and  simply  consists  of  a  pipe 
of  notice.  A  woven  hurdle  somewhat  passed  through  the  body  of  the  bed, 
larger  than  the  frame  being  placed  ,  and  one  end  communicating  with  the 
upon  the  dung,  on  this  its  woodwork  i  exterior  air,  the  other  opening  into  the 
can  rest,  and  the  earth  is  laid  within  |  frame,  at  one  of  the  top  corners  of 
it,  ihus  the  whole  can  be  moved  to- j  which  an  aperture  must  be  made  ;  the 
gether  without  disturbance.  This  would  '  heated  air  of  the  frame  will  constantly 
especially  he  of  advantage  when  bark  I  be  issuing  from  this  aperture,  and  its 
is  employed,  which  requires  occasional  place  supplied  by  that  which  rises 
stirring  to  renew  its  heat  in  case  of!  through  the  pipe.  A  pipe  of  lead  may 
emergency,  when    time    cannot   be   al- '  be  used,  about  two  or  three  inches  in 


lowed  for  the  bed  becoming  regular  in 
its  heat  before  the  plants  are  inserted 


diameter,  bent  nearly  at  a  right  angle, 
and  each  limb   being  three   feet  long, 


Besides    these    precautions,    vacancies  I  one  of  these  to  be  placed  horizontally, 
should  be  left  in  the  mould,  and  holes  I  as  the   bed  is   forming,  with  its  mouth 


bored  with  a  thick  pole  into  the  bed, 
which  must  be  filled  up  with  hay  or 
dung  when  the  danger  is  passed. 

For  ascertaining  the  internal  temper- 
ature of  the  bed,  the  thermometer  is 
the  only  certain  guide,  as  it  also  is  for 
judging  of  the  temperature  of  the  air 
within  the  frame;  the  mode  of  intro- 
ducing it  into  the  body  of  the  bed,  is  to 
have  the  thermometer  inclosed  in  a 
wooden  case  of  the  size  and  form  of  an 


extending  in  the  open  air,  that  of  the 
other  opening  into  the  frame  ;  a  cap 
should  be  fitted  to  the  first,  and  by  a 
slit  on  its  under  side,  the  quantity  of 
air  admitted  can  be  regulated. 

Although  stable  manure  is  generally 
employed  for  the  constructing  of  hot- 
beds, yet  there  are  several  other  vege- 
table matters  that  are  also  in  use  for 
the  same  purpose.  Tanner's  bark, 
from   its  long   continuance    and    regu- 


ordinary  dibble,  which  is  to  be  lined  i  larity  of  heat,  is  much  to  be  preferred, 
with  baize  and  fitted  with  a  cap  ofj  especially  for  very  tender  exotics.  In 
tliinned  iron  to  exclude  the  exterior  |  many  situations  it  can  be  obtained  at  a 
temperature.  The  end  which  enters  cheaper  rate  than  stable  dung  ;  it  should 
the  earth  is  shod  with  perforated  cop-  be  employed  when  fresh  drawn  from 
per.  In  conjunction  with  the  ther-  \  the  vats,  or  at  most  when  a  fortnight  or 
mometer,  trying  sticks  may  be  employ-  [  three  weeks  old  ;  it  must  lay  in  a  heap 
ed  for  occasional  observation;  these  |  for  six  or  eight  days  to  allow  the  escape 
are  smooth  laths  of  wood,  about  two  1  of  the  superfluous  moisture  :  in  summer 
feet  in  length,  thrust  into  different  parts    this  is  not  of  such  material  consequence. 


of  the  bed,  which,  being  drawn  out  and 
grasped  quickly,  afford  a  rough  esti- 
mate of  the  heat  of  the  bed. 

The  small  extent  of  the  frame,  and 
the  rapid  deterioration  of  the  air  within 
it  by  the  plants,  render  its  frequent  re- 
newal necessary.  To  effect  this,  the 
common  practice  is  to  raise  the  glasses 
in  proportionate  heights  according  to 
the  state  of  the  air;  and  to  prevent  any 
injury  arising  when  necessarily  admitted 
during  inclement  weather,  mats  are 
hung  over   the   opening  ;  but  notwith 


as  an  excess  of  wet  is,  at  that  season, 
not  so  liable  to  prevent  fermentation. 

If  the  ground  is  dry,  a  pit  three  feet 
deep  may  be  dug,  and  is  better  lined 
with  slates,  boards,  or  brickwork,  but 
whatever  may  be  the  nature  of  the  soil, 
it  is  best  to  form  this  case  or  bin  of  a 
similar  height  upon  the  surface.  With- 
out some  support  the  tan  will  not  form 
a  solid  bed,  and  if  mould  becomes 
mixed  with  it,  the  fermentation  is  re- 
tarded or  entirely  prevented.  The 
breadth  must  not   be  less  than  five  or 


standing  these  precautions,  the  supply  |  six  feet,  or  of  a  length  shorter  than  ten 
of  air  can  seldom  be  regular;  hence, !  or  twelve,  otherwise  the  heat  will  not 
and  from  sudden  chills,  the  plants  are  i  be  lasting.  When  the  bark  is  laid,  it 
often  checked,  and  sometimes  essen-  [  must  be  gently  settled  with  the  fork, 
tially  injured.  It  may  be  remarked  but  never  trodden  upon  ;  for  if  violently 
here,  that  raw  foggy  days,  if  anything,  I  compressed,  it  loses  the  power  of  fer- 
are  more  unfavourable  than  those  that  I  menting ;  if  the  bark  is  fresh  and  not 


HOT 


307 


HOT 


ground  very  small,  it  attains  a  sufficient  left  undisturbed,  continue  at  a  temper- 
warmth  in  a  fortnight  for  the  insertion  atureof  64°  for  many  months,  he  seems 
of  the  plants,  and  will  continue  in  heat ,  to  intimate  as  long  as  fourteen.     This 


for  two  or  three  months  ;  the  larger  the 
fragments  of  the  bark  are,  the  longer 
time  it  requires  to  ferment,  but  in  an 
equal  proportion  it  attains  a  higher 
temperature  and  preserves  it  much 
longer;  a  middle  sized  bark  is,  there- , 


material  is,  however,  to  be  had  in  very 
few  districts.  Grass  and  other  green 
herbage,  and  even  wetted  straw  mixed 
with  coal-ashes,  have  been  used  on  an 
emergency  with  success.  Instead  of 
forming  hot-beds  with  open  sides,  as  has 


fore,  in  general  to  be  preferred;  and  been  hitherto  described,  J)^7s  of  brick- 
added  to  the  above  consideration,  it  is  work  and  other  materials,  are  very 
to    be    remarked    that,   when   made  of  generally    constructed    for    containing 


large  fragments,  violent  and  sudden 
excesses  often  arise,  even  after  the  bed 
has  been  constructed  two  or  three 
months  :  on  the  contrary,  if  very  small, 
the  fermentation  soon  passes  oft". 

When  the  crops  are  removed,  and 
the  heat  declines,  if  well  stirred,  and  a 
load  or  two  of  fresh  bark  mixed  with  it, 
the  bed  will  acquire  and  continue  in 
heat  for  an  equal  further  lapse  of  time  : 
this  may  be  repeated  throughout  the 
year  as  often  as  the  heat  is  found  to 
decline.  But  it  is  necessary  every 
autumn,  entirely  or  nearly  so,  to  re- 
construct the  bed  with  fresh  bark;  for 
when  the  old  is  far  advanced  towards 
putrefaction,  it  will  no  longer  generate 
heat. 


the  fermenting  mass.  It  may  be  laid 
down  as  a  fundamental  principle,  that 
in  applying  heat,  it  should  always  be 
brought  to  the  bottom  of  the  body  to 
be  heated. 

Mr.  Flanagan  only  allows  the  heat  of 
fermenting  dung  to  be  employed,  the 
steam  being  prevented  entering  the 
frame.  One  advantage  arising  from  this 
he  states  to  be,  that  fresh  made  dung 
may  be  employed,  and  consequently  the 
loss  sustained  by  any  preparation  is 
prevented.  If,  however,  it  be  a  fact 
that  the  steam  of  dung  is  rather  bene- 
ficial than  otherwise,  fresh  fermenting 
dung  can  be  used  without  any  detriment 
that  I  am  aware  of  in  other  pits  of 
which  we  have  plans.   Mr.  F.  describes 


The  leaves  of  the  oak  and  sweet  his  pitas  follows: — "  It  is  four  feet  deep 
chestnut,  and  doubtless  of  many  other  i  within,  the  lowest  ten  inches  of  solid 
trees,  answer  for  hot-beds  as  well  or  brickwork  sunk  in  the  earth;  the  re- 
even  better  than  tanner's  bark,  since  mainder  is  a  flue  three  inches  wide  in 
they  will  continue  to  afford  a  moderate  the  clear,  carried  entirely  round  the  pit, 
heat  for  nearly  twelve  months  without  i  the  inner  wall  of  which,  forming  the 
any  addition  or  stirring.  They  are  to  '  " 
be  collected  as  they  fall  in  autumn,  and 
carried  to  some  situation,  or  be  so  hur- 
dled in,  that  they  may  be  preserved 
from  scattering  by  the  winds;  the  heap 
should  be  si.x  or  seven  feet  thick,  trod 
firmly  down,  and  moderately  watered 
if  dry.     In  a  few  days,  a  very  powerfu" 


sides  of  the  pit,  is  four  inch  work,  well 
bedded  in  mortar,  and  pointed  to  pre- 
vent the  steam  penetrating ;  the  outer 
wall  of  the  flue  is  also  four  inch,  but 
open  work  to  admit  the  steam,  and  that 
of  dung  coatings  into  the  flue,  the  top 
of  which  is  rendered  tight  by  a  covering 
of  tiles,  &c.     The  frame  rests  on  the 


heat  is  produced,  and  in  five  or  six  i  external  wall  of  the  flue.  The  cavity 
weeks  will  have  become  so  regular,  ■  of  the  pit,  which  is  kept  dry  by  means 
that  it  may  be  broken  up  and  the  beds  of  drains,  is  nine  feet  two  inches  long, 
constructed  with  its  materials,  water  j  two  feet  eight  inches  wide,  and  four 
being  again  employed  if  dryness  ap-  [  feet  deep.  It  is  filled  with  broken 
pears,  and  they  must  be  well  trod  down  bricks  to  within  eighteen  inches  of  the 
as  before.  There  are  many  other  sub-  top,  then  a  foot  of  short  cold  dung,  six 
stances  that  generate  heat  during  fer-  inches  of  very  rotten  dung  trod  down 
mentation;  there  is  perhaps  no  vegeta- j  so  as  to  admit  half  an  inch  depth  of 
ble  substance  that  does  not;  even  a  I  coal-ashes,  for  preventing  the  intrusion 
heap  of  dry  sticks  acquires  a  strong  of  any  worms  that  may  be  in  the  dung, 
accession  of  temperature  if  moistened,  j  completes  the  structure." 


Mr.  Burnet  recommends  the  trial  of  the  i  The  accompanying  sketch  and  refcr- 
refuse  matter  thrown  oft"  in  dressing  ences  will  fully  explain  the  plan  of  Mr. 
flax,  for  constructing  hot-beds  :  this  re-  |  West.  D  D,  chamber  in  which  the  dung 
fuse    he   says  he   has  observed,  when    is  placed,  three  and  a  half  feet  deep, 


308 


HOT 


surrounded   by  nine    inch  brick  work 

One  half  of  this  is  filled   longitudinally  i  maurocenia 
with  dung  at  the  commencement,  which 


the  steam  of  the  dung;  I,  represents 
one  of  two  plugs,  which  stop  holes  left 
to  regulate  the  heal  and  steam  as  may 
be  necessary.  The  outer  wall  supports 
the  lights.  For  the  convenience  of 
fixing  the  dung,  it  is  best  to  fill  the  half 
of  the  chamber  at  the  commencement, 
before  the  branches,  mould,  &c.,  are 
put  in. 

Hot-water  is  a  much  more  manage- 
able source  of  heat  for  a  hot-bed  than 
fermenting  vegetable  matter,  and  for 
plans  see  the  title  Hot-Water. 

HOT-HOUSE.    See  Stove. 

HOTTENTOT  CHERRY. 


HOTTENTOT-FIG. 


Cassine 
Mesembry- 


if  kept  close  shut  up,  will  last  twelve  or  |  anthemum  edule. 
eighteen  days,  according  to  the  quality  I  HOTTONIA  palustris.  Hardy 
of  the  dung.  As  the  heat  declines,  the  ;  aquatic.  Division.  Stillwater, 
other  side  is  filled,  and  the  temperature  j  HOT-WALL  is  a  hollow  wall,  the 
is  further  sustained  by  additions  to  the  interior  air  being  so  heated  by  flues  or 
top  of  both  as  the  mass  settles.  When  i  hot  water,  as  to  keep  the  bricks  of  which 
this  united   heat  becomes   insufficient,  I  its  faces   are   composed  so  warm  as   to 


the  side  first  filled  being  cleared,  the  old 
manure  must  be  mixed  with  some  fresh, 
and  replaced,  this  being  repeated  alter-  1 
nately  to  either  heap  as  often  as  neces- 
sary.    A  A,  are  the  doors,  two  of  which 


promote  the  ripening  of  the  wood  and 
fruit  trained  against  them. 

Mr.  Loudon  observes,  that  "  the  flued 
wall  or  hot  wall  is  generally  built  of 
brick,  though  where  stone  is  abundant 


are  on  each  side  lor  the  admission  of  and  more  economical,  the  back  or  north 
the  dung.  They  are  two  and  a  half  feet !  side  may  be  of  that  material.  A  flued 
square,  fitted  into  grooves  at  the  bottom, !  wall  maybe  termed  a  hollow  wall,  in 
and  fastened  by  means  of  a  pin  and  !  which  the  vacuity  is  thrown  into  com- 
staple  at  the  top.  B  B,  are  small  areas  i  partments  to  faciliate  the  circulation  of 
sunk  in  front,  surrounoed  by  a  curb  of'  smoke  and  heat  from  the  base  or  surface 
wood  ;  G  G  G,  are  bars  passing  longi-  i  of  the  ground  to  within  one  or  two  feet 
tudinally  as  a  guide  and  support  in  pack-  of  the  coping.  They  are  generally 
ing  the  dung;  C,  represents  a  bar  of  arranged  with  hooks  inserted  under  the 
cast-iron,  two  inches  wide  and  three  coping  to  admit  of  fastening  some  de- 
quarters  of  an  inch  thick,  placed  on  the  scription  of  protecting  covers,  and 
edge  of  which  there  is  a  row,  a  foot  sometimes  for  temporary  glass  frames, 
asunder  across  the  chamber  to  support'  A  length  of  forty  feet,  and  from  ten  to 
a  layer  of  small  wood  branches  and  fifteen  feet  high,  may  be  heated  by  one 
leaves,  H,  for  the  pupose  of  sustaining  fire,  the  furnace  of  which,  being  placed 
the  soil,  K,  in  the  upper  chamber ;  E  E,  one  or  two  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 
represents  the  orifices  of  which  there  ground,  the  first  course  or  flue  will  com- 
ai-e  a  series  all  round  the  pit,  communi-  mence  one  foot  above  it,  and  be  two 
eating  with  the  flue  F  F  F,  which  sur-  '  feet  six  or  three  feet  high,  and  the 
rounds  the   beds:   the  exterior  wall  of  second,  third,  and  fourth  courses  nar- 


this  flue  is  built  with  bricks  laid  flat,  the 
inner  one  of  bricks  set  on  edge.  The 
flue  is  two  inches  wide,  and  for  the  sake 
of  strength,  bricks  are  passed  occa- 
sionallv  from  side  to  side  as  ties.     The 


rower  as  they  ascend.  The  thickness 
of  that  side  of  the  flue  next  the  south 
or  preferable  side,  should,  for  the  first 
course,  be  four  inches,  or  brick  and 
bed;    and  for  the  other  courses  it  were 


top  of  the  flue,  and  the  internal  part  of  desirable  to  have  bricks  cast  in  a  smaller 
the  wall,  which  rises  at  the  back  and  mould  ;  say  for  the  second  course,  three 
front  to  the  level  the  earth  is  meant  to  inches;  for  the  third,  two  and  three 
stand,  are  covered  with  tiles,  over  the  quarter  inches;  and  for  the  fourth, 
joints  of  which  slips  of  slate  bedded  in  I  two  and  a  half  inches  in  breadth.  This 
mortar  are  laid  to  prevent  the  escape  of  |  will  give  an  opportunity  of  leveling  the 


HOT 


309 


HOT 


*—— 

wall,  and  the  bricks  being  all  of  the  to  slate,  but  considers  that  plates  of 
same  thickness  though  of  diflerent  iron,  applied  in  the  same  way,  might 
widths,  the  external  appearance  will  be  ,  answer  the  purpose  nearly  as  well, 
everywhere  the  same." — Enc.  Card.  provided  that  their  surfaces  were  black- 
Hot  walls  are  generally  overheated  i  ened,  which  would  cause  them  to  ub- 
opposite  the  first  turn  of  the  tlue,  and  sorb  more  of  the  solar  rays.  Even 
not  heated  enough  at  a  distance  from  ;  frames  of  glass  might  answer  the  pur- 
thefire.  Mr.  Hay  lias  obviated  this,  by  j  pose  applied  in  the  same  manner,  and 
having  a  hollow  in  the  interior  of  the  .  perhaps  some  other  materials  might  do  ; 
wall,  serving  as  a  general  heat-chamber  |  but  it  is  desirable  that  the  frames  should 
for  diffusing  and  retaining  warm  air,  be  light  enough  to  admit  of  their  being 
and  also  smoke-dues  for  conveying  heat  removed  without  dilficulty,  in  order 
throughout. — Hort.  Trans.;  Gard.  Mag.  that  these  partitions  may  be  shifted 
The  Rev.  J.  A.  H.  Grubbe,  of  Stan-    from  place  to  place,  (put  under  cover 


ton  St.  Bernard,  Wiltshire,  has  taken 
out  a  patent  for  a  Transmitting-heai 
wall.  The  intention  is  to  erect  this 
partition  in  gardens,  as  a  substitute  for 
walls,  against  which  fruit  trees  may  be 


during  winter,)  and  set  up  in  different 
parts  of  the  garden,  as  convenience 
may  dictate. — Nicholson's  Jown.;  Gard. 
Mag.     See  IVall. 

HOT-WATER  as  a  source  of  heat 


trained,  and  through  which  the  warmth    for  gardening  purposes  is  preferable  to 


of  the  sun  may,  by  reason  of  their  thin 
iiess,  be  transmitted,  which  will  greatly 
promote  the  ripening  of  the  fruit,  and 
improve  its  flavour.  The  material  pro- 
posed to  be  employed  for  constructin 


any  other.  It  is  less  expensive,  more 
manageable,  and  less  troublesome  than 
any  other.  See  Tank  System  and 
Stove.  The  following  are  some  of  the 
best  modes  of  its  application  to  various 


these  walls  or  partitions,  is  slate  of  the  structures 
ordinary  quality,  in  slabs,  of  the  kind  Fine-Pit. — The  best  that  has  been 
usually  applied  to  the  roofing  of  houses. !  constructed  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  G. 
Iron  frames    are    proposed   to  be  pre-    Fleming: — 

pared  for  the  reception  of  the  slates, '  In  "  a  pine-pit  recently  erected  at 
like  the  frames  of  windows,  (with  holes  Trentham,  the  tank  system  of  bottom- 
in  both  sides  for  inserting  wires  to  serve  heating  and  that  of  hot  water  pipes  for 
as  a  trellis,)  and  the  slates  being  cut  to  ■  top-heat  are  combined  ;  and  for  keep- 
proper  shapes  and  dimensions,  may  be  [  ing  a  sufficient  and  steady  heat  with  a 
secured  in  the  rebates  of  the  frame  by  small  consumption  of  fuel,  nothing  can 
j)utty,  in  the  same  way  as  glass.  These  be  more  satisfactory.  The  pit  is  seven- 
frames  are  to  be  from  six  to  eight  feet    ty-scven    feet    long,    and    twelve    feet 

wide,  and  of  a  suitable  height,  and  may       '''   :--:j-    — i    :,.  t,-..»-,i   i v...  ;~ 

be  joined  together  side  by  side,  by  re- 
bates or  flanges,  and  held  fast  by  screws, 
bolts,  pins  or  staples:  or  in  any  way 

that  may  be  found  desirable  to  secure    .m,,.  ,..,^v,,«..«  ...v^.  , „ , 

them  firmly.  Temporary  blocks  of  is  again  received  by  another  pipe.  The 
stone  may  be  placed  along  the  ground  i  advantage  of  two  deliveries  is,  that  the 
to  support  the  partitions,  with  cross  j  water  not  having  so  far  to  go  does  not 
pieces  to  receive  standards  or  slight  get  so  cold  before  it  is  returned  to  the 
buttresses  to  keep  the  wall  or  partition  boiler,  and  the  heat  is  more  regular  in 
perpendicular,  and  against  the  face  of  all  parts  of  the  house.  The  depth  of 
the  wall,  trellis  work  of  wood  or  other  water  in  the  tanks  is  about  three  inches, 
fit  material  may  be  placed  for  the  sup- 1  The  tanks  are  made  of  brickwork  coat- 
port  of  the  branches  of  the  trees.  Walls    ed    with    Roman    cement.      They    are 


wide  inside,  and  is  heated  by  what  is 
called  a  saddle  boiler.  Under  the  bed 
are  four  tanks,  into  which  the  water  is 
delivered  from  the  boiler  by  a  four 
inch  pipe,  and  after  pursuing  its  course. 


or  partitions  for  gardens  formed  in  this 
way  will   transmit  the  heat  of  the  sun 


arched  over  with  brickwork  also,  which 
we    find    cheaper    than  covering  them 


— J    -  •   — ••  "    1 — 

through  them,  and  hence  fruit  which  with  slates,  and  by  leaving  interstices 
may  be  growing  against  these  walls  between  the  bricks  of  which  the  arch 
having  a  northern  aspect,  will  receive  ;  is  composed  the  steam  is  allowed  to 
the  benefit  of  the  sun's  warmth  trans- i  escape,  and  penetrating  the  stratum  of 
raitted  through  the  slates.  In  the  con-,  rubble  above,  to  keep  the  tan  in  a  pro- 
struction  of  these  transmitting  walls,  |  per  state  of  moisture.  The  same  boiler 
the  patentee  does  not  confine  himself  also  supplies  a  range  of  four  inch  pipe, 


HOT 


310 


HOT 


which  goes  round  the  pit.  There  are 
cavities  in  the  wall  to  permit  the  steam 
from  below  to  pass  to  the  top  of  the 
pit.  The  aperture  to  these  can  be 
closed  at  pleasure,  thus  insuring  a  per- 
fect command  over  the  moisture  of  the 
atmosphere.  There  is  a  chamber  which 
formerly  contained  a  flue  belonging  to 
the  house  that  occupied  the  place  of 
the  one  I  am  now  describing.  This 
chamber  has  been  left  with  the  view  of 
its  being  useful  for  filling  with  hot  dung 
either  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  to 
maintain  the  heat  of  the  house,  or  for 
destroying   insects.      The    tanks    and 


pipes  cannot  both  be  worked  at  the 
same  time,  but  they  are  fitted  with 
stop-cocks,  so  that  either  can  be  work- 
ed at  pleasure,  and  a  few  hours  in  the 
middle  of  the  day,  when  the  pipes  are 
not  wanted,  is  found  amply  sufficient  to 
keep  up  the  bottom-heat,  as  the  mass 
of  material  when  once  heated  retains 
its  heat  for  a  considerable  time." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Melon  and  Cucumber  Pit.  —  For  this, 
Mr.  Glendinning,  the  scientific  nursery- 
man, of  Turnham  Green,  has  given  the 
following  plans  and  description. 


Fig.  87. 


JEleueUion  of  [he 
J,ine  A  A 


Explanation  of  the  Plan. — a,  Bur- 
bidge  and  Healy's  boiler ;  b  b,  iron 
troughs;  cc,  pipes;  d  d,  iron  troughs 
as  at  6  6  in  plan ;  e  e,  pipes  as  at  c  c  in 
plan  ;  //,  copper  tubes  fastened  to  the 
troughs  to  admit  steam  when  required  ; 
g,  wire  trellis  ;  h  h  h,  convenient  places 

Fig.  88. 


for  the  growth  of  sea  kale,  rhubarb  or 
asparagus,  or  keeping  tubers  of  any  kind 
during  the  winter. 

"  This  pit  is  intended  for  melons  in 
summer,  and  to  preserve  pelargoniums 
or  other  plants  in  winter.  As  the  ob- 
ject in  constructing  it  is  more  for  the 
purpose  of  experiment  than  the  perma- 
nent culture  of  melons,  I  have  designed 
it  so  that  pines  may  be  substituted  with- 
out any  alteration  whatever;  indeed 
any  kind  of  plant  which  such  a  structure 
is  capable  of  receiving,  and  at  the  same 
time  requiring  protection,  and  in  a 
warm  temperature,  may  be  very  advan- 
tageously introduced,  the  hot-water  ap- 
paratus being  so  contrived  as  to  com- 
mand   both    bottom   and   surface-heat, 


HOT 


311 


HOT 


either   separately    or    conjointly.     For  mediate  contact,  and  at  the  same  time 


the  purpose  of  supplying  soft  water  for 
the  plants,  I  have  placed  a  slate  cistern 
at  one  end  of  the  pit,  in  order  to  collect 
the  rain  water  from  the  roof.  The  soil, 
if  permitted  to  come  in  contact  with  the 
iron  troughs,  would,  of  necessity,  be- 
corqe  dried  and  totally  unfit  for  the 
roots  of  any  plant:  with  a  view  to  ob- 
viate this,  I  have  placed  rough  flint  or 
other  stones  over  the  bottom  of  the  bed 
and  round  the  troughs  to  prevent  im- 


to  admit  of  a  more  uniform  ditl'usion  of 
heat  over  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  so  that 
the  soil  which  rests  upon  it  may  be 
more  regularly  heated.  The  other  ad- 
vantage and  conveniences  of  this  pit 
will  be  apparent  from  the  above  plan 
and  section  without  further  remark.'' — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Hot-house. — A  hot-water  system  of 
heating  this  structure  has  been  thus  de- 
tailed by  an  anonymous  writer. 


Fig.  89. 


Birrticr  m  the  fTinery.  P.  Bwdfr  in  Uu  Stove. 


H 


Pavement  over  Keservnir 


^--^^'S 


K 


"Vine  BartUr. 


-vfwma/.'mm^/m/'r,A-.y,,',',,vJ»,^:-^y^y,^y,^,^,^^~, 


itiw>y/«|iy-<y^//<»^^ 


"It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  a  parti- 
tion across  the  house,  dividing  off  about 

Fig.  90. 


Section  of  Hot-house. 


Fig.  91. 


Section  of  Pit.  Sluice 

for  Pit. 
one-third  nearest  to  the  boiler  as  a  hot- 
house, which  can  easily  be  kept  at  much 
higher  temperatures  when  recjuired  than 
the  remaintJer  of  the  range,  which  ia 
intended  for  a  vinery.  The  circulation 
may  be  confined  to  that  exclusively,  or 
suffered  to  extend  throughout  the  range, 


HOT 


312 


HOT 


for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  as  may  be  :  room  for  tlie  gardener  to  walk  between 
desired.  Under  the  paved  walii  in  the  I  tliem,  to  hold  the  plants,  wliich  it  is  ex- 
hot-house,  a  reservoir  is  formed  in  bricli  I  pectcd  will  do  very  well  even  in  the 
and  cemented,  into  which  all  the  rain  vinery,  as  there  are  front  sashes,  and 
■which  falls  on  the  roof  of  the  house  is  i  the  vines  will  be  confined  to  the  rafters 
collected.  A  moveable  pump  is  in-  in  the  roof.  One  table  rests  on  one 
serted  in  one  end  through  a  hole  cut  side  on  the  front  wall,  and  on  iron  legs 
into  the  stone,  for  raising  the  water  for  on  the  other  ;  the  other  table  is  spp- 
use  in  the  house.  The  gutters  are  fit-'  ported  entirely  by  iron  legs  lying  close 
teen  inches  wide  and  five  inches  deep, '  against  the  gutters.  By  this  arrange- 
and  formed  in  fifteen  inch  lengths ;  ment  the  gutters  are  secured  against 
simple  open  troughs,  as  shown  in  sec-  being  broken  or  disturbed  by  any 
tion,  excepting  at  angles,  where  there  ,  chance  accident.  The  boiler  is  of  cop- 
are  three  pieces,  one  for  each  angle,  I  per,  having  a  pipe  at  the  top  through 
formed  in  a  different  mould,  tliere  being  j  which  the  hot-water  rises,  with  a  cross 
no  joint  at  the  angles,  and  the  two  end  j  pipe  having  two  cocks  in  it  with  a  brass 
pieces  which  are  formed  with  projecting  :  union  on  each  side  at  the  bottom  to  re- 
collars  to  receive  the  pipes  from  the  [  ceive  the  return  pipes ;  so  that  the  cir- 
boiler.  The  gutters  are  covered  with  '  culation  may  be  carried  on  throughout 
tiles,  one  and  a  quarter  inch  in  thick-    the  house  and  the  pits  at  the  same  time, 


ness.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  flow  and 
return  gutters  are  connected  at  two 
points,  in  order  that  the  circulation  may 
be  confined  between  either  and  the 
boiler.  At  these  points  the  gutters  are 
covered  by  a  wooden  frame  instead  of 
a  tile,  in  which  is  fixed  a  movable 
cover,  which  exposes  the  plugs  by 
means  of  which  the  circulation  is  di- 
rected across  the  house,  or  extended  at 
pleasure  along  the  entire  range.  If  it 
ii  desired  to  confine  the  circulation  to 
the  stove,  the  plugs  at  1  are  inserted, 
and  those  at  2  withdrawn.  On  refer- 
ence to  the  section  of  the  house,  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  back  wall  is  carried 
down  considerably  under  the  level  of 
the  ground  to  admit  of  a  bed  of  earth 
on  the  inside  about  four  feet  deep  ;  then 


or  confined  to  either  at  pleasure  by 
means  of  the  two  cocks  in  the  upper 
pipe. 

"  The  construction  of  the  pits  is  as 
follows: — The  floor  is  formed  of  bricks 
laid  flat  on  a  bed  of  concrete  and  set  in 
cement.  The  tanks  are  then  formed 
by  carrying  tiles  made  of  pottery,  one 
inch  and  a  quarter  thick  and  five  inches 
deep,  round  the  outer  edge,  and  on  the 
top  of  the  brick  floor,  a  double  row  be- 
ing carried  along  the  centre  to  support 
the  covering  tiles  which  form  a  floor, 
and  return  tanks  about  two  feet  six 
inches  wide;  these  are  covered  with 
tiles  the  same  as  the  gutters  in  the 
house  upon  which  the  earth  rests.  It 
will  be  seen  on  reference  to  the  section 
of  the  pits,  that  the  front  tank  is  fin- 


comes  the  reservoir  about  three  feet  i  ished  so  as  to  leave  a  space  of  about 
deep,  three  wide,  and  sixteen  in  length,  three  inches  between  it  and  the  front 
covered  by  pavement.  The  earth  on;  wall;  slate  slabs,  two  feet  six  inches 
which  the  gutters  are  placed  has  not  deep,  rest  on  the  tank  to  keep  up  the 
been  moved  ;  but  in  order  to  make  it  earth,  and  at  every  five  or  six  feet, 
level  and  firm,  it  was  covered  with  a  j  where  the  joints  in  the  slabs  occur, 
thin  coat  of  concrete  at  every  fifteen  I  there  is  a  single  brick  carried  up  be- 
inches,  where  the  joints  occur,  they  are  ]  tween  the  joints  and  the  front  wall  to 
laid  on  two  bricks,  in  order  that  the  ;  support  the  slabs  against  the  pressure  of 
under  as  well  as  the  upper  surface  the  earth.  The  object  of  this  and  also 
should  radiate  heat:  every  foot  run  of  round  pipes  of  pottery  which  rest  on 
of  gutter   presents  a  surface    of  forty  '  the  surface  of  the  tanks  at  a,  and  pass 


inches  radiating  heat.  The  potter  can 
deliver  these  gutters  and  covers  at 
some  distance  from  the  pottery,  at  Is. 
6d.  per  foot  run  ;  whereas  an  iron  pipe 
with  a  four  inch  bore,  which  afibrdsbut 
twelve  inches  of  radiating    surface,  I 


up  tlirough  the  earth,  is  to  furnish  dry 
heat  and  to  promote  a  free  circulation 
on  the  surface,  which  is  found  advan- 
tageous for  propagating^  At  the  points 
marked  S  are  similar  pipes,  which  pass 
through    the   tiles   covering   the    tank, 


believe  is  usually  sold  at  Is.  per  foot  at  which  are  formed  with  an  opening  for  the 
the  factory.  There  are  two  slate  tables  '  purpose  into  the  tanks  ;  these  are  fitted 
the   whole  length  of  the  house,  with  i  at  the  top  with  wooden  plugs  for  the 


HOT 


313 


HUM 


purpose  of  steaming  the  pits  when  re- 
quisite. If  it  is  required  that  the  circu- 
lation should  be  confined  to  the  first  or 
second  pit  nearest  the  boiler,  the  sluices 
3,  are  closed,  and  those  at  4  are 
opened.  These  sluices  are  formed  by 
a  metallic  frame  being  substituted  for 
the  tile  at  those  points  in  which  a  small 
metallic  door  works  on  a  spindle.  This 
is  attached  to  a  rod  passing  up  through 
the  earth,  having  a  handle  at  the  top, 
just  above  the  earth.  In  the  winter, 
when  the  thermometer  stood  at  23'^, 
there  was  a  bottom-heat  of  90^,  and  of 
SO^  on  the  surface  of  the  pits  then  in 
action,  and  of  73^  in  the  stove." — Gaid. 
Chron. 

Open  Gutters. — Mr.  Griffin,  gardener 
to  Mrs.  Wells,  of  Cowley,  near  Exeter, 
has  published  the  following  remarks 
upon  this  mode  of  circulating  hot- 
water. 

''  The  open  trough,  or  gutter,  may 
be  ap()lied  to  a  boiler  of  any  construc- 
tion. The  water  (lows  from  the  top  of 
the  boiler,  through  a  four-inch  pipe, 
into  troughs  made  of  cast  iron,  of  the 
following  dimensions;  inside  measure 
six  inches  wide  at  the  top,  three  inches 
and  a  half  at  the  bottom,  and  seven 
inches  deep;  the  trough  is  constructed 
in  lengths  three  feet  long,  neatly  fitted 
together  by  a  rivet  in  the  bottom,  and 
one  on  each  side  near  the  top.  The 
water  returns  in  a  cast-iron  pipe,  three 
inches  in  diameter.  There  are  thin  iron 
lids  or  covers,  of  the  same  length  at 
each  portion  of  the  trough,  to  fit  upon 
the  whole  length  of  the  apparatus,  so 
that  the  degree  of  humidity  may  be 
regulated  by  making  up  some  portions 
of  the  covers,  without  disturbing  the 
others.  The  troughs  or  gutters  might 
be  made  of  various  materials,  but  I 
prefer  iron.  The  heat  is  diffused  from 
the  surface  of  the  trough  or  pipes, 
nearly  as  quickly  as  it  would  be  from 
copper  or  zinc,  and  retains  the  heat 
much  longer.  The  width  and  depth  of 
the  troughs  should  be  varied  according 
to  the  plants  intended  to  be  grown  in 
the  house.  An  orchidaceous  house  re- 
quires a  wider  surface  on  the  top  than 
those  intended  for  the  growth  of  erica; 
and  green-house  plants  generally.  Dur- 
ing the  resting  season  of  orchidaceous 
plants,  the  atmosphere  of  the  house  is 
easily  kept  less  humid,  by  not  removing 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  lids. 

"  For  vineries  and   peach-houses,  it 


would  answer  exceedingly  well,  and 
entirely  eradicate  the  red  spider;  for 
the  trough  can  be  covered  when  the 
trees  arc  in  (lower,  and  when  the  fruit 
is  approaching  towards  maturity.  On 
the  other  hand,  during  the  growing 
season  you  may  maintain  a  regularly 
humid  atmosphere  with  less  trouble 
than  by  any  other  means.  In  a  pine- 
stove,  forty  feet  Ions;,  with  a  walk  be- 
tween the  back  wall  and  bark  bed,  the 
trough  being  two  feet  from  the  level  of 
the  walk,  Mr.  Gritiin  says,  '  I  can  com- 
mand any  degree  of  heat  with  much  less 
attention  than  is  required  for  some 
houses  with  a  boiler  of  the  same  de- 
scription, and  equal  power  as  regards 
pipe.'  " — Gnrd.  Chron. 

HOUND'S-TONGUE.    Cynoglossum. 

HOUSELEEK.     Sempervivum. 

HOUSTONIA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Peat. 

HOVEA.  Sixteen  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

IIOV'ENIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  trees.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

HOYA.  Eight  species.  Stove  ever- 
green twiners.  Cuttings.  Light  loam 
and  peat. 

HUDSONIA.  Three  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs,  llipe  cuttings 
and  layers.     Shaded  peat  soil. 

HUERNI.\.  Eleven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings,  dried  for 
a  few  days.  Sandy  loam  and  lime  rubbish. 

HUGONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

HUMBLE-PLANT.    Mi/nosa  pndica. 

HUMtF.A  clegans.  Green-house  bien- 
nial.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

HUMUS.  When  the  putrefactive 
process  of  plants  is  completed,  there 
remains  a  soft  black  mass,  known  as 
vegetable  mould,  or  humus.  One  hun- 
dred parts  of  the  humus  of  wheat 
straw  have  of  extractive  or  apotheme, 
rather  more  than  twenty-six  parts,  and 
the  residue  is  lime,  peroxide  of  iron, 
phosphate  of  lime,  and  carbonaceous 
matter.  This  apotheme  is  identical 
with  the  humic  acid  of  Liebig,  the  ulmic 
acid  of  Braconnot,  and  the  geic  acid  of 
Berzelius.     It  contains — 

Carbon 46.C 

Hydrogen 20.0 

Oxygen 33.4 

It  was  once  believed,  indeed  is  still 


HUN 


314 


H  YA 


believed  by  a  few  men  of  science,  that  j      "  The  bells  should  occupy  about  one 
this  apotheme  is  the  immediate  fertil-    half  the  length   of  the  stem,  with   the 
izing  component  of  organic  manures,    uppermost  bell  erect, 
being     soluble    under     some    circum- |      "  The  flowers,  whether  whole-colour- 
stances,  and  entering  at  once  into  the    ed  orstriped, should  be  clearand  bright ; 
roots  of  plants,  dissolved  in  the  mois- 
ture  of  the    soil.     But   every   relative 
research  of  more  modern  chemistry  is 
against  this  conclusion,  and  it  is  now 
tolerably  certain,  that  a  chief  nutritive      _  , 

portion  of  vegetable  manures  are  their  i  of  offsets,  cuts  are  made  in  the  under 
carbon   converted    into  carbonic  acid,    part   of   the    bulb,   which,   by    proper 


those  having  a  contrast  of  colour  in  the 
centre  are  most  esteemed." — Card. 
Chron. 

Offsets. — "  The  hyacinth  is  increased 
by  offsets;  but  to  multiply  the  number 


absorbed  either  in  solution  with  the 
earth's  moisture,  or  in  gaseous  form  by 
the  roots.  Apotheme  is  only  one  of 
the  products  formed  during  the  progress 
of  putrefaction,  and  is  in  its  turn  a 
source  of  carbonic  acid.  Carbonic  acid 
has  been  long  since  shown  to  be  bene- 


management  and  a  little  care,  will  be 
found  filled  with  offsets  next  year." — 
Card.  Chron. 

Soil. — Mr.  Mooy,  of  Haarlem,  from 
whose  communication  to  the  Garden- 
er''s  Chronicle  this  treatise  on  the  cul- 
ture of  the  hyacinth  is  principally  taken, 


ficial  if  applTed   to  a  plant's  roots.     It  |  says —"  They    require  a    fresh,  well 


abounds  in   the  sap  of  all  vegetables 
though  this  be  drawn  from  their  very 


drained   sandy  soil,  free  from  lumps  or 
stones,  and  not  mixed   with  any  vege- 


lowest  parts,  whereas  apotheme  is  in-  |  table  matter." — Gard.  Chron. 
jurious  to  them  if  they  are  grown  in  a  i  Mr.  Home,  an  equally  good  authori- 
solution  of  it,  and  minutest  analyzers  ,  ty,  adds,  that  "  the  hyacinth  must  never 
have  failed  to  detect  it  even  within  the  be  planted  again  in  the  same  soil  ;  but 
extreme    vessels   of    roots.  —  Prin.  0/ 1  the  ground   should  be  allowed  to  rest 


Gard. 

HUNGARIAN  LOTUS.  Nymphcza 
thermalis. 

HUNNEMANNIA  fumariafoUa. 
Half  hardy  herbaceous.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

HURDLES  of  iron  are  the  most  eli- 
gible modes  of  fencing,  whether  for 
permanency  or  temporary  purposes. 
They  are  invisible  at  a  short  distance, 
elegant  and  durable. 

HUTCH  INSIA.  Seven  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  alpines.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

HYACINTHUS.  Hyacinth.  Five 
species  and  as  many  varieties.  Hardy 
bulbs.  Offsets.  Sandy  loam.  The  spe- 
cies most  commonly  known  is  H.  orien- 
talis,  the  varieties  of  which  are  so 
conspicuous  in  our  borders  and  water 
vases. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence.  —  "A 
well  grown  hyacinth  should  be  of  a 
compact  pyramidal  form,  with  a  strong, 
tall,  and  upright  stem,  supporting  nu- 
merous large  bells,  each  attached  by  a 


for  at  least  two  or  three  years,  or 
should  be  cultivated  with  greens  during 
that  time  ;  it  should  also  be  well  mixed 
again,  before  planting,  with  some  old 
cow-dung,  especially  if  the  soil  is  light 
or  sandy,  as  hyacinths  are  very  fond  of 
that  manure." — Gard.  Chron. 

Moisture. — This  being  the  most  de- 
structive agent  against  which  the  ama- 
teur has  to  guard,  great  care  should  be 
taken  to  protect  hyacinths  from  it,  by 
selecting  the  most  elevated  spot  in  his 
garden.  If  this  is  surrounded  by  a 
shallow  trench,  a  little  distance  oft,  it 
will  be  useful,  and  the  bed  should  also 
be  raised  seven  or  eight  inches  above 
the  ground  level. 

Planting  and  Culture. — "  The  roots 

are  planted   in  October,  the  soil   being 

prepared    by    having    pure    cow-dung 

mixed   with  it  one   year  previously  to 

j  the  time  of  planting.     We  use  a  bar- 

rowful   of  dung  per  ten  yards  square. 

i  The  ground  being  measured  into  beds, 

!  the  soil  is  taken  out  of  the  first  to  the 

depth  of  five  inches,  and  the  bulbs  are 

planted  firmly  on  it,  so  that  the  under 


strong  foot-stalk  in  a  horizontal  position  '  part  is  well  surrounded  with  the  mould. 


to  the  stem 

"The  bells  should  be  perfectly  dou- 
ble, composed  of  broad,  thick,  waxy 
petals,  with  the  centre  of  the  flower 
raised,  rendering  the  form  convex. 


after  which  they  are  covered  over  with 
the  earth  taken  out  of  the  next  bed  to 
the  same  depth,  which  is  then  ready  to 
be  planted,  and  this  is  pursued  until  the 
whole  of  the  beds  arc  completed. 


H  Y  A 


315 


"  As  soon  as  severe  weather  com-    entering 
mences,  all  the  beds  are  covered  over    Chron. 
about  eight  inches  deep  with  reeds,  so 
as  to  prevent  the  frost  penetrating  them 


and 


HYA 

purifying    it." — Card. 


Growing  in   Pots. — The  latest  and 
best  directions  we  have  on  this  point 


As  soon  as  the  frost  is  gone,  the  reeds  are  the  following  : — "Give  them  enough 
are  taken  off,  and  the  beds  are  coated  space  to  grow  in,  without  starving  their 
with  a  mixture  of  cow-dung  and  water,    roots.     The  easiest  way  to  do  this  is  to 


"  .-•--  -■  -- ■■ a ;    — -"-J     .">-v-.       ^.^^ J    .,„  ^«  .......  ..>   ..v, 

to  prevent  the  light  sandy  soil  being    have  pots  made  of  a  deeper  shape  than 
blown  away  by  the  wind.  |  those  in  common  use. 

"  The  flowers  having  opened,  and 
being  in  perfection,  are  all  cut  off,  to 
give  greater  strength  to  the  bulbs 


"  By  this  simple  arrangement  the 
roots  have  sufficient  nourishment,  while 
the  pots  take  up  no  more  space  on  the 
stand  than  at  present.  An  inch  or  two 
of  very  rotten  cow-dung  may  be  put  at 
the  bottom  of  the  pots  to  promote  the 
richness  of  colours  and  perfume  of  the 
flowers.  Three  or  four  bulbs  may  be 
planted  in  the  same  pot ;  but  the  latter 
should  be  sufficiently  large,  and  of  the 
requisite  depth ;  twice  the  diameter  of 
the  top  is  a  good  proportion. 

Fig  92. 


Taking  up  and  Stoi'ing. — "  In  July, 
the  bulbs  are  taken  up,  and  the  leaves 
being  pulled  off,  they  are  laid  down 
regularly,  each  bulb  on  the  side,  so  as 
to  prevent  the  roots  growing  again ; 
after  this  they  are  covered  over  with 
dry  soil,  one  inch  above  the  bulbs,  and 
remain  in  this  state  for  about  a  fort- 
night, to  separate  the  roots  and  loose 
skins  easily  from  the  bulbs.  Great 
care  must  be  taken  during  this  time 
that  no  injury  be  done  to  the  bulbs  by 
the  sun  ;  attention  should  therefore  be 
paid  to  keep  them  well  covered  over. 
When  taken  from  this  situation,  the 
bulbs  are  exposed  for  a  few  hours  to 
the  sun,  and  kept  continually  moving 
with  a  large  brush,  to  prevent  their 
being  scorched  ;  by  which  means  they 
get  that  glossy  appearance  always  ob- 
served in  imported  bulbs."  —  Gard. 
Chron. 

•'  After  this  management  the  bulbs 
require    a    few    weeks'    drying    in    the  ' 

warehouse  ;     for    which    purpose    they  \      "  Lastly,  after  the  bloom  is  over,  put 
are  laid  out  on  platforms,  raised  a  foot    those  which  are  fine  varieties,  and  worth 


and  a  half  above  each  other,  which 
enables  us  to  look  them  over  occasion- 
ally, though  this  is  done  principally 
that  they  may  have  a  good  circulation 
of  air  between   them.     The    windows 


preserving,  in  some  warm  and  light 
place;  the  top  shelf  of  a  hot-house, 
green-house,  or  vinery,  close  to  the 
glass,  is  the  most  preferable.  There 
they    will    require   no    more  care   nor 


are  opened  every  day  on  both  sides  of  watering  ;     and  after  the  leaves  wither, 
the  warehouse — for  the   more  air  and    they  may  be  sorted,  and    lie  by  until 


wind  we  arc  able  to  give,  the  better — 
that  they  may  be  dried  and  be  ready  to 
be  packed." — Gard.  Chron. 

Frost.  —  "Frost,"  says  Mr.  Home, 
"  is  detrimental  only  when  it  comes  in 
contact  with  the  bulbs  ;  tlierefore  they 
should  be  protected  in  proportion  to  its 


the  planting  season  returns. 

"  If  these  points  are  attended  to  hya- 
cinths will  sufler  but  little  from  forcing, 
and  will  flower  again  the  next  year." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Another  equally  good  authority  says 
— "  Grow  three  bulbs  in  each  pot — up- 


-,_  ,,. ...  , — ,,„...„..  ..„  ..„  ^ _ -     -  ^  , 

intensity.  Those  who  have  bulbs  of  right  pots,  at  least  six  inches  clear  in- 
great  value  may  lay  thin  planks  of  side.  After  planting,  put  them  in  a 
wood  over  the  surface  when  the  frost  is  frame  properly  drained  at  the  bottom, 
very  intense  ;  but  care  must  be  taken  not  and  slightly  protected  at  the  sides,  and 
to  cover  them  too  deep,  especially  with  plunge  them  in  rotten  tan,  covering  the 
the  leaves  of  trees,  because  these  co-  j  tan  over  them  at  least  four  inches.  In 
verings  retain  the  vapour  which  arises  very  hard  weather,  a  mat  to  be  thrown 
from  the  soil,  and  hinder  the  air  from  |  over  them,  otherwise   no   covering  at 


H  Y  A 


316 


H  YB 


all ;  in  this  state  they  remain  until  the  |  or  leaf  mould,  as  a  rustiness  or  canker 
flower-stem  heaves  up  the  tan.  Every  i  is  produced  on  the  young  leaves  and 
pot,  as  this  occurs,  to  be  taken  to  the  i  flowers  if  they  come  in  contact  with 
green-house,  and  put  at  the  back  of  the  i  coal-ashes.  In  eight  or  ten  weeks  they 
stage,  and  shaded  by  a  mat  until  the  >  will  generally  be  found  in  a  fit  state  to 
stem  and  leaves  become  greenish,  when  1  be  removed  to  the  green-house  or  cold 
gradually  brought  to  more  light  and  air.!  pit;  from  thence  the  most  forward  are 
In  this  state  examine  each  spike  of  i  taken  to  a  house  in  which  the  tempera- 
flowers,  and  cut  out  any  decaying  bios-  ture  is  kept  from  60°  to  65°,  and  placed 
som.  I  about  eighteen   inches  from  the  glass. 

"Water  freely,  and  give  as  much  air  I  If  any  show  indication  of  expanding 
as  possible  during  the  day  ;  never  omit !  their  flowers  before  the  stem  is  of  suffi- 
to  turn  the  pot  daily,  so  as  to  insure  '•  cient  length  above  the  bulb,  a  piece  of 
that  regular  pyramidal  shape  which  is  brown  paper  of  the  desired  length  of 
so  essential  to  the  beauty  and  symmetry  ;  the  stem,  is  wrapped  around  the  pot, 
of  the  spikes  of  flowers  when  in  bios- 1  and  then  placed  in  a  cucumber  frame, 
som." — Card.  Chron.  i  with  the  ten)perature  from  70°  to  75°. 

In  Water-Glasses. — In  the  last  week  l  In  the  latter  end  of  December,  or  early 
of  August,  or  the  first  week  of  Septem-  in  January,  they  rise  six  or  eight  inches 
her,  hyacinths,  after  being  kept  for  a  i  in  about  ten  days;  if  later  in  the  season, 
few  days  in  slightly  damped  sand,  i  they  advance  quicker.  When,  fully 
should  be  placed  in  their  water-glasses.  I  expanded,  the  plants  are  taken  to  a 
At  first  the  water  should  only  just  touch  j  house  where  the  temperature  is  60°, 
the  base  of  the  bulbs,  and  the  glasses  i  and  finally  to  the  green-house.  The 
should  be  kept  in  a  dark  closet  until  j  same  practice  is  adopted  when  hya- 
the  roots  have  attained  the  length  of  an  cinths  are  grown  in  glasses,  first  placing 
inch.  Two  drops  of  spirit  of  hartshorn  |  them  in  a  dark  room  to  encourage  the 
may  be  added  to  the  water  in  each  glass,  I  protrusion  of  roots,  with   a   change   of 


when  the  bulbs  are  first  put  in,  and 
whenever  the  water  is  changed.  Dark- 
coloured  glass  is  always  to  be  preferred, 
as  the  absence  of  light  is  natural  to  all 
roots.  By  keeping  the  glasses  in  a  dark 
closet  until  the  roots  are  full  an  inch 
long,  the   hyacinths  will    not  get  top- 


water  once  a  week,  until  they  are  re- 
moved into  the  frame,  or  forcing-house, 
when  a  fresh  supply  must  be  given  every 
day." — Gard.  Chron. 

"Hyacinths,"  says  Dr.  Lindley, "after 
having  been  forced,  are  three  years  be- 
fore   they   recover    themselves.     After 


heavy,  but  the   roots   being  in  advance  !  they  have  done  flowering  both  in  pots 
of  the   leaves,  will   preserve  the  plant  I  and  glasses,  they  should  be  planted  out 


balanced  erect.  The  bloom  will  also 
be  finer,  as  the  roots  will  be  in  a  state 
to  nourish  the  leaves  before  these  are 
prematurely  advanced.  Dr.  Lindley 
recommends  a  piece  of  charcoal  to  be 
put  into  each  glass,  to  feed  the  plant, 
and  prevent  putridity  in  the  water. — 
Gard.  Almanac. 
Forcina:. — Mr.   Shearer   directs  that 


n  the  open  ground  in  a  bed  properly 
prepared,  taking  care  not  to  injure  the 
leaves  but  removing  the  flower  stalk. 
When  the  leaves  have  died  away,  the 
roots  may  be  taken  up  and  laid  by  in 
some  dry  place  till  November,  when 
they  should  be  again  planted  in  a  bed 
in  the  open  ground;  this  should  be  re- 
peated the  following  year  ;  and  the  year 


"In    the    beginning   of  October  a   few  I  after  that,  they  may  be   again  forced, 
bulbs  be  placed  in  pots  and  glasses  ;  the  I  and   will    produce   as  good  flowers  as 


single  sorts  are  best  for  early  forcing, 
which,  if  required,  could  be  flowered 
at  Christmas;  others  are  planted  at  the 
end  of  October,  and  another  lot  about 
the  middle  of  November.  The  pots 
used  are  upright  thirty-twos,  about 
seven  inches  deep  and  four  inches  wide; 
the  soil  half  road  sand  and  half  leaf 
mould,  with  good  drainage,  and  the 
bulb  is  placed  on  coal  ashes,  in  any 
open  part  of  the  garden,  and  covered  to 
the  depth  of  eight  inches  with  old  tan 


they  did  the  first  year  they  were  im- 
ported."— Gard.  Chron. 

Diseases. — The  hyacinth  bulbs  are 
very  liable  to  ulceration,  occasioned 
usually  by  being  treated  with  too  much 
water. 

HYBRIDIZING,  or  CROSS-BREED- 
ING, though  not  quite  identical,  have 
with  the  gardener  similar  objects,  viz., 
either  improving  the  beauty  of  his 
flowers,  or  the  flavour  and  prolificacy 
of   his   fruits    and    culinary   products. 


H  YB 


317 


H  YB 


Hvbridizing,  strictly  speaking',  is  ob- 
taining a  protreny  between  two  different 
species  ;  and  cross-breeding  is  obtain- 
ing a  progeny  between  varieties  of  the 
same  species.  The  progeny  of  hybrids 
cannot  produce  seed  ;  but  cross-breeds 
are  fertile.  My  own  observations,  and 
those  of  others,  justify  the  following 
statements,  as  affording  some  guide  to 
the  raiser  of  varieties: — 

1.  The  seed-vessel  is  not  altered  in 
appearance  by  impregnation  from  an- 
other plant ;  therefore,  no  hasty  con- 
clusion of  failure  is  justified  by  that 
want  of  change. 

2.  The  colour  of  the  future  seed,  not 
of  that  first  hybridized,  seems  to  be 
most  influenced  by  the  male  plant,  if 
its  seeds  and  flowers  are  darker  than 
those  of  the  female.  Mr.  Knight  found, 
that  when  the  pollen  of  a  coloured- 
blossomed  pea  was  introduced  into  a 
white  one,  the  whole  of  the  future  seeds 
were  coloured.  But  when  the  pollen  of 
a  white  blossom  was  introduced  to  the 
stigma  of  a  coloured  blossom,  the  whole 
of  the  future  s«eds  wore  not  white.  Capt. 
Thurtell,  from  his  experiments  on  the 
pelargonium,  also  informs  mc,  that  he 
has  always  found  the  colour  and  spot  of 
the  petals  to  be  more  influenced  by  the 
male  than  by  the  female  parent.  In- 
deed, all  experience  proves  that  the 
progeny  usually,  though  not  invariably, 
most  resembles  in  colour  the  male 
parent. 

3.  Large  stature  and  robustness  are 
transmitted  to  the  offspring  by  either 
parent.  It  does  not  absolutely  matter 
for  obtaining  this  characteristic,  whether 
it  be  the  male  or  female  which  is  large; 
but  Mr.  Knight  generally  found  the 
most  robust  female  parent  produced  the 
tinest  ofl'spring. 

4.  Capt.  Thurtell,  from  lengthened 
observation  and  experiment,  has  ascer- 
tained that  the  form  of  the  petals 
follows  most  closely  that  of  the  female 
parent. 

5.  Mr.  Knight  says  that  the  largest 
seed  from  the  finest  fruit  that  has  ripened 
earliest  and  most  perfectly,  should 
always  be  selected.  In  stone-fruit  if 
two  kernels  are  in  one  stone,  these  give 
birth  to  inferior  plants. 

6.  The  most  successful  mode  of  ob- 
taining good  and  very  distinct  varieties, 
is  to  employ  the  pollen  from  a  male  in  a 
flower  grown  on  another  plant  than  that 


bearing  the  female  parent.  To  avoid 
previous  and  undesired  impregnation, 
the  anthers  in  the  female  parent,  if  they 
are  produced  in  the  same  flower  with 
the  pistils,  must  be  removed  by  a  sharp- 
pointed  pair  of  scissors,  and  the  flower 
inclosed  in  a  gauze  bag,  to  exclude  in- 
sects, until  the  desired  pollen  is  ripe. 
Another  ettectual  mode  of  avoiding  un- 
desired impregnation,  is  bringing  the 
female  parent  into  flower  a  little  earlier 
than  its  congeners,  and  removing  the 
anthers  as  above  described  :  the  stigma 
will  remain  a  long  time  vigorous  if  un- 
impregnated. 

7.  Although  the  fertility  of  all  the 
seed  in  one  seed  vessel  may  be  secured 
by  applying  pollen  only  to  one  style, 
even  where  there  are  several,  yet  the 
quantity  of  pollen  is  by  no  means  a 
matter  of  indiff'erence.  Koelreuter 
found,  that  from  fifty  to  sixty  globules 
of  pollen  were  required  to  complete  the 
impregnation  of  one  flower  of  llybiscua 
Syriacus;  but  in  Mirabilis  jalapa,  and 
M.  longiflora,  two  or  three  globules 
were  enough  ;  and  in  the  case  of  pelar- 
goniums, Capt.  Thurtell  says  two  or 
three  globules  are  certainly  sufficient. 

8.  M.  Haquin,  a  distinguished  horti- 
culturist at  Liege,  has  impregnated 
flowers  of  the  Azalea  with  pollen  kept 
six  weeks  ;  and  Camellias  with  pollen 
kept  sixty-five  days.  He  gathers  the 
stamens  just  previously  to  the  anthera 
opening,  wraps  them  in  writing-paper, 
places  them  in  a  warm  room  for  a  day, 
collects  the  pollen  they  emit,  and  pre- 
serves it  in  sheet  lead  in  a  cool  dry 
place.  M.  Godefroy  suggests,  that  two 
concave  glasses,  like  those  employed 
for  vaccine  virus,  would  be  better.  The 
globules  of  the  pollen  must  not  be 
crushed.  M.  llafjuin  thinks  the  pollen 
of  one  year  will  be  efl'ective  if  preserved 
until  the  year  following.  Mr.  Jackson, 
of  Cross  Lanes  Nursery,  near  Bedale, 
says,  he  has  found  the  pollen  of  the 
Rhododendron  Smithii  tigrinum  retain 
its  fertilizing  power  even  for  twelve 
months. 

9.  It  is  easy  to  discern  whether  im- 
pregnation has  been  eftected,  as  in  such 
case  the  stigmas  soon  wither.  The  stig- 
mas which  have  not  received  the  pollen 
remain  lor  a  long  time  green  and  vigor- 
ous. "  By  the  aid  of  the  Stanhope 
lens,"  observes  Capt.  Thurtell,  in  a  let- 
ter now  before  me,  "  I  fancy  I  can  dis- 
cover the  seed  of  the  pelargonium  being 


H  YD 


318 


H  YD 


closed  over  in  the  space  of  four  hours  j  it  with  water  every  evening,  after  they 


after  impregnation. 


have  got  fairly  into  leaf.     Towards  au- 


10.  When  double  flowers  are  desired,  i  tumn  withhold  watering;  altogether.  Get 
if  a  double  flower  should  chance  to  have  their  wood  ripe.  For  winter,  stuff"  straw 
a  fertile  anther  or  two,  these  should  be  between  their  branches,  wrap  them  well 
employed  for  fertilization,  as  their  ofi"-  in  it,  and  mat  them  up." — Card.  Chron. 
spring  are  almost  sure  to  be  very  double.!       Hydrangeas     are     best     preserved 

11.  Many  analyses  of  the  pollen  of  through  the  winter  out  of  doors,  by 
various  plants  have  been  made  by  che-  taking  off"  their  leaves  in  autumn,  and 
mists,  without  throwing  any  light  upon  putting  over  each  one  of  the  Shelters 
hybridizing.  M.  Grotthus  found  the  made  of  straw,  as  described  under  that 
components  of  twenty-six  grains  of  the  j  title 


pollen  of  the  tulip  were — 
Vegetable  albumen      .     .     . 
Malates  of  lime  and  magnesia 

Malic  acid 1.00 

Malate    of  ammonia,    colouring) 
matter,  nitrate  of  potash  J 


HYDRASTIS    canadensis.       Hardy 
20.25  '.  tuber.     Tubers.     Loam  and  peat,  in  a 
3.50    moist  place. 

HYDRAULIC  RAM.     This  is  a  use- 

-    ful  machine,  the  principle  of  which  is 

but   partially   understood    and    valued. 


1.25 


12.  Superfcetation  has  been  doubted  ;  To  bring  the  hydraulic  ram  into  opera- 
but  as  it  occurs  in  the  dog,  we  see  no  tion,  it  is  necessary  that  there  should  be 
reason  for  disbelieving  its  possibility  in  '  a  head  or  body  of  water,  as  a  pond,  sup- 
plants. Capt.  Thurtell  thinks  it  may  be  plied  by  a  running  stream,  from  which 
done  by  the  bee  introducing  mingled  '  a  fall  can  be  obtained.  The  ram  is  an 
pollens  at  the  same  instant.  Then  why  i  hydraulic  machine  composed  of  a  body 
not  if  a  similar  mixture  is  inserted  by  1  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  valve  called  a 
the  camel's-hair  pencil  of  the  culti-  i  pulse-valve,  which  is  closed  by  the  mo- 
vator?  '  mentum  of  a  running  stream  of  water. 

13.  Plants  nearly  related,  that  is,  j  On  the  top  of  the  body  is  an  air-vessel, 
closely  similar  in  the  structure  of  their  in  the  neck  of  which  is  another  valve 
various  parts,  are  those  only  which  will  |  which  admits  the  water  into  the  air- 
immediately  impregnate  each  other  ;  ,  vessel  upon  the  closing  of  the  pulse- 
but  it  is  impossible,  at  present,  to  say  :  valve.  The  water  meeting  with  an  ob- 
■what  families  of  plants  may  or  may  not  j  struction  in  the  closing  of  the  pulse- 
be  brought  into  fertile  union  through  [  valve,  immediately  makes  its  way 
intermediate  crosses.  A  very  short  j  through  the  valve  into  the  air-vessel, 
time  ago,  the  azalea  and  rhododendron  1  The  air  in  the  air-vessel  becoming 
■were  thought  incapable  of  such  union  ;  j  compressed,  the  valve  leading  into  it 
but  this  opinion  is  now  exploded,  forecloses,  and  thus  liberates  the  pulse- 
rhododendron  ponticum  has  been  fertil- I  valve.  The  same  action  takes  place 
ized  with  the  pollen  of  azalea  sinensis, ,  again  with  the  pulse-valve,  and  also 
and  the  progeny  between  that  evergreen  ,  with  the  valve  that  leads  to  the  air-ves- 
and  this  deciduous  shrub,  is  the  pre- ;  sel  this  continuous  action  takes  place; 
■viously  unknown  phenomenon,  a  yellow  ,  and  at  each  time  a  portion  of  water  is 
rhododendron.  Though  such  unions '  forced  into  the  air-vessel.  When  the 
may  be  effected,  I  entirely  agree  with  air  in  the  vessel  is  compressed  so  as  to 
Mr.  Knight  in  anticipating  that  the  pro- '  overcome  the  resistance  in  the  pipe 
geny  will  be  mules,  incapable  of  pro- i  leading  to  the  cistern,  which  it  is  in 
ducing  off"spring. 

HYDRAiNGEA. 


Six  species.  Hardy 


tended  to  supply,  the  water  flows  over, 
and  continues  to  do  so,  as  long  as  the 


deciduous  shrubs.   Ripe  Cuttings.  Com-  j  ram  remains  in  action 


irion  soil.     The  species  most  common 
in  our  gardens  is  H.  hortensis.     To  ob 


There  is  also   a  small  valve  in  the 
neck  of  the  air-vessel,   introduced  by 


tain  of  this  very  large  flowers  on  a  very  Mongolfier's  son,  to  supply  the  vessel 
small  stem,  strike  cuttings  ;  do  not  let  with  fresh  air.  Persons  acquainted  with 
them  branch:  grow  them  in  rich  soil,    hydraulics  are  aware  that  a  column  of 


and  bloom  them  the  following  season. 
To  get  large  bushes  of  hydrangeas 


water  is  equal  to  its  base  ;  that  is  to  say, 
pipe    resting  on  a  base  four  inches 


in  the  open  air,  plant  them  in  good  rich  '  square  is  equal  to  sixteen  times,  though 
soil;  form  a  basin  of  clay  all  round  them,  I  it  rested  on  an  inch  square.  This  is 
six  inches  deep,  and  in  dry  weather  fill  ,  the  principle  of  the  ram,  as  the  falling 


H  YD 


319 


H  YG 


column,  forcing  up  the  pulse-valve, 
shuts  it.  Practice  shows  that  a  ten-feet 
fall  vi'ill  raise  a  column  of  water  one 
hundred  and  fitly  feet  high,  at  the  rate 
of  five  quarts  per  minute,  or  one  part 
raised  to  eleven  wasted,  where  the  ram 
is  only  supplied  by  a  two-inch  pipe.  I 
may  further  add,  that  theory  teaches 
that  a  ten-feet  fall  will  raise  water  three 
hundred  feet  high — of  course,  in  a  very 
small  quantity.  Mr.  II.  P.  M'Birkin- 
brine,  of  Philadelphia,  has  been  very 
successful  in  the  construction  of  this 
valuable  power. 

IIYUROCHAPJS  morsmran(r.  Hardy 
aquatic.  Seed  and  runners.  Stillwater. 
HYDROLEA.  Two  species.  One 
stove  evergreen  shrub,  and  the  other 
stove  herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

HYDROPELTIS  purpurea.  Half- 
hardy  aquatic.     Offsets.     Still  water. 

HYGROMETER  is  an  instrument 
deserving  of  employment  in  the  stove, 
green  house,  and  conservatory  nearly 
as  much  as  the  thermometer  ;  for  the 
correct  degree  of  dampness  of  the  air  is 
of  very  great  importance  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  plants,  and  scarcely  less  than 
that  of  the  temperature  in  which  they 
vegetate. 

The  perspiration  from  the  leaves  of 
plants  increases  with  the  air's  dryness, 
and  decreases  w-ith  its  moistness.  If  it 
be  excessive,  not  only  are  their  juices 
too  much  reduced,  but  the  very  texture 
of  the  leaves  is  destroyed.  If,  on  the 
other  hand,  tlie  perspiration  is  prevent- 
ed, the  juices  are  too  watery,  and  the 
secretions  and  assimilations  arc  devoid 
of  consistency,  rendering  the  plants  too 
succulent  and  weak. 

"  It  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  know 
what  degree  of  moisture  he  really  main- 
tains in  a  forcing-house  without  an  in- 
strument by  which  to  measure  it :  that 
instrument  is  the  hygrometer,  which 
might  as  well  be  called  the  'water- 
gauge,'  which  is  what  the  first  word 
really  means.  Of  the  many  contriv- 
ances to  effect  this  end,  the  best  for  all 
practical  purposes,  is  Daniell's  Hygro- 
meter, of  which  the  annexed  cut  (Fig. 
93)  exhibits  the  general  appearance. 
It  measures  the  moisture  in  the  air 
quickly  and  precisely,  and  is  not  sub- 
ject to  get  out  of  order. 

"  If  moisture  is  brought  into  contact 
with  a  substance  sufficiently  cold,  a  part 
of  the  moisture  is  condensed,  and  is  so 


converted  from  a  state  of  invisible  va- 
pour into  water. 

"  Thus,  in  a  cold  day,  the  glass  roof 
of  a  green-house  may  be  seen  streaming 
with  water,  which  runs  down  and  forma 
'drip;'  and   in  this  often   unsuspected 
manner  air   is  rendered   dry,  notwith- 
standing   the  operations   of  syringing, 
steaming,  &c.     Daniell's  Hygrometer  is 
constructed  with  reference  to  this  cir- 
cumstance.    The  figure  represents  two 
hollow  glass  balls  containing  ether,  and 
communicating  by  the  glass  tube  which 
rests  on  the  support.     The  ball  which 
forms   the    termination    of  the    longer 
leg  is  of  black  glass,  in  order  that  the 
formation  of  dew  on  its  surface  may  be 
the  more  perceptible.     It  includes  the 
bulb  of  a  delicate  thermometer  dipping 
in  the  ether,  its  scale  being  inclosed  in 
the  tube  above  the  ball  ;  and  whatever 
change  takes  place  in  the  temperature 
of  the  ether  is  indicated  by  this  thermo- 
meter.    The  other  ball  is  covered  with 
muslin.     In  making  an  observation  it  is 
first  necessary  to  note  down  the  temper- 
ature of  the  air  ;  next  turn  the  instru- 
ment, so  that  when  the  muslin-covered 
ball  is  held  in  the  hand,  the  ether  may 
escape  into  the  blackened  ball  ;  and   it 
should  also   be   held   till   the   included 
thermometer  rises  a  few  degrees  above 
the    temperature   of  the    air,  when    it 
should    be    replaced    on    the    support. 
Then  drop,  or  gently  pour,  a  little  ether 
on  the  muslin.    The  evaporation  of  this 
extremely  volatile  substance  produces 
cold  ;  and  attention  must   be  instantly 
directed  to  the  black  glass  ball  and  in- 
cluded thermometer.      The  latter  will 
be  seen  falling  rapidly  ;  and  at  length 
a  ring  of  dew  will   appear  at  the   line 
which    runs    across    the    black    ball  — 
quickly,  if  the  air  is  very  moist,  slowly, 
if  the  air  is  dry.     If  the  air  is  very  dry, 
no  moisture  will  be  thus  deposited  till 
the  thermometer  falls  to,  perhaps,  10", 
20^,  or  303  below  the   temperature  of 
the  air.     But  at  vv'hatever  temperature 
the  dew  forms,  that  temperature  should 
be  noted  as  the  dew-point;  and  the  dif- 
ference between  it  and  the  temperature 
of  the  air,  at  the  time,  is  the  degree  of 
dryness  according  to  the  indications  of 
this  hygrometer.    Thus,  in  a  moderately 
dry  day,   let  it  be   supposed    that   the 
temperature   of  the   air   is   6')^   in   the 
shade,  and  that  the  muslin  requires  to 
be  kept  moist,  before  dew   is  formed, 
till  the  blackened  ball  containing  the 


HY  G 


320 


H  YG 


ether  has  its  temperature  reduced  to    is  expected  to  nppear;  because  the  dew 


50°,  as  indicated  by  the  included  ther- 
mometer, there  are  then  said  to  be  lo^ 
of  dryness. 

"  Again,  supposing  the  temperature 
is  So^ ,  and  the  dew-point  found,  as  be- 


is  most  easily  seen  where  the  line  di- 
vides the  bright  and  black  reflections  on 
the  bulb;  and  inasmuch  as  the  change 
may  not  be  noticed  the  very  instant  that 
it  occurs,  it  is  well  to   make  a  second 


fore,  to   be  70°,  the  degree  of  dryness    observation  of  the  temperature  at  which 
is  still  expressed  by  15^  ;  but  the  quan-    the  dew  clears  off,  and  then  take  the 


tity  of  moisture  diffused  in  the  air  is, 
notwithstanding,  somewhat  greater  in 
the  latter  case  than  in  the  former. 

"  If  1000°  represent  complete  satu- 
ration, the  quantity  of  moisture,  when 
the  temperature   is  65°  and  the  dew- 


mean  of  two.  If  they  are  both  taken 
equally  late,  the  errors  will  balance 
each  other ;  because  in  one  case  the 
mercury  is  falling,  and  in  the  other 
rising." — Gai'd.  Chron. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Harris,  writing  on  the  same 


point  50^,  will  be  609°;  but  when  the  subject,  says  : — 
temperature  is  S5°  and  the  dew-point  I  "  As  I  have  for  the  last  three  months, 
70°,  the  moisture  will  be  represented  used  an  instrument  for  the  purpose  of 
by  623;     these   numbers    being  ascer-    regulating  the  moisture  of  the  air  in  my 


tained  by  tables  prepared  for  the  pur 
pose 

Fig.  93. 


orchidaceous  house  which  has  perfectly 
The  difference,  however,  in  such    answered  my  purpose,  I  am  induced  to 

offer  it  to  your  notice.  It  consists  of  an 
,  old-fashioned  instrument  commonly  sold 
I  in  the  opticians'  shops  as  Leslie's  Dif- 
ferential Thermometer.  It  is  arranged 
I  so  that,  when  not  in  use,  the  fluid  stands 
I  at  zero  in  the  stem  ;  over  the  bulb  of 
the  opposite  stem  I  place  a  piece  of 
muslin,  which  has  been  well  soaked  in 
a  strong  solution  of  common  salt  in  wa- 
ter. The  muslin  having  been  cut  into 
a  circular  shape,  is  laid  on  the  bulb 
whilst  wet;  and  the  moisture  will  make 
it  adhere  sufficiently.  A  shelf,  or  brack- 
et, with  sides,  top,  and  back,  is  made 
for  it  to  stand  in,  to  seclude  it  from  the 
sunshine — which  is  of  course  essential 
— and  also  to  prevent  the  damp  wall 
from  having  effect  upon  the  muslin,  so 
that  it  may  draw  all  its  moisture  from 
the  atmosphere  alone.  It  will  be  found 
a  case  is  so  small  it  is  not  worth  taking  convenient  to  have  a  thermometer  hung 
into  account  in  a  horticultural  point  of  on  the  same  stand,  as  in  all  hygrometric 
view.  But  as  these  numbers  can  only  observations  the  state  of  the  thermome- 
be  ascertained  by  calculation  it  is  more  ter  must  be  attended  to.  The  rationale 
convenient  to  reckon  by  the  degree  of  of  its  action  is  simple.  If  the  absorp- 
dryness,  bearing  in  mind  that  the  dry-  tion  of  moisture  exceeds  the  evaporation 
ness  of  the  air  is  indicated  by  the  differ-  from  the  muslin,  heat  will  be  generated, 
ence  between  the  temperature  of  the  which  will  expand  the  air  in  that  bulb, 
air  and  of  the  dew-point.  Thus,  if  the  and  drive  the  fluid  up  the  opposite  stem, 
ring  of  dew  is  formed  as  soon  as  ether  indicating  the  degree  by  its  rise.  On 
IS  applied,  and  only  1°  difference  is  the  contrary,  if  the  evaporation  exceeds 
observable,  the  air  is  nearly  saturated;  the  absorption,  cold  will  be  produced, 
if  the  difference  is  o^  to  10°,  the  dry-  causing  the  fluid  to  fall.  The  general 
ness  is  very  moderate ;  while  15°  to  20°  range  of  the  scales  made  is  from  zero 
ofdifference  indicate  excessive  dryness,  to  40^.  I  believe,  in  my  stove,  under 
and  beyond  this  the  air  is  parching." —    the  general  treatment  of  orchidaceous 


Gard.  Chron. 


plants,  temperature   ranging  from  78" 


"The  instrument,"  says  Mr.  Ross,  to  95^,  the  hygrometer  has  ranged  from 
"should  be  held  so  as  to  obtain  a  por-  15="  to  30^.  Of  course,  if  the  instru- 
tion  of  bright  reflection  where  the  dew  |  ment  were  found  to  require  it,  it  would 


H  YG 


321 


ICE 


be  lengthened  in  the  stem,  so  as  to 
range  to  any  degree  required ;  but  I 
do  not  anticipate  that  a  greater  range 
would  be  required  for  the  coldest  pit 
or  green-house.  As  I  have  found  it  very 
useful  in  my  own  stove,  I  hope  it  may 
be  of  service  to  your  readers;  and  as  it 
is  self-acting,  so  I  trust  it  will  be  found 
on  trial,  '  simple,  economical,  and  ef- 
fectual.'"— Gard.  Chron. 

HYGROPHILA  ringens.  Stove 
evergreen  trailer.  Cuttings.  Kich  light 
soil. 

HYLESINUS  PINIPERDA.  A  spe- 
cies of  beetle  which  preys  upon  the  pith 
of  young  shoots  of  sickly  or  recently 
felled  Scotch  and  spruce  firs.  It  is  not 
very  injurious  in  this  country. 

HYLOTONIA  rosce.  A  saw-fly  which 
injures  rose-trees  seriously  by  punctur- 
ing in  rows  their  young  shoots,  and  de- 
positing in  the  holes  its  eggs.  The 
best  remedy  is  spreading  a  cloth  be- 
neath the  trees  in  the  evening,  and 
killing  the  insects  shaken  down  upon 
it. — Gard.  Chron. 

HYMEN^A.  Locust-tree.  Three 
species.  Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

HYMENANTHERA  df-nJafa.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

HYMENOPHYLLUM.  Two  spe- 
cies. Hardy  ferns.  Seed  and  division. 
Loam  and  peat. 

HYOSCYAMUS.  Henbane.  Four 
species.  Two  half-hardy  evergreen 
shrubs ;  one  hardy  annual ;  and  the 
fourth  biennial.  Cuttings  or  seed. 
Common  soil. 

HYPECOUM.  Three  species.  Har- 
dy annuals.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

HYPERICUM.  Seventy-three  spe- 
cies. Hardy,  half-hardy,  and  green- 
house. Mr.  Paxton  says  the  two  latter 
thrive  in  loam  and  peat,  propagated  by 
young  cuttings  ;  the  hardy  shrubs  and 
herbaceous  grow  from  seed  or  division 
in  any  soil;  and  the  annuals  may  be 
sown  in  spring  in  the  open  ground. 

HYPHtENE  coriacea.  Stove-palm. 
Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

HYPOCALYPTUS  abcordatus. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

HYPOESTES.  Five  species.  Stove 
plants  of  various  character ;  chiefly 
evergreen  shrubs.  These,  and  the 
herbaceous  species,  propagate  by  cut- 
tings in  a  light  soil. 
21 


HYSSOP.    Hyssopus  officinalis. 

Varieties. — There  are  three  varieties, 
the  white,  red,  and  blue;  the  lust  of 
which  is  most  commonly  cultivated. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  dry  soil  is  the 
one  most  appropriate  for  it.  If  on  a 
rich  or  wet  one,  it  is  generally  destroy- 
ed by  the  frost,  as  well  as  rendered  less 
aromatic. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Propagation. — It 
is  propagated  by  seed,  and  slips  of  the 
branches,  and  young  shoots,  as  well  as 
by  offsets.  The  seed  may  be  sown 
from  the  close  of  February  until  the 
end  of  May.  Rooted  offsets  may  be 
planted  in  March,  April,  August  and 
September;  cuttings  of  the  branches  in 
April  and  May;  and  slips  of  young 
shoots  in  June  or  July.  The  seed  may 
be  inserted  in  drills,  six  inches  apart, 
not  deeper  than  half  an  inch.  It  is  the 
usual  practice,  when  the  seedlings  have 
attained  the  growth  of  six  weeks,  to 
prick  them  out  twelve  inches  apart ; 
but  it  is  by  much  the  best  practice  to 
raise  them  where  they  are  to  remain. 

The  slips  and  off'sets  are  best  planted 
at  first  in  a  shady  or  north  border: 
they  are  generally  firmly  rooted  in  two 
months.  In  September  or  October  they 
are  all  fit  for  removal  to  their  final  sta- 
tions. After  every  removal  they  must 
be  watered  plentifully  and  regularly 
until  established.  The  only  subsequent 
cultivation  requisite  is  the  keeping  them 
free  of  weeds  by  frequent  hoeings. 

In  spring  and  autumn  likewise  all 
decayed  branches  and  flower-stalks 
must  be  removed  ;  those  used  as 
edgings  trimmed  close,  and  the  earth 
gently  stirred  around  them. 

I  B  E  R  I  S  .  Candy-Tuft.  Twenty- 
three  species.  A  few  hardy  evergreen 
shrubs  ;  but  chiefly  hardy  annuals,  bien- 
nials, and  perennials.  Seed.  Common 
light  loam. 

ICE-HOUSE.  Any  vacant  out-house 
which  can  be  thoroughly  drained  will 
be  an  efficient  ice-house.  Moisture  is 
a  much  more  rapid  solvent  of  ice  than 
mere  heat.  If  in  an  out-house,  with 
drains  leading  from  its  floor,  a  layer  of 
faggots  three  feet  deep  be  placed,  and 
round  the  sides  of  the  house  a  lining  of 
stubble  or  straw  nearly  as  thick,  and 
then  the  ice  be  rammed  in  hard,  and 
covered  over  with  a  similar  coat  of 
stubble,  the  ice  may  be  preserved  there 
for  twelve  months. 

•'  The  accompanying  drawing  and  de- 


IC  E 


322 


ICE 


scription  of  an  approved  ice-house  and 
dairy  united,  lias  been  contributed  by 
John  C.  Boyd,  Esq.,  of  Danville,  Pa. 
Mr.  B.  says,  "  For  various  purposes  it 
is  far  superior  to  the  best  constructed 
spring-house;  permitting  to  the  largest 
eitent  all  the  luxuries  of  sweet  cream 


and  milk,  the  preservation  of  fresh 
meat,  pies,  fruit,  &c.,  for  a  length  of 
time.  Mine  has  been  in  use  two  years, 
and  during  that  period,  we  have  not 
had  any  milk  to  sour,  which  cannot  be 
said  by  those  dependent  on  spring- 
houses." 


Fig.  94. 


"A  represents  the  ice-house,  proper. 
B  dairy-room.  C  the  steps  thereto. 
J)  window  in  dairy-room.  £  entrance 
into  the  ice-house. 

"  The  whole  length,  24  feet:  width 
]5  feet;  pit  sunk,  5  feet  in  ground; 
stone  wall  carried  2h  feet  above  ground  ; 
making  depth  of  stone  work  7i  feet. 
On  stone  work,  a  frame  of  8  feet  to  the 
square  is  placed.  Weather-boarded 
on  the  outside  in  usual  manner.  Over 
milk  house,  on  top  of  wall  is  placed, 
joist  ]  8  inches  from  centre  to  centre, 
on  which  a  tight  floor  is  laid,  which 
forms  a  convenient  room  for  keeping 
various  things  connected  with  the  dairy. 

"  The  partition  between  the  ice- 
house and  milk-house  is  formed  by 
setting  up  studding  from  the  sill  in  the 
bottom  of  the  ice-house  to  the  square 
under  the  roof,  and  weather-boarded 
with  inch  boards  halved  together,  well 
nailed,  so  as  to  prevent  any  charcoal 
dust,  or  dust  of  the  bark  from  dropping 
down  into  the  milk  trough. 

"  The  inside  frame  is  made  12  inches 
less  all  round  than  the  inside  of  main 
building.  That  is  to  say,  a  space  of 
12  inches,  (and  it  would  be  better  if  it 


were  15,)  must  be  left  between  the  two 
frames — to  be  filled  in  with  charcoal 
or  tanner's  bark,  well  dried,  and  well 
rammed  when  filled. 

The  inside  frame  may  be  very  simply 
and  cheaply  made,  by  taking  four  pieces 
of  scantling,  say  4  by  6,  and  halving 
them  together — and  planking,  or  dou- 
ble boarding  up  or  down  on  the  inside 
— three  of  those  frames — one  oh  the 
floor — one  midway,  and  the  other  at 
top,  are  sufficient. 

"  The  floor,  which  is  the  most  par- 
ticular part,  should  be  made  by  placing 
in  the  bottom  good  oak  sills,  with  a 
descent  from  the  back  part  of  an  apart- 
ment to  milk-house  of  15  inches.  The 
sills  well  bedded  in  clay,  tan  bark  or 
charcoal.  Mine  is  bedded  in  common 
yellow  clay,  well  pounded  in. 

"  The  floor  should  be  well  laid,  either 
of  plank,  jointed,  or  boards  double,  and 
small  grooves  run  along  to  carry  ice 
water  down  to  the  milk  trough.  This 
floor  should  be  the  size  of  the  ice  room 
before  inside  frame  is  erected.  On  that 
part  of  the  floor  which  passes  under  the 
partition  between  the  ice  and  milk- 
houses,  small  strips  of  a  quarter  of  an 


ICE 


323 


IMP 


inch  thick  should  be  laid,  and  a  board 
fitted  down  tight  to  keep  the  filiing-in 
from  stopping  up  the  water  as  it  leaves 
the  ice.  On  top  of  square,  joists  with 
floor  on,  is  laid  and  covered  about  2 
feet  thick  with  tan-bark.  A  ventilator 
should  be  made  through  the  upper  floor 
and  roof  about  2  feet  square. 

"  The  closet  or  recess  formed  on 
each  side  of  the  small  doors,  leading 
into  the  ice,  may  have  hooks  to  hang 
meats,  or  shelves,  on  which  anything 
may  be  set.  This  closet,  or  cold  room, 
is  3  feet  3  inches,  by  3  feet  6  inches — 
5  feet  high,  two  doors  in  centre,  each 
18  inches  wide,  made  of  a  single  board, 
and  made  to  fit  closely. 

The  ice  may  be  put  in  on  either  side 
just  under  the  upper  joists;  an  opening 
18  inches  by  2  feet  is  sufficiently  large, 
with  two  doors, or  shutters — and  the 
space  between,  when  the  ice  is  in, 
should  be  well  stuffed  with  straw.  No 
straw  to  be  used  in  filling  ice-liouse — 
except  on  top,  when  a  good  supply  will 
be  of  service. 

"  The  milk-house  should  be  well 
white-washed.  The  room  above  milk- 
house  should  be  lined  on  inside  of 
shedding,  and  the  space  between  filled 
with  tan-bark  or  charcoal.  The  cover- 
ing may  be  a  shed-roof,  or  any  other 
form  best  suited  to  the  convenience  of 
the  location.  The  door  of  my  ice-house 
is  within  a  few  steps  of  my  back  kitch- 
en door.  An  arbour  of  grape  vines  adds 
much  to  the  comfort  and  coolness  of 
the  establishment. 

*'  In  filling  the  ice-house,  much  pains 
should  be  taken  to  pack  the  ice  closely. 
The  ice  is  taken  out  by  entering  from 
the  milk-house  through  the  small  doors, 
and  any  child  who  can  use  a  hatchet  can 
procure  ice  for  the  use  of  the  house. 

"  The  ice-water,  if  the  troughs  are 
made  tight,  (and  they  ought  to  be  per- 
fectly so,)  will  keep  them  full,  or  nearly 
so,  and  during  south  winds  may  over- 
flow a  little.  The  milk-room  is  too 
cold  to  do  the  work  in,  therefore  there 
is  no  water  but  the  ice  water  to  get 
clear  of,  whicli  will  disappear  without 
giving  any  trouble." — Rural  Register. 

For  an  interesting  article  on  this  sub- 
ject. See  Downing's  "  Horticulturist." 

ICE-PLANT.  Mesembryanthemum 
cryslalUniim. 

ICHNOCARPUS  frutescens.  Stove 
evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 


ILEX.  Holly.  Fifteen  spccice. 
Chiefly  hardy  evergreen  trees ;  but  1. 
pai-aguensis  and  7.  salicifoUa  require 
the  shelter  of  a  stove;  and  /.  august  if o- 
lia,  1.  chinensis,  and  /.  perado,  that  of  a 
green-house.  Cuttings, budding, grafting, 
and  seed.    Deep  light  loam.    ^i:e  Holly. 

ILLICIUM.  Three  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  and 
layers.     Light  loam. 

"IMPATIENS.  Balsam.  Nine  spe- 
cies. Hardy,  half-hardy,  and  stove  an- 
nuals. /.  naians  is  a  stove  aquatic ; 
seed,  rich  loam,  in  water.  7.  scapiflora 
is  a  stove  bulb  ;  offsets  ;  light  rich  loam. 
Half-hardy  annuals  sow  in  a  hotbed,  and 
hardy  in  borders.  {Paxton's  Bot.  Die.) 
See  Balsam. 

IMPREGNATION.  "  No  seed  ever 
attains  the  power  of  germinating,  un- 
less the  pollen  from  the  stamens  in  the 
same,  or  some  nearly  allied  flower,  has 
reached  and  impregnated  its  pistils. 

"  In  favourable  seasons,  when  genial 
warmth  and  gentle  winds  prevail,  im- 
pregnation is  readily  effected  by  the 
plant's  own  provision.  The  pollen  is 
never  shed  from  the  anther  of  the  sta- 
men, until  the  stigmaof  the  pistil  is  fully 
developed,  and  this  soon  withers  after 
the  contact. 

"  Their  all-provident  Creator  has  in- 
variably arranged  efficient  assistance. 
The  agents  usually  called  in  are  insects ; 
these,  in  their  search  after  honey  and 
wax,  visit  the  inmost  recesses  of  flowers, 
and  bear  from  the  anthers  to  the  stigma, 
and  from  ilower  to  flower,  the  fecun- 
dating dust.  Here,  too,  I  may  remark 
upon  another  instance  of  that  Provi- 
dence which  makes  all  things  fitting 
and  appropriate;  for  those  who  have 
made  the  bee  their  study,  relate  that 
though  this  insect  does  not  confine  it- 
self to  one  species  of  flower,  yet  it  re- 
stricts its  visits  during  each  ramble  to 
that  kind  which  it  first  visits.  How 
this  facilitates  impregnation  is  obvious, 
when  it  is  remembered  that  no  flower 
can  be  fecundated  but  with  poUea  from 
a  kindred  species. 

"  This  efficient  agency  of  insects  sug- 
gested, that  in  hothouses,  from  whence 
they  are  almost  totally  excluded,  other 
artificial  means  might  be  adopted  with 
success  to  render  flowers  fertile  that 
had  hitherto  failed  in  producing  seed. 
Thus  the  gardener  always  finds  the  ad- 
vantage of  using  the  camel  hair  pencil 
to  apply  pollen  to  the  stigmas  of  his 


IN  A 


324 


ING 


forced  melons,  cucumbers,  cherries, 
and  peaches." — Principles  of  Garden- 
ing.    See  Hybridizing. 

INARCHING,  or  Grafting  by  ap- 
proach, differs  from  grafting  only  in 
having   the   scion   still    attached   to  its 


in  length,  and  in  the  same  manner  pare 
the  stock  in  the  proper  place  for  the 
junction  of  the  graft,  then  make  a  slit 
upward  in  the  branch  so  as  to  form  a 
sort  of  tongue,  and  make  a  slit  down- 
ward in  the  stock  to  admit  it;   let  tlie 


parent  stem  whilst  the  process  of  union  j  parts  be  then  joined,  slipping  the  tongue 
with  the  stock  is  proceeding.  It  is  the  of  the  graft  into  the  slit  of  the  stock, 
most  certain  mode  of  multiplying  an  |  making  the  whole  join  in  an  exact  man- 
individual  that  roofs  or  grafts  with  dif-  ner,  and  tie  them  closely  together  with 
ficulty,  but  is  attended  with  the  incon-  bass,  and  afterwards  cover  the  whole 
\enience  that  both  the  stock  and  the  !  with  a  due  quantity  of  clay,  or  wax. 
parent  of  the  scion  must  be  neighbours.  •  After  this  let  a  stout  stake  be  fixed  for 
The  most  ingenious  application  of  in-  j  the  support  of  each  graft,  and  so  fist- 
arching  is  one  suggested  by  Mr.  Knight.  |  ened  as  to  prevent  its  being  disjoined 
If  a  fruit-bearing  branch  becomes  de-  ,  from  the  stock  by  the  wind, 
ruded  of  its  leaves  above  the  fruit  it  has  I  The  operation  being  performed  in 
produced,  this  either  falls  or  remains  ,  spring,  let  the  grafts  remain  in  that 
stunted  and  deficient  in  flavour,  owing  j  position  about  four  months,  when  they 
to  being  thus  deprived  of  a  supply  of,  will  be  united,  and  they  may  then  be 
the  elaborated  sap  or  proper  juice.  In  j  separated  from  the  mother-tree;  in 
such  case  a  branch  having  leaves  of  the  j  doing  this  be  careful  to  perform  it  with 
same  or  of  a  neighbouring  tree,  was  in-  1  a  steady  hand,  so  as  not  to  loosen  or 
arched  to  the  denuded  portion  of  the  ,  break  out  the  graft,  sloping  it  off  down- 
branch  the  fruit  of  which  he  was  anxious  i  wards  close  to  the  stock;  and  if  the  head 
to  taste.  It  produced  that  season  only  '  of  the  stock  was  not  cut  down  at  the 
two  peaches,  and  from  the  branch  bear-  '  time  of  grafting,  it  must  now  be  done 
ing  which  all  the  leaves  had  fallen  :  but '  close  to  the  graft,  and  all  the  old  clay 
after  the  inarching  the  fruit  proceeded  i  arid  bandage  cleared  away  and  re- 
to  maturity. — Principles  of  Gardening,    placed  with  new,  to  remain  a  few  weeks 

To  propagate  any  tree  or  shrub  by  I  longer, 
this  method  of  grafting,  if  of  the  hardy  |  Observe,  however,  that  if  the  grafts 
kind,  and  growing  in  the  open  ground,  i  are  not  firmly  united  with  the  stock,  let 
a  proper  quantity  of  young  plants  for  i  them  remain  another  year  till  autumn, 
stocks  must  be  set  round  it,  and  when  I  before  you  separate  the  grafts  from  the 
grown  of  a  proper  height,  the  work  of  j  parent  tree. — Abercrombie. 
inarching  performed  ;  or  if  the  branches  "  Instead  of  approach-grafting  in  the 
of  the  tree  you  design  to  graft  from  is  ,  usual  manner,  it  is  sometimes  conve- 
too  high  for  the  stock,  stocks  must  be  j  nient  to  detach  shoots  of  the  kinds  to 
planted  in  pots,  and  a  slight  stage  i  be  propagated  from  the  plants  on  which 
erected  around  the  tree  of  due  height  they  grew,  and  inarch  them  upon  the 
to  reach  the  branches,  and  the  pots  !  single  plant,  leaving  a  piece  at  the  bot- 
containing  the  stock   placed   upon  the  1  tom  of  each  shoot  sufficiently  long  to 


stage 


thrust  into  a  phial,  which  must  be  kept 


As  to  the  method  of  performing  the    constantly    supplied    with    water." 


work,  it  is  sometimes  performed  with 
the  head  of  the  stock  cut  off,  and  some- 
times with  the  head  left  on  till  the  graft 
is  united  with  the  stock,  though  by  pre- 
viously beheading  it  the  work  is  much 
easier  performed,  and  having  no  top,  its 
whole  effort  will  be  directed  to  the 
nourishment  of  the  graft.  Having  the 
stocks  properly  placed,  make  the  most 


Card.  Mag. 

INDIAN  BAY.     Lnurus  indica. 

INDIAN  BLUE.    Nymphcea  cyanea. 

INDIAN  CRESS.    Tropaolum.     See 
Nasturtium. 

INDIAN  FIG.     Opuntia. 

INDIAN    LOTUS.    Nymphcea  lotus. 

INDIAN  SHOT.     Canna  indica. 

INDIGOFERA.    Indigo.    Forty-four 


convenient  branches  approach  the  stock,  species.  Chiefly  green-house  and  stove 
and  mark  in  the  body  of  the  branches  shrubs.  Young  cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
the  parts  where  they  will  most  easily  ]  and  peat. 


join  to  the  stock,  and  in  those  parts  of 

each  branch,  pare  away  the  bark  and  j  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs 

part  of  the  wood  two  or  three  inches  |  Peat  and  loam. 


INGA.  Twenty-eight  species.    Stove 
Cuttings. 


INO 


325 


IRR 


INOCULATION.     See  Budding.         [flower  well  the  following  season,  and 

INOCULATING  GRASS.  See  Turf.  \  therefore  should  not  be  replanted  more 

I  P  O  M  ^  A  .      Sixty-four    species.  :  than  once  in  five  or  six  years.     When 

Chiefly  green-house  and  stove  twiners. '  the  bulbs  are  taken  up  they  should  be 

1.  caudicans  ;    I.    lacunosa  ;    I.  pandu-\  placed  in  dry  sand  for  about  a  month, 

rata;  I.  sagittifolia  ;  I.  sibrica  ;  I.  sin- \  and  afterwards  planted  in  the  manner 


uata ;  and  /.  trichocarpa,  are  hardy. 
Cuttings.  Rich  loam  and  peat.  An- 
nuals and  biennials  bv  seed  in  a  gentle 
hotbed,  as  directed  for  the  following  : — 
"  The  best  time  for  sowing  Ipomaa 
quamoclit,  and  rubra  carulea  for  plant- 
ing in  the  open  air,  is  the  end  of  Feb- 
ruary.    They  will  both  succeed  under 


before  mentioned.  Seeds  of  Irises 
should  be  sown  in  drills  in  Scptomlier, 
in  light  sandy  soil  ;  they  will  come  up 
the  following  spring,  but  the  young 
bulbs  should  remain  for  two  or  three 
years  before  they  are  removed. 

"  The  best  way  to  treat  the  Persian 
Iris,  is  to  place  the  roots,  in  October, 


similar  treatment,  viz.,  to  sow  them  in  in  pots  filled  with  a  mixture  of  either 
a  gentle  hot-bed,  to  pot  them  oft"  sepa-  1  sandy  loam  well  drained  and  leaf  mould, 
rately,  and  encourage  their  growth  i  or  sandy  peat  and  well  rotted  dung,  and 
until  the  end  of  May,  when  they  may  '  set  them  in  some  dry  pit  for  the  winter, 
be  planted  out  in  light  rich  soil  in  a  and  give  but  little  water  until  the  spring, 
sheltered  situation." — Gard.  Chron.  Or  |  and  when  they  begin  to  show  their 
sow  the  seed  in  May  or  June  in  a  warm  ;  blooms,  plant  them  in  the  open  bed.  If 
situation,  having    previously  soaked   it  i  this  is  carefully  done  they  will  he  gay 


for  forty-eight  hours  in  soft  water. 


during  April  and  the  beginning  of  May, 


IPOMOPSIS  elegans.  "  Hardy  bien-  but  they  must  be  protected  from  the 
nial.  Seed.  Peat  and  loam,  in  a  cold  '  spring  frost  when  in  bloom,  or  they 
frame  during  July  ;  leave  three  in  a  pot,  I  will  not  last  long  in  flower.  Persian 
and  place  in  green-house  for  winter  ;  i  Irises  are  tender,  and  will  not  survive 
water  moderately;  shift  in  spring  into  i  the  winter  in  the  open  border,  unless 
forty-eights  well  drained;  leave  only  !  the  situation  is  dry,  for  they  sutler  more 
two  plants  in  a  pot;  water  very  mode- '  from    the    effects  of  damp    than  cold 


rately." — Paxlon's  Bot.  Diet 

IRKSINE.  Four  species.  Half-hardy 
herbaceous.  Seeds,  in  a  gentle  hotbed. 
Rich  loam  and  peat. 

IRIS.  Eighty-nine  species.  Chiefly 
hardy  bulbs.  /.  clandestina  ;  I.  crassi- 
folia ;  and  /.  deflexa,  require  the  shelter 
of  a  greenhouse.  The  soil  cannot  well 
be  too  sandy  for  them.  Seed  or  divi- 
sion of  the  roots. 

Dr.  Lindley  gives  the  following  di- 
rections for  cultivating  the  English  and 
Spanish  species: — 


They  may  also  be  grown  like  hyacinths 
in  glasses  filled  with  water,  in  the 
windows  of  silting  rooms,  and  are  de- 
sirable for  such  a  situation,  as  two  or 
three  plants  will  scent  a  room.  They 
also  succeed  in  pure  sand  if  the  roots 
are  strong. 

"  The  roots  must  be  taken  up  in  the 
open  beds  every  season,  and  either  pot- 
ted or  preserved  in  sand  during  the 
winter,  but  if  not  potted  before  the 
spring  they  become  exhausted,  and  do 
not  flower  well,  whereas  if  planted   in 


"About  August  prepare  a  bed  two  '  the  open  bed  in  autumn,  they  are  almost 


feet  deep,  the  soil  of  which  must  be 
composed  of  eciual  parts  of  rich  loam, 
sandy  peat,  and  either  well  rotted  dung 
or  leaf  mould,  all  well  incorporated  to- 
gether. The  beginning  of  September, 
plant  the  bulbs  about  three  inches  deep, 
placing  a  little  fine  sand  around  each, 
and  afterwards  cover  and  level  the  sur- 
ace;  nothing  else  will  be  required  ex- 
cept stirring  the  surface  of  the  soil  in 
the  spring.  The  Irises  will  bloom  about 
the  middle  of  June,  and  the  seeds  will 


sure  to  perish." — Gard.  Chron. 

IRISH  HEATH.  MemiesiapolifoUa. 

IRON-WORT.     Sideritis. 

IRRIGATION,  as  employed  by  the 
farmer,  is  chiefly  beneficial  in  proportion 
to  the  amount  of  saline  and  decompos- 
ing matter  contained  in  solution  by  the 
water  employed.  But  this  is  not  the 
exclusive  cause  of  benefit,  for  much  of 
this  arises  from  the  increased  and  per- 
manent supply  of  moisture  to  the  roots 
of  the  plants.     These   can   only  derive 


ripen  in  the  beginning  of  August;  when,  j  food  from  the  soil  in  a  gaseous  or  liquid 
if  it  is  required,  the  bulbs  should  be  form;  and  the  decomposing  matters  in 
taken  up;  but  it  must  be  observed  that  |  a  soil  decompose,  and  constantly  are 
when    they  are  removed  they  seldom  i  converted  into  gaseous  and  soluble  mat- 


ISE 


326 


JAN 


ters,wifh  a  rapidity  proportioned  to  the 
abundance  of  water  supplied  to  them. 
Experience  shows  tliat  there  ia  in  the 
kitchen  garden  scarcely  a  crop  that  is 
not  benefited  by  a  much  more  abundant 
supply  of  water  than  can  be  obtained 
usually  ;  and  I  can  bear  testimony  to  the 
correctness  of  Mr.  Knight's  conclusion, 
not  limiting,  however,  my  approval  of 
such  abundant  watering  to  late  crops 
of  peas,  but  to  all,  as  well  as  beans, 
spinach,  and  the  entire  cabbage  tribe. 
Kidney  beans  and  potatoes  are  not  bene- 
fited by  such  an  abundance  of  water. 

"  The  quantity  of  water,"  says  Mr. 
Knight,  "  which  may  be  given  with 
advantage  to  plants  of  almost  every 
kind,  during  warm  and  bright  weather, 
is,  I  believe,  very  much  greater  than 
any  gardener  who  has  not  seen  the 
result  will  be  inclined  to  suppose  pos- 
sible; and  it  is  greater  than  I  myself 
could  have  believed  upon  any  other 
evidence  than  that  of  actual  experience. 

"My  garden,  in  common  with  many 
others,  is  supplied  with  water  by  springs, 
which  rise  in  a  more  elevated  situation  ; 
and  this  circumstance  afforded  me  the 
means  of  making  a  small  pond,  from 
which  I  can  cause  the  water  to  flow  out 
over  every  part  of  every  other  kind 
through  every  part  of  the  summer  ;  and 
I  cause  a  stream  to  flow  down  the  rows 
of  celery,  and  along  the  rows  of  brocoli 
and  other  plants,  which  are  planted  out 
in  summer,  with  very  great  advantage. 
But  the  most  extensive  and  beneficial 
use  which  I  make  of  the  power  to  irri- 
gate my  garden  by  the  means  above 
mentioned,  is  in  supplying  my  late  crops 
of  peas  abundantly  with  water,  by  which 
the  ill  effects  of  mildew  are  almost 
wholly  prevented,  and  my  table  is  most 
abundantly  supplied  with  very  excellent 
peas  through  the  month  of  October." 

ISERTIA  coccinea.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.    Cuttings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ISMENE.  Five  species.  Stove  bulbs. 
Offsets.     Turfy  loam  and  peat. 

ISOPLEXIS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Seed  and  cut- 
tings.    Light  rich  loam. 

iSOPOGON.  Fifteen  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Turfy  sandy  loam. 

ISOPYRUM.  Two  species.  Hardy. 
One  annual,  the  other  lierbaceous.  Seed. 
Light  loam. 

IVY.     Hedera. 

IXIA.    Twenty-four  species.   Green- 


house bulbs  ;  bat  most  of  them,  in  light 
soil  and  south  border,  protected  slightly 
in  winter,  will  grow  in  the  open  air. 
Those  grown  in  pots  should  be  kept  in 
a  dry  place  until  the  beginning  of  No- 
vember. The  soil  best  adapted  for 
them  is  a  sandy  peat  mixed  with  a  little 
loam.  After  repotting  in  that  month, 
they  may  be  kept  in  a  cool  airy  situa- 
tion, and  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  grow, 
they  may  be  watered  freely,  and  placed 
in  the  green-house. — Gard.  Chron.,  HfC. 

IXODIA  achilleoides.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
sand. 

IXORA.  Fourteen  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

JABOROSA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Light  rich 
loam. 

JACARANDA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy  peat 
and  loam. 

JACKSONIA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

JACOBiEA  LILY.  Amaryllis  for- 
mosissima. 

JACQUINIA.  Six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sand  and 
peat. 

JALAP.     Mirdbilis  jalapa. 

JAMAICA  EBONY."    Brya  ehenus. 

JAMAICA  REDWOOD.  Gordonia 
hamatoxylon. 

JAMAICA  ROSE.    Meriania. 

JAMBOSA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

JANUARY  is  a  month  requiring  little 
more  from  the  gardener  in  the  out-door 
department  than  attention  to  neatness, 
but  it  usually  requires  more  than  ordi- 
nary care  to  his  hot-house  and  forcing 
department.  The  following  directions 
contain  the  principal  routine  work  of  the 
month  : — 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

Artichokes,  attend  to,  shelter,  &c. — 
Asparagus,  plant  in  hot-bed  ;  attend  to 
the  forcing;  temp,  about  66°,  and  at 
night  50°. — Beans,  plant  in  hot-beds. — 
Brocoli,  protect  from  frost. — Cardoons, 
attend  to,  shelter,  &c. — Cavlijioivers,  in 
frames,  and  those  pricked  out,  attend 
to. — Composts,  prepare  and  turn  over. — 
Cucumbers ,  sow  and  prick  out;  temp,  by 
day  80°,  and  at  night  65°.— Dung,  for 


JAN 


327 


JAN 


hot-beds,  prepare ;  wheel  on  to  vacant 
ground. — Earth,  for  hot-beds,  prepare. 
— Frost,  protect  plants  from. — Ground, 
trench  vacant. — Hot-beds,  make  and  at- 


Annuah,  sow  in  pots  and  put  in  hot- 
liouse,  &c.,  b. — Auriculas,  protect  from 
cold,&c.;  give  earth  and  compost  to. 
— Carnations,  protect  from  cold,  &c.- 


tend  to. — Kale  (Sea),  begin  forcing,  b.  i  Cuttings    of   hardy    deciduous    shrubs 


Kidney  Beans,  sow  in  hot-bed,  e. — Let- 
tuces in  frames,  attend ;  transplant  to 
force. — Af(?/o;is,sow,for  fruiting  in  May; 
day  temp.  75'^,  night  60°. — Mint,  force, 
in  hot-bed. — Mushroom  Beds,  make,  and 
attend  to  those  producing ;  procure 
horse  droppings  for.  —  Mustard  and 
Cress,  sow  in  hot-bed. — Onions,  ex- 
amine stored. — Parsley,  protect  from 
frost. — Peas,  plant  in  hot-bed ;  and  pre- 


lay  be  prepared,  e. — Edgings,  make. 
Slate  painted  green,  and  Gentiiiella 
planted  within,  is  handsome  and  dura- 
ble.— Gravel,  roll  in  dry  weather. — 
Hedges,  of  Privet,  &c.,  plash. — Hya- 
cinths, protect  from  cold,  &c. — Layers 
of  hardy  shrubs  may  still  be  pegged 
down. — Manure,  apply  generally. — 
Mulch,  put  round  roots  of  lately  plant- 
ed trees. — Potted   Plants,  secure  well 


pare  sticks. — Potatoes,  plant  in  slight  from  frost. — Prune,  and  regulate  flow- 
hot-bed. — Radishes,  sow  in  hot-bed. —  I  ering  shrubs. — Ranunculuses,  plant,  if 
Rape  {i'oT  salading),  sow  in  hot-bed. —  [before  omitted;  protect  from  cold,  &c. 
/yiu6a/"6, begin  forcing, b.—Ta«si/,  plant ! — Rose  Trees,  scrub  with  brine,  to  de- 


in  hot-bed.— Tar^-a^-on,  plant  in  hot-bed 
and  do  any  work  which  will  lessen  that 
of  the  following  busier  months. —  Wood- 
lice,  destroy  in  the  mushroom-house. 

ORCHARD. 

Apples  (Espalier),  prune,  &c. — Apri- 
cots, prune  and  train  in  frosty  weather. 
Brine,  apply  with  a  scrubbing  brush  to 
stems  and  brances  of  fruit  trees,  to  de- 
stroy insects,  eggs,  and  moss. — Cher- 
ries (Wall  and  Espalier),  prune  and 
train.  —  Currants,  prune.  —  Espaliers, 
prune  and  regulate. — Figs,  protect  from 
frost. — Fork  the  surface  around  fruit 
trees.  —  Gooseberries,  prune.  —  Mulch, 
put  around  newly  planted  trees. — Nec- 
tarines, prune  and  train  in  frosty  wea- 
ther.— Peaches  (see  Nectarine). — Pears 
(Espalier),  prune,  &c. — Plums  (Wall 
and  Espalier),  prune. — Pruning,  at' 
tend  to  generally. — Raspberries,  prune. 
— Snails,  destroy  in  their  torpid  state. 
— Stake  and  support  trees  newly  plant- 
ed.— Standards,  remove  dead  and  ir- 
regular branches  from. — Trench  and 
prepare   borders,   &c.,   for   planting. — 


stroy  scab,  insects,  &c. — Salt,  sow  over 
grass,  to  drive  away  worms,  &c. — Seed- 
lings, in  borders,  protect  with  mats. — 
Trench  vacant  ground. — Tulips,  protect 
from  cold,  &c. ;  plant,  if  omitted,  b. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  as  much  as  possible. — 
Apricots  (see  Peach.) — Bark  Beds,  stir, 
and  renew,  if  heat  declines. — Cherries 
(see  Peach). — Cucumbers,  in  pots,  in- 
troduce ;  water  frequently,  and  train. 
— Currants,  water  frequently. — Figs 
(see  Vines).  They  should  be  in  pots 
in  the  Vinery. — Flowers  in  pots  (Roses, 
Carnations,  &c.,)  introduce.  Gooseber- 
ries, water  frequently. — Head  down  spe- 
cimen plants,  as  Justicias,  &c. — Kidney 
Beans,  sow  in  small  spots,  not  larger 
than  twenty-fours;  water  frequently. — 
Light,  admit  as  freely  as  possible. — 
Mats,  put  over  glass  in  very  severe 
weather,  even  in  the  day  time. — Necta- 
rines and  Peaches  in  blossom  keep  at 
about  5:y'  during  the  day,  and  at  night 
about  40o  ;  water  very  sparingly  ;  shake 
branches  gently  to  distribute  the  pollen  ; 


Vines,    prune   and    train. —  Wall   Trees    stir  earth  around  often. — Pine  Apples 


generally,  prune  and  regulate. —  Walls 
It  is  a  very  beneficial  plan  to  paint  these 
by  means  of  a  white-washer's  brush, 
with  a  liquid  mixture  of  S  lbs.  lime, 
4  lbs.  soot,  and  S  lbs.  sulphur.     It  de- 


( fruiting),  require  increased  bottom 
heat  to  about  S.t^;  vvater  about  once  a 
week  ;  temperature  in  house  from  60'-' 
to  70^. — Salading,  in  boxes  sow. — 
Stove,  temp,  not  above  60"^  in  the  day, 


by  its  dark  colour  promoting  the  warmtl 
of  the  wall.     The  liquid  employed,  in 


stroys  and  banishes  insects,  as  well  as  !  and  at  night  40^. — Strawberries,  in  pots, 

introduce;  when  blossoming,  water  fre- 
quently ;  day  temp,  not  more  than  55°. 

which  to  mix  the  above,  should  be  urine   — Thermometer,    watch    its    dictates. — 

Vines,  in  leaf,  keep  about  GO"  ;  in  blos- 
som about  70'^  during  day,  at  night  50"^; 
protect    stems    outside    by    haybands; 


and  soapsuds  in  equal  proportions. 

rl.OWER    GARDE^f. 


Anemones,  protect  from  cold,  &c. —   give  liquid  manure. — PFosA  the  leaves 


J  AS 


328 


JUL 


of  all  plants,  as  requisite,  either  with  a  I  being  drawn  up  about  the  stems.  At 
sponge  or  by  watering.— J^nfer,  soft  |  the  close  of  July  or  early  in  August,  cut 
and  warm  as  the  house,  apply  as  requi-  i  the  stems  off  about  their  middle,  to  ad- 
site;  in    pots,  &c.,  keep  constantly  in  |  mit  more  freely  the  air  and   light,  and 


the  house. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  at  every  favourable  time, 
when  the  temperature  outside  is  above 


in  other  respects  to  be  beneficial  to  the 
tubers. 

They  may  be  taken  up  as  wanted 
during  September;  and  in  October,  or 
as   soon  as   the  stems   have  withered, 


32°. Earth  in   the   pots  and  borders,  i  entirely,   for    preservation   in   sand  tor 

stir  frequently. — Fires  to  exclude  frost !  winter's  use.     They  should   be  raised 


and  damp  should  be  lighted  as  required  ; 
day  temp.  50°,  night  temp.  40°.— fogs, 
especially  exclude.  Leaves,  wash, 
when  foiil ;  (decayed),  remove  as  they 
appear. — Succulent  Plants  now  scarce- 
ly require  any  water. — Water  sparingly, 
and  in  mild  weather,  and  about  noon. — 
Windows,  keep  closed  both  in  foggy 
and  frosty  weather;  cover  with  mats 
or  shutters  in  rigorous  seasons,  even 
in  the  day  time. 

JASIONE.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed.  Division  and  cut- 
tings.    Peat. 

JASMINUM.  Jasmine.  Thirty-two 
species.  Stove,  green-house,  and  har- 
dy climbers,  twiners,  and  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings.  The  stove  and  green-house 
species  require  sandy  loam  and  peat, 
but  the  hardy  species  any  common  soil. 

JEFFERSONIA  diphylla.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed  and  division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

JERSEY  THISTLE.  Centaurea  is- 
nardi. 

JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE.  He- 
lianthus  tuherosus. 

Soil  and  situation. — It  flourishes  most 


in  a  rich  light  soil  with  an  open  expo-  [  See  Walnut. 


as  completely  as  possible  ;  for  the  small- 
est piece  of  tuber  will  vegetate  and  ap- 
pear in  the  spring.  It  is  for  this  reason 
that  they  are  often  allotted  some  remote 
corner  of  the  garden  ;  but  their  culinary 
merits  certainly  demand  a  more  favour- 
able treatment. 

JERUSALEM  SAGE.  Fhlomis  fruc- 
ticosa. 

JET  D'EAU.     See  Fountain. 

JOHNIA.  Two  species.  Stove  ever- 
greens ;  one  a  climber,  the  other  shrub- 
by.    Ripe  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

JOLLIFFIA  africana.  Stove  ever- 
green twiner.  Cuttings  of  flowering 
shoots.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

JONESIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreens;  one  climbing,  the  other  a 
tree.     Cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

JONQUILLE.     See  Narcissus. 

JOSSINIA  orbiculata.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

JOVE'S  FRUIT.     Laurvs  diospyros. 

JUDAS  TREE.     Cercis. 

JUGLANS.  Walnut  tree.  Five  spe- 
cies, besides  varieties.  Hardy  decidu- 
ous trees.    Seed  and  grafts.    Rich  loam. 


sure.     Trees  are    particularly  inimical 
to  its  growth. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Planting.  As  it 
never  ripens  its  seed  here,  though  it 
blossoms    sometimes    in    October,  the 


JULUS.     Snake  millipede. 

J.  terrestris. —  Has  about  two  hundred 
legs.  Lead  colour.  Scaly,  like  wood- 
louse.     Eats  the  roots  of  the  pansy. 

J.  pulchellus. — Ochreous  colour,  with 


only  mode  of  propagation   is  by  plant- j  crimson   spots  down    its   sides.     Legs, 
ing  the  middle-sized  bulbs,  or  cuttings    about    170.     Attacks    roots    of   beans, 
of  the  large  ones,  one  or  two  eyes  being  \  cabbages,  peas,  and  scarlet  beans, 
preserved  in  each.     These  are  planted  |      J.  complanatus.     Lilac  colour.    Sixty 
towards  the  end  of  March,  though  it  j  legs.— Card.  Chron. 
may  be  performed  in  February,  or  even 
preferably  in  October. 

They  are  inserted  by  the  dibble  in 
rows  three  feet  by  two  feet  apart,  and 
four  inches  deep.  They  make  their 
appearance  above  ground  about  the 
middle  of  May.  The  only  attention 
necessary  is   to    keep  them   free  from 

weeds,    and    an    occasional    hoeing  to, , ,, 

loosen  the  surface,  a  little  of  the  earth   sosv,   h.— Borage,   sow,   e.— Borecole, 


JULY  is  a  busy  month,  as  will  appear 
from  the  following  directions: — 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

Alexanders,  earth   up. —  Artichokes, 

.  attend    to.  —  Asparagus-beds,     clean  ; 

leave  oft'  cutting   from. — Beans,  plant, 

b.;  leave  some  in  production  for  seed. — 

Beet  {Red),  thin,  b.;  (Green  and  White), 


JUL 


329 


JUL 


plant;  prick  out. — BrocoZi,  prick  out ;  i  frequently  ;   seedlings  transplant;    old 
plant. — Cahhages, p\ant;  prick  out  seed- ;  plants  repot,  e. — Box  edgings,  clip,  b 
lings;    earth  "up    atlvancing. — Carrots,    — R./Ww;,i<r    nf    rnRPs      insminos.     IL'r 
thin,b. ; — Cauliflowers,  plant,  e. — Ce- 
leriac,  plant. — Celery,  prick  out ;  plant; 
earth  up. — Chamomile  Flowers,  gather. 
— Chervil,  sow,  e. — Coleworts,  plant. — 
Coriander,  sow. — Cress,  sow. — Cucum- 
bers, plant  for  pickles. — Earth  up  where 
necessary. — Endive,  plant;    sow. — Fi- 


—  Budding  of  roses,  jasmines,  &c., 
complete. — Bulbous  Roots,  ta.kc  up  (see 
June);  seeds  sow.  —  Bulbs,  autuma 
flowering,  plant,  e. — Carnations,  at- 
tend to  (see  June) ;  shade  and  shelter 
during  hot  weather;  water  freely,  and 
give  liquid  manure. — Chrysanthemum 
suckers,  separate  and  plant;  lay. — Cut- 


nochio,  earth  up. — Garlic,  take  up  as  ^(/ig-s  of  some  plants,  as  scarlet  lychnis, 

■wanted. — Hoeing,    particularly    attend  will  yet  strike,  b. — Da/)//as  require  sup- 

To.— Horse-radish,  attend   to.— Kidney  port    and    pruning. — Edgings,    clip. — 

Beans  (dwarfs),  sow  ;  attend  to  advanc-  Evergreens,    prune;    seedlings,    prick 

ing  crops. — Lavender,  gather. — Leeks,  out. — Grass,    mow    and    roll    often. — 


weeds,  &c. ;  plant,  b. — Lettuces,  plant; 
sow  ;  Marigold  Flowers,  gather. — Mar- 
joram, gather  for  drying. — Melons,  at- 
tend to; — Mint,  p\ant,  b. — Mushroom- 
beds, attend  to;  make,e.;  spawn,  collect. 
— Parsley,  sow. — Parsnips,  weed,  &c. 
— Peas,  sow  ;  hoe  advancing. — Pepper- 
mint, gather. — Pot-herbs,  are  fit  in  ge- 
neral for  drying  and  distilling. — Ra- 
dishes, sow. — Rampion,  is  fit  for  use,  e 


Gravel,  weed  and  roll. — Heartsease, 
plant  slips,  e. ;  water  freely. — Hedges, 
clip. — Hoe  and  rake  at  every  opportu- 
nity.— Laying  carnations,  &c.,  may  be 
performed,  b. ;  water  freely  ;  transplant 
rooted  layers. — Leaves,  decayed,  re- 
move as  soon  as  seen. — Liquid  Manure, 
give  occasionally  to  flowering  shrubs. — 
Mignionette,  and  a  few  other  quick 
flowering  annuals,  may  be  sown,  b.,  for 


HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  every  fine  day.— 


— Rape  (edible  rooted),  sow. — Salsafy,  j  autumn. — Piping,  of  pinks,  &c.,  maybe 
thin,  &c.—  SafOi/s,  plant. — Scorzonera,  \  st'\\\  practised,  b.;  pelargonium  cut- 
thin,  &c. — Scurvy  Grass,  sow.— Seeds,  \  tings,  plant,  b.— Polyanthuses,  seed- 
gather  .as  they  ripen. — Small  Salading,  I  lings,  transplant;  roots  of  old,  part — 
sow.—Spinach,  sow  ;  hoe  and  thin. —  '  Roses,  bud  and  lay,  h.— Seeds,  gather  as 
Stir  ground  between  plants. — Succory,  [  they  ripen. — Stake  and  tie  up  plants 
sow. — Ruta  Baga,  sow, ;  hoe  advancing  '  wherever  necessary. —  Transplanting 
crops. — Turnip  Cabbages,  prick  out. —  perennials  and  biennials,  complete,  b. 
Vacant  ground,  d\g;  cleanse  from  weeds,  — Water  freely,  not  only  the  roots  but 
&c. —  Water  where  necessary. —  Worm-  |  over  the  foliage. 
wood,  plant. 

ORCHARD. 

Budding,  pe 
apples,  and  pea 

ther. — Espaliers,  continue  to  regulate 
(see  Wall  Trees)  ;  young  ones  head 
down. — Fig  Trees,  regulate;  remove 
over  luxuriant  shoots. — Pruning  (sum- 
mer), complete.  —  Raspberries,  clear 
from  needless  suckers. —  Snails  and 
slugs,  search  for  morning  and  evening. 
— Stocks,  clear  from  lateral  shoots. — 
Strawberries,  for  forcing,  lay  in  pots  ; 
Vines  require  constantly  regulating;  all 
late  shoots  remove  ;  stop  bearing  shoots. 
—  Wall  Trees,  continue  to  regulate  as 
their  shoots  re()uire  ;  train  in,  do  not 
shorten  their  shoots. —  Walnuts,  gather 
for  pickling. —  Wasps,  entrap;  bottles 
of  sugared  beer  are  best. — Water  newly 
planted  trees  in  dry  weather;  keep 
mulch  round. 


Tform  in  all  stone-fruit,  j^^^j/  ^js,  &c.,  frequently,  and  give 
ars  ;  select  cloudy  wea-  ,.^^^j^  ^^^^^  j^  j^,^^,^  languish.-Fii/n^'^a- 
tions  of  tobacco  give  frequently,  espe- 
cially if  insects  prevail. — Liquid  Manure 
give  to  weakly  plants. — Orchidaceous 
Plants,  keep  in  coolest  parts  of  the 
house,  and  give  very  little  water,  or 
they  will  not  bloom  well  next  spring. — ■ 
Pine  Apples,  plant  by  crowns  or  suckers; 
gather  ripe,  early  in  the  morning;  shift 
succession  for  next  season;  give  liquid 
manure  ;  do  not  shift  all  at  once,  but  at 
weekly  intervals. — Potting,  finish,  b. — 
Propagate  stove  plants  by  cuttings, 
layers,  and  suckers,  as  suitable. — Steam, 
admit  to  plants. —  Vines,  when  all  the 
leaves  are  ofl^,  expose  day  and  night; 
grapes,  ripening  late,  require  a  mo- 
derate moist  heat,  and  air  only  of  a 
morning. —  Water  frequently  and  abun- 
dantly, but  rather  less  to  flowering 
plants  than  last  month. 


FLOWER    GARDEN. 

Auriculas,  in  pots,  dress  and  water 


JUL 


330 


JUN 


GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  to  all  plants  de- 
tained in  the  house. — Bud,  oranges, 
lemons,  &c. —  Camellias,  syringe  and 
water  frequently  ;  shade  in  hot  days. — 
Cuttings,  slips,  &c.,  water. — Dress  and 
give  fresh  earth  as  required. — Heaths, 
plant,  slips. — Layers  may  be  made. — 
Moving  out  of  house  (see  June). — 
Oranges  and  Lemons  require  water  dai- 
ly; thin  fruit  if  thick;  remove  blossoms 
where  fruit  is  thick  enough ;  give  earth  ; 
air,  admit  freely. — Peat  plants,  examine 
almost  daily  to  see  that  they  do  not  dry. 
— Propagate  by  cuttings,  slips,  &c. — 
Seedlings,  Y>r\cV.  into  small  pots. — Shade 
during  hot  bright  days  ;  calico  frames 
are  best. —  Shifting,  complete,  b. — 
Stove  plants  (hardier)  may  be  moved 
into  green-house.  —  Stake,  trim,  and 
train  as  required.  —  Succulent  plants, 
cultivate  by  cuttings,  slips,  and  suckers. 
—  Watering  and  cleaning  are  now  the 
chief  occupations  ;  apply  water  early  in 
the  morning  by  the  engine. 

JULY-FLOWER.   Prosopis juliflora. 

JUNE  is  also  a  busy  month. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

Alexanders,  earth  up.  —  Artichokes, 
weed,  &c. — Asparagus-beds  clean,  &c. 
— Basil,  plant. — Beans,  plant,  hoe,  &c., 
advancing  crops. — Beefs,  thin,  &c. — 
Borecole,  plant. — Brocoli,  plant. — Cab- 
bage, i>]a.nt ;  earth  up,  &c. — Capsicum,]  dry  and  store. — Annuals  (hardy  and 
plant,  b. — Cardoo«s,  thin  and  plant  out.  I  some  tender),  plant  out  to  remain,  in 
— Carrots, thin,  kc. — Celeriac,  plant. —  j  showery  weather  best;  some  (hardy) 
Celery,  plant;  earth  up  advancing. —  i  may  be  sowed,  b. — ^i/r/cw/as,  continue 
Coleworts,  sow  for;  plant. — Coriander,  \  shading;  plant  offsets;  prick  out  seed- 
sow. — Cress,  sow. — Cwcwm&eT-s,  sow,  b.  ]  lings.  —  Baskets    or    clumps,    form    of 


sow  ;  plant. — Watering  and  Weeding, 
attend  to. —  Wormwood,  plant. 

ORCHARD. 

Ants,  destroy;  the  ammonia  water 
from  gas-works,  or  boiling  water  poured 
into  their  haunts  is  effectual. — Apricots, 
finish  summer  regulating,  b. — Blighted 
Trees,  clean  by  the  water  engine;  lime 
dust,  &c.  —  Budding,  commence  in 
cloudy  weather,  or  during  evening,  e. — 
Fig  Trees,  prune. — Gooseberries,  Cur- 
rants (Wall  and  Espalier),  regulate,  b.; 
remove  blighted  shoots;  summer  prune, 
e. — Nectarines,  finish  summer  regulat- 
ing.— Newly  planted  Trees,  stake  and 
fasten;  give  water  in  dry  weather;  li- 
quid manure  to  the  weakly  ;  keep  mulch 
round.  —  Pears  (Wall  and  Espalier), 
properly  regulate,  b.  —  Plums  (Wall 
and  Espalier),  properly  regulate,  b. — 
Scarify,  trunks  of  hide-bound  trees, 
rather  than  in  winter,  but  this  affection 
will  never  occur,  if  they  are  scrubbed 
in  January  with  brine. — Snails,  Slugs, 
search  for,  morning  and  evening.  — 
Strawberries,  water  in  dry  weather. — 
Thinning  fruit  on  walls,  complete,  b. 
— Vines  before  omitted,  finish,  regulat- 
ing, b. ;  and  those  done  in  May  re-exa- 
mine. 

FLOWER    GARDEN. 

Anemones,  take  up  as  leaves  wither; 


plants.  —  Biennials   and 
sow,   if  omitted,   b. — Box 


— Earthing-up, attendto. — Endive, sow,  green -hous 
b.;  plant.  —  Fennel,  plant. — Finochio,  i  Perennials, 
sow;  earth  up  advancing  crops. — G«?'- .  edgings  clip;  plant.  —  Bulbous  Roots 
lie  is  fit  for  present  use. — Herbs,  for  (Tulips,  Jonquils,  &c.),  take  up  as 
drying  and  distilling,  gather. — Jerusalem  ■  leaves  decay;  remove  offsets  from; 
Artichokes,  hoe,  &c.  —  Kidney  Beans,  dry  and  store;  may  transplant  some, 
(dwarfs),  sow  ;  (runners),  attend  to. —  ;  or  keep  until  autumn  ;  (autumn  flower- 
I-eefcs,  thin,  &c.;  transplant,  e. — Lettuce,  ing),  as  Colchicums,  &c.,  take  up  as 
sow  ;  plant,  &c. — Mint,  plant. — Pars-  leaves  decay,  separate  offsets,  and  re- 
nips,  thin. — Peas,  sow;  attend  to  ad-  plant,  or  not,  until  end  of  July. — Car- 
vancing  crops. — Potatoes,  hoe,  &c. —  nations,  in  bloom,  attend  ;  aid  the  bud- 
Radishes,  sow. — Rampion,  thin. — Sage,  pod  to  split  with  a  pair  of  narrow  sharp- 
plant. — Salsafy,  thin. — Savoys,  plant ;  i  pointed  scissors;  water  every  second 
prick  out. — Scorzonera,  thin. — Scurvy  ,  day  ;  tie  to  supporters,  &c. ;  prick  out 
Grass,  sow. — Seeds,  attend  to  and  gather,  i  seedlings;  make  layers  ;  pipe. — Cycla- 
— Small  Salading,  sow. — Spinach,  sow;  ,  mens,  transplant. — Dahlias,  finish  plant- 
thin  advancing. — Stir  Ground  between  ing  out,  b. — Dress  the  borders  assidu- 
crops,  in  rows,  &c. — Succory,  sow. —  ,  ously;  neatness  now  stamps  a  gardener's 
Tarra^ora, plant. — Thinning,  attend  to.  ;  character. — Fibrous  rooted  Perennials, 
— Toma^os,  plant  out. — Turnip  Cabbage,    propagate  by  cuttings  of  flower-stalks; 


JUN 


331 


KEL 


shade  ami  water. — Flowering  Plants 
generally  require  training  and  support. 
— Gra,ss,  mow,  roll  and  trim  edges. — 
Gravel,  weed,  sweep,  and  roll. — Guern- 
sey Lilies,  take  up;  separate  otTsets, 
and  replant.  Do  this  every  second  year. 
— Hedges,  clip,  e. — Leaves  and  stems 
decaying,  remove  as  they  appear. — 
Liquid  Manure,  apply  occasionally  to 
ail  choice  flowers. — Mignionette,  plant 
out;  sow,  b. — Pink  seedlings,  prick  out; 
make  layers. — Pipings  (or  Cuttings)  of 
Carnations  and  Pinks  may  be  planted. — 
Potted  Flowers,  dress,  stir  earth  and 
water  regularly.  —  Ranunculuses,  take 
up  as  leaves  wither,  dry  and  store. — 
Roses,  bud,  lay,  and  inarch;  fumigate 
with  tobacco  to  destroy  the  Aphis,  or 
Green  Fly. — Salvia  Patens,  pinch  down 
centre  stem  to  make  it  flower  bushy. — 
Seedlings  of  Perennials  and  Biennials, 
transplant. — Seeds  (ripe),  gather  in  dry 
weather — Seed  Vessels,  remove,  to  pro- 
long flowering. —  Water,  give  freely  and 
frequently  to  all  newly  moved  plants, 
and  to  others  in  dry  weather;  early 
morning  best  time. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  during  every  mild 
day;  but  exclude  as  evening  approaches. 
— Bark  Beds,  occaeionaliy  will  require 
stirring;  water  and  ventilate  freely. — 
Grapes,  thin;  ripening  keep  dry. — 
Heat,  keep  up  as  required. — Pines  are 
now  ripening;  plant  crowns  as  they 
occur;  give  liquid  manure;  syringe; 
shade  in  very  hot  days. — Propagation, 
continue  as  requisite,  by  seed,  suckers, 
slips,  layers,  cuttings,  oflsets,  &c.  (See 
May.) — Steam,  admit  almost  daily. — 
Strawberries  done  forcing,  allow  to  dry; 
remove  into  larger  pots  with  new  earth, 
and  keep  for  second  forcing. — Syringe 
Pines,  and  other  plants,  frequently. — 
Tobacco  fumigations,  give  occasionally. 
—  Vines,  push  forward  by  warmth,  li- 
quid manure,  &c. ;  mulch  round  roots 
outside  the  house;  stop  laterals. — 
Watering  attend  to  duly;  it  is  required 
generally  oftener  and  more  liberally 
than  in  preceding  months;  apply  it  in 
the  morning  early. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  give  with  all  possible  freedom  ; 
bring  all  but  the  tenderest  out  of  the 
house. — Camellias,  done  flowering,  re- 
move into  higher  temperature.  —  Cut- 
tings of  various  plants  may  now  be  in- 


serted.— Dress  the  plants  as  they  are 
brought  out  of  the  house. — Earth,  give 
fresh,  and  liquid  manure,  as  necessary. 
—  Flowering  shrubs,  shade.  —  Gera- 
7iiums,  plant  cuttings. — Head  down  and 
prune  irregular  growing  shrubs.^ 
Heaths,  plant  slips;  water  frequently. — 
Inarching  of  jasmines,  oranges,  &c., 
may  be  performed. — Leaves  (decayed), 
remove,  and  wash  the  foliage  generally, 
— Layers  of  shrubs  generally  make. — 
Mowings  of  grass  spread  over  surface  of 
earth  in  large  pots  or  tubs — an  excel- 
lent mode  of  arresting  evaporation.— 
Myrtles,  propagate  by  cuttings,  e. ; — 
Oranges  and  Lemons  in  bloom,  give 
liquid  manure  :  thin  blossom  when  in 
clusters. — Rain,  if  excessive,  move  ten- 
derest plants  back  into  the  house;  and 
tilt  the  pots  of  others. — Seedlings,  trans- 
plant.— Shift  into  larger  pots,  as  neces- 
sary, b. — Succule?it  plants  propagate  by 
cuttings  ;  remove  to  outside,  e. —  Water 
frequently,  butmoderately  ;  some  plants 
require  it  every  morning  or  evening. 

JUNIPERUS.  .Tuniper.  Nineteen 
species  besides  varieties.  Hardy  ever- 
green trees  and  shrubs.  Seed  and  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam.     See  Coniferce. 

JUPITER'S  BEARD,  Anthyllis  bar- 
ba-jovis. 

JUSTICIA.  Sixty-four  species. 
Stove  and  green-house  plants;  some 
shrubs,  others  biennials  and  annuals, 
and  a  third  group  trailers.  The  bien- 
nials and  annuals  require  to  be  sown  in 
a  hot-house  or  hotbed;  the  others  are 
increased  by  cuttings,  and  all  delight 
in  light  loam  and  peat. 

KAGENECKIA  cratagoides.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

KALANCHOE.  Seven  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

KALP>.     See  Borecole. 

KAL^^X.  Five  species  and  more 
varieties.  Hardy  evergreen  shrubs. 
Seed  and  layers.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

KALOSANTHES.  Eight  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  succulents.  Cut- 
tings dried  for  forty-eight  hours  ;  sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

KANGURU  VINE.       Cissus  antarc- 

KAULFUSSIA  amelloides.  Hardy 
annual.     Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

KELP  is  the  ash  remaining  after  sea- 
weed is  burnt,  and  has  been  used  with 
great  advantage  as  a  manure  to  pota- 


KEN 


332 


KID 


toes,  brocoli,  and  other  species  of  bras- I  cessary  to  plant  successive  crops  at 
sica.  It  is  composed  of  carbonate  of  intervals  of  two  or  three  weeks,  which 
soda,  and  iodide  and  bromide  of  potas-  is  much  preferable  to  planting  but  sel- 
sium,   carbon,   sulphates    of  lime    and  '  dom,  and  then  a  larger  quantity.     Plan- 


magnesia,  and  other  matters  ot  triviai 
importance.     See  Green  Manure. 

K  E  N  N  E  D  Y  A  .  Fifteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  twiners.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

K  E  R  R  I A  japonica.  Hardy  deci- 
duous shrub.  Young  cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil.  More  commonly  called  Cor- 
chorus  japonicus. 

KIDNEY-BEAN.  Phaseolus  vulga- 
ris. Haricot,  Fr.  Schminkbohne,  Ger. 
Judias,  Span.    Faguiolo,  Ital. 

"  Of  the  Snap-Short  Bean,  the  Hari- 
cot of  the  French,  the  varieties  and 
sub-varieties    are    numerous.       Those 


tations  made  so  late  as   1st  August,  ge- 
nerally succeed  and  yield  abundantly. 

"  When  they  have  risen  three  or  four 
inches,  give  them  a  careful  hoeing,  to 
destroy  all  weeds,  and  loosen  the  earth. 
At  this  time,  or  shortly  after,  draw  to- 
wards the  base  of  the  plants,  some  of 
the  loose  soil,  to  the  depth  of  one  or 
two  inches.  This  process  is  termed 
"  landing,"  and  is  highly  beneficial  in 
protecting  the  roots  from  excessive 
drought,  and  the  direct  rays  of  the 
sun.  As  the  crop  approaches  matu- 
rity, nothing  more  is  required  than  an 
occasional    hoeing,    observing   always 


enumerated  in  the  Catalogue  annexed,;  to  keep  the  ground  free  from  weeds 


are    such   as  we  esteem  most  worthy ; 


In  selecting  a  spot  to  plant  beans, 


they  consist  of  the  earliest,  the  latest,  I  choose  where  the  soil  is  light  and  tole- 
and  those  which  ripen  intermediately.  ■  rably  dry.  If  it  be  poor,  apply  a  good 
The  Early  Mohawk  or  Brown  Six  !  dressing  of  well  rotted  manure,  either 
Weeks   arrives    soonest  at   perfection, '  spread    over    the     entire    surface,   or 


and  is  the  hardiest  of  the  early  ones  ; 
the  Early  Yellow,  Red  Speckled  Val- 
entine, and  China  Red  Eye,  immediate- 
ly succeed.  The  Red  French  is  about 
the  latest :  the  other  varieties  ripen 
promiscuously.       All      the    kinds    are 


placed  in  the  drills  when  drawn  out." 
— Rural  Register. 

Forcing. — The  hot-bed  must  be  of 
moderate  size,  and  covered  with  earth 
nine  inches  thick.  When  the  heat  has 
become    regular,  the  seed   may  be  in- 


brought  to  the  Philadelphia  market ;  serted  in  drills  a  foot  apart,  and  the 
some  purchasers  preferring  one,  and  plants  allowed  to  stand  six  inches  asun- 
others  another.  The  Red  Speckled  j  der  in  the  rows.  Air  must  be  admitted 
Valentine  is  a  variety  very  generally  I  as  freely  as  to  the  melon.  The  same 
admired;  it  is  round  podded,  without  j  precautions  are  likewise  necessary  as  to 
strings,  an  abundant  bearer,  and  re- I  keeping  up  the  temperature,  taking  the 
mains  tender  longer  than  most  others,  chill  off  the  water  &c.,as  for  that  plant. 
The  Brown  Valentine  or  Refugee,  is  j  When  the  seed  begins  to  sprout,  the 
also  an  excellent  variety,  as  also  the  |  mould  should  be  kept  regularly  moist- 
China  Red  Eye.  The  pods  of  the  Red  I  ened  ;  and  when  grown  up,  water  may 
French  are  used  as  well  for  pickling  as  '  be  given  moderately,  three  times  a  week, 
boiling,  and  the  beans  throughout  the  |  The  temperature  should  never  be  less 
winter  in  a  dry  state,  as  haricots,  and  I  than  60°,  nor  higher  than  75".  Some 
in  soups,  for  which  it  is  usually  pre-;  plants  of  the  hot-bed  sowing  at  the  end 
ferred.  '  of  March,  are  often,  after  being  gradu- 

"  The  usual  plan  of  cultivating  this    ally  hardened,  planted  in  a  warm  bor- 
tribe,    is    in   drills    double    or    single,    der:   this  will  at  most  hasten  the  plants 


placing  two  seeds  together  at  inter- 
vals of  two  or  three  inches :  two  to 
two  and  a  half  feet  should  be  allowed 
between  the  drills.  They  are  much 
more  tender  than  the  Long  Pod  or 
Windsor,    and    will    not     succeed 


in  production  a  fortnight  before  those 
sown  in  the  open  ground  in  May. 

Those  sown  under  frames  in  March 

for  transplanting  into  a  border,  when 

two  or  three  inches  in  height,  must  in  a 

f  like  manner  be  hardened  gradually  for 


planted  before  the  weather  has  become  the  exposure,  by  the  plentiful  admission 
somewhat  settled,  and  the  earth  warm  ;  of  air,  and  the  total  removal  of  the 
in  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia,  not  glasses  during  fine  days.  If  any  are 
earlier  than  April,  unless  in  very  dry  !  raised  in  pots  in  the  hot-house,  they 
ground,  and  protected  situations.  To  1  must  in  a  like  manner  be  prepared  for 
have  a  constant  supply,  it  will  be  ne- 1  the  removal,  by  setting  them  outside  in 


K  ID 


333 


KID 


• 

fine  days,  and  there  watering  them  with  '  to  clasp  the  pole,  which  is  contrary  to 


cold  water. 

If  the  season  is  too  ungenial  after  all 
to  remove  them  even  to  a  warm  border 


the  course  of  the  sun,  and   opposite  to 
the  habit  of  most  climbers. 

Those  who  have  not  the  convenience 


the  plants  are  ofYen  inserted  in  patches,  of  a  frame,  (or  hand-glass  which  will 
to  have  the  protection  of  frames  or  answer  the  same  purpose,)  should  have 
hand  lights  at  night,  or  as  the  weather  i  the  hills  prepared  and  poles  inserted, 
demands.  choosing  a    mild,  dry  time,  about   the 

Said  to  be  perennial. — It  has  been  :  close  of  May,  for  planting  the  beans, 
stated,  that  kidney  beans  appear  of  a  If  wet  weather  should '^immediately 
perennial  nature, 'and  that  they  have  succeed,  and  the  seed  rot,  replant  as 
been  observed  to  vegetate  for  several  soon  as  the  ground  dries.  Good  crops 
years — the  plants  being  in  the  vicinity  1  have  been  produced  in  the  vicinity  of 
of  a  steam-engine,  and  so  situated  that  Philadelphia,  when  planted  even  so  late 
the  frost  could  not  penetrate  to  the  as  first  of  June. 
roots.  i      After  they  become  well  established, 

Beans,  Pole. — The  Scarlet  Runners,!  and  have  clasped  the  poles,  no  further 
and  While  Dutch  Beans,  are  very  deli- i  care  is  requisite,  other  than  keeping  the 
cately  flavoured,  and  are  used  either  |  weeds  under,  and  the  hills  occasionally 
in    the    pod,    or   shelled  when    further    stirred. 

advanced;  but  in  this  section  of  the;  The  Carolina  or  Sewee  bean,  is  of  a 
country,  and  perhaps  further  South,  they  :  smaller  size  than  the  Lima;  much 
bear  so  sparingly  most  seasons,  as  to  be  I  hardier,  rather  earlier,  and  more  pro- 
ecarcely  worth  cultivating.  |  ductive,  but  generally  considered  less 

The  Lima  is  too  well  known  to  need  j  rich.  In  other  respects  they  closely 
description.  Two  varieties  are  cuiti-  resemble  each  other — time  and  mode 
vated  ;  the  one  broad  and  thin,  the  of  planting  may  be  a  little  in  advance 
other  much  thicker.  We  have  some-  of  the  Lima — cultivation  precisely  the 
times  thought. the  latter  the  more  tender  !  same. — Rural  Reg. 

anu  delicate  when  boiled.  The  Lima  i  Beavs,  English.  Vicia  Faba,  of 
Bean  is  very  tender,  not  bearing  the  i  JAnnceus.  Feve  de  marais,  Fr.  Bohn, 
slighted  frost,  and  is  very  subject  to  rot  \  Ger.  Fava,  Hal.  Habas,  Span. 
when  planted  early,  or  during  a  spell  ofi  Of  the  above  kind,  commonly  called 
rainy  or  damp  cool  weather.  To  guard  j  in  this  country  "  Horse  Bean,"  there  is 
against  which,  the  best  plan  is  to  sprout  considerable  variety  ;  two  of  them  have 
them  in  a  frame,  (as  recommended  for  |  been  selected  by  us  for  cultivation,  be- 
thc  Long  Pod  or  Windsor,)  so  situated,;  lieving  them  the   best  adapted  for  the 


that  the  damp  and  frost  can  he  excluded 
An  old  hot-bed  answers  the  purpose 
effectually.     They  need  not  be  planted 


climate,  and  quite  sufficient  of  the  kind. 
They  are  the  Early  Long  Pod  and  Broad 
Windsor.     Both  succeed  with  the  same 


therein,  before  the  middle  of  spring,  nor  j  treatment,  but  the  first  named,  is  the 
transplanted  till  towards  its  close;  a  <  more  certain  bearer  of  the  two.  In 
little  earlier  or  later,  as  the  weather  i  England,  where  they  are  extensively 
may  make  expedient ;  if  planted  early,  |  cultivated,  they  do  much  better  than  in 
they  will  at  best  remain  stationary,  and  j  this  country,  preferring  its  damp  cool 
may,  perhaps,  do  worse.  They  should  atmosphere,  to  our  frequently  dry  and 
be  planted  in  hills  in  well  cultivated  '  hot  one  ;  to  counteract  which,  it  is  de- 
ground,  dressed  either  in  the  piece  or    sirable  to   plant  so  early  in  the  spring, 


hills,  with  thoroughly  rotted  manure 
from  the  barn-yard.  The  hills  should 
be  raised  three  or  four  inches  above  the 


as  the  ground  will  admit  of  being 
worked;  in  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia, 
(39=  57)  the    latter   part  of  February, 


average  level,  and  be  three  feet  apart ,  or  beginning  of  March,  if  possible; 
each  way,  with  a  pole  six  or  eight  feet  they  then  come  into  flower  before,  the 
liigh,  well  secured  in  the  ground,  to  weather  becomes  hot,  otherwise  the 
each  hill.  Three  plants  in  a  hill  are!  blossoms  drop,  and  set  no  fruit. 
Bufhcient.  As  the  vines  shoot  up,  they  i  Plant  them  in  drills,  either  single  or 
should  be  tied  to  the  poles,  till  they  get '  double,  two  inches  apart  in  the  drills, 
hold,  when  they  will  support  them-  and  cover  one  to  two  inches  deep.  If 
selves.  In  trying  them,  observe  to  do  in  double  drills,  with  alleys  two  and  a 
it  in  the  direction  in  which  they  incline  1  half  feet  wide.     If  in  single  rows,  two 


KIR 


334 


KIT 


feet  alleys  answer,  unless  it  be  intended  [  of  a  mansion,  or  the  plan  of  the  grounds, 
to  cultivate  them  with  the  horse  hoe,  as  <  allows  him  to  construct  it  in  the  most 
is  done  by  market  gardeners.  appropriate  spot. 

Those  who  are  particularly  fond  of  i  A  gentle  declination  towards  the 
this  bean,  can  accelerate  the  crop,  by  ,  south,  with  a  point  to  the  east,  is  the 
setting  a  frame  at  the  close  of  winter,  \  most  favourable  aspect  ;  to  the  north- 
under  the  lee  of  a  board  fence,  or  other  !  east  the  least  so :  in  short,  any  point  to 


protected  situation,  exposed  to  the  sun, 
which  cover  with  glass,  and  in  severe 
weather  with  matting  or  straw,  so  as 
effectually  to  exclude  the  frost.  Herein 
plant  the  beans,  one  seed  to  the  square 
inch,  and  let  them  remain,  until  the 
arrival  of  milder  weather,  when  they 
should  be  transplanted  to  the  position 
in  the  garden  which  it  is  intended  they 
shall  occupy.  In  transplanting  them, 
care  should  be  taken  not  to  injure  the 
roots,  to  guard  against  which,  use  a 
trowel  to  ease  them  up,  and  suffer  as 
much  earth  as  will,  to  adhere.  During 
the  time  they  remain  in  the  frame,  the 
sash  should  be  raised  when  the  weather 
is  mild,  to  admit  the  air,  and  gradually 
harden  them,  preparatory  to  full  ex- 
posure when  transplanted,  else  the  sud- 
den change  of  temperature  might  prove 
fatal.  In  order  to  make  them  set  fruit 
more  certainly,  it  is  the  practice  to  nip 
off  the  top  or  leading  shoots  when  they 
are  in  full  flower;  this  checks  the  growth, 
and  directs  the  strength  of  the  plant 
towards  the  blossoms.  If  a  part  of  the 
flowers  are  destroyed  in  this  operation, 
there  is  no  loss. 

Whilst  the  crop  is  growing  and  pro- 
gressing towards  maturity,  keep  the 
ground  well  hoed,  and  free  from  weeds. 
When  the  plants  have  attained  six  or 
eight  inches  in  height,  draw  towards 
their  base  a  portion  of  loose  earth, 
which  will  encourage  them  to  put  forth 
fresh  fibres,  and  protectthc  roots  already 
formed,  from  the  sun's  rays. — Rural 
Register. 

KIRGANELIA  elegans.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

KITAIBELIA  vitifolia.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

KITCHEN  GARDEN. 

Situation  of  the  Kitchen  Garden. — In 
selecting  the  site,  and  in  erecting  the 
inclosures,  as  well  as  in  the  after  pre- 


the  south  is  to  be  preferred  to  one  verg- 
ing towards  the  north.  A  high  wall 
should  inclose  it  to  the  north  and  east, 
gradually  lowering  to  the  south  and 
west.  If,  however,  a  plantation  or 
building  on  the  east  side,  at  some  dis- 
tance, shelter  it  from  the  piercing 
winds,  which  blow  from  that  quarter, 
and  yet  are  at  such  a  distance  as  not  to 
intercept  the  rays  of  the  rising  sun,  it 
is  much  to  be  preferred  to  heightening 
the  wall.  It  is  a  still  greater  desidera- 
tum to  have  a  similar  shelter,  or  that 
of  a  hill  on  the  south-west  and  north- 
west points.  The  garden  is  best  situated 
at  a  moderate  elevation  ;  the  summit  of 
a  hill,  or  the  bottom  of  a  valley,  is  equal- 
ly to  be  avoided.  It  is  a  fact  not  very 
difficult  of  explanation,  that  low  lying 
ones  are  the  most  liable  to  suffer  from 
blights  and  severe  frosts ;  those  much 
above  the  level  of  the  sea  are  obviously 
most  exposed  to  inclement  winds. 

Size  of  the  Kitchen  Garden. — To  de- 
termine the  appropriate  size  of  a  kitchen 
garden  is  impossible.  It  ought  to  be 
proportionate  to  the  size  of  the  family, 
their  partiality  for  vegetables,  and  the 
fertility  of  the  soil. 

It  may  serve  as  some  criterion  to 
state,  that  the  management  of  a  kitchen 
garden  occupying  the  space  of  an  acre, 
aflbrds  ample  employment  for  a  garden- 
er, who  will  also  require  an  assistant 
at  the  busiest  period  of  the  year.  In 
general,  a  family  of  four  persons,  ex- 
clusive of  servants,  requires  a  full  rood 
of  open  kitchen  garden. 

Plan  of  the  Kitchen  Garden.  —  In 
forming  the  ground  plan  of  a  kitchen 
garden,  utility  is  the  main  object.  The 
form  and  aspect  represented  in  the 
accompanying  sketch  are,  perhaps,  as 
unobjectionable  as  any,  since  none  of 
the  walls  face  the  north,  and  conse- 
quently the  best  aspects  are  obtained 
for  the  trees.     A  narrow  path  two  feet 


paration  of  the  soil,  the  ingenuity  and  j  wide    should   extend    round,    adjoining 
science  of  the  horticulturist  are  essen- j  the  wall,  and  then  a  border  about  ten 


tially  requisite.  He  will  be  called  upon 
to  rectify  the  defects  and  to  improve  the 
advantages  which  nature  affords;  for  it 


feet,  the  widest  on  those  broad  sides 
that  face  the  south,  which  not  only  is 
beneficial  to  the  trees,  but  convenient 


is  very  seldom  that  the  natural  situation  '  for  raising  early  crops,  &c.      Next  to 


KNI 


335 


LAB 


this    should    be   a   walk    five    feet 

width,    likewise    extendin 

area. 

Fig.  95. 


round    the    green   shrubs 
I  and  peat 


KYDIA.    Two  species.    Stove  ever- 
Cuttings.     Sandy  loam 


LABEL.  That  which  combines  du- 
rability with  facility  of  reference  and 
cheapness,  is  a  small  piece  of  deal, 
planed  smooth,  painted  white,  and 
written  upon  with  a  lead  pencil. 


Respecting  the  inclosure  of  the  kitch- 
en garden,  see  Hedges  and  Walls. 

KLEINHOVIA  Iwspita.     Stove  ever-  ;  When  required  for  a  seed-bed,  a  small 
green  tree.     Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

KNIFE.  Of  this  the  gardener  re- 
quires several  kinds.  I.  Garden  Knife, 
with  a  curved  blade,  for  common  rough 
purposes.  2.  Pruning  Knife,  with  a 
straight  blade,  and  fine  edge.    3.  Graft 


stake  is  to  be  driven  into  the  ground, 
and  from  it  the  label  to  be  suspended. 

LABICHEA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

LABLAVIA.     Six    species,   besides 


ing  knife,  also  straight-bladed,  but  with  i  varieties.  Stove  and  green-house  twin- 
a  thinner  and  narrower  blade.  4.  Bud-  ers.  Four  annuals,  the  rest  deciduous. 
ding  Knife,  is  like  the  grafting  knife,'  Annuals  sow  in  pots  in  stove,  seedlings 
but  should  have  a  double-edged  sharp    plant  out  at  end  of  May.     Deciduous  by 


point,  like  an  oyster- knife,  and  the 
handle  of  ivory,  is  wedge-shaped,  for 
raising  the  bark  from  the  wood.  There 
is  a  variety  of  superior  excellence,  call- 
ed Curtis's  Budding  Knife.    5.  Aspara 


cuttings.     Common  soil. 

LABURNUM.     Cytisus  Laburnum. 

Varieties.  —  Common  Broad-leafed 
Laburnum  ;  Narrow-leafed  long-spiked 
Laburnum  ;     Short-spiked    Laburnum  ; 


gus  Knife,  has  cither  a  strong  straight  Variegated-leafed  Laburnum,  and  Mid- 
blade,  with  a  sharp  chisel-shaped  point,  die-sized  Laburnum  (C.  L.  interme- 
or  a  slightly  curved  blade,  with  a  saw- j  dium).  The  first  two  of  which  varieties 
edge  on  the  inner  side  of  the  curve.        '  are  tolerably  permanent  from  seed,  but 

KNIGHTIA  excejsa.     Green  -  house    the   other  two  must   be   continued  by 
evergreen  tree.   Cuttings.    Loam,  peat,   cuttings. 
and  sand.  I      Propagation. — By    Seed. — The    seed 

KNOXIA.  Four  species.   Stove  ever- !  grows  freely  in  the  open  ground,  and 
green  shrubs,  except  JiT.  teiv's,  which  is 
annual.     The  former  are  increased  by 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

KOLREUTERIA  paniculata.  Hardy 
deciduous  tree.  Layers  and  root-cut- 
tings.    Sheltered  common  soil. 


should  be  sown  in  March,  in  four-feet 
beds,  drilling  it  in  half  an  inch  deep; 
they  will  come  up  in  six  or  seven  weeks. 
Keep  them  weeded  during  summer; 
and  in  spring  following  the  seedlings  in 
general,  if  they  stand  very  close,  may 
KONIGA   maritima,   var.  variegata. '  be  transplanted  into  the  nursery  in  rows. 


Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Common  soil. 

KRAMERLV  pauciflora.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

KRIGIA.  Two  species.  Hardy  an- 
nuals.    Seed.     Sandy  loam 


two  feet  distance,  allowing  them  more 
room  as  they  advance  in  growth;  and 
here  they  may  remain  two,  three,  or 
four  years,  till  large  enough  for  the 
shrubbery. 

By  Cuttings.  —  October   or   Novem- 
ber is  the  best  time  for  planting  them. 


KUHNIA.  Four  species.  Two  hardy,  I  Choose  young  shoots  eight,  ten,  or 
and  two  green-house  herbaceous.  Divi-  |  twelve  inches  long  ;  plant  them  in  rows, 
sion.     Sandy  loam  and  peat.  I  a  foot  apart,  and  five  or  six  inches  in 


LAB 


336 


LAM 


the  lines;  and  they  will  be  rooted  in 
one  year. 

All  the  culture  these  plants  require 
in  the  nursery,  is  to  keep  them  clear 
from  weeds,  and  to  hoe  frequently  the 
ground  between  the  rows. — Abercrom- 
bie. 


L^TIA  thamnia.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Rich  loam  and  peat. 

LAGASCA  mollis.  Stove  annual. 
Seed.     Common  soil. 

LAGENARIA  vulgaris.    See  Gourd. 

LAGERSTRCEMIA.  Four  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs,  and  one  varie- 


LABYRINTH  is  an  arrangement  of  I  ty,  L.  2/idifa  rosea,  for  the  green-house. 


■walks,  inclosed  by  hedges  or  shrubbe 
ries,  so  intricate  as  to  be  very  difficult 
to  escape  from.  From  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury to  the  end  of  the  seventeenth,  they 
were  a  very  favourite  portion  of  English 
pleasure  grounds,  but  they  are  now 
more  judiciously  banished. 

LACHENALIA.  Thirty-five  species. 
Green-house  bulbs,  except  L.  glauca, 
which  is  hardy.  Seed  and  offsets. 
Sandy  peat. 

LACHNANTHES  tinctoria.  Green- 
house herbaceous.  Seed  and  division. 
Sandy  peat. 

LACKEY  MOTH.    See  Clisiocampa. 
LACTUCA.  Lettuce.  Seven  species, 
and    many    varieties.     Hardy    annuals. 
Seed.     Common  rich   soil.     See   Let- 
tuce. 

LADY'S    FERN.     Aspidium   thelyp- 
terum. 
LADY'S  MANTLE.     Alchemilla. 
LADY'S  SLIPPER.     Cypripedium. 
LADY'S  SMOCK.     Cardamine. 
LADY'S  TRESSES.     Neottia  spira- 
lis and  spiranthes. 

L^LIA.  Sixteen  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Oifsets.  Peat  and  pots- 
herds. Mr.  Beaton  gives  the  following 
directions  for  the  treatment  of  L.  super- 
biens,  and  they  are  applicable  to  the 
rest  of  the  genus  : — 

"  In  April,  place  it  in  the  warmest 
end  of  the  green-house,  and  there  let  it 
remain  till  all  its  shoots  are  three  parts 
grown,  about  the  end  of  June;  then 
place  it  in  the  stove,  and  let  it  have  as 
much  air  as  possible,  watch  its  buds 
narrowly,  and  leave  it  in  the  stove  till 
they  are  in  a  forward  plump  state,  then 
remove  it  to  a  cooler  place,  and  allow 
it  to  go  gently  to  rest  as  the  season  de- 
clines. If  all  has  gone  on  well  with  it, 
the  flower  spikes  will  make  their  ap- 
pearance as  soon  as  it  is  at  complete 
rest  in  November:  at  this  time  the  same 
heat  given  to  the  camellia  suits  it  best, 
so  that  it  may  safely  be  taken  to  the 
drawing  room  for  the  winter,  and  hav- 
ing previously  finished  its  growth,  little 
or  no  water  need  be  given  it  while  in 
the  drawing  room." — Gard.  Chron. 


Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

For  the  culture  of  L.  indica,  Mr.  R. 
Reid  gives  the  following  directions: — 
"  It  should  be  kept  all  winter  in  the 
green-house,  or  even  the  back  sheds 
will  do  perfectly  well,  and  no  water 
should  be  given  to  it.  About  the  middle 
or  latter  end  of  April,  it  will  begin  to 
grow,  when  the  young  shoots  may  be 
thinned  out,  and  the  remainder  short- 
ened a  little;  the  plant  should  then  be 
placed  in  the  stove  or  vinery,  where 
there  is  a  brisk  heat.  It  will  grow  vi- 
gorously till  June,  and  will  then  appear 
as  if  it  had  done  growing  for  the  season, 
but  in  a  few  weeks,  when  the  young 
shoots  are  well  ripened,  it  will  make  a 
second  push  at  the  extremity  of  every 
young  shoot.  These  are  the  flowering 
shoots;  and  by  the  month  of  August  it 
will  be  loaded  with  its  beautiful  tresses 
of  purple  flowers  " — Gard.  Chron.  On 
light  well  drained  soils  and  sheltered 
locations  in  Pennsylvania,  the  Lager- 
strffimia  supports  the  winter — further 
south  it  is  seen  in  great  luxuriance,  fif- 
teen or  twenty  feet  in  height. 

LAGETTA  lintearia.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

LAGONYCHIUM  stephanianum . 
Half-hardy  evergreen  shrub.  Seed,  cut- 
tings, and  layers.     Common  soil. 

LAHAYA'.  Ten  species.  L.  alsini- 
folia  and  L.  minuartoides  are  hardy  ;  L. 
diffusa,  a  green-house,  annual  trailer  ; 
the  others  green-house  and  stove  ever- 
green shrubs,  except  L.  polycanpoides, 
which  is  herbaceous.  These  are  in- 
creased by  cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

LALAGE  orna^a.  Green-house  ever- 
green shrub.  Young  cuttings.  Sand, 
loam,  and  peat. 

L  A  M  B  E  R  T  I  A.  Eight  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

LAMB'S  LETTUCE,  or  CORN  SA- 
LAD, {Valerianella  olitoria,)  is  grown 
for  winter  and  spring  salads.  The  first 
dish  formerly  brought  to  table,  was  a 
red  herring  set  in  a  corn  salad. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  will  flourish  in 


L  AM 


337 


LAN 


any  soil  that  is  not  particularly  heavy  ; 
the  best  is  a  sandy  moderately  fertile 
loam,  in  an  open  situation. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — Seed 
may  he  sown  in  February  and  the  two 
following  months,  and  once  a  month 
during  the  summer,  if  in  request;  but 
it  is  not  so  palatable  during  this  season. 
Lastly,  during  August  and  early  in  Sep- 
tember, the  plants  from  which  will  be 
fit  for  use  in  early  spring,  or  during  the 
winter,  if  mild.  Three  sowings  are  in 
general  quite  sufficient  for  a  family, 
viz.,  one  at  the  end  of  February,  a 
second  early  in  August,  and  a  third 
early  in  September. 

The  seed  sown  in  drills,  six  inches 
apart.  The  only  cultivation  required 
is  the  keeping  the  plants  free  from 
weeds  by  frequent  hocings,  they  being 
previously  thinned  to  four  inches  asun- 
der. They  should  always  be  eaten  quite 
young.  In  summer,  the  whole  plant 
may  be  cut,  as  they  soon  advance  to 
seed  at  this  season  ;  but  in  spring  and 
winter  the  outer  leaves  only  should  be 
gathered,  as  directed  for  spinach. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Some  of  the  spring- 
raised  plants  must  be  left  ungathered 
from.  They  flower  in  June,  and  per- 
fect their  seed  during  the  two  following 
months. 

L.^MIUM  orvala.  Hardy  herbaceous. 
Seed  and  division.  Common  soil.  Some 
varieties  of  L.  longifolium  and  L.  rugo- 
suin  are  also  cultivated  in  gardens. 

LAMPWICK.     Phlomis  lychnitis. 

LAND-DITCHING.      See  Draining. 

LANDRA.     Rapkanus  landra. 

LANDRETH,  David,  was  a  native 
of  England,  the  son  of  a  farmer  of  Ber- 
wick upon  Tweed.  Early  in  life  his 
attention  was  attracted  by  plants  and 
flowers,  and  yielding  to  his  fondness  for 
them,  and  impulses  which  they  only 
who  love  nature  can  fully  appreciate,  he 
determined  to  a<lopt  gardening  as  a 
profession.  At  that  day  the  art  was 
less  widely  and  ardently  pursued  than 
at  the  present,  and  the  sources  of  in- 
formation, and  consequent  means  of  im- 
provement, were  limited.  Then  publi- 
cations on  the  subject  were  not,  as  now, 
of  almost  daily  issue.  Periodicals  on 
gardening  and  rural  afi'airs  were  un- 
known ;  and,  save  the  works  of  Miller, 
there  was  scarcely  one  for  reference. 
Since  then  Horticulture  has  assumed  its 
rightful  place  as  a  delightful  if  not  a 
22 


fine  art,  cherished  and  pursued  by  the 
intellectual  and  refined. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  after  hav- 
ing availed  himself  of  the  usual  routine 
of  practice  in  the  neighbourhood  of  his 
birth-place,  as  a  mean  most  likely  to 
promote  his  views,  and  extend  his 
knowledge  of  the  more  approved  rules 
of  the  profession  which  he  had  espoused, 
removed  to  the  vicinity  of  London. 
Here  he  profited  by  an  observance 
of  the  operations  in  the  extensive 
nursery  establishments  and  pleasure- 
grounds  around  the  metropolis  ;  and, 
having  prepared  himself  for  the  efficient 
practice  of  his  art,  embarked  for  Ame- 
rica. The  hostilities  between  the  mo- 
ther country  and  her  colonies,  then  ex- 
isting, prevented  his  sailing  for  a  middle 
port,  and  he  accordingly  took  passage 
for  Quebec,  where  he  resided  for  three 
years.  On  the  conclusion  of  the  war, 
his  longing  desire  to  remove  to  a  south- 
ern point,  and  climate  more  genial  to 
his  pursuit,  could  now  be  gratified;  and 
in  the  autumn  of  1784  he  arrived  in  Phi- 
ladelphia, the  spot  towards  which  his 
eye  had  been  unwaveringly  directed — 
but  why,  he  has  been  heard  to  say,  he 
could  not  tell.  There  all  were  stran- 
gers. Within  its  wide  extent  there  did 
not  live  a  solitary  being  with  whom  he 
could  claim  acquaintance,  much  less 
friendship.  How  many  have  since  fol- 
lowed from  their  fither-land,  and  found 
peaceful  and  happy  homes! 

With  a  pocket  but  scantily  supplied, 
and  winter  approaching,  when  but  little 
employment  in  his  line  could  be  ex- 
pected, he  availed  himself  of  a  tempo- 
rary engagement.  It  was  not  long, 
however,  ere  his  qualifications  and  cor- 
rect deportment  secured  the  favourable 
notice  of  Robert  Morris,  the  distinguish- 
ed revolutionary  patriot,  in  whose  em- 
ployment he  entered,  and  continued  for 
several  years,  and  with  whose  regard 
he  was  honoured  until  the  close  of  Mr. 
Morris'  eventful'life. 

Mr.  L.,  on  relinquishing  the  employ- 
ment of  Mr.  Morris,  was  enabled  to 
carry  out  his  long-cherished  and  origi- 
nal design  of  establishing  himself  as  a 
Nurseryman  ;  and  shortly  thereafter 
laid  the  foundation  of  vvliat  has  been 
known  throughout  the  Union,  for  more 
than  half  a  century,  as  the  "  Landreth 
Nurseries."  He  ultimately  associated 
with  himself  a  younger  brother,  Cuth- 
bert,  who  had  followed  him  to  America, 


LAN 


338 


LAN 


and  their  united  efforts  enabled  them  |  dreth  in  the  contemplation  of  his  floral 
successfully  to  conduct  what  was  then  I  family.  A  beautiful  plant,  a  noble 
considered  an  extensive  business.  A  tree,  or  a  landscape  decorated  by  the 
scrupulous  regard  to  wliat  was  due  to  hands  of  nature  or  of  man,  were  to  him 
others  secured  respect  and  moderate ,  objects  of  the  purest  pleasure.  After 
competency.  an  active  and  well-spent  life,  and  with 

To  the  brothers  Landreth,  Philadel-'an  enviable  reputation,  he  died  on  the 
phia  is,  in  a  degree,  indebted  for  the  22d  August,  1836,  aged  84. 
early  development  of  horticultural  taste,  LANDSCAPF:  GARDENING,  as  if3_ 
and  in  the  ficilities  which  they  aiforded  name  intimates,  is  the  composition  of 
for  its  gratification  the  whole  Union  has  beautiful  scenery,  so  that  all  artifice  is 
participated.  Their  productions,  orna-  concealed  by  the  blending  of  trees, 
mental  and  useful,  have  been  distributed    shrubs,  ground,  and  water:  thus  form- 


far  and  wide.  Specimens  of  fruits  and 
flowers  from  their  grounds  exist  in  al- 
most every  town  and  hamlet  in  the 
country.  The  earliest  collection  of  Ca- 
mellias in  America  was  made  by  them, 
and  their  importations  of  valuable  plants 
and  fruits  were  extensive.     Their  col- 


ing  vistas  gratifying  as  those  which 
occur  naturally.  Admiration  for  such 
scenery  is  an  innate  quality  of  the  hu- 
man mind  ;  and  successfully  to  imitate 
such  scenery  requires  judgment  as  well 
as  taste.  It  is  not  possible,  without  an 
enormous  outlay,  to  introduce  any  spe- 


lection  of  indigenous  plants,  obtained  i  cies  of  landscape  beauty  upon  a  given 
through  the  agency  and  friendship  of  plot  of  ground.  There  is  the  beauty 
traveling  collectors,  and  local  corre- I  of  the  level  surface,  quite  unattainable 
bpondents,  was,  perhaps,  the  largest  of  upon  a  surface  which  is  abrupt  and  bro- 
ils day,  if  we  except  the  magnificent  ;  ken.  The  beauty  of  the  clay  districts 
one  of  the  Bartram  Botanic  Garden.  is  not  to  he  secured  upon  those  of  the 
How  vast  have  been  the  enlargement  chalk;  neither  on  light  uplands  can  be 
of  horticultural  taste,  and  the  means  of;  arranged'  the  dense  beauties  of  well- 
gratifying  it  since  Mr.  Landreth  first  |  watered  alluvions.  "  Consult  the  genius 
embarked  in  his  floral  enterprise!  Then  of  the  place"  is  an  axiom  which  has 
a  green-house,  or,  as  it  was  popularly  ^  been  derided,  but  which  is  dictated  by 
termed,  a  "glass-house,"  was  an  ob- '  the  soundest  sense, 
ject  of  amazement,  and  a  simple  rose,  j  A  writer  upon  the  general  principles 
exhibited  in  a  window  budding  and  of  landscape  gardening  has  some  very 
blooming  "  out  of  season,"  attracted  a  jjudicious  remarks,  from  which  the  fol- 
wondering  crowd.  Now  a  residence  in 
town  or  country  is  scarcely  considered 


lowing  are  extracts 

Although  due  light  and  shade  are 


perfect  which  does  not  embrace  at  least  necessary  to  bring  out  striking  effects, 
a  room  prepared  for  the  preservation  of  I  colour  must  be  attended  to.  Light  and 
plants  ;  and  the  thousands  who  throng  ,  shade,  we  all  know,  when  the  sun 
the  exhibitions  of  our  Horticultural  So-  !  shines,  vary  every  moment;  and  ther^- 
ciety  evince  the  extent  of  interest  on    fore   it   becomes   a   study   so   to  assort 


the  subject. 

The  temperate  and  regular  habits  of 
Mr.  Landreth  promoted  health,  and 
protracted  life  beyond  the  ordinary 
term.  In  manners  he  was  plain  and 
unobtrusive;  his  temperament  ardent, 
actively  sympathizing  with  the  alHicted, 
or  warming  with  indignation  at  oppres 


objects,  within  range  of  the  principal 
point  of  view,  as  to  bring  out  various 
good  effects.  Not  only  must  we  regard 
the  diurnal  motion  of  the  sun,  but  his 
position  in  the  ecliptic;  so  that  when 
he  is  at  various  elevations  and  posi- 
tions, light  may  make  the  lights  and 
hadows   spread   out   where   they  may 


sion.     His  fondness  for  plants  increased    make  the  strongest  impression  on  the 
with    age,    and,    though   their    culture  j  eye. 


was  the  source  of  his  support,  he  loved 
them  for  themselves  alone.     "  Trade 
was,  with  him,  an  adjunct  to  the  grat 


"  This  is  a  point  not  much  attended 
to,  but  one  of^  the  greatest  value,  and 
well  deserving  the  closest  study  by  the 


fication  of  a  refined  enjoyment.  Never  landscape-gardener.  Frequently  the  ad- 
did  painter  look  upon  his  canvas,  in  glo-  !  mission,  at  a  particular  spot,  of  a  mere 
nous  enthusiasm  for  his  art,  with  an  eye  I  streak  of  light  eidivens  a  whole  scene, 
more  abstracted  from  the  lucre  which  and  excites  the  highest  admiration.  Sun- 
his  pencil  brought,  than  did  David  Lau-  |  shine  through  trees,  when  the  orb  itself 


LAN 


339 


LAN 


18  concealed,  and  the  rays  are  pene- i  an  indication  of  want  of  invention.  The 
trating,  a  thin  shower  falling  among  |  country  is  covered  with  new  residences 
them,  produces  at  times  delightful  ef-  [  in  the  Elizabethan  style  ;  and  there  is 
fects.  '  a  sameness  that  is  rather  tiresome,  and 

"  The  variety  of  green  tints  is  very  I  far  from   being  so   picturesque   as  the 
great,  and   their  disposition  of  import-    castellated,  with  all  its  modern  incon- 


ance.     Green  is  a  mixture  of  blue  and 
yellow,  and  the  predominance  of  either 


ruities. 
"Dwelling-houses  should  be  arranged 


must  be   studied.     A  different  suit   of  for  comfort,  and,  where  means  are   at 


colours  appears  in  the  autumn,  the  yel 
low  prevailing,  but  mixed  with  red  in- 
stead of  blue,  which  seems  to  disappear 
from  the  tints  of  autumn.  Some  trees 
change  colour  early,  as  the  horse-chest- 
nut; others  late,  as  the  beech  and  oak. 
Advantage  should  be  taken  of  this,  and 
trees  arranged  accordingly.  Evergreens 


command,  also  tor  elegance  and  gran- 
deur, both  internally  and  externally. 

"  The  ruins  of  ancient  buildings  pro- 
duce a  most  pleasing  effect,  and  they 
ought  to  be  preserved  ;  but  it  would  be 
preposterous  in  our  day  to  build  that 
which  is  felt  to  be  impressive  only 
when  in  a  state  of  ruin.     This  is  a  sub- 


hi^^oaiiaii^cu  av.^v^iuiiitiiy.     i:>>dtiittjii3       ....^..    ...    — — — --    — 

should  generally  be  so  disposed  as  to  ject  not  altogether  separated  from  land 


form  a  mass  when  other  trees  are  naked  ; 
but,  in  some  situations,  single  pines  and 
firs,  if  room  be  given  to  them,  produce 
a  fine  effect. 

"  When  a  house  is  to  be  built  where 
trees  already  abound,  difficulties  will 
occur  in  choosing  a  site.  It  is  danger 
ous  to  cut  down  trees  before  the  build 


scape  gardening 

"  When  a  professor  finds  buildings  in 
his  way,  it  is  his  business  either  to  hide 
them  or  to  exhibit  them  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage."—  Card.  Chron. 

Under  this  general  head  it  would  be 
misplaced  to  enter  more  fully  into  de- 
tails ;  for  these   will   be   found,   under 


ing   has  been  erected  ;  and   yet  effects  \  their  appropriate  titles,  in  other  pages, 
may  not  be  brought  out,  so  as  to  assist  ,  and  chiefly  borrowed  from  Mr.  Whate- 


in  the  choice,  without  thinning.  It  is 
al.so  difficult  to  conduct  roads  where 
trees  stand  thickly  ;  in  such  a  case  the 


ley,  who  has  published  more  correct 
views  upon  the  art  of  tastefully  arrang- 
ing grounds  than  any  man  who  has  ever 


landscape-gardenershould  proceed  with  '  written  upon  the  subject. 

great  caution,  removing  first  such  trees  I      A  taste  for  landscape-gardening,  like 

as  are   not  in  themselves  worthy  of  a  ■  that  for   the  higher  order  of  painting, 


place 


sculpture   and    other   fine    arts,  is   the 


"The    disposition    of  water,   where  '  slow  product  of  wealth  and  easy  leisure, 

,.',■.  .        -.1     I  1     ;_    ,l;.,.:„„t    C. ~     1„„„  „("  <t.^,.,„>= 


sheets  of  it  are  to  be  interspersed  with 
trees  and  shrubs,  has  a  fine  effect  in 
certain  situations  when  managed  with 
judgment.  But  we  cannot  teacfi  judg- 
ment any  more  than  taste,  both  being 
gifts  of  nature. 

"  Of  all  tilings  connected  with  land- 
scape-gardening, buildings  are  often 
most  offensive  ;  and  we  find  the  gross- 


and  is  distinct  from  a  love  of  flowers 
evinced  alike  by  the  young  and  the 
aged,  the  intellectual  and  the  illiterate. 
In  the  United  States,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected in  a  new  country,  the  mass  are 
too  busily  engaged  in  the  every  day 
cares  of  life  to  devote  attention  to  such 
objects — but  few  comparatively,  "  the 
architects  of  their  own  fortunes,"'  hav« 


est  defects  of  taste  frequently  displayed  |  acquired  the  means  to  indulge  in  luxu- 
both  in  their  style  and  position.  Many  '  rious  expenditures.  We  are,  however, 
persons  are  apt  to  associate  external  acquiring  taste  on  this  and  kindred  sub- 
nature  with  the  state  of  society  in  time  jects,  and  with  the  increasing  wealth, 
long  past.  This  is  an  error  that  has  ;  the  general  education  and  superior  in- 
led  to  many  trespasses  against  nature's  telligence  which  characterize  the  Ame- 
rule.  A  man  will  build  a  castle  be-  j  rican  people,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
cause  the  situation  he  fixed  for  it  is  a  that  long  before  we  can  be  called  an 
commanding  one,  and  would  have  an- [  old  nation,  our  tastes  will  have  been 
swered  all  the  purposes  of  defence  in  refined,  and  our  capacity  to  appreciate 
a  rude  state  of  society.  His  taste  leads  the  beautiful  largely  developed.  Al- 
him  into  expense,  and  to  the  sacrifice  '  ready  we  have  evidence  of"  tlie  march 
of  convenience  and  comfort.  The  adop-  of  improvement,"  as  exhibited  in  the 
tion  of  former  styles  shows  taste  in  pretty  cottages,  with  their  decorated 
some  instances;  but  we  rather  think  it  i  grounds,  around  our  towns  and  cities} 


LAN 


340 


L  AU 


an  onward  step  towards  that  which  in  i  Their  roots  will  endure  many  years." 
portions  of  Europe,  especially  in  Eng-  [ 
land,  gives  such  charm  to  the  country, 
and  to  country  life. 


■Abercrombie. 
LARREA.      Two    species.      Green- 
house   evergreen    shrubs.        Cuttings. 


Those  who  wish  to  consult  works  on    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 


Landscape  Gardening  and  Rural  Archi- 
tecture, almost  indivisible,  are  referred 


LASER- WORT.     Thapsia  lascrpetii. 
LASIANDRA.     Three  species. 


to  Loudon's  "Encyclopaedia  of  Cottage,    Stove    evergreen    shrubs.         Cuttings. 


Farm  and  Villa  Architecture,"  Lou- 
don's "Suburban  Gardener,"  Downing's 
"  Landscape  Gardening,"  Downing's 
"  Cottage  Residences,"  &c. 

LANTANA.     Twenty-nine    species. 


Loam,  peat  and  sand. 

LASIOPETALUM.  Two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

LASIOSPERMUM.       Five    species. 


Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy  I  Hardy    evergreen    trailers.      Cuttings. 


loam 

LARIX.  Larch.  Two  species,  and 
many  varieties.  Hardy  conifers.  Seed. 
Light  soil  on  a  dry  sub-soil.  See  Coni- 
fer <£. 

LARKSPUR.     Delphinium. 

Propagation  and  Culture. — The  an- 
nual  sorts  and   varieties  are  sown  an- 


Sandy  loam. 

LASTHENLA.  Two  species.  Har- 
dy annuals.  Seeds  sown  in  autumn. 
Common  soil. 

LATANIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
palms.  Seed.  Rich  loam,  abundantly 
watered. 

LATERALS,  or  side  shoots,  are 


nually  in  September  or  October,  or ,  those  which  spring  from  the  sides  of 
early  in  spring,  in  patches  where  the  I  the  main  branches,  and  are  thus  de- 
plants  are  to  flower — for  they  do  not  scribed  in  contradistinction  to  the  ter- 
succeed  by  transplantation — observing, ,  minal  or  leading  shoots  of  the  branches, 
that  those  of  the  autumn  sowing  grow  [  The  laterals  on  the  lower  branches,  like 
stronger,  flower  earlier,  and  the  flowers  i  those  branches  themselves,  are  usually 
are  generally  larger  and  more  durable  '  longer  as  they  approach  the  base  of  the 

tree,  because  they  extend  to  obtain  the 
benefit  of  the  light  kept  from  them  by 
the  branches  above.  If  unable  thus  to 
extend,  as  in  the  case  of  inner  trees  of 
those  planted  in  clumps,  the  laterals 
die,   and    occasion    the    denudation    of 


than  the  spring-sown  plants.  It  is, 
however,  proper  to  sow  some  in  spring, 
in  February  or  March,  to  continue  a 
longer  succession  of  bloom. 

"  Dig  with  a  trowel  small  patches, 
about  nine  inches  diameter,  in  diff*erent 
parts  of  the  borders  towards  the  middle,  I  their  trunks.     If  the  terminal  shoot  be 


as  also  in  the  t'ronts  of  the  shrubbery 
clumps;  and  in  each  such  patch  sow 
eight,  ten,  or  twelve  seeds  a  quarter  of 


cut  away,  the  laterals  increase  more  in 
length,  not  only  because  more  sap  is 
thus  afforded  them,  but  because  an  ex- 


an  inch  deep  ;  and  when  the  plants  are  [  tra  effort  is  made  to  advance  into  the 
an  inch  or  two  high,  thin  those  of  the  '  desired  degree  of  light, 
unbranched  sorts  to  about  six  or  eight  I     LATHYRUS.    Fifty-four  species, 
n    each    patch,   and  of  the    branched    Chiefly  hardy  perennial  climbers,  among 

which  is  the  Everlasting  Sweet  Pea  : 
but  many  are  annuals.  Seed.  Com- 
mon soil. 

LATTREL.     Lauru.s. 
LAUREL  CHERRY.     Cerasus   lau- 
ro-rerasus. 

LAURESTINUS.     Viburnum  tinus. 
LAURUS.      Twenty-five  species. 


kinds   to  three   or  four  in  each  place, 

which  is  all   the   culture  they  require. 

But  when  intended  to  show  in  beds  by 

themselves,  they  are   commonly  sown 

in  drills,  forming  them  lengthwise,  the 

beds  a  foot  asunder,  and   half  an  inch 

deep.     The  unbranched  kinds  are  the 

best  adapted  for  this  mode  of  culture. 

"  The  perennial  sorts  are  also  raised  j  Hardy,  green-house    and    stove,  some 

plentifully  from   seeds  sown  in  autumn  !  evergreen,  others  deciduous.     Thisge- 

or  spring,  in  a  bed   or   border  of  com-  j  nus  includes  the  laurel,  bay,  benzoin, 

mon   earth,    for   transplantation    when    and   sassafras  trees.     Layers  and  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam. 

Pruning. — The  best  month  for  prun- 
ing the  common  laurel,  and  probably 
the  whole  of  the  evergreens  of  thia 
genus,  is  April. 


the  plants  come  up.  Hand-weed  ther 
occasionally,  and  thin  them  to  three  or 
four  inches  distance,  to  remain  till  Oc- 
tober or  November;  then  plant  them 
out  where  they  are  to  remain  to  flower. 


LAV 


341 


LAVANDULA.  Lavender.  Ten  spe- ^  green    shrub 
cies.     Hardy  and  half-hardy  evergreen  I  and  sand. 
shrubs.    Cuttings.    Light  gravelly  ioam 
L.  Spica.     Common  Lavender. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  poor  and  light 


LAW 

Cuttings. 


Loam,   peat 


LAW  RELATING  TO  GARDENS. 
The  following  exposition  of  existing 
laws  in  Great  Britain  may  as  a  matter 


soil  is  best  suited  to  this  plant,  being  •  of  curiosity  interest  the  American  read 
in  such,  more  fragrant,  longer  lived,  |  ^r.  Here  where  each  state  has  its  own 
and  more  capable  of  enduring  severe  i  peculiar  enactments,  even  a  synopsis 
weather.  In  rich  or  moist  soils  it  of  them  would  be  too  voluminous  for 
grows  luxuriantly,    but    is    in    general    '^^'^  pages 


destroyed    during    the    winter 
situation  cantiot  be  too  open 


The 


Landlord  and  Tenant. — Lord  Kenyon 
was  of  opinion   that  market  gardeners 


Time  and  Mode  of  Planting. — It  is  j  ""d  nurserymen  may  remove  the  green- 
propagated  by  slips  and  cuttings  of  the  houses  and  hot-houses  which  they  have 
current  year's  shoots,  planted  in  May  erected  on  the  land  of  which  tliey  are 
and  June,  as  well  as  by  cuttings  of  those  tenants,  even  without  an  agreement; 
which  are  a  year  old ';  to  be  planted  in  |  l^"'  this  is  doubtful;  they  may,  how- 
March,  April,  and  early  Mav.  Both  i  ever,  remove  trees,  or  such  as  are 
slips  and  cuttings  must  be  from  five  to  (  I'kely  to  become  so,  in  the  necessary 
seven  inches  in  length,  which,  after  , '^o^ifse  of  their  trade.  If  it  were  other'- 
being  stripped  to   half  their  length  of  ^^ise,  the  very  object  of  their  holding 


the  lower  leaves,  are  to  be  planted  to 
that  depth  either  in  a  shady  border,  or 
in  any  compartment,  to  have  the  shade 
of  a  mat  during  mid-day  until  they  have 
taken  root,  in  rows  six  inches  apart 
each  way.  Water  must  be  given  in 
moderate  quantity  every  evening  until 
thus  established. 

Having  attained  sulTicient  strength, 
they  may  be  moved  to  their  final  sta- 
tions in  September  or  October,  which 


would  be  defeated.  {Penton  y.Robarl, 
2  East,  90.)  But  the  outgoing  tenant 
of  a  garden  must  not  at  the  end  of  his 
term  plough  up  strawberry-beds  in  full- 
bearing,  which  when  he  entered  he 
bought  of  a  former  tenant;  although  it 
is  the  general  practice  to  appraise  and 
pay  for  these  plants  as  between  out- 
going and  incoming  tenants. — For  such 
conduct  is  malicious,  and  not  in  the 
due  course   of  business.     (IVetherell  y. 


is  the  season  to  be  preferred,  or  they  ■  Howell,  1  Campbell,  227.)  So  a  tenant 
maybe  left  until  the  succeeding  spring,  (""t  a  gardener  by  trade)  must  not  re- 
If  it  is  grown  in  considerable  quantity  "love  a  box  edging  planted  on  ground 
for  medicinal  purposes,  which  is  the  rented  by  him  of  another.  Neither  is 
only  claim  it  has  for  a  place  in  the  I'e  entitled,  says  Mr.  Justice  Littledale, 
herbary,  it  must  be  planted  in  rows  two  (unless  by  special  agreement,)  to  re- 
feet  apart  each  way,  otherwise  only  move  flowers  which  he  had  planted, 
detached  plants  are  inserted  along  the  {J^'npson  v.  Soden,  4  Barn,  and  Adolph. 
borders.  The  only  after-culture  re-  Cjj.)  And  a  similar  decision  has  de- 
quired  is  the  occasional  employment  of  termined  that  a  farmer  who  raises  young 
the  hoe,  the  decayed  spikes  and  branch-  f"""''  trees  on  the  land  he  hires,  tor  fill- 
es  being  removed  in  autumn,  and   the  }"S   "P   ""   orchard  upon  the  premises, 


surface  gently  stirred  with  the  spade  in 
the  spring. 


not  entitled  to  sell  those  young  trees ; 
but  it  is  otherwise  of  a  nurseryman  bv 


The  flowers  are  ready  for  gathering,    trade.     (IVyndham  v.  Way,  4  Taunton, 
either  to  dry  or  for  distillation,  in  July    316.) 
or  the  end  of  June 

LAVATER.\.     Twenty-five  species 


Even    if    nurserymen    are    entitled, 
without  a  special  agreement,  to  remove 


Some  hardv  herbaceous,"  increased  l.y  the  hot-houses  they  have  erected  upon 
seed  and  division,  in  common  soil  ;  '''*"[  '='"'' """^'^  '*^'"''  ^f'"^''  '«  very 
and  the   annuals   and  biennials  may  be    ^oubtlul,  that  right  does  not  extend  m 


may  be 

spring-sown  in  the  same.  The  green- 
house and  half-hardy  are  propagated  by 
ripe  cuttings  in  sandy  loam. 

LAVENDER.    Lavandula. 

LAVENDER  COTTON.     Santolina. 


every  instance  to  other  tenants.  Thus, 
a  tenant  was  adjudged  not  entitled  to 
remove  a  conservatory  erected  by  him- 
self on  a  brick  foundation,  attached  to 
a  dwelling-house,  and  communicating 
with  it  by  windows  and  a  door,  and  by 


LAVRADIA  montana.     Stove  ever- ;  a  flue  passing  into  the  parlour  chimney. 


LAW 


343 


LAW 


{Buckland  v.  Butterfield,  2  Brod.  and 
Bing.  540  A  tenant  is  liable  to  pay  for 
the  waste  if  he  cuts  down  any  fruit 
trees  in  the  garden  or  orchard  he  holds, 
but  not  if  they  are  not  growing  within 
the  garden  or  orchard.  (Coke's  Litt. 
53,  a.)  But  he  may  take  away  a  wood- 
en shed  which  he  had  built  on  brick- 
work, and  posts  and  rails  he  had  put 
up.  {Fitzherbert  v.  Shaw,  1  H.  Black- 
stone,  259.) 

Law  Protecting  Gardens. — Gardens 
were  not  sufficiently  protected  by  law 
until  the  year  1828,  when  the  statute 
7  &  8  Geo.  IV.  c.  29  was  passed. 

Section  38  of  this  statute  enacts  that 
to  steal  or  cut,  brake,  root  up,  or  other- 
wise destroy,  or  damage,  with  intent  to 
8teal,  the  whole  or  any  part  of  any  tree, 
sapling,  or  shrub,  or  any  underwood, 
above  the  value  of  1/.  respectively 
growing  in  any  park,  pleasure-ground, 
garden,  orchard  or  avenue,  or  in  any 
ground  adjoining  or  belonging  to  any 
dwelling-house,  or  above  the  value  of 
5/.  in  any  other  situation,  is  felony,  and 
punishable  as  simple  larceny. 

By  section  39,  if  the  injury  to  the 
trees,  shrubs,  &c.,  amounts  to  less  than 
1/.,  but  to  Is.  at  the  least,  then  sum- 
mary punishment  may  be  inflicted  by  a 
justice  of  the  peace.  A  fine  may  be 
imposed  not  exceeding  5Z.  above  the 
injury  done,  upon  the  first  conviction; 
by  imprisonment  with  hard  labour,  not 
exceeding  twelve  months,  upon  a  se- 
cond conviction,  and,  if  the  conviction 
take  place  before  two  justices  of  the 
peace,  by  public  or  private  whipping  ; 
and  the  third  offence,  after  two  previous 
convictions,  is  felony,  punishable  as 
simple  larceny 


growing  in  any  land,  open  or  inclosed, 
not  being  a  garden,  orchard,  or  nursery- 
ground,  is  punishable  upon  summary 
conviction  by  fine,  imprisonment  with 
or  without  hard  labour,  and  by  public 
or  private  whipping,  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  offence. 

So,  by  section  42,  to  steal  or  destroy, 
or  damage  with  intent  to  steal,  any 
plant,  root,  fruit,  or  vegetable  produc- 
tion, growing  in  any  garden,  orchard, 
nursery-ground,  hot-house,  or  conser- 
vatory, is,  for  the  first  offence,  punish- 
able, upon  summary  conviction,  by  im- 
prisonment with  or  without  hard  labour, 
not  exceeding  six  months,  or  by  fine, 
not  exceeding  20/. ;  but  the  second  of- 
fence is  felony,  punishable  as  simple 
larceny. 

Lastly,  by  section  44,  to  steal,  or  rip, 
cut,  or  break  with  intent  to  steal,  any 
glass  or  wood-work  belonging  to  any 
building  whatsoever,  or  any  lead,  iron, 
copper,  brass,  or  other  metal,  or  any 
utensil  or  fixture,  whether  made  of  me- 
tal or  other  material,  respectively  fixed 
to  any  building,  or  anything  made  of 
metal  fixed  in  any  land,  being  private 
property,  or  for  a  fence  to  any  dwelling- 
house,  garden,  or  area,  or  in  any  square, 
street,  or  other  place  dedicated  to  pub- 
lic use  or  ornament,  is  felony,  punish- 
able as  simple  larceny. 

Spring  Guns  and  Man  Traps. — These 
were  formerly  permitted  by  law  to  be 
set  in  woods,  gardens,  &c.,  without  any 
restriction.  Injuries  the  most  severe, 
and  even  death,  were  inflicted  by  them, 
and  the  legislature,  wisely  considering 
that  these  punishments  were  visitations 
far  too  excessive  for  stealing,  or  intend- 
to  steal   fruit  or  game,  passed  the 


By  sections  40,  41,  and  43,  to  steal,  !  statute  7  &  S  Geo.  IV.  c.  18.  This  en- 
or  to  cut,  break,  or  throw  down,  with  ,  acts  that  any  person  who  sets  or  places, 
intent  to  steal,  any  part  of  any  live  or    or  causes  to  be  set  or  placed,  any  spring- 


dead  fence,  or  any  wooden  post,  pale, 
or  rail,  set  up  or  used  as  a  fence,  or  any 
stile  or  gate,  or  any  part  thereof;  or  to 
have  possession  of  the  whole  or  any 
part  of  any  sapling  or  shrub,  or  any 
underwood,  or  any  part  of  any  live  or 


gun,  man-trap,  or  other  engine  calcu- 
lated to  destroy  human  life,  or  inflict 
grievous  bodily  harm,  with  the  intent 
or  whereby  the  same  may  destroy  or 
inflict  grievous  bodily  harm  upon  a 
trespasser  or  other    person   coming 


dead  fence,  or  any  post,  pale,  rail,  stile    contact  therewith,  shall   be  guilty  of  a 


or  gate,  or  any  part  thereof  respective' 
ly,  of  the  value  of  2.S.,  without  satisfac- 
torily accounting  for  that  possession  ; 
and  to  steal ,  or  destroy,  or  damage  with 
intent  to  steal,  any  cultivated   root  or 


misdemeanor  and  punishable  by  fine  or 
imprisonment,  or  both,  at  the  discretion 
of  the  court. 

The  act  further  provides  that  persons 
i  allowing  such    guns,  traps,  or  engines 


plant  used  for  the  food  of  man  or  beast,  {  already  set    to  continue   sot,  shall    be 


or  for  medicine  or  distilling,  or  dyeinf 
or  for  or  in  the  course  of  manufacture. 


deemed  to  have  set  them. 

But  the  Act  does  not  extend  to  any  gin 


LAW 


343 


LAW 


or  trap  set  to  destroy  vermin;  nor  does 
it  forbid  the  setting  of  spring-guns,  man- 
traps, &c.,  in  a  dwelling-house,  from 
sunset  to  sunrise.  This  would  justify 
their  being  set  in  any  green -house, 
conservatory,  or  hot-house,  provided  it 
communicated    by  a  door,   window  or 


as  those  going  empty. — Rex.  r.  Adams, 
6  M.  &  S.  52. 

Also,  the  statute  3  Geo.  IV.  c.  126, 
s.  32,  enacts  that  no  toll  shall  be  taken 
for  any  horse  or  other  cattle  or  carriage, 
employed  in  carrying  or  having  been 
employed  in  carrying  on  the  same  day 


passage   with  the  house   in   which  the    any  dung,  soil,  compost,  or  manure  for 


proprietor  or  his  servants  resided 


improving  lands.     The  word  "  manure' 


Tithes  Payable  on  Gardens. — Gardens  includes  bone-dust,  and,  it  secmg, 
and  orchards  are  tithable  by  common  j  bones  before  they  are  crushed.  Pratt 
law,  and  tithes  in  kind  are  due  not  only  ;  v.  Brown,  8  Cnr.  &  P.  244.  But  the 
for  all  herbs,  plants,  fruits,  and  seeds  ^  statute  4  Geo.  IV.  c.  95,  s.  23,  declares 
usually  grown  in  them,  but  for  grass  or  •  that  nothing  in  the  3  Geo.  IV.  c.  126, 
grain  grown  therein.   The  insignificance    shall  work  any  such  exemption  to  ma- 


of  the  herb  makes  no  difference  as  to 
its  liability,  for  even  parsley  is  tithable. 
(Bunbury,  10.)  Neitlier  does  it  matter 
whether  the  produce  be  grown  for  sale 
or  home  consumption.  {Williamson  v. 
Lonsdale,  1  Daniel,  49.)  Neither  does 
the  plants  being  raised  for  pleasure,  or 
as  exotic,  at  a  great  expense,  and  not 
by  the  natural  powers  of  the  soil  and 
climate,  make  any  difference.  So  all 
fruits  and  flowers  are  tithable,  {Hetley, 
100,)  and  so  are  pine  apples,  melons, 
and  other  hot-house  plants,  because  as 
was  observed  by  Chief  Baron  Skinner, 
the  tithe  of  gardens  is  praedial.  The 
notion  of  artificial  heat  and  soil  would 
exclude  almost  all  the  produce  of  gar 


nure,  &c.,  if  a  toll  is  expressedly  im- 
posed upon  such  matters  by  any  local 
Act  or  Acts. 

Where  wagons,  &c.,  laden  with 
manure  are  exempt  from  toll,  such 
wagons,  &c.,  in  going  for  it  shall  be 
exempted  also. — 3  Geo.  IV.  c.  126.  s. 
26.  But  in  the  latter  case  the  driver, 
upon  receiving  a  ticket,  shall  pay  the 
toll,  to  be  repaid  when  he  returns  with 
his  wagon,  &c.,  laden.  Section  28, 
also,  provides  that  any  basket,  empty 
sack,  or  spade,  &c.,  necessary  for  load- 
ing, if  the  loading  is  substantially  ma- 
nure for  land,  shall  not  renderthe  wagon 
&c.,  liable  to  toll.  So,  a  wagon  re- 
turning from  London  loaded  with  dung 


dens  ;  things  raised  under  glasses  are  ',  is  not  liable  to  be  weighed  and  charged 
raised  in  an  artificial  soil,  but  must  all  for  over-weight,  under  13  Geo.  III.  c. 
be  subject  to  the  same  rule.  Inocula-  84,  or  14  Geo.  III.  c.  82,  by  carrying 
tion,  to  be  sure,  is  a  work  of  art,  but  home  two  empty  bottles  and  an  empty 
art  and  expense  used  will  not  make  any    sack,  in  which  the  produce  of  husbandry 


difference.  Baron  Eyre  added  :  "  Hot 
house  plants  are  certainly  not  exempt. 
The  general  rule  is  clear,  and  the  in- 
conveniences attending  it  are  not  great ; 
mutual  inconveniences  will  suggest  mu- 
tual moderation.  {Adams  v.  Waller, 
Gwillim,  1204.)  Bees  are  tithable  for 
their  honey  and  wax  by  the  tenth  mea- 


had  been  brought  from  the  country  the 
same  dav. — Chambers  v.  Eaves,  2  Camp. 
393. 

Lime  has  been  adjudged  not  exempt 
from  toll,  although  the  words  of  the 
Act  were  "  anything  whatsoever  used 
in  the  manuring  of  land,''  {Rex  v. 
Gough,  2  Chit.  655,)  nor  yet  within  the 


sure  and  the  tenth  pound.  It  has  been  :  exception  of  the  Turnpike  Act,  31  Geo. 
doubted  whether  the  tenth  swarm  can  II. — {Anon.  Lofft.  324.)  Lime,  how- 
be  demanded,  because  bees  are  fera  ever,  is  sometimes  exempted,  as  by  the 
naturae,  but  bees  in  hives  may  pay  tithe  local  Act  3  &  4  Vict.  c.  51. 
by  the  hive.  (3  Croke,  404.)  Nurseries  LAWN  is  a  surface  of  turf  in  the 
of  trees  are  tithable  if  the  owner  dig  vicinity  of  the  house,  requiring  to  be 
them  up  and  sell  them.     (1  Coke,  526,  ;  kept  smooth  by  the  regular  application 


&c.) 


of  the  roller  and  scythe.     When  first 


Manures   Exempt  from.   Toll.  —  The  constructed,  after  the  ground  has  been 

statute    52  Geo.  III.  c.    145,   works  a  dug  over  as  level  as  may  be,  it  must  be 

general  exemption,  in   favour  of  agri- ,  rolled,  the   hollows  filled  up,  and  this 

culture,  (and    horticulture  too,  for  the  repeated   until   a  level  surface  of  earth 

words  of  the  statute  are  not  restrictive  is  obtained.     It  must  then  be  slightly 

to  manures  used  on  farms,)  to  wagons,  pointed  over  with  a  fork,  and   the  turf 

carts,  &c.,  loaded  with  manure,  as  well  laid,   or   the   grass    seed    sown.     See 


LAW 


344 


LEA 


Turfing.     If  seed  be  employed,  the  fol-  }  to  compel  the  returning  sap  to  organize 
lowing  is  a  good  selection,  and  in  the    itself   externally    as   roots,    instead    of 


requisite  proportions  for  an  acre.  The 
best  season  for  sowing  is  during  moist 
weather  in  March. 

On  1  acre  of  new  lawn,  sow  the  fol- 
lowing grass  seeds :  Festuca  durius- 
cula,  4|  lbs. ;  Avena  flavescens,  H  Ih. ; 
LoUium  perenne,  30  lbs.;  Poa  nemoralis, 
3  1bs. ;  P.  sempervivens,  2  lbs.;  P.tri- 
vialis,  2i  lbs. ;  Trifolium  repens,  1 1 
lbs.,  and  T.  minus,  3  lbs.  This  is  a 
sufficient  quantity  to  cover  the  ground 
closely  in  a  short  time. 

In  very  dry  weather  all  lawns  should 
be  watered,  and  if  a  little  guano  and 
muriate  of  lime  be  dissolved  in  the  water 


passing  downwards  below  the  bark. as 
wood.  The  bending  back  is  to  assist 
in  this  object  by  preventing  the  expend- 
iture of  sap  in  the  formation  or  rather 
completion  of  leaves,  and  the  silver 
sand  is  to  secure  the  drainage  so  neces- 
sary to  cuttings. 

"  In  most  cases,  this  is  sufficient ;  but 
it  must  be  obvious,  that  the  exact  man- 
ner in  which  the  layering  is  effected  is 
unimportant,  and  that  it  may  be  varied 
according  to  circumstances.  Thus,  Mr. 
James  Rlunro  describes  a  successful 
method  of  layering  brittle-branched 
plants  by  simply  slitting  the  shoot   at 


it  will   keep  the   surface  gently  moist ;  the  bend,  and  inserting  a  stone  at  that 


even  in  dry  weather. 


place  ;  {Gardener^s  Magazine,  ix.  302  ;) 


A  good  kind  of  grass  for  improving  a  :  and  Mr.  Knight  found  that,  in  cases  of 
lawn,  is  Crested  Dogstail ,-  it  may  be  difficult  rooting,  the  process  is  facili- 
sown  in  March.  Bush-harrow  the  lawn  '  tated  by  ringing  the  shoot  just  below 
in  order  to  stir  up  the  soil  a  little  for  the  tongue  about  midsummer  when  the 
the  seed,  which  should  be  sown  broad-  |  leaves  upon  th»  layers  had  acquired  their 


cast  when  the  ground  is  damp,  passing 
a  garden  roller  over  it  when  the  ground 
becomes  sufficiently  dry. — Gard.  Chron. 

LAWN  RAKE,  See  article  Turf. 

LAWSONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

LAXMANNIA  gracile.  Green- 
house herbaceous.  Division.  Loam 
and  peat. 

LAYER.  The  following  excellent 
combination  of  practice  and  science  is 
from  Dr.  Lindley's  Theory  of  Horticul- 
ture : — 

"  A  layer  is  a  branch  bent  into  the 
earth,  and  half  cut  through  at  the  bend, 
the  free  portion  of  the  wound  being 
called  '  a  tongue.'  It  is,  in  fact,  a  cut- 
ting only  partially  separated  from  its 
parent.  The  object  of  the  gardener  is 
to  induce  the  layer  to  emit  roots  into 
the  earth  at  the  tongue.  With  this 
view  he  twists  the  shoot  half  round,  so 
as  to  injure  the  wood-vessels  ;  he  heads 
it  back,  so  that  only  a  bud  or  two  ap- 
pears above  ground,  and  when  much 
nicety  is  requisite,  he  places  a  handful 

of  silver  sand  round  tlie  tongued  part ;    They    are    very   general,    but   not  ab- 
then   pressing  the  earth  down  with  his    solutely   necessary    organs,    since    the 


full  growth;  {Hart.  Trans,  i.  256;)  by 
which  means  he  prevented  the  passage 
of  the  returning  sap  further  downwards 
than  the  point  intended  for  the  emission 
of  roots.  It  will  sometimes  happen  that 
a  branch  of  a  plant  cannot  be  conve- 
niently bent  downwards  into  the  earth  ; 
in    such     cases,    the  Fig.  97. 

earth  may  be  ele- 
vated to  the  branch  by 
various  contrivances, 
as  is  commonly  done 
by  the  Chinese.  When 
this  is  done,  no  other 
care  is  necessary  than 
that  required  for  lay- 
ers, except  to  keep 
the  earth  surrounding 
the  branch  steadily 
moist."     See  Fig.  97. 

L  E  A  D  W  0  R  T. 
Plumbago. 

LEATUERWOOD. 
Dirca. 

LEAVES  are  highly  vascular  organs, 
in  which  are  performed  some  of  the 
most   important   functions    of  a   plant. 


foot,  so  as  to  secure  the  layer,  he  leaves 
It  without  further  care.  The  intention 
of  both  tongueing  and  twisting  is  to  pre- 
vent tiie  return  of  sap  from  the  layer 
into  the  main  stem,  while  a  small  quan- 
tity is  allowed  to  rise  out  of  the  latter 


ranches  sometimes  perform  their  of- 
fices. Such  plants,  however,  as  na- 
turally possess  them,  are  destroyed  or 
greatly  injured  by  being  deprived  of 
them. 

The  duration  of  a  leaf  is  in  general 


into  the  former;  the  effect  of  this  being  '  but  for  a  year,  though  in  some  plants 


LEA 


345 


LEA 


tljey  survive  for  twice  or  thrice  that  ]  tuted  of  resinous  and  gummy  matter, 
period.     These  organs  are  generally  ofl  with  carbonate  and    sulphate  of  lime. 

.  a  green  colour.  Light  seems  to  have  i  It  appears  to  be  nearly  the  same  iu  all 
a  powerful  influence  in  causing  this,  |  plants.  The  quantity  varies,  however, 
since  if  kept  in  the  dark  they  become  ]  in  every  species,  probably  in  every  in- 
of  a  pale  yellow  or  even  white  hue,  un- )  dividual,  and   is   greatly  influenced  by 

'less  uncombincd  hydrogen  is  present,  |  the  quantity  of  water  applied  to  the 
in  which  case  they  retain  their  verdure  [  roots 


though  light  be  absent.  Hence  their 
etiolation  would  seem  to  arise  from 
their  being  unable  to  obtain  this  gas 
under  ordinary  circumstances,  except 
when  light  is  present.     Now  the  only 


The  transpiration  of  plants  decreases 
with  that  of  the  temperature  to  which 
they  are  exposed,  as  well  as  with  the 
period  of  their  growth.  This  explains 
why  the  gardener  finds  that   his  plants 


source  from  which  they  can  obtain  hy-  j  do  not  require  so  much  water  in  cold 
drogen,  is  by  decomposing  water ;  and  ,  weather,  nor  during  the  time  that 
how  light  assists  in  the  decomposition,  i  elapses  between  the  fall  of  their  blos- 
may  perhaps  be   explained  by  the  dis- i  soms   and   the   ripening   of  their  seed. 


oxygenizing  power  with  which  it  is 
gifted.  The  violet  rays  of  the  spectrum 
have  this  power  in  the  greatest  degree  ; 
and  Sennebier  has  ascertained  by  ex- 
periment, that  those  rays  have  the 
greatest  influence  in  producing  the 
green  colour  of  plants. 

When  leaves  are  of  any  other  hue 
than  green,  they  are  said  to  be  coloured. 
This  variegation   is  often  considered  to 


During  this  period  they  do  not  transpire 
more  than  one-half  so  much  as  during 
the  period  preceding  and  attending  upon 
their  blooming. 

The  transpiration  takes  place  from 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves;  and 
if  these  gradually  decay  and  fall,  the 
growth  of  the  plant  ceases  until  fresh 
leaves  are  produced.  Hence  arises  the 
benefit  which  plants  derive  in  rooms, 


be  a  symptom   either  of  tenderness  or  |  greenhouses,    and    other   confined    in- 

closures,  from  keeping  those  surfaces 
cleansed  with  the  sponge  and  syringe. 
Some  plants  are  particularly  sensitive 
to  injury  from  any  check  to  their  tran- 
spiration, among  which  are  the  tea- 
scented  roses;  and  it  thence  arises  that 
they  cannot  now  be  cultivated  in  nur- 
sery-gardens near  London, where  they 
once  flourished  when  that  metropolis 
was  less  extensive. 

It  must  be  remembered,  however,  in 
using  the  sponge  and  syringe,  that  the 
under  side  of  leaves  is  an  absorbing 
surface,  benefited  by  being  kept  clean, 
and    by    the    application    of   moisture. 


debility,  and  it  is  certain,  when  the 
leaves  of  a  plant  become  generally 
white  that  that  individual  is  seldom 
long-lived.  Mr.  Knight,  however,  has 
demonstrated  that  variegation  is  not  a 
certain  indication  of  a  deficiency  of 
hardihood. 

The  function  of  the  leaves  appear  to 
be  a  combination  of  those  of  the  lungs 
and  stomach  of  animals  ;  they  not  only 
modify  the  food  brought  to  them  from 
the  roots,  so  as  to  fit  it  for  increasing 
the  size  of  the  parent  plant,  but  they 
also  absorb  nourishment  from  the  atmo- 
sphere.    The  sap,  after  elaboration  in 


these    organs,  differs    in    every    plant.    The  kidney  bean,  sunflower,  cabbage 
though  as  far  as  experiments  have  been    and   spinach,  absorb  moisture   equally 


tried,  it  appears  to  be  nearly  the  same 
in  all  vegetables  when  it  first  arrives  to 
them.  The  power  of  a  leaf  to  generate 
sap  is  in  proportion  to  its  area  of  sur- 
face, exposure  to  the  light,  and  conge- 
nial situation. 

Evergreens  transpire  less  moisture 
than  deciduous  plants,  which  would 
lead  to  the  expectation  that  they  are 
more  capable  of  living  in  dry  situations, 
which  in  general  is  really  the  case. 
The  matter  transpired  by  a  healthy 
plant  is  nearly  pure  water,  .5.000  grains 
of  it  never  containing  more  than  one 
grain  of  solid  matter,  and  this  is  consti- 


by  their  under  and  upper  surfaces  ;  the 
cockscomb,  purple-leaved  amaranth, 
heliotrope,  lilac,  and  balm,  absorb  most 
freely  by  their  upper  surfaces  ;  and  the 
vine,  pear,  cherry,  apricot,  walnut, 
mulberry,  and  rose,  absorb  most  by 
their  under  surfaces. 

The  transpiration  from  the  leaves  of 
plants  is  effected  through  pores  or  stro- 
mates,  varying  in  number  and  size  in 
every  species,  but  being  usually  either 
largest  or  most  numerous  in  plants  in- 
habiting moist  or  shady  localities.  This 
is  a  wise  provision,  for  such  plants,  con- 
sequently, have  an  abundant  supply  of 


LEA 


346 


LEE 


moist  food  to  their  roots,  requiring  a  j  in  which  they  are  vegetating,  though 
competent  provision  for  its  elaboration  one  twenty-fifth  is  a  still  more  favour- 
and  reduction  from  superfluous  water. !  able  proportion  ;  and  as  hot-beds,  heated 
Those  plants  which  are  natives  of  sandy  |  by  fermenting  matters,  rapidly  have  the 
exposed  soils,  have,  on  the  other  hand,  air  within  their  frames  contaminated  to 
either  fewer  or  smaller  stromates.  a  much  greater  extent  than  the  propor- 

The  drier  the  air  the  greater  is  the  tions  above  named,  thence  arises  the 
amount  of  moisture  transpired  ;  and  injury  to  the  plants  they  contain  from  a 
this  becomes  so  excessive,  if  it  be  also  too  long  neglected  ventilation.  The 
promoted  by  a  high  temperature,  that  leaves  turn  yellow  from  the  excess  of 
plants  in  hot-houses,  where  it  has  oc-  acid,  which  they  are  unable  to  digest, 
curred,  often  dry  up  as  if  burned.  The  ,  and  which  consequently  effects  that 
justly  lamented  Mr.  Daniell  has  well  |  change  of  colour  which  also  occurs  in 
illustrated  this,  by  showing  that  if  the  !  autumn,  and  which  will  be  more  fully 
temperature  of  a  hot-house  be  raised  considered  when  the  decay  of  plants  is 
only  five  degrees,  viz.,  from  15^  to  80^,    detailed. 

whilst  the  air  within  it  retains  the  same  Whatever  promotes  an  over-luxuriant 
degree  of  moisture,  a  plant  that  in  the  ',  production  of  leaf-buds,  proportionately 
lower  temperature  exhaled  57  grains  of  diminishes  the  production  of  flower- 
moisture,  would  in  the  higher  tempera-  buds,  and  the  reason  is  obvious.  A 
ture  exhale  120  grains  in  the  same  luxuriant  foliage  is  ever  attendant  upon 
space  of  time.  Plants,  however,  like  an  over-abundant  supply  of  moist  nou- 
animals,  can  bear  a  higher  tempera-  rishment  to  the  roots,  the  consequent 
ture  in  dry  air  than  they  can  in  air  amount  of  sap  generated  is  large,  re- 
charged with  vapour ;  animals  are  scald-  quiring  a  proportionately  increased  sur- 
ed  in  the  latter,  if  the  temperature  is  face  of  leaf  for  its  elaboration,  and 
very  elevated,  and  plants  die  under  for  the  transpiration  of  the  superfluous 
similar  circumstances  as  if  boiled.  MM.  moisture;  and  as  the  bud  becomes  a 
Edwards  and  Collin  found  kidney  beans  :  branch  or  a  root  accordingly  as  circum- 
sustained  no  injury  when  the  air  was  '  stances  require,  so  does  it  produce,  as 
dry  at  a  temperature  of  107^,  but  they  may  be  necessary  for  the  plant's  health, 
■    '         ■  either  leaves  or  flowers. — Principles  of 

Gardening. 

LEBECKIA.      Six   species.     Green- 
house  evergreen    shrubs.      Seeds   and 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 
LEBRETONIA.     Pavonia. 
LECHENAULTIA.       Two    species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.    Young 


died   in   a  fev/   minutes  if  the  air  was 
moist. 

Other  plants  under  similar  circum- 
stances would  perish,  probably,  at  a 
much  lower  temperature;  and  the  fact 
aff'ords  a  warning  to  the  gardener  to 
have  the  atmosphere  in  his  stoves  very 
drv,   whenever   he    wishes    to    elevate 

their  temperature  for  the  destruction  of  ^^^^  gandy  loam  and  peat, 

insects,  or  other  purposes.  Leaves  have        ,  r^o-,"T>riTc.        c- 
the    power    of  absorbing    moisture    as        LEC\THIS        S.x    species, 
well  as  of  emitting  it,  which  power  of  evergreen  shrubs.    Ripe  cuttings 
absorption  they  principally  enjoy  during    "^^  °^ 
the  night. 

During  the  day  leaves  also  absorb 
carbonic  acid  gas,  which  they  decom- 
pose, retaining  its  carbon  and  emitting 
the  greatest  part  of  the  oxygen  that 
enters  into  its  composition.  In  the 
night  this  operation  is  in  a  certain  mea- 
sure reversed,  a  small  quantity  of  oxygen  purposes  the  first  year,  it  does  not  run 
bein<T  absorbed   from   the   atmosphere,    to  seed  until  the  second,  the  perfecting 


Stove 
San- 


LEDON  GUM.     Cistus  ledon. 

LEDUM.  Three  species.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.    Layers.     Bog  earth. 

LEE-CHEE.     Euphoria  lichi. 

LEEK.  Allium  porrum.  The  Leek 
is  a  hardy  biennial,  for  although  it  at- 
tains perfection  in  size  and  for  culinary 


and    a   yet   smaller  proportion  of  car 
bonic  acid  emitted. 

Carbonic  acid  gas  in  small  propor- 
tions is  essential  to  the  existence  of 
leaves,  yet  it  only  benefits  them  when 
present  in  quantities  not  exceeding  one 


of  which  it  also  often  survives. 

The  whole  plant  is  eaten,  being  em- 
ployed in  soups,  &c.,  and  is  by  some 
persons  boiled  and  eaten  with  meat. 

Varieties. — There  are  four  varieties  ; 
the  Musselburgh,  and  the  large  London 


twelfth  of  the  bulk  of  the  atmosphere  [  Leek,    which  are   by  far  the  best;  the 


LEI 


347 


LEO 


Scotch  or  Flag,   which   is   larger   and 
hardier;   and  the  Flanders. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing.— It  is 
raised  solely  from  seed,  which  may  be 
sown  at  any  time  during  the  spring. 

These  sowings  are  performed  in  ge- 
neral broadcast  and  raked  in,  though 
some  gardeners  employ  drills,  the  plants 
to  remain  after  thinning;  the  Leek, 
however,  is  so  much  benefitted  by , 
transplanting  as  obviously  to  point  out , 
the  error  of  this  practice. 

Cultivation.— When    the    plants   are  | 
three  or  four  inches  in  height,  in  eight 
or  ten  weeks  after  sowing,  they  must 
be  weeded,  hoed,  and  thinned,  where 
growing  too  close,  to  two  or  three  inch- 
es   apart;   water  also  being   given,  in 
dry  weather,  will,  with  the  above  treat- 
ment, strengthen  and  forward  them  for 
transplanting    in     another    month,    or 
when  six  or  eight  inches  high.     They 
must  be  taken  away  regularly  from  the 
seed  bed  ;  the  ground   being  well  wa- 
tered previously,  if  not  soft  and  easily 
yielding.     VVhe'n  thinned  out  they  may 
be  left  to  remain   in  the  seed   bed  six 
inches  asunder,  as  they  do  not  grow  so 
large  as  the  transplanted  ones,  which 
must  be  set  by  the  dibble  in   rows    ten 
inches    apart,    and    eight  in   the   lines, 
being    inserted    nearly    down    to    the 
leaves,  that  the  neck,  by  being  covered 
with  the  earth,  may  be  blanched  ;  wa- 
ter in  abundance  must  be  given  at  the 
time   of  planting,  and    the   long  weak 
leaves  shortened,  but  the  roots  left  as 
uninjured  as  possible.     The  bed  is  hoed 
over    occasionally   with    advantage,  as 
well  to  kill   the  weeds  as  to  loosen  the 
soil.     By  this  treatment,  and  by  cutting  | 
oif  the  tops  of  the  leaves  about  once  a 
month,  as  new  ones  are  produced,  the  , 
neck  swells  to  a  much  larger  size.    The  j 
several    sowings   above    directed    will 
vield   a  supply  from   August   until   the  , 
following  ^May,  when   they  advance  to  j 
seed.      A    portion    should    be    always 
taken   up  and    laid    in  sand  previous  to 
the  ground  being  locked  up  by  contin-  ! 
ued  frost,  but  they  will  not  keep  many 
days  in  this  situation.  i 

LEIANTHUS    Nigrescens.      Green- 
house biennial.    Seed.    Light  rich  loam. 
LEIMANTHIUM.      Three    species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.     Seed.     Wet   peat 
soil. 

LEMA   asptragi.       The    Asparagus 
Beetle,  by  some  naturalists  called  Cri- 


oceris  aisparagi  is  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Curtis  : — 

"The  larva  which  abound  from  June 
to  September,  not  only  eat  off  all  the 
leaves,  bat  even  gnaw  the  rind  from  the 
stem  of  the  plants. 

"  The  eggs  are  oval,  and  fixed  on 
the  plants °by  one  of  their  ends,  one 
being  sometimes  attached  to  the  end 
of  another.  The  larva;  are  hatched  in 
a  little  time;  they  are  short,  thick,  and 
fleshy,  covered  with  hairs,  wrinkled, 
ash-coloured,  with  black  head  and  legs; 
they  move  very  slowly,  and  when 
alarmed  emit  a  blackish  fluid  from 
I  their  mouth. 

I  "  When  full  grown,  the  larvse  go  in- 
to the  ground,  where  they  contract  a 
thick  cocoon,  in  which  they  assume  the 
pupa  state.  In  a  short  time  the  per- 
fect insect  appears.  It  is  about  a  quar- 
ter of  an  inch  long,  of  a  blue  black 
colour,  with  cream  coloured  or  yellow 
spots  on  the  wing  cases,  and  a  red 
thorax.  To  lessen  the  ravages  of  the 
insect,  little  more  can  be  done  than  to 
collect  them  by  hand-picking  or  by 
shaking  them  into  a  net.  As  many 
beetles,  however,  may  be  found  at  the 
time  the  Asparagus  is  cut,  we  recom- 
I  mend  that  all  these  should  be  destroyed 
1  before  they  have  an  opportunity  of  de- 
1  positing  their  eggs."— Ga?d.  Chron.  _ 

LEONOTIS.     Four  species.     L.  in- 

\termedia  is  a  stove    evergreen    shrub; 

j  and  two  are   stove  annuals,  requiring 

!  the  usual  treatment  of  tender  annuals. 

Cuttings  or  seed.     Loam  and  peat.     L. 

leonurus   is    a   green-house   evergreen 

shrub,    requiring    the    following   treat- 

'  ment  : — 

I  "  Strike  from  cuttings  in  May  ;  keep 
in  a  forty-eight  pot  during  the  winter  ; 
1  in  the  beginning  of  April  put  into  a  pot 
I  thirteen  inches  in  diameter,  and  place 
in  a  forcing  frame  kept  at  a  tempera- 
ture varying  from  73"  to  50°;  here  re- 
main for  about  seven  weeks,  when 
remove  to  the  green-house. 

"  After  the  end  of  June,  force  as 
much  as  possible  by  keeping  the  house 
shut  up  during  the  day,  so  as  to  con- 
centrate all  the  heat  which  can  be 
obtained  from  the  sun,  but  no  fire  light- 
ed except  during  cold  nights  in  Sep- 
tember and  October;  120'^  is  not  too 
1  groat  for  it,  provided  it  has  plenty  of 
water;  never  suffer  the  surface  of  the 
I  earth  to  become  dry,  and  generally 
I  keep  about  an  inch    of  water  in    the 


LEO 


348 


LET 


pan.  The  quantity  required  in  hot 
weather,  nearly  three  gallons  daily." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

LEONITOPODIUM  helveticum. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  or  division. 
Peat. 

LEONURUS.  Eight  species,  besides 
varieties.  Hardy  perennials,  biennials, 
and  annuals.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

LEOPARD'S  BANE.     Doronicum. 

LEPANTHES.    Two  species.    Stove 


LETTUCE.     Lactuca  sativa. 

"  The  Lettuce  is  a  hardy  annual, 
introduced  or  cultivated  in  England 
since  1562,  but  from  what  country  is 
unknown.  The  use  of  Lettuce,  as  a 
cooling  and  agreeable  salad,  is  well 
known;  it  is  also  a  useful  ingredient  in 
soups.  It  contains,  like  the  other  spe- 
cies of  this  genus,  a  quantity  of  opium 
juice,  of  a  milky  nature,  from  which,  of 
ate  years,  medicine  has  been  prepared. 


epiphytes.     Offsets.    Damp  moss  under  under   the    title    of  Lactucarium,    and 


a  bell  glass. 

L  E  P  E  C  H  I  N  I  A  .  Two  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 


which  can  be  administered  with  effect 
in  cases  where  opium  is  inadmissible. 

"  The  varieties   are  very  numerous. 
Those    herein    enumerated    have   been 


LEPIDAGATHIS    cristata.       Stove  i selected    from  the    many    which    have 
herbaceous.       Cuttings.       Sandy     rich  come  under  our  observation,  and  will 


loam. 

LEPIDIUM  sativum.     See  Cress. 

LEPTANDRA.  Two  species.  Har- 
dy herbaceous.   Division.  Common  soil. 

LEPTANTHUS  gramineus.  Hardy 
aquatic.     Offsets.     Wet  peat. 

LEPTODERMIS  lanceolata.  Green- 
house shrub.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

LEPTOMERIA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  pent. 

LEPTOSIPHON.     Fivespecies. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seed.     Peat 
autumn  and  in  early  spring. 

LEPTOSPERMUM.  Twenty-three 
species.  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings  and  seed.  Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

LEPTOSTELMA  maximum.  Half- 
hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and  division. 
Light  rich  loam. 

LEPTOTES  bicolor.  Stove  epiphyte. 
Division.     Moss  and  potsherds. 

LESPEDEZA.  Twelve  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous,  shrubby,  and 


be  found  to  suit  the  various  seasons  of 
the  year.  Some  varieties  celebrated  in 
P^urope,  are  of  little  value  here,  soon 
shooting  to  seed  under  our  hot  sun. 

"The  Early  Cabbage  Lettuce  is  the 
earliest;  it  produces  a  moderately  sized 
and  very  firm  head  and  is  known  among 
the  Philadelphia  market  gardeners  as 
the  '  butter  salad.' 

"  The  Royal  Cabbage  Lettuce  is  a 
very  large  variety,  dark  green,  with 
firm  head,  and  withstands  the  sun  bet- 
Sow  in  Iter  than  the  preceding  variety,  not 
rapidly  shooting  to  seed. 

"  The  Palestine  is  a  curiously  spot- 
ted variety,  produces  a  firm  head,  and  of 
fair  size. 

"  The  India  is  a  very  fine  kind,  pro- 
duces large  hard  heads,  leaves  wrinkled, 
stands  the  sun  remarkably  well. 

"  The  Philadelphia  Cabbage  re- 
sembles the  "  Royal,"  and  is  in  all  re- 
spects a  desirable  variety. 

"  The  Early  Curled  does  not  head  ; 


annual  plants.   L.  cryocarpa  is  a  green-  is  used  principally  as  "  cut  salad." 
house  evergreen  shrub,  and  L.  glome-]     "  The  Cos,  of  which  there  are  several 
rata    a  stove  twiner.     Annuals  sow  in   varieties,  produce  conical  formed  heads, 
sheltered   peat.       Shrubs    by   cuttings,  very  succulent  and  crisp;   soon  run  to 


and  herbaceous  by  division 
peat 

LESSERTIA.    Nine  species.  Green- 


In  sandy  Iseed  ;  should  therefore  be  planted  early 
in  the  spring. 

"  The   Brown   Dutch  somewhat  re- 


house annuals,  herbaceous  and  shrubby  sembles  the  eai-ly  cabbage,  the  leaves 
plants.     Seed  or  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  tinged  with  brown. 


and  peat. 

LETHRUS    cephulotes. 


"  Lettuce  delights  in  a  deep,  rich  soil, 
A  beetle  not   too   heavy    or   humid.     For    early 


preying  upon  the  vine  by  gnawing  ofl'^spring  use  sow  about  the  middle  of  au- 


its  young  shoots.  It  is  common  in  Hun- 
gary, but  I  do  not  know  that  it  has  been 
observed  in  England. 

LETTSOMIA  tomentosa.     Stove 


tumn,  in  some  sheltered  situation,  as 
the  plants,  or  a  portion  of  them,  are  lo 
remain  there  during  the  winter,  lightly 
covered   with  straw  or  cedar  brush  to 


evergreen  shrub.    Ripe  cuttings.  Loam   protect  them  from  extreme  cold.     Near 


and  peat. 


|the  close  of  autumn  a  planting  may  be 


LET 


349 


LIB 


made,  as  directed  for  "  Early  York 
Cabbage,"  when  intended  to  stand  the 
M'intor,  (which  see,)  or  they  may  be 
planted  with  the  caliba'Te  alternately, 
l-^ariy  Cabbage,  Brown  Dutch  and  Pa- 
lestine are  better  suited  for  planting  at 
this  season. 

"  Part  of  those  which  remain  in  the 
seed-bed  during  the  winter,  should  be 
transplanted  as  early  in  the  spring  as 
the  gtounti  admits  of  being  worked. 
The  remainder   may  be  set  out  subse 


prematurely,  cannot  be  depended  upon. 
All  other  plants  must  be  removed  from 
their  neighbourhood,  themselves  being 
left  at  least  a  foot  apart  ;  neither  is  it 
allowable  for  two  varieties  to  flower 
near  each  other,  or  only  mongrel  varie- 
ties will  be  obtained.  Each  stem  is  ad- 
vantagcoi\sly  attached  to  a  stake  as  a 
support  in  tempestuous  weather.  It  is 
to  be  observed,  that  the  branches  must 
be  gathered  as  the  seed  ripens  upon 
them,  and   not  left  until   the  whole  is 


qucntly,  which  will  ensure  a  more  re-  I  ready,  as  some  will  ripen  two  or  three 
gular  sup|ily.  To  secure  an  uninter- '  weeks  before  others,  and  consequently, 
rupted  succession,  frequent  sowings  the  first  and  best  seed  will  be  shed  and 
should  be  made  during  the  early  part  of  lost.  It  must  be  particularly  well  dried 
summer,  thus  : — have  the  ground  deep-  |  before  it  is  beaten  out  and  stored, 
ly  dug  and  raked  fine  ;  stretch  a  line  to  !  Lettuce  seed  is  considered  to  be  best 
the  extent  intended  to  be  planted,  j  the  second  year ;  but  when  three  years 
along  which  drop  the  seed  thinly,  and 
rake  it  in.  When  the  plants  are  an 
inch  or  two  in  height,  thin  them  to  a 
foot  apart,  and  give  frequent  hoeings, 
which  will  facilitate  their  growth. 

In  the  earlier  sowings  those  thinned 
out  may  be  transplanted,  and  will  pro- 
duce good  heads;  but  when  the  wea- 
ther has  become  warm  and  dry  they 
will  not  succeed  well  ;  it  is  therefore 
better  to  sow  over  as  much  ground  as 


old,  it  refuses  to  vegetate. 

LETTITCE  FLY.     See  Anthomyia. 

LEUCADENDRON.  Thirty-nine 
species.  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs. 
Ripe  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

LEUCOCORYNE.  Three  species. 
Ilalf-hardy  bulbs.  Seed  and  offsets. 
Sandy  loam. 

LEUCCTUM.  Snow-flake.  Three  spe- 
cies. Hardy  bulbs.  Offsets.  Sandv  loam. 

LEUCOPOGON.        Fifteen    species. 


will  produce  the  quantity  required.  For  :  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.    Young 

cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

LEUCOSPERNUM.  Fifteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings.  Sandy  turfy  loam.  They  re- 
quire much  watering. 

LEUCOSTEMMA  vestitum.     Green- 


the  earlier  sowings  all  varieties  will  an- 
swer ;  for  the  latter  ones  when  the  sea- 
son is  advanced  and  the  heat  greater, 
the  India  and  Royal  Cabbage  are  better 
sorts. 
"  During  the  heat  ofsummer  the  heads 


will  be  but  poor,  unless  the  season  be  i  house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.   Peat, 
very  cool  and  humid.     Sown  about  the  {  and  sandy  loam. 


close  of  summer  and  early  in  autumn, 

they  will  do  well,  as  the  weather  will  '.  herbaceous 

have   become   cool   before    they  reach  |  mon  soil. 

maturity.     When   sown  in   autumn  for 

spring  heading,  it  is  advisable  to  take 

some  of  the  earliest  and  latest. 

"  Very  good  Lettuce  may  be  had  in 
the  early  part  of  winter,  if  planted  about 
the  middle  of  autumn,  in  frames  in  a 
sheltered  situation,  covering  the  frames 


LEUZEA.      Five    species. 

Seed  and  division. 


Hardy 
Com- 


LEWISIA  redivivn.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous. Division  and  seed.  Sandy 
loam  and  chalk. 

LEYCESTRIA/or/nosa.  Hardy  ever- 
green slirub.  Cuttings  and  seed.  Sandy 
loam. 

LEYSSERA.    Four  species.    Green- 


with  glass  or  boards,  when  the  weather  !  house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.   Peat 


becomes  cool  ;  in  mild  weather,  giving 
plenty  of  air;  where  boards  are  used 
removing  them  to  admit  light." — Rural 
R^g. 

To  obtain  Seed. — To  produce  seed 
some  of  the  finest  and  most  perfect 
plants  of  each  variety  that  have  sur- 
vived the  w  inter,  or  from  the  forwardest 
sowing  of  the  year,  should  be  selected. 
The  seed  from  any  that   have  run  up 


and  sandy  loam. 

LIATRIS.  Twenty  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Division.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat.  Take  up  and  give  the  shelter  of 
a  frame  during  winter. 

LIBANOTIS  athamantoides.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed.  Calcareous  sandy 
loam. 

LIBERTIA  formosa.  Half-hardy 
herbaceous.    Division.    Loam  and  peat. 


L  IC 


350 


L  I  L 


LICHTENSTEINIA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous.  Seed.  Sandy 
loam. 

LICUALA.  Two  species.  Stove 
palms.     Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

LIDBECKIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat, 
and  a  little  loam. 

LIGATURES,  twisted  very  tightly 
round  the  small  branches  of  trees,  and 
the  stems  of  plants,  to  check  the  return 
of  their  sap,  and  thus  promote  their 
fruitful ness,  and  the  size  of  the  fruit, 
are  much  to  be  preferred  to  ringing,  or 
other  removals  of  the  bark,  wliich  cause 
wounds  and  canker.  Ligatures  should 
be  removed  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  rip- 
ened. 

LIGHT  has  a  powerful  influence  over 
the  health  and  life  of  a  plant,  from  the 
moment  its  leaves  pierce  through  the 
surface  of  the  soil.  If  absent,  they  be- 
come yellow,  or  even  white,  unless 
uncombined  hydrogen  be  present,  in 
which  case  they  retain  their  verdure. 

Sir  H.  Davy  excluded  a  cos  lettuce 
from  the  light.     In  six  days  it  was  ren- 


cleansed.  The  best  glass,  if  dirty,  al- 
lows fewer  rays  of  light  to  pass  through 
than  inferior  glass  if  kept  bright. 

Solar  light  is  essential  to  the  ripening 
of  all  fruit;  it  will  not  ripen  in  the  dark  ; 
and  the  greater  the  light's  intensity 
and  the  longer  its  daily  endurance,  the 
sweeter  and  the  higher  is  the  fruit's 
flavour.  No  fruits  are  so  luscious  as 
those  grown  within  the  tropics,  and 
the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  are  ex- 
cellent in  proportion  to  the  brightness 
of  its  seasons.  That  light  is  essential 
in  causing  the  colour  of  the  leaves  and 
other  parts  of  plants,  has  been  noticed 
already  ;  and  it  aids  the  ripening  pro- 
cess of  fruit  in  a  similar  .manner,  to 
convert  their  acid  and  mucilaginous 
constituents  into  sugar :  much  carbon 
and  hydrogen  have  to  be  got  rid  of; 
and  this  is  effected,  if  light  be  admitted, 
by  the  evolution  of  carbonic  acid  nnd 
watery  vapour.  How  light  operates  in 
promoting  this  and  other  decomposi- 
tions, which  are  effected  by  the  vege- 
table organs,  is  at  present  a  mystery  ; 
but  so  it  is;  and  the  gardener  promotes 


dered  very  pale,  and  at  the  end  of  an-  |  its  access  as  much  as  lies  within  his 
other  week  it  was  quite  white;  the  |  power,  by  removing  overshadowing 
growth  of  the  plant  was  checked,  and  1  leaves,  by  employing  the  best  glass  in 
the  analysis  of  its  leaves  showed  that ,  his  hot-houses,  and  by  having  their  in- 
they  contained  more  carbonic  acid  and  jterior  whitened  ;   for  white  surtiices  re- 


water,  but  less  hydrogen  and  residua 
carbon  than  an  equal  weight  of  green 
leaves. 

It  deserves  notice  that  it  has  been 
proved  by  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Hope 
and  others,  that  light  from  artificial 
sources  may  be  concentrated  so  as  to 
enable  plants  to  absorb  oxygen,  and 
perfect  those  elaborations  on  which 
their  green  colour  depends  ;  and  the 
lightof  the  moon  has  a  similar  influence. 

A  similar  concentrated  light  will 
make  the  Pimpernel  and  other  flowers, 
which  close  until  sunrise,  open  their 
petals,  and  rouse  from  their  rest;  a 
fact,  which  gives  another  reason  why 
plants  in  rooms  frequented  at  night  be- 
come weak  and  exhausted  sooner  than 
those  which  tlien  remain,  as  nature  dic- 
tates, unexcited  by  light. 

A  deficiency  of  ligiit  decreases  the 
decomposing  power  of  the  leaves.  For 
this  reason  the  best  glass  should  al- 
ways be  employed  in  the  sashes  of 
the  hot-house,  conservatory,  and  other 
structures  of  the  forcing  department. 
But  the  benefit  sought  for  is  frustrated, 
if   that   glass   be   not   constantly    well 


fleet  all  the  rays  of  light  back  upon  the 
objects  those  surfaces  inclose. 

Almost  every  flower  has  a  particular 
degree  of  light  requisite  for  its  full  ex- 
pansion. The  blossoms  of  the  pea, 
and  other  papilionaceous  plants,  spread 
out  their  wings  in  fine  weather  to  admit 
the  solar  rays,  and  again  close  them  at 
the  approach  of  night.  Plants  requiring 
powerful  stimulants,  do  not  expand  their 
flowers  until  noon  ;  whilst  some  would 
be  destroyed  if  compelled  to  open  in 
the  meridian  sun.  Of  such  is  the  night- 
blooming  cereus,  the  flowers  of  which 
speedily  droop,  even  if  exposed  to  the 
blaze  of  light  attendant  on  Indian  fes- 
tivities.— Princ.  of  Gardening. 

LIGHTFOOTIA.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

LIGUSTRUM.  Privet.  Three  spe- 
cies, and  more  varieties  of  L.  viilgare. 
Hardy  evergreen  and  deciduous  shrubs. 
Cuttings.  Common  soil.  The  evergreen 
varieties  of  L.  vulgare  make  a  good 
fence.     See  Hedges. 

LILACS.  Syringa  vulgaris  and 
Persica.     Of  these   very  hardy  shrubs 


L  I  L 


there  are  many  varieties;  the  white, 
red,  and  blue-flowered  ;  and  of  the 
Persica,  also  the  parsley-leafed  and  the 
sagc-leufcd.  They  vnay  be  raised  from 
suckers,  layers,  cuttings,  and  seed;  the 
sowing  and  planting  may  be  made  dur- 
ing the  autumn  in  any  common  soil. 

LILIUiM.  Lily.  Thirty-five  species, 
including  the  common  white  lily  (L.  can- 
didum),  martagon  (L.  martagon),  tiger 
(L.  tigrinum),  orange  (L.  aurantium), 
bulb-bearing  {L.  bulbiferum),  and  their 
varieties.  Besides  those  already  men- 
tioned, the  following  are  especially 
worthy  of  cultivation  : — 

Bronsiartii. 

longiflorum. 

Eximium. 

Japonicum  longiflorum. 

Lancifolium  album. 

punctatura. 

roseum. 

Orange. 

Speciosum  rubrum. 

Superbum  pyramidalis. 

Venustiim. 

With  the  exception  of  L.  eximium, 
which  is  a  greeu-house  bulb,  all  the 
others  are  hardy. 

Out-door  Culture. — The  proper  time 
for  planting  and  transplanting  them  is 
in  autumn,  when  their  flowers  and  stalks 
decay,  which  is  generally  in  August  and 
September,  the  roots  being  then  at  rest 
for  a  short  space  of  time,  though  the  bulbs 
taken  up  at  the  above  season  of  rest,  may 
be  kept  out  of  ground  if  necessary,  till 
October  or  November;  the  white  lilies, 
however,  do  not  succeed,  if  kept  long 
out  of  the  earth;  and  all  the  others 
succeed  best  when  planted  again  as 
soon  as  possible.  Plant  them  four  or 
five  inches  deep,  and  at  good  distances 
from  one  another. 

None  of  the  sorts  require  any  par- 
ticular culture,  for  they  will  endure  all 
weathers,  so  no  more  is  necessary  than 
destroying  weeds  among  their  stems  by 
the  hoe,  and  supporting  with  sticks. 

They  may  all  remain  undisturbed  two 
or  three  years,  or  longer;  nor,  indeed, 
is  it  proper  to  remove  these  sorts  of 
bulbs  ofiener,  for  by  remaining,  they 
flower  stronger  after  the  first  year.  It 
is,  however,  proper  to  take  up  the  bulbs 
entirely  every  three  or  four  years. 

Propagation.  —  By  Offsets.  —  All  the 
sorts  of  these  roots  yield  ofi'sets  abund- 
antly every  year,  which,  when  greatly 
wanted,  may  be  taken  off  annually,  in 


351  L  I  L 

autumn  ;  otherwise  once  in  two  or  three 
years. 

The  small  offsets  should  then  be 
planted  in  beds  a  foot  asunder,  and 
three  deep,  to  remain  a  year  or  two  ; 
and  the  large  bulbs  should  be  planted 
again  in  the  borders,  &c.,  singly. 

By  Seed. — This  is  sometimes  prac- 
tised, but  more  particularly  for  the 
martagons,  to  obtain  more  varieties.  In 
antumn,  soon  after  the  seed  is  ripe,  sow 
it  in  pots  or  boxes  of  rich  light  earth, 
half  an  inch  deep;  place  the  pots  in  a 
slieltorod  situation  all  winter,  and  the 
|)lant  will  appear  in  the  spring  ;  in  April, 
remove  the  pots  to  have  only  the  morn- 
ing sun  all  the  summer,  giving  moderate 
waterings;  in  August,  transplant  the 
bulbs  into  nursery-beds  in  flat  drills  an 
inch  deep,  and  three  or  four  asunder; 
but,  as  the  bulbs  will  be  very  small, 
scatter  the  earth  and  bulbs  together  in 
the  drills,  and  cover  them  with  earth 
the  above  depth  ;  and  having  grown  h.ere 
till  August  or  September  following, 
transplant  into  another  bed,  placing 
them  eight  or  nine  inches  each  way 
asunder,  here  to  remain  to  show  their 
first  flowers,  then  transplant  them  finally. 
— Abercrombie. 

Pot-Culture. — The  following  excel- 
lent directions,  though  applicable  es- 
pecially to  L.  speciosum  or  lancifolium, 
are  also  applicable  to  others  of  this 
genus.  Thoy  are  the  practical  directions 
of  Mr.  Groom,  the  well-known  florist, 
of  Walworth,  near  London.    He  says: — 

"  To  cultivate  Lilia  in  the  greatest 
perfection,  they  should  be  removed  as 
rarely  as  possible,  and  only  when  the 
bulbs  become  too  close  ;  for  disturbing 
them  is  most  injurious  to  their  grov\th 
and  flowering." 

Bulbs  from  Stems. — To  obtain  these 
from  L.  speciosum,  and  the  practice 
would,  perhaps,  succeed  with  several 
others,  Mr.  Groom  placed  pieces  of 
turfy  peat  round  the  stem,  with  room 
for  finer  peat  to  be  placed  next  the 
plant;  in  this  bulbs  were  very  success- 
fully obtained. 

Potting. — "  Grow  them  in  pots  of 
large  size,  having  plenty  of  drainage, 
and  use  peat  only,  with  a  little  fine  sand 
for  the  soil.  One  great  point  is  to  keep 
the  bulbs,  particularly  the  largest,  at  a 
sufficient  depth,  to  allow  room  for  the 
stem-fibres  to  grow  freely.  When  they 
require  repotting,  which  should  only  be 
performed  whilst  the  bulbs  are  dormant. 


L  I  L 


352 


LIM 


they  should  be  turned  out  of  the  old 
pots,  and  the  crocks  should  be  carefully 
removed,  so  as  to  avoid  injuring  the 
fibres,  or  even  shaking  off  the  earth; 
the  bulbs  are  then  to  be  repotted  in  a 
larger-sized  pot,  in  peat  and  sand,  with 
good  drainage. 

Raising  Varieties. — Mr.  Groom  ob- 
serves, that  "in  hybridizing,  care  should 
be  always  taken  to  save  seed  from  those 
flowers  which  have  the  best  shape;  for 
I  believe  the  form  of  the  future  flower 
is  much  more  dependent  on  the  kind 
from  which  the  seed  is  saved  than  upon 
that  which  furnishes  the  pollen;  the 
pollen  generally  gives  the  colour.  It  is 
also  highly  desirable  that  the  flower 
from  which  the  pollen  is  taken  should 


undisturbed,  for  the  purpose  of  lifting, 
for  forcing  during  the  winter  months. 

Forcing.  —  Pot  them  in  thirty-tvvo- 
sized  pots,  filled  to  within  three  and  a 
half  inches  of  the  rim  with  rich  loam, 
upon  which  the  roots  are  closely  placed, 
and  then  covered  about  two  inches  in 
thickness  with  equal  parts  of  leaf  mould 
and  sand  ;  they  are  then  well  watered, 
so  as  to  settle  the  mould  about  the  roots  ; 
place  them  on  a  shelf  near  the  glass,  in 
a  moist  stove,  or  forcing-house,  the 
temperature  of  which  may  range  from 
65°  to  75^,  and  take  care  that  the  soil 
does  not  become  dry.  When  they  are 
so  far  advanced  that  the  plants  show 
their  heads  of  flowers,  remove  them  into 
a  warm  green-house,  still  placing  them 


be  darker  than  that  producing  the  seed  ;  !  near  the  glass,  until  as  they  advance  in 
for  I  have  found  in  such  cases  the  seed-  ■  growth  they  are  withdrawn  by  degrees 
linn-s  have  been  much  more  beautiful  j  into  a  shaded  part  of  the  house,  from 
(being  frequently  spotted  or  stripedj,  j  whence  they  are  removed  to  the  draw- 
than  where  I  have  reversed  the  process.  I  ing  room  as  required,  their  places  to  be 
I  have  seen  this  occur  in  so  marked  a  j  immediately  filled  with  others,  which 
manner  in  the  ranunculus,  that  I  have  are  similarly  treated,  and  thus  an  ample 
adopted  it  as  a  principle,  never  to  take  [  succession  will  be  kept  up.     Care  and 


pollen  from  a  lighter  coloured  flower.' 
— Gard.  Chron. 

LILY.     Lilium. 

LILY-HYACINTH.  Scilla  Lilia- 
hyacinthus. 

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.  Conval- 
laria  majalis. 

Soil  and  'Situation. — Clayey  loam, 
near  water,  and  where  the  noonday  sun 
IS  intercepted  by  shade,  suits  it  best. 

Propagation. — Mr.  D.  Watts  com- 
municated a  paper  to  the  Regent's  Park 
Gardeners'  Society,  in  1845,  from  which 
the  following  are  extracts: — "Before 
planting,  dig  over  and  well  break  the 
ground  about  nine  inches  deep,  then 
plant  the  roots  about  four  inches  apart, 
all  over  the  surface  of  the  ground,  giv- 
ing them  a  gentle  press  down  with  the 
thumb  and  finger,  and  then  cover  them 
about  four  inches  thick  with  the  same 
sort  of  soil.  On  forming  new  plantations 
of  this  plant,  I  select  all  the  flowering 
buds  from  my  stock  of  roots,  which  I 
plant  by  themselves,  but  in  the  same 
way  as  I  do  the  others.  If  equal  quan- 
tities of  each  can  be  had,  there  will  be 
equal  quantities  of  flowers  for  two  or 
three   successive    seasons,  after  which 


attention  are  requisite  in  lifting  and 
selecting  the  plants  for  forcing;  they 
require  a  minute  examination  to  dis- 
tinguish those  that  will  flower  from 
those  that  will  not,  the  only  diff"erence 
being  that  the  buds  of  the  former  are 
more  round  and  short  than  those  of  the 
latter." — Florisfs  Journ. 

LILY-PINK.     Aphyllanthes. 

LILY-THORN.     Catesbea. 

LIME.     Citras  limonum. 

LIME  is  valuable  as  a  manure,  for 
some  one  or  more  of  its  salts  enter  into 
the  composition  of  every  vegetable. 
But  it  is  not  the  lime  of  every  district 
that  is  suitable  for  the  purpose.  Some 
specimens  contain  a  very  large  pro- 
portion of  magnesia,  which,  absorbing 
carbonic  acid  very  slowly,  remains  in  a 
caustic  state,  to  the  injury  of  the  roots 
of  the  plants,  and  the  diminution  of 
benefit  from  the  carbonic  acid  evolved 
by  the  decomposing  constituents  of  the 
soil.  Neither  can  the  gardener  apply 
it  to  all  his  soils  with  advantage.  Thus, 
peat  and  bog  earth  are  beneficial  to  the 
plants  grown  upon  them  by  their  con- 
taining gallic  and  other  acida  which  lime 
removes. 

To  garden  soil   of  the  usual    staple 


they  should  be  all  taken  up,  the  roots  I  about  fifty  bushels  of  lime  per  acre  is  a 
divided,  and  replanted  in  the  same  way.  I  sufficient  quantity.  If  the  soil  be  clayey 
At  the  time  of  replanting,  it  will  be  the  quantity  may  be  doubled.  A  very 
requisite  to  leave  a  sufficient  quantity  |  excellent  manure  is  formed  by  mixing 


LIM 


353 


LIP 


one  bushel  of  salt  with  every  two  bush- 
els ot'lime. 

Lime  cannot  be  applied  to  the  soil 
too  fresh  from  the  kiln;  for  if  allowed 
to  absorb  carbonic  acid  from  the  air,  it 
is  rapidly  converted  into  chalk. 

"  It  is  astonishing  how  ignorantly 
neglectful  are  the  cultivators  of  the 
soil,  when  their  crops  are  devastated 
by  the  slug,  not  to  dress  them  so  as  to 
render  the  surface  of  the  soil  quite 
white,  during  the  promise  of  a  few 
days'  dry  weather,  with  caustic  lime. 
It  is  instant  destruction  to  every  slug 
it  falls  upon;  and  those  that  it  misses 
are  destroyed  by  their  coming  in  con- 
tact with  it  when  moving  in  search  of 
food. 

"  It  is  a  common  practice  to  burn 
couch-grass,  docks,  gorse,  and  other 
vegetables,  which  are  very  retentive 
of  life,  or  slow  in  decay;  a  more  une- 
conomical, unscientific  method  of  re- 
ducins  to  a  state  beneficial  to  the  land 


mode  of  proceeding  is  to  take  forty 
gallons  of  clean  water,  and,  half  an 
hour  before  using,  put  one  peck  of 
fresh-slacked  lime  into  it.  As  soon  as 
it  is  clear  it  is  fit  for  use. 

"  A  watering-pot  containing  four  gal- 
lons will  water  a  bed  of  four  feet  by 
thirty  feet,  or  rows  of  cauliflowers, 
cabbages,  &c.,  of  double  the  length." 
— Gard.  Chron. 

LIMNANTHES  Douglasii.  Hardy 
annual  trailer.  Seed.  Sandy  loam  and 
shady  situation. 

LIMNOCHARIS.  Two  species. 
Stove  perennial  aquatics.  Seed  and 
runners.     Water. 

LIMONIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs,  except  L.  scan- 
dens,  which  is  a  climber.  Cuttings. 
Rich  light  loam  and  peat. 

LINANTHUS  dichotonus.  Hardy 
annual.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

LINARIA.  Seventy-five  species. 
Hardv  annual  trailers,  and  herbaceous 


of  which  they  were  the   refuse,  cannot  j  and  evergreen  shrubs,  except  L.  fruc- 


be  devised.  In  breaking  up  heaths, 
such  exuva;  are  very  abundant;  but,  in 
all  cases,  if  the  weeds,  leaves,  &c., 
were  conveyed  to  a  hole  or  pit,  and, 
with  every  single  horse-load,  and  with 
barrow-loads  in  proportion,  a  bushel  of 
salt  and  a  half  bushel  of  lime  were  in- 
corporated, it  would  in  a  few  months 
form  a  mass  of  decayed  compost  of  the 
most  lertilizing  quality;  the  lime  re- 
taining many  of  the  gases  evolved  dur- 


ticans,  and  L.  scoparia,  which  are 
green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Seed 
or  cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

LINCONIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat. 

LINDERNIA  pyxidaria.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

LINDLEYA  mespiloides .  Half-har- 
dy evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings,  and 
grafts  on  the  common  thorn  and  larger 


ing   the   putrefaction   of  the   vegetable    cotoneasters.    Sandy  loam,  mixed  with 

matter,   and    the   salt   combining    with  |  calcareous  rubbish. 

the  lime    to    destroy  noxious    animals,  j      LINDS^l^^A.      Five  species.       Stove 

which  might  form  a  nidus  in  the  mass.  !  and  green-house    ferns.     Division   and 

By  this  plan    nearly  all    the   carbona- I  seed.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

ceous  matters  of  the  refuse  vegetables  |      LINN.^A  borealis.   Hardy  evergreen 

are  retained  ;  by  burning,  nearly  all  of  j  trailer.     Division.     Shaded  peat  soil. 

LINUM.    Fifty-one  species.    Chiefly 
hardy  herbaceous  and  annuals;   a  few 


them  are  dissipated."  —  Principles  of 
Gardening 

Lime  rubbish  is  the  old  mortar  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Seed, 
plaster  obtained  when  brick  buildings  division,  and  cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
are   pulled  down.     It  is    an    excellent '  and  a  little  peat 


manure,  abounding  with  the  salts  of 
potash  and  lime.  It  should  be  reduced 
to  powder  before  spreading  and  digging 
in. 

LIME,  or  LINDEN-TREE.      Tilia. 

LIME-WATER.  "As  water  can 
hold  only  a  certain  quantity  of  lime  in 
solution,  it  is  immaterial  how  much  of 
that  substance  you  mix  with  it.  The 
mixture  should  be  well  stirred,  and 
should  be  left  until  it  has  become  clear, 
when  it  will  be  fit  for  use.  The  best 
23 


LION'S-EAR.     Leonatis. 

LION'S-FOOT.     Leontopodium. 

LION'S-TAIL.     Leonotis  leonurus. 

LIPARIA  spharica.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat.  Not  too  much 
water. 

LIPARIS.  Fifteen  species.  Stove 
epiphytes  and  orchids.  All  propagated 
by  offsets.  Epiphytes  in  peat  and  pot- 
sherds ;  terrestrial  orchids  in  sandy  peat 
and  sandy  loam. 


LIP 


354 


LIS 


LIPOSTOMA  campanuli flora.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

LIPPIA.  Tvv'o  species.  Stove.  L. 
dulcis,  herbaceous;  L.  purpurea,  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  liglit  soil. 
LIQUIDAMBAR.  Two  species. 
Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Seed  and  cut- 
tings.    Common  soil. 

LIQUID-MANURE  is  the  most  ad- 
vantageous form  in  which  fertilizers 
can  be  applied  by  the  gardener  to  his 
crops.  It  is  the  most  economical,  most 
prompt,  and  most  efficient  mode.  The 
manure  is  presented  to  the  roots  in  one 
of  the  only  forms  in  which  the  roots 
can  imbibe  food,  and  the  manure  is 
spread  regularly  through  the  texture  of 
the  soil.  If,  instead  of  digging  in  sta- 
ble-manure, each  crop  was  watered 
occasionally  with  liquid-manure,  the 
produce  would  be  finer  and  more 
abundant. 

My  brother,  Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson, 
says,  in  his  excellent  work  on  "  Fer- 
tilizers:"— 

"  I  have  often  employed  with  decided 
effect,  in  my  own  garden,  for  vines, 
peach,  and  standard  apple-trees,  liquid- 
manure,  prepared  either  by  mixing  one 
part  by  weight  jf  cow-dung  with  four 
parts  of  water,  or  the  collected  drain- 
age of  the  stable  and  cow-house.  It 
has  been  found  advantageous  to  plants 
cultivated  in  stoves  to  apply  even  a 
liquid-manure,  composed  of  six  quarts 
of  soot  to  a  hogshead  of  water;  and  al- 
though this  is  a  very  unchemical  mix- 
ture, yet  it  has  been  found  by  Mr. 
Robertson  to  be  peculiarly  grateful  and 
nourishing  to  pines,  causing  them  to 
assume  an  unusually  deep  healthy 
green  ;  and,  for  stoved  mulberry,  vine, 
peach,  and  other  plants,  the  late  Mr. 
Knight,  of  Downton,  employed  a  liquid- 
manure,  composed  of  one  part  of  the 
dung  of  domestic  poultry  and  four  to 
ten  parts  of  water,  with  the  most  excel- 
lent result." — Johnson  on  Fertilizers. 

Guano  Liquid  Manure. — Ten  gallons 
of  water  will  readily  dissolve,  or  keep 
suspended  in  a  state  of  minute  division, 
about  50  lbs.  weight  of  guano.  When 
applied  to  plants,  not  more  than  five 
ounces  should  be  added  to  that  quantity 
of  water.  If  it  be  made  stronger,  it 
injures  or  kills  the  plants  to  which  it  is 
applied. 

SAeep's-dMng',  ifemploved  for  making 


liquid  manure,  should  be  a  peck  to  thir- 
ty gallons. 

When  cow-dung  is  used,  boiling  wa- 
ter should  be  first  poured  upon  it,  as  it 
is  apt  to  be  full  of  destructive  larvai. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia,  and  any  other 
salt  of  ammonia,  must  not  be  used  more 
than  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  to  each  gal- 
lon. 

LIQUORICE.  Glycyrrhiza  glabra, 
is  only  admitted  into  the  garden  for  ils 
pharmaceutical  properties. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  thrives  best 
in  a  rich  light  soil,  two  or  three  feet 
deep,  which  should  be  trenched  com- 
pletely to  the  bottom  before  planting. 
W'hen  manure  is  added,  it  should  be 
regularly  mixed  throughout  the  texture 
of  the  soil.  In  shallow  or  poor  ground 
it  will  not  succeed:  the  situation  can- 
not be  too  open. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Planting. — It  is 
propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  side-roots, 
which  spring  from  the  crown  of  the 
plants,  and  run  horizontally  just  beneath 
the  surface,  which  may  be  planted  in 
January,  February,  or  early  in  March. 
Each  set  should  be  about  two  inches 
beneath  the  surface.  The  only  cultiva- 
tion they  require  is  to  be  frequently 
hoed,  to  keep  them  clear  of  weeds 
throughout  their  growth  ;  and  in  autumn 
the  decayed  stalks  to  be  cut  down,  and 
the  earth  stirred  between  the  rows. 

The  roots  are  not  fit  for  use  until  of 
three  or  four  years'  growth.  The  sea- 
son for  taking  them  up  is  December, 
January,  or  February.  A  trench  must 
be  dug  regularly  along  each  row,  quite 
down  to  the  extremity  of  the  principal 
roots,  which  descend  two  feet  and 
more. 

LIRIODENDRON  tulipifera,  and  one 
variety  L.  T.  obtusifolia.  Hardy  decidu- 
ous tree.     Seed.     Rich  light  loam. 

LISIANTHUS.  Eight  species.  Stove 
plants,  evergreen,  herbaceous,  and  an- 
nual. Seed  or  cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

L.  Russellianus  is  a  half-hardy  bien- 
nial. Mr.  Cuthill,  of  Denmark  Hill, 
near  London,  is  its  most  successful  cul- 
tivator; and  the  directions  given  by 
him,  with  some  other  suggestions,  arc 
as  follow  : — 

Sow  the  first  week  of  March  in  a 
forty-eight  pot.  Fill  the  pot  very  firmly 
with  a  compost  of  loam,  and  leaf-mould 
or  peat,  in  equal  proportions,  mixed 
with  a  little  sand ;   over  the  compost 


L  I  S 


355 


LOA 


put  half  an  inch  in  depth  of  damp  sand, 
and  on  this,  being  first  pressed  flat,  the 
seed  is  to  be  sown,  and  covered  with  a 
little  dry  river-sand.  Cover  the  top  of 
the  pot  with  a  piece  of  glass,  and  keep 
in  a  temperature  ot  70^.  Mever  water 
on  the  top,  but  keep  in  a  pan  con- 
stantly supplied  with  water.  When  the 
seedlings  arc  three  weeks  old,  prick 
out  singly  into  sixties:  the  compost  as 
before,  with  plenty  of  drainage.  When 
established  give  water  abundantly,  both 
in  the  pans  and  over  the  foliage,  and 
keep  in  a  temperature  of  about  80='. 
In  August  top  them  at  every  joint,  and 
six  weeks  after  shift  into  forty-eights. 
Give  water  now  only  in  pans — for  the 
surface  of  the  earth  must  be  kept  dry — 
once  a  fortnight  in  dry  weather,  else 
once  a  month;  and  retain  the  plants 
through  the  winter  in  a  temperature  be- 
tween 503  and  qo^.  As  February  closes 
remove  them  to  a  temperature  of  about 
75",  moving  them,  as  soon  as  vegeta- 
tion is  renewed,  into  eights.  They  now 
require  a  high  temperature,  about  80'' 
or  So*-',  abundance  of  water,  and  some 
liquid-manure.  If  kept  in  a  pit  during 
the  winter,  they  must  not  at  first,  when 
moved  into  a  house,  be  exposed  to  the 
sun's  rays.  They  will  bloom  in  July, 
and  continue  in  flower  two  or  three 
months,  if  supplied  abundantly  with 
water  or  liquid  manure.  Dryness  of 
soil  occasions  a  speedy  fall  of  the  blos- 
soms.— Johnson''s  Gardener's  Almanack. 
.LISSANTHE.  Seven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings in  spring.  Sandy  peat.  Kepot 
into  larger  pots  before  moving  from 
green-house  in  summer. 

LISSOCHILUS  roseus.  Stove  epi- 
phvte.     Offsets.     Peat  and  potsherds. 

LISTS,  for  fiistening  trees  against 
walls,  are  usually  merely  shreds  ol" 
woollen  cloth  cut  into  lengths  varying 
from  two  to  four  inches.  Strips  of  very 
thin  sheet-lead  are  preferable  as  not 
harbouring  insects;  and,  if  there  be 
any  truth  in  electricity  being  beneficial 
to  growing  plants,  lead  thus  employed 
should  improve  their  growth  ;  for,  with 
the  nails,  it  forms  a  gentle  galvanic 
battery.  Wires  and  twine  have  been 
recommended  to  tie  the  branches  to  the 
walls;  but  the  process  is  tedious,  and 
cuts  are  inflicted,  inducing  gum  and 
canker.  Shreds  of  a  black,  blue,  or  red 
colour  look  best,  harmonizing  with  that 
of  the  leaves.    If  old  lists  are  re-em- 


ployed they  should  be  previously  boiled 
to  destroy  the  larvae  of  insects. 

LITHOSPERMUM.  Fifteen  species. 
Chiefly  hardy,  herbaceous,  and  ever- 
green perennials.  L.dispernum  and  L. 
tenuifiorum  are  annuals.  L.  dislichum, 
and  L.  scabrum  arc  green-house  herba- 
ceous. Seed  or  cuttings.  Light  calca- 
reous soil. 

LITT.^^A  geminiflora.  Green-house 
evergreen  perennial.  Suckers.  Sandy 
loam. 

LIVISTONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
palms.     Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

LOAM  is  a  very  indefinite  term:  al- 
most every  cultivator  of  the  soil  asso- 
ciates with  it  a  diff"erent  explanation. 
In  some  parts  of  England  clay  is  so 
called,  and  in  others  it  is  employed  to 
designate  brick-earth!  As  usually  em- 
ployed, it  really  is  only  synonymous 
with  the  word  soil  ;  for  it  has  to  be 
qualified  by  the  terms  turfy,  sandy, 
clayey,  and  chalky,  just  as  turf,  sand, 
clay,  or  chalk  predominate.  Then, 
what  is  hazel  loam  ?  Why,  no  other 
than  a  rich  friable  soil,  having  a  dark 
brown  or  hazel  colour,  owing  to  the 
[iredominance  of  decaying  vegetable 
matters.  Before  long,  we  hope  to  see 
determined  how  much  silica  is  to  be 
understood  as  existing  in  a  loam  termed 
sandy,  and  how  much  alumina  in  that 
which  is  correctly  termed  clayey. 

The  following  is  the  analysis  of  a 
hazel  loam  : — 

Silica  and  quartz  sand     .     .     95.0 

Alumina 3.0 

Vegetable  matters       .     .     .       5.0 

Oxide  of  iron 1.5 

Lime,  soda,  oxide  of  manganese  0.25 
Gypsum,  phosphate  of  lime,)      ^  g^ 

and  ciiinuion  salt  .  .  J 
Such  a  loam  is  useful  to  render  light 
soils  more  retentive,  and  heavy  soils 
more  porous;  but,  for  this  purpose, 
must  be  applied  at  the  rate  of  100  tons 
per  acre. 

Maiden  loam  is  soil  taken  from'  the 
surface  of  a  pasture. 

LOASA.  Nine  species.  Chiefly  hardy 
and  green-house  annuals.  L.  incana  is 
a  green-house  evergreen  trailer.  Seed. 
Light  soil.  L.  placei  is  a  dangerous 
stinging  plant.  Mr.  Halliday,  gardener 
at  Elmliam  Hall,  gives  these  directions 
for  cultivating  : — 

"L.  lateritia. — Plants  of  this,  saved 
from  seeds  sown  in  the  spring,  kept  in 
pots  during  the  summer,  shifted  twice 


LO  A 


356 


LOQ 


or  oflener  in  the  course  of  the  autumn, 
so  as  to  require  a  twenty-four  sized  pot 
about  March,  make  good  green-house 
plants  for  the  same  season.  Planted 
out  at  the  same  time  as  other  naif- 
hardies,  in  a  shaded  situation,  it  also 
makes  a  good  bed  for  the  flower-garden, 


green  tree.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat.     Little  water. 

LOPHOSPERMUM.  Three  species. 
Half-hardy  evergreen  climbers.  Cut- 
tings.    Rich  light  loam. 

LOPIMIA  malacophylla.  Stove  ever- 
green   shrub.     Young    cuttings.     Rich 


putting    a    stirt",   branchy    pea-stake    to  !  light  soil. 

each  plant  for  it  to  run  upon.     But  it        LOQ  U  AT.     Eriohotrya  japonica. 

best   unfolds   its  beauty  upon   a  north    The  following   are  the  best  directions 

wall,  planted   out  in  a  rich,  light   soil, 

with    four    or   more    pieces  of  line  to 

each  plant  for  the  shoots  to  climb." — 

Card.  Chron. 

LOAVINCt.     See  Heading. 

LOBELIA.  Eighty-four  species,  i  be  rejected  if  they  have  not  been  graft- 
Chiefly  hardy  and  green-house  herba-  ed  on  the  common  mespilus  gcrmanica, 
ceous  plants.     Some,  however,  are  an-  ,  or  some  other  nearly  allied  genius.'* 


ve  have  for  its  cultivation: — 

"  Light  sandy  loam,  which  is  na- 
turally rich,  suits  the  loquat  well. 
Young  plants  may  be  purchased  of  the 
London  nurserymen  ;   but  they  should 


nual,  and  others  require  the  heat  of  a  | 


They  may  be  propagated  by  seeds 


stove.     Herbaceous  are  propagated  by  '  or  layers  ;  but  if  so  raised,  they  must  be 
division;  shrubby  by  cuttings;  annuals    afterwards  grafted.  They  may  be  plant- 


Sandy  loam  and   peat   suit 
See    Animal 


by    seed, 
them  all. 

LOBSTER-SHELLS 
Matters. 

LOCUST-TREE.     Hymenma. 

LODDIGESIA  oxalidifolia.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

LOMATIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sand 
and  peat. 

LONCHITES.  Two  species.  Stove 
ferns.    Division.    Turfy  loam  and  peat. 

LONCHOCARPUS.  Nine  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Young  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 


ed  six  or  eight  feet  apart  in  the  house  ; 
but  when  they  become  too  crowded 
every  alternate  plant  should  be  re- 
moved on  small  hillocks  of  earth  cor- 
responding with  the  size  of  the  plants, 
which,  as  they  advance  in  growth,  may, 
trom  time  to  time,  have  fresh  earth 
added  to  their  roots  until  the  border  is 
filled  level.  Care  must  be  taken,  whilst 
the  plants  are  young,  to  make  them 
produce  the  requisite  quantity  of 
branches  close  to  the  graft,  by  shorten- 
ing the  shoots,  or  by  pinching  off  the 
tips. 

"  The   loquat  is  half-hardy  ;    and   it 
will   therefore  be  necessary  to  keep  a 


LONGCHAMPSIA  capiUifoUa.    little  fire  in  the  house  in  winter,  to  p're- 


Hardy  annual.     Seed 

LONDON-PRIDE 
brosa. 

LONICERA.     Honeysuckle 


Common  soil. 


vent  the  frost  from  injuring  the  plants. 
Saxifraga     um-  \  The  trees  bloom  naturally  at  that  sea- 
son ;  but  in  this  respect  are  almost  at 
Eigh-  i  the   command  of  the   gardener.     They 


teen  species.     Hardy  deciduous  shrubs    may  be  forced  into  bloom  in  autumn  ; 


and  twiners.  Cuttings  in  autumn.  Com- 
mon soil. 

LOOKING-GLASS  TREE.  Heri- 
tiera. 

LOOSESTRIFE.     Lysimachia. 

LOPEZIA.  Six  species.  Hardy  an- 
nuals and  green-house  biennials.  All 
require  to  be  raised  in  a  hot-bed  ;  the 
annuals  to  be  removed  to  a  south 
border,  and  the  others  to  the  green- 
house. 

LOPHANTHUS.  Five  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
and  cuttings.     Common  soil. 

LOPHIOLA  aurea.  Hardy  herbace- 
ous.    Division.     Damp  peat  soil. 

LOPHIRA    africana.     Stove    ever- 


or,  by  keeping  the  house  very  cool  in 
I  winter,  their  blooming  may  be  retarded 
,  until  spring. 

I      "  The  temperature,  during  the  grow- 
j  ing  seasons,  may  correspond  with  that 
I  which    is    given    to    the    peach    when 
forced. 

"  When  the  fruit  is  gathered,  more  air 
should  be  admitted  into  the  house.  In 
autumn  the  sashes  might  be  entirely  re- 
moved, for  a  short  time,  so  long  as  there 
is  no  danger  of  frost. 

"  Though  a  separate  house  is  highly 
desirable  to  cultivate  the  loquat  in,  it 
by  no  means  follows  that  it  will  not 
grow  and  fruit  elsewhere.  If  it  can  be 
accommodated  with  ^the  back-wall  of  a 


LOR 


357 


LUI 


pine  or  plant-stove,  with  a  border  of 
two  or  three  I'eet  in  breadth  to  grow  in, 
it  will  succeed  remarkably  well.  It  is  ' 
far  from  being  a  tender  tree,  or  one 
difficult  to  manage,  being  of  a  robust, 
healthy  habit,  and  requiring  but  little 
attention. 

"  Some  people  eat  the  fruit  before  it  is 
quite  ripe,  at  which  period  it  has  an 
agreeable  acid  flavour;  but  to  obtain  a 
luscious,  melting,  highly-flavoured  fruit, 
it  should  hang  on  the  trees  until  some- 
what shrivelled.  It  is  probable  that  the 
fruit  would  ripen  on  the  back-wall  of 
some  green-house,  if  it  had  plenty  of 
light  and  air ;  at  all  events  it  is  worth  a 
trial." — Gard.  Ch}-on. 

LORD  ANSON'S  PEA.  Lathyrus] 
magcllanuits. 

LOTE.     Zizyphus  lotus.  \ 

LOTUS.     Forty   species.     Mostly , 
hardy  and  half-hardy  annual  and  peren- 
nial trailers.     Perennials  are  increased 
by  cuttings  ;   and  the  annuals  by  seed, 
in  any  light  soil. 

LOUREA.  Two  species.  Stove  bi- 
ennials.    Seed.     Light  rich  loam.  | 

LOUSEWORT.     Pedicular  is.  \ 

LOUSE.     See  Aphis.  \ 

LOVE-APPLE.  Lycopersicon  escu- 
lentuni.     See  Tomato.  ' 

LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING,  Amaran-\ 
thus  caudalus. 

LOWEA  berberrifolia.  Half-hardy 
deciduous  shrub.  Seed  and  layers; 
sandy  loam  and  peat.  Common  salt 
applied  occasionally  is  beneficial.  j 

LOZOTiENIA  rosaria,  is  a  small 
moth,  of  which  the  caterpillar  feeds 
upon  the  leaves  of  the  rose  tree.  Mr. 
Curtis  says,  that — "  The  eggs  are  laid 
in  the  summer  or  autumn,  and  hatch 
with  the  opening  leaves ;  and  the  little 
caterpillar  begins  at  once  to  form  a  re- 
sidence l)y  drawing  two  or  more  leaflets 
together,  on  which  it  feeds.  This  ope- 
ration soon  points  out  where  the  cater- 
pillar is,  and  the  best  method  wliich 
we  know  of  getting  rid  of  it,  is  hand- 
picking,  which  should  be  practised  as 
soon  as  the  operation  of  the  caterpillar 
becomes  visible." — Gard.  Chron. 

LVCV  LI  A  gratissima.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  i 

Propagation  by  Cuttings. — "  In  pro- 
pagating this  take  a  piece  of  light  peat 
and  break  it  quite  hue,  add  about  one- 
third  of  fine  silver  sand,  mix  this  well 
together,  and  taking  some  small  thumb 
pots,  place  one  crock  at  the  bottom  of 


each  pot,  and  fill  them  with  the  above 
compost,  about  three  parts  full,  press 
this  down  in  the  centre  of  the  pot,  and 
fill  the  remainder  of  the  pot  with  silver 
sand  ;  give  them  a  good  watering  to 
settle  the  cuttings,  then  take  a  large 
pot  and  fill  it  half  full  of  draining,  and 
the  remainder  with  sand  or  gravel,  and 
then  plunge  four  of  the  little  pots  in 
this  large  one,  and  place  a  bell-glass 
over  them.  Plunge  in  bottom-heat,  and 
in  about  a  month  the  cuttings  are  rooted 
and  fit  for  potting  off  into  small  sixty- 
pots  ;  keep  them  close  for  about  a  week 
or  so." 

Grafting.  —  Mr.  Beaton  grafts  the 
Luculia  upon  stocks  of  Burchellia  ca- 
pensis. — Gard.  Chron. 

After-Culture.  —  "Drainage  is  abso- 
lutely indispensable  for  JmcuHq.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  and  early  autumnal 
months  water  should  be  freely  supplied, 
and  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  as 
well  as  the  whole  plant,  repeatedly 
washed  with  the  fine  rose  of  the  syringe. 
The  general  waterings  must  also  be 
gradually  diminished  in  September,  and 
afterwards  administered  very  sparingly, 
for  the  fine  fibrous  roots  are  easily  in- 
jured by  too  much  moisture.  It  requires 
a  much  cooler  treatment  than  it  gene- 
rally receives,  and  should  never  be 
grown  in  a  pot  when  it  can  be  planted 
out  in  a  conservatory." — Gard.  Chron. 

"  It  is  not  inclined  to  grow  naturally, 
and  therefore  should  not  be  stimulated 
in  the  spring  and  early  summer.  During 
that  period  it  sliould  be  kept  in  a  green- 
house :  towards  the  end  of  May  and 
the  beginning  of  June,  it  should  be 
planted  out  in  a  warm  place  rather 
sheltered  t'rom  the  sun.  In  August  or 
September  it  should  be  taken  up  and 
repotted,  and  placed  in  a  vinery  or  cool 
hot-house.  It  will  then  grow  vigorous- 
ly, and  form  its  head  of  blossoms, 
which  are  both  beautiful  and  fragrant, 
and  expand  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  winter.  It  may  be  kept  in  the 
drawing  room  without  injury  till  it  has 
done  flowering,  and  should  then  be  re- 
turned to  the  green-house." — Gard. 
Chron. 

LUCUMA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Ripe  cuttings.  Rich 
sandy  loam. 

LUHEA  paninilata.  Stove  ever- 
green climber.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

L  U  I  S  I  A  alpina.     Stove  epiphyte. 


LUM 


358 


LYO 


Lateral  shoots, six  inches  long;  attached  either  in  patches  in  the  different  corn- 
to  blocks  of  charred  wood.  ;  partments  as  already  observed,  for  the 
LUMNITZERA  moschata,  a  green-  plants  to  remain  where  sowed  ;  or  may 
house  annual ;  and  L.  <enu(^ora,  a  stove  ;  be  sowed  in  beds  in  drills  for  trans- 
herbaceous  perennial.  The  first  by  plantation  ;  but  as  the  plants  generally 
seed,  the  second  by  division.     Common  |  send  their  roots  deep  into  the  ground, 


soil. 

LUNARIA.  Honesty.  Two  species. 
Hardy  biennial  and  perennial.  Seed. 
Common  shaded  soil. 

LUNGWORT.     Pnlmonaria. 

LUPINUS.  Lupine.  Fifty-seven 
species.  Chiefly  hardy  annual  and  herb- 
aceous plants.  Of  these  the  propagation 
is  effected  by  seed  in  the  open  ground 
in  March,  April,  and  May,  observing 
that  as  too  copious  moisture  is  apt  to 
rot  the  seed,  they  should  not  be  sowed 


they  generally  succeed  best  when  per- 
mitted to  remain  where  raised. — Aber- 
cromhie. 

LUXEMBURGIA  ciliosa.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light  rich 
loam. 

LYCASTE.  Four  species.  Stove 
epiphyte.  Off"sets.  Peat  and  pot- 
sherds. 

LYCHNIS.  Twenty  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous,  except  L.  ccelirosa  and  L. 
fcithago,  which  are  annuals.     Seed  or 


earlier  than  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  divisions,  the  latter  to  be  annually  re- 


March,  except  on  very  dry,  warm  soils. 
The  annual  sorts  should  be  sowed  at  I 


peated.     Light  rich  loam. 

LYCIUM.     Sixteen  species.     Hardy 


once  in  the  places  where  the  plants  are  1  and    half-hardy    deciduous    and    ever- 
to  flower,  for  they  d6  not  succeed  by    green   shrubs  and  climbers.     Cuttings. 


transplantation,  and  to  have  a  succes- 
sion of  bloom,  about  three  or  four  dif- 
ferent sowings  may  be  necessary  from  i 
about  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  March 
until  June,  especially  the  yellow  sort, 
whose  bloom  is  rather  of  short  dura- 
tion; observinsj  to  sow  all  the  sorts  in 


Light  loam. 

LYCOPERSICON.  Nine  spe- 
cies. Hardy  annuals,  except  L.  peru- 
vianum,  which  is  a  stove  herbaceous 
perennial.     See  Love-Apple. 

LYON,  John.  Mr.  Lyon  was  born 
in  Scotland, and  emigrated  to  this  coun- 


patches,  four,  five,  or  six  seeds  in  each,  try  about  the  commencement  oftlie  pre- 
near  an  inch  deep,  and  when  the  plants  sent  century.  He  shortly  thereafter 
come  up,  leave  only  three  of  the  best  [entered  into  the  employ  of  the  late 
of  them,  though  of  the  large  kind  one  \Vm.  Hamilton,  and,  for  several  years, 
or  two  may  be  sufficient  in  each  place,  superintended  his  choice  collection  of 
When  large  quantities  are  required  for,  exotic  plants  at  the  "Woodlands."  Mr. 
nosegays  to  supply  the  markets,  &c.,  as  Lyon  subsequently  became  a  regular 
practised  about  London  with  the  yellow!  collector  of  American  plants  and  seeds 
sweet  scented  sort,  they  may  be  sowed  I  for  exportation,  and  in  the  prosecution 
in  rows  in  beds,  drilling  them  in  an  inch  '  of  his  object  made  frequent  excursions 
deep,  allowing  a  foot  between  the  rows,  i  to  the  south  and  west.  His  collections 
Keep  them  clean  from  weeds,  which  is  i  were  usually  congregated  at  the  Nur- 
all  the  culture  they  require:  the  first  i  sery  grounds  of  his  friends  at  Phila- 
sown  plants  will  furnish  plenty  of  ripe  |  delphia,  and,  when  properly  prepared, 
seed.  If  some  seeds  are  sowed  in  au-  ]  were  by  him  taken  to  Europe.  He 
tumn,  in  September,  in  a  warm  dry  situ-  made  a  number  of  trips  to  England, 
ation,  the  plants  will  come  up,  and  i  each  tmie  carrying  with  him  large  lots 
often  stand  the  winter  tolerably  well,    of  our  native   plants,  which   met  with 


and  flower  early  the  following  year 
or,  if  some  are  sowed  in  pots,  especial- 
ly the  giant  sort,  comprising  the  Large 
Blue,  and  the  Rose  Lupine,  which  in 
wet  autumns  ripen  seed  but  indifferent- 
ly, so  that  by  placing  the  pots  in  a  gar- 
den frame,  to  haveoccasional  protection 
from  hard  frost,  they  will  flower  early 
in  the  following  summer,  so  as  to  per- 
fect seeds  before  they  are  attacked  by 
the  autumnal  rains. 


ready  sale  at  liberal  prices.  Thirty  or 
forty  years  ago  the  communication  with 
Europe  was  not  so  trifling  a  matter  as 
at  present,  and  a  journey  of  some  thou- 
sand miles  in  search  of  floral  treasures, 
and  their  transportation  across  the  At- 
lantic, was  quite  an  event  in  the  horti- 
cultural world.  ]Mr.  Lyon  was  a  man 
of  cultivated  mind,  and,  to  a  good  plain 
education,  such  as  most  of  his  country- 
men receive,  he  had  added  the  results 


The   perennial   sort  may  be  sowed    of  extensive  reading  and  observation. 


L  YO 


359 


MAG 


He  died  about  the  year  1S16,  whilst  on  \  the  art,  of  which  it  treated,  was  in  the 
a  collecting  journey  in  Tennessee,  from  '  " 
fever    contracted    by    exposure    whilst 
travelling  on  horseback, 

LYON  I  A.  Six  species.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.  Layers  and  seed. 
Peat. 

LYONSIA  straminea.  Stove  ever- 
green twiner.  Cuttings.  Loam  and  peat. 
L  Y  S  I  M  A  C  11 1  A  .  Twenty  spe- 
cies. Hardy  herbaceous  perennials  and 
annuals,  except  L.atropurpurea  and  L. 
maculata,  which  require  a  green-house. 
L.  thyrsijlora  is  an  aquatic.  Annuals 
by  seed  ;  others  by  division.  Common 
soil. 

LYSINEMA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

LYTHRUM.  Eleven  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  and  annuals.  Division  or 
seed.     Common  soil. 

MABA  buxifolia,  a  stove  evergreen 
shrub,  .Tud  M.  laurina,  a  green-house 
evergreen  trailer.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

MACLEANIA  longiflora.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light 
loam. 

M.'i.CLEAYA  cordata.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Division,  and  seeds. 
Rich  mould. 

MACLURA.  Three  species.  M. 
aurantiaca  is  a  hardy  deciduous  tree  ; 
the  two  others,  stove  evergreen  trees. 
Ripe  cuttings.  Turfy  loam  and  peat. 
M.  aurantiaca,  the  Osage  Orange,  is 
admirably  adapted  for  hedges  :  it  is  ot 
rapid  growth,  perfectly  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Pennsylvania,  is  not  subject  to 
disease,  is  armed  with  sharp  spines 
which  pain  on  puncture,  and,  abound- 
ing in  acrid  juice,  is  not  browsed  by  cat 


United  States  much  needed.  He  was 
said  to  have  been  a  man  of  liberal  edu- 
cation, and  an  ardent  admirer  of  horti- 
culture. It  is  probable  his  love  for  it 
led  to  his  emt)arking  in  the  sale  of 
plants  and  seeds  as  a  profession.  In 
connection  with  his  seed-store,  Mr.  M. 
established  a  Nursery  near  the  city,  and 
concentrated  many  interesting  speci- 
mens on  his  trrouiuls.  They  were,  at  a 
later  day,  under  the  management  of  his 
son,  but  are  now,  we  believe,  no  longer 
cultivated  as  a  Nursery. 

MACRADENIA.  Three  species. 
Stove  orchids.     Division.     Wood. 

MACROCNEMUM.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

M  A  C  R  0  P  O  D  I  U  M  laciniatum. 
A  hardy  annual,  increased  by  seeds;  and 
M.  nivale,  a  hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nial, increased  by  cuttings.  A  light 
rich  soil  suits  them  both. 

M  A  C  R  O  T  Y  S  racemosa.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Rich 
soil. 

MADAGASCAR  NUTMEG.  Aga- 
thophyllum. 

MAD.\GASCAR  POTATO.  Solamim 
anguivi. 

MAD-APPLE.     Solanum  insanum. 
MADDER.     Rubia. 
MADIA.     Two  species.     Hardy  an- 
nuals.    Seeds.     Common  soil. 
MADWORT.     Alyssum. 
M.ESA.     Five  species.     Stove  ever- 
green shrubs  or  trees.     Cuttings.     Peat 
and  loam. 

MAGNOLIA.  Fourteen  species. 
They  are  chiefly  hardy  deciduous  trees, 
but  M.  grandiflora,  and  its  varieties, 
require   protection   in    Pennsylvania,  in 


tie.  With  these  qualities  it  is,  we  think,}  severe  winters,  especially  if  the  soil  be 


destined  to  be  extensively  used    as  a 
hedge  plant. 

M'MAHON,  Bernard,  was  a    native 


not  thoroughly  drained.  The  next  most 
worthy  of  cultivation  are  M.  acuminata, 
M.  macrophylla,  M.  glauca,  and  M.  pur- 


of  Ireland.    Implicated  in  thedisastrous   purea. 


rebellion  of  "98,  he  fled  to  this  country, 
and  was  for  some  years  connected  with 
a  political  newspaper  of  Philadelphia. 
Our  purpose  is,  however,  to  refer  to  Mr. 


Planting. — The  best  season  for  plant- 
ing all  the  species  is  early  in  spring, 
though  as  those  sorts  which  are  in  pots 
may   be    turned    out  with    the    ball   of 


M'Mahon  as  associated  with  the  subject  earth  about  their  roots,  they  may  be 
of  this  work.  Mr.  M.  ultimately  esta-  1  occasionally  transplanted  in  October  or 
blished  himself  as  a  Nursery  and  Seeds-  beginning  of  November.  Observe,  as 
man  in  that  city,  and  published  an  ex-  they  are  rather  of  a  tender  nature  in 
cellent  book  on  gardening,  the  "  Ame-  their  younger  growth,  it  is  proper  to 
rican  Gardener's  Calendar,"  which  was  allot  them  a  sheltered  sunny  situation, 
favourably  received,  and  opportunely  and  dry  soil ;  and  all  of  them  should  he 
issued,  for  at  that  time  information  on  I  stationed  in  the  most  conspicuous  point 


MAG 


360 


MAN 


of  view,  and  not  too  closely  crowded  |  grow  well  in  any  rich  soil.     The  hardy 


with  shrubs  of  inferior  merit 

MAGPIE  MOTH.     See  Abraxas. 

MAHERNIA.  Thirteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings  taken  off  at  a  joint.  Loam  and 
sandy  peat. 

MAHONIA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
or  half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  M. 
nervosa  is  deciduous.  Layers  or  ripe 
cuttings.     Sand,  peat,  and  loam. 

MAIDEN  HAIR.  Passifiora  adian- 
tum,   and    Adiantum   capillus  veneris, 

ifC. 

MAIDEN-HAIR  TREE.  Salishuria 
adiantifoUa. 

MAIDEN  TREE  is  a  seedling  tree 
which  has  not  been  grafted. 

The  time  which  elapses  before  seed- 
lings attain  a  bearing  age  is  very  vari- 
ous. The  pear  requires  from  twelve  to 
eighteen  years  ;  the  apple  five  to  thir- 
teen ;  plum  and  cherry  four  to  five; 
vine  three  to  four  ;  raspberry  two  ;  and 
the  strawberry  one. 

MAJORANA.  Four  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  M.  hortensis 
a  hardy  annual.  Slips  or  cuttings. 
They  succeed  well  in  a  sandy  soil  and 
a  dry  situation. 

MALABAR  LEAF.  Cinnamomum 
Malabatrum. 

MALABAR  NIGHTSHADE.  Ba- 
sclla. 

MALABAR  NUT.  Justicia  adha- 
toda. 

MALABAR  ROSE.  Hibiscus  Rosa 
Malabarica. 

MALACHODENDRON  ovatum. 
Hardy  deciduous  tree.  Layers  or  ripe 
cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

MALAY  APPLE.  Jambosa  malac- 
censis. 

MALASIS  paludosa.  Hardy  orchid. 
Division.     Sandy  peat. 

MALESHERBIA.  Two  species, 
(ireen-house  annuals.  Seeds.  Sandy 
loam. 

MALFORMATION.    See  Deformity. 

MALLOW.     Malva. 

MALOPE.  Two  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.    Common  soil. 

MALPIGHIA.  Fourteen  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Light  soil. 

MALT  DUST.  See  Vegetable  Ma- 
nures. 

MALVA.  Mallow.  Forty-eight  spe- 
cies. The  stove  and  green-house  ever- 
green shrubs  increase  by  cuttings,  and 


and  half-hardy  herbaceous  kinds 
crease  by  division  or  by  seeds.  The 
hardy  annuals  by  seeds,  and  common 
soil. 

MALVAVISCUS.       Three    siSecies. 
Stove     evergreen     shrubs.       Cuttings. 
,  Loam  and  peat. 

MAMMEA  americana.     Stove  ever- 
j  green  fruit  tree.    Ripe  cuttings.    Sandy 
loam. 

I  MAMESTRA.  M.  brassica,  M.  ole- 
racea.  The  whole  cabbage  tribe  are 
subject  to  the  attacks  of  the  caterpillars 
of  these  moths,  known  as  the  Cabbage 
and  White -line  Brown- eyed  Mollis. 
These  appear  in  June  or  May.  The 
Cabbage  Moth  is  light  brown,  with  wavy 
marked  wings;  its  caterpillar  is  green 
stained  with  grey,  with  a  dark  line 
down  the  back.  The  White-line  Moth  is 
rusty  brown,  and  its  upper  wings  wliite 
margined,  with  an  orange  coloured  spot 
near  it;  caterpillar  brownish.  Hand- 
picking  or  lime  dust  are  the  only  reme- 
dies.— Curtis. 

MAMMILLARIA.  Seventy- eight 
species.  Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Off- 
sets.    Sandy  peat. 

MANDARIN  ORANGE.  Citrus  no- 
bilis. 

MANETTIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Young  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

MANGIFERA.  Mango  Tree.  Two 
species.  Stove  evergreen  tropical  fruit 
trees.  Ripe  cuttings,  or  fresh  seeds 
imported  from  the  places  of  their  natural 
growth.  Turfy  sandy  loam,  or  loam 
and  peat.  The  mango  thrives  best  in  a 
temperature  of  60^.  It  does  not  require 
bottom  heat.  Leaf-mould  is  a  good 
manure.  It  must  not  be  pruned,  for 
excessive  bleeding  always  follows. 

MANGO  GINGER.    Curcuma  amada. 

MANGO  TREE.     See  Mangifera. 

MANICARIA  saccifera.  A  tine  palm 
tree.     Seeds.     Rich  loam. 

MANNA.    Alhagi. 

MANNA  ASH.     Ornus  rotundijolia. 

MANULEA.  Eleven  species 
Chiefly  green-house  annuals  and  ever- 
green shrubs,  or  stove  herbaceous  per- 
ennials. Cuttings  or  seeds.  Peat  and 
sand,  or  vegetable  mould. 

MANURES.  Manures  are  animal, 
vegetable  and  mineral  ;  they  directly 
assist  the  growth  of  plants,  first,  by 
entering  into  their  composition  ;  second- 
ly, by  absorbing  and  retaining  moisture 


MAN 


361 


MAN 


from  the  atmosphere  ;  thirdly,  by  ab- 
sorbing the  gases  of  the  atmosphere; 
fourthly,  by  stimulating  the  vascular 
system  of  the  plants.  Manures  approxi- 
mately assist  vegetation,  first,  by  kill- 
ing predatory  vermin  and  weeds ;  se- 
condly, by  promoting  the  decomposition 
of  stubborn  organic  remains  in  the  soil ; 
thirdly,  by  protecting  incumbent  plants 
from  violent  changes  of  temperature. 

All  these  properties  seldom  if  ever 
occur  in  one  species  of  manure,  but 
each  is  usually  particularized  by  pos- 
sessing one  or  more  in  a  superior  de- 
gree. That  is  the  most  generally  appli- 
cable manure,  which  is  composed  of 
matters  essential  to  the  growth  of  plants: 
the  chief  of  these  are  carbon,  hydrogen, 
and  oxygen;  therefore  all  animal  and 
vegetable  substances  are  excellent  ma- 
nures. It  would  evidently  be  of  great 
benefit,  if  every  plant  could  be  manured 
with  the  decaying  parts  of  its  own  spe- 
cies; tiie  ancients  made  this  a  particular 
object.  We  read  that  those  vines  were 
the  most  fruitful,  which  were  manured 
with  their  own  leaves  and  prunings,  and 
the  skins  of  expressed  grapes.  This 
rule  might  be  so  far  followed,  as  that 
the  stems  of  potatoes,  peas,  &c.,  could 
be  dug  respectively  into  the  compart- 
ments where  those  crops  are  intended 
to  be  grown  in  the  following  year. 

Of  the  less  general  manures  which 
benefit  plants  by  entering  into  their 
composition,  a  few  words  will  suftice. 
Sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum)  is  a  compo- 
nent of  clover,  lucerne,  turnips,  &c.; 
hence  it  has  been  applied  with  benefit 
to  these  crops  on  such  soils  as  did  not 
already  contain  it.  Bones  broken  small 
have  lately  become  a  very  general  ma- 
nure; their  utility  is  easily  accounted 
for.  The  bones  of  oxen  contain  about 
fifty  per  cent,  of  gelatine,  which  is 
soluble  in  water,  and  rapidly  becomes 
putrescent.  The  remainder  is  chiefly 
phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  salts 
which  are  components  of  wheat,  rve, 
barley,  oats,  peas,  beans,  vines,  cucum- 
bers, potatoes,  garlic,  onions,  truffles, 
&c. 

Common  salt  also  is  employed  as  a 
manure,  and  is  beneficial,  partly  in  con- 
sequence of  entering  into  the  constitu- 
tion of  plants. 

Some  manures  ameliorate  a  soil  by 
absorbing  moisture  from  theatmosphere. 
This  property  is  at  least  as  beneficial  to 
ground    that   is   aluminous    as    to    that 


which  is  siliceous;  for  it  is  equally  use- 
less to  either  during  such  periods  of  the 
year  as  are  characterized  by  a  plentiful 
deposition  of  rain;  but  in  the  drought 
of  summer,  when  moisture  is  much 
wanting  to  plants,  it  is  beneficial  to 
both;  in  very  dry  seasons  it  is  even 
of  greater  importance  to  clayey  than 
to  light  soils  ;  for  vegetation  on  the 
former  suffers  more  from  long  continued 
drought  than  on  the  latter,  inasmuch  as 
that  moisture  being  equally  exhaled 
from  each,  the  surface  of  the  clayey 
soil  becomes  caked  and  impervious  to 
air,  the  only  grand  source  of  compensa- 
tory moisture  that  is  available  to  the 
languishing  plants,  and  which  is  more 
open  to  those  which  grow  on  light,  and, 
consequently,  more  pervious  soils. 

The  following  table  of  the  compara- 
tive absorbent  powers  of  many  manures, 
is  extracted  chiefly  from  An  Essay  on 
the  Use  of  Salt  in  Agriculture,  by  Mr. 
Cuthbert  Johnson. 

Parts. 
Horse-dung  evaporated  pre-^ 
viously  to    dryness,  at    a  | 
temperature  of  100^,  ab-  1 
sorbed  during  an  exposure  f" 
of  three  hours  to  air  satu-  \ 
rated  with  moisture  at  62'^ J 
Putrefied      tanners'      bark,~ 
under      similar      circum- 
stances (66')        .... 
Unputrefied  tanners'  bark 

Cowdung 130 

Pig  dung 120 

Sheep  dung 81 

Pigeon  dung oO 

Refuse  marine  salt  (GC^)  .      .       49i 

.     Soot  (68°) 36 

Burnt  clay 29 

The  richest  soil  (in  one  hour)       23 

Coal  ashes 14 

Lime  (part  carbonate)       .     .       11 
Crushed  rock  salt     ....       10 

Gypsum 9 

Ciialk 4 

The  absorbing  power  of  a  manure  is 
much  influenced  by  the  state  in  which 
it  is  presented  to  the  atmosphere,  lii 
a  finely  divided  state  mere  capillary  at- 
traction assists  it;  hence,  the  import- 
ance of  keeping  the  soil  frequently 
stirred  by  hoeing,  &c.  But  a  mere 
mass  of  cotton,  by  means  of  capillary 
attraction,  will  absorb  moisture  from  the 
air,  yet  it  parts  with  it  at  a  very  slight 
elevation  of  temperature  :  it  is  of  im- 
portance therefore  to  ascertain   whiuli 


145 


145 
115 


MAN 


363 


MAN 


are  the  manures  that  not  only  absorb 
but   retain    moisture  powerfully.     The 
following   results    of   my   experiments 
throw  some  light  on  this  point : — 
Pig  dung  evaporated  to  dry-~ 
ness  at  a  temperature  of 
106°,  and  then  moistened 
with  six  parts    of   water,  ^  135' 
required  for  being  reduced 
to   dryness    again,  at  the 
above  temperature  i 

Horse-dung    under    similar  ) 
circumstances  i 


90 


Common  sail 75 

Soot 75 

Rich  soil 32 

Chalk 29 

Poor  soil  (siliceous)  ....     23 

Gypsum 18 

These  experiments  point  out  a  cri- 
terion by  which  we  easily  ascertain  the 
comparative  richness  of  any  two  given 
soils  or  manures  ;  the  most  fertile  will 
be  most  absorbent  and  retentive. 

Some  manures  increase  the  growth 
and  vigour  of  plants  by  stimulating  their 
absorbent  and  assimilating  organs. 


which  by  a  few  hours'  exposure  to  the 
air  subsides  into  a  gray  or  black  hue. 
The  first  colour  appears  to  arise  from 
the  oxyde  of  iron  which  all  soils  con- 
tain, being  in  the  state  of  the  red  or 
protoxide;  by  absorbing  more  oxygen 
during  the  exposure,  it  is  converted 
into  the  black  or  peroxide.  Hence  one 
of  the  benefits  of  frequently  stirring 
soils ;  the  roots  of  incumbent  plants 
abstract  the  extra  dose  of  oxygen,  and 
reconvert  it  to  the  protoxide.  Coal 
ashes,  in  common  with  all  carbona- 
ceous matters,  have  the  power  of 
strongly  attracting  oxygen.  Every  gar- 
dener may  have  observed  how  rapidly 
a  bright  spade  of  iron  left  foul  with 
coal  ashes,  becomes  covered  with  rust, 
or  red  oxide. 

All  animal  and  vegetable  manures 
absorb  oxygen  from  the  air  during  pu- 
trefaction ?  If  it  be  required  of  what 
benefit  this  property  is  to  plants,  since 
the  gases  are  freely  presented  to  them 
in  the  atmosphere,  it  admits  the  ready 
answer,  that  they  enjoy  the  additional 
quantity  which  is  thus  collected  to  the 


The  stimulating  powers  of  excremen-  ,  vicinity  of  their   roots,  without  the  lat- 
titious  manures  arise  from  the  salts  of  ter  source  being  diminished;  and  that 


ammonia  they  contain. 


i  plants  are  benefited  by  such  additional 


Sir  H.  Davy  found  vegetation  assisted  ,  application  to  their  radiculae  has  been 
by  solutions  of  muriate  of  ammonia  (sal-  ,  proved  by  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Hill. 


ammoniac),  carbonate  of  ammonia  (vol 
atile  salt),  and  acetate  of  ammonia. 
Night  soil,  one  of  the  most  beneficial 
of  manures,  surpasses  all  others  in  the 
abundance  of  its  ammoniacal  consti- 
tuents in  the  proportion  of  three  to  one, 


The  question  may  also  be  asked, 
whether  the  roots  have  the  power  to 
extract  the  oxygen  from  its  combina- 
tion ?  That  they  have  this  power  ad- 
mits of  little  doubt,  since  Saussure 
found    that    they  were  able  to  extract 


It  may  be  observed,  that  the  nearer  j  various  saline  bodies  from  their  combi- 
any  animal  approaches  to  man  in  the  '  nations  ;  not  only  extracting  but  select- 
nature  of  its  food,  the  more  fertilizing    ing  in  those  cases  where  several  salts 


is  the  manure  it  affords. 

I  have  no   doubt  that  a   languishing  I 


were  in  the  same  solution. 

Dr.  Daubeny,  the  Oxford  professor  of 


plant,  one,  for  example,  that  has  been  I  agriculture,  has  also  shown  that  stron- 
kept  very  long  with  its  roots  out  of  the  '  tian  is  rejected  by  barley,  pelargoniums, 
earth,  as  an  orange  tree  recently  im-  and  the  winged  pea. 
ported  from  Italy,  might  be  most  rapid-  [  Carbonic  acid  is  also  of  benefit  to 
iy  recovered,  if  its  stem  and  branches  plants,  when  applied  to  their  roots  in 
were  steeped  in  a  tepid  weak  solution  an  advanced  stage  of  their  growth. 
of  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and  when  [  Animal  and  vegetable  matters  evolve 
planted,  an  uncorked  phial  of  the  so.-  this  gas  whilst  putrefying  ;  and  I  am 
lution  were  suspended  to  one  of  the  '  not  aware  of  any  manure  that  absorbs 
branches,  to  impregnate  the  atmosphere    it  from  the  atmosphere,  so  as  to  be  for 


slightly  with  its  stimulating  fumes. 


that    reason    beneficial    to    vegetation. 


Manures  are  also  of  benefit  to  plants  1  Lime  attracts  it  rapidly,  but  combines 
by  affording  some  of  the  gases  of  the  I  with  it  so  strongly  that  it  is  useless  to 


atmosphere  to  their  roots  in  a  concen 
trated  form.  A  soil,  when  first  turned 
up  by  the  spade  or  plough,  has  gene- 
rally a   red  tint,  of  various  intensity. 


the  plant,  until  the  carbonate  of  lime 
so  formed  is  imbibed  and  elaborated. 

Manures  assist  plants  by  destroying 
predatory  vermin  and  weeds.     This  is 


MAP 


363 


MAR 


not  a  property  of  animal  and  vegetable 
manures — they  foster  both  those  ene- 
mies of  our  crops.     Salt  and  lime  are 


plant ;  sow. — Cardoons,  sow,  e. — Car- 
roway,  sow. — Carrots,  sow,  e. — Cauli- 
flowers, plant  from  fiaines  ;  give  air  to 


very  efficient  destroyers  of  slugs,  snails,  i  those   under  glass;    prick    out    spring- 


grubs,  &c. 


raised  ;  sow,  b. — Celeriac,  sow. — Cele- 


Stable  manure,  and  all  decomposing  '  ry,  sow;  dress  and  earth  up. — Cliamo- 
animal  and  vegetable  substances,  have  w/Ze,  plant.  —  Chervil,  sow. — Chives, 
a  tendency  to  promote  the  decay  of  plant. —  Clary,  sow. —  Cress,  sow. — 
stubborn  organic  remains  in  the  soil,  ■  Composes,  prepare. — Coriander,  sow,  e. 
on  the  principle  that  putrescent  sub- j — Corn  Salad, sow. — Dill, sow. — Dung, 
stances  hasten  the  process  of  putrefac-  :  prepare  for  hot-beds. — Fennel,  sow  or 
tion  in  other  organic  bodies  with  which  plant. — Garlick,  plant. — Horse-radish, 
ihey  come  in  contact.  Salt,  in  a  small  ;  plant. — Hot-beds,  make,  line,  Stc. — Hys- 
proportion,  has  been  demonstrated  by  j  sop,  sow,  e.  —  Jerusalem  Artichokes, 
Sir  J.  Pringle  to  be  gifted  with  a  similar  |  plant. — Kale  (Sea),  plant  or  sow  ;  force, 
septic  property,  and  that  lime  rapidly  j  — Kidney  Beans,  sow  ;  attend  to  those 
breaks  down  the  texture  of  organized  j  forcing. — Lavender,  p]3.nt. — Leeks,  sow. 
matters  is  well  known.  i  — Lettuces,  sow  ;  prick   out,  and  plant 

There  is  no  doubt  that  rich  soils,  or  •  out  from  frames. — Liquid  Manure,  give 
those  abounding  in  animal  and  vegeta- j  to  cabbages, &c. — Liquorice, p\Ant,h. — 
ble  remains,  are  less  liable  to  change  Marigolds,  sow, — Marjoram,  sow  and 
in  temperature  with  that  of  the  incum- '  plant.  —  Mint,  plant;  clean  beds. — 
bent  atmosphere,  than  those  of  a  poorer  '  Mus/iroom  Beds,  attend  to;  make. — 
constitution.  This  partly  arises  from  I  Mustard  and  Cress,  sow. — Nasturtiums, 
causes  explained  when  treating  of  the  j  sow. — Onions,  sow,  put  out  buttons  or 
influence  of  the  colour  of  soils  upon  setts,  plant  for  seed,  b.;  (Potato  and 
vegetation.  Some  manures,  as  salt,  '  Tree),  plant. —  Orach,  sow. — Parsley, 
protect  plants  from  suffering  by  sudden  ;  (Com.  and  Hamb.)  sow. — Parsnips, sow. 


reductions  of  temperature,  by  entering 
in  their  system  ;  stimulating,  and  ren- 
dering them  more  vigorous,  impreg- 
nating their  sap,  and,  consequently, 
rendering  it  less  liable  to  be  congealed. 
— Princ.  of  Gardening. 

MAPLE.     Acer. 

MARANTA.  Fifteen  species, 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division, 
rich  soil. 

MARATTIA.  Two  species, 
perennial  ferns.  Division  or 
Loam  and  peat. 

MARCETFA  exroriata.  Stove  shrub. 
Cuttings.     Rich  light  loam. 

MARCGRAAVLA.  Two  species. 
Curious  stove  evergreen  shrubby  creep- 
ing plants.  Cuttings.  Turfy  loam  and 
peat. 

M.ARCH  is  a  bnsy  month,  as  will 
appear  from  the  following  calendarial 
directions: — 


Peas,  sow. — Pompions  and  Purslane, 
sow,  e. — Potatoes,  plant. — Pennyroyal, 
plant.  —  Radishes,  sow  ;  —  Rampion, 
sow. — Rape  (com.  and  edible-rooted), 
sow,  e. — Rhubarb,  sow,  b. ;  plant,  b. — 
Rochambole,  Rosemary  and  Rue,  plant. 
— Sage  and  Shallots,  plant. — Salsafy 
and  Scorzonera,  sow. — Savoys,  sow. 
Skirrets  and  Succory,  sow.  —  Sorrels, 
1  plant  and  sow. —  Spinach,  sow. — Tansy 
Stove  j  and  Tarragon,  plant. — Tetragonia  and 
Thyme,  sow,  e. —  Tomato,  sow  in  hot- 
bed. —  Turnips,  sow.  —  Wormwoods, 
sow. 


Stove 
Light 


seeds. 


KITCHEN    GAHDEN. 


Alexanders,  sow;  earth  up.- 


ORCHARD. 

Apricots,  prune,  if  before  neglected, 
b.;  young  ones,  head  down. — Blossoms 
of  wall  fruit  protect. —  Currants,  finish 
planting  and  pruning,  b. — Espaliers, 
generally  finish  regulating,  b. — Figs, 
prune  and  train,  and  plant,  being  best 
time;  make  layers;  plant  cuttings. — 
Fork  over  the  borders  and  quarters,  if 
Angeli-    before  omitted. — Gooseberries,  prune,  if 


ca,  sow  or  plant. — Artichokes,  dress  ;  j  before  neglected,  b.;  finish  planting,  b. 
plant. — Aspiragus,  sow  ;  plant;  force;' — Grafting,  in  mild  weather,  is  best 
and  dress  beds. — Balm,  plant. — BosiV,  |  done  this  month. — Grafts,  prepare. — 
sow. — Beans,  plant;  earth  up. — Beet,' Mulch  round  the  trees  newly  planted, 
(red,  white,  and  green),  sow. — Borage,',  to  keep  the  roots  moist. — Nectarines, 
BOW. — Borneo/?,  sow,  e. — Broco/i,  sow.  neglected  before,  prune,  b;  young, 
— Burnet,  plant  and  sow. —  Cabbages,]  head  down. — PeacAcs,  before  neglected. 


MAR 


364 


MAR 


prune,  b.;  young,  head  down. — Plant- 
ing omitted  complete,  b. — Pruning, 
complete,  without  fail,  b. — Raspherries, 
finish  planting,  b. — Strawberries,  finish 
dressing,  b.;  plant;  and  in  pots  for  suc- 
cessive forcing. — Suckers,  for  stocks, 
may  be  planted. — Support  with  slakes 
trees  newly  planted. — Stocks,  raise  from 
seeds  of  Apples,  Pears,  Quinces,  and 
Medlars. — Trench, ^-c.  ground  for  plant- 
ing— Vines,  finish  pruning  without  fail, 
b.j  plant  cuttings,  and  make  layers. 

FLOWER    GARDEN. 

Annuals  (Tender),  prick  out  in  hot- 
bed ;  give  air  freely  ;  and  sow  to  blow 
from  July  to  Oct.;  (Hardy),  sow  in  bor- 
ders, and  pot  to  remain. — Anemones, 
finish  planting. — Auriculas,  plant  off- 
sets; sow;  and  dress  where  omitted 
last  month. — Biennials,  sow,  e. — Bulbs, 
finish  planting — Carnations,  sow;  raised 
by  layers  last  year  plant  out. — Chrysan- 
themums, raised  from  cuttings,  plant 
from  frames  into  pots. — Cleanliness  is 
now  even  more  than  ordinarily  requi- 
site.— Dahlias,  sow  ;  prick  out ;  plant 
cuttings  of  roots ;  all  in  a  gentle  hot- 
bed.— Dress  borders  generally,  if  omit- 
ted before. — Earth,  give  fresh  to  plants 
in  pots. — Edgings  of  Box,  &c.,  may  be 
made. — Evergreens,  sow  ;  plant  and 
prune  in  mild  weather. — Forest  Trees, 
sow  ;  cut  down  in  shrubberies,  &c. — 
Grass  Seeds,  sow. — Gravel,  weed,  turn, 
lay,  and  roll  twice  a  week  in  dry  wea- 
ther.— Hand  Glasses  and  a  warm  border 
will  now  do  for  Tender  Annuals. — 
Hedges,  finish  making. — Hot-beds,  for 
tender  Annuals,  make  ;  give  air  freely; 
protect  at  night;  day  temp,  to  be  kept 
about  70°. — Hyacinths,  put  fresh  tan  or 
saw-dust  on  beds. — Layers,  make  of  the 
Arborescent  Chinese  Peonies,  &c. — Pe- 
rennials, plant  and  water,  they  will 
blow  same  year  ;  sow. — Polyanthuses, 
divide  roots  and  sow. — Pots  of  Roses 
and  other  flowers  put  in  hot-house,  for 
succession  produce. — Protection,  give 
to  Auriculas  and  other  choice  flowers 
in  bud. — Roses,  prune,  b.;  plant  cuttings 
of  roots  ;  plant  established  trees,  and 
if  repeated  in  April  and  May,  b.,  a  suc- 
cession of  flowers  may  be  had  until 
September  ends  ;  give  liquid  manure. — 
Shrubs,  generally  finish  pruning  and 
planting. — Stake  newly  |)lanted,  and  all 
pliant  shrubs,  &c. — Sweet  Briar  for 
hedges,  &c.,  sow  where  to  remain. — 
Tulips   (Early),  protect  bloom. — Turf 


may  be   laid. —  Water   frequently,  but 
moderately,  and  only  in  mild  weather. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely. — Cherries  ripening 
require  but  little  water. — Flowers  in 
pots  continue  to  introduce. — Kidney 
Beans,  continue  forcing. — Leaves,  clean 
by  the  sponge  and  syringe. — Pines  re- 
quire more  water,  and  greater  heat ; 
syringe  their  crowns;  give  liquid  ma- 
nure ;  shift  into  larger  pots. — Peaches, 
thin;  the  day  temp,  for  them  should 
not  exceed  IQ^  ;  disbud;  trim;  water 
abundantly.-Propagfa^e hot-house  plants 
by  slips,  cuttings,  suckers,  and  layers, 
according  to  the  plant's  nature  ;  it  is 
the  best  season. — Seedlings  of  culinary 
plants,  remove  to  a  cooler  place. — 
Straioberries,  in  pots,  continue  forcing. 
— Temperature  for  Pines  should  be  about 
8.5"^  at  midday,  and  during  niaht  60"  ; 
in  the  flower  stove  65''  and  55^. —  To- 
bacco fumigations  continue. — Vines  are 
now  all  in  motion  ;  thin  ;  train  ;  keep 
well  supplied  with  liquid  manure  ;  air 
keep  moist,  except  to  those  in  blossom ; 
temp,  as  last  month. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air  cannot  be  admitted  too  freely 
during  fine  weather  and  the  tempera- 
ture above  32'-. — Earth  (I'resh),  give  to 
oranges  and  other  shrubs  ;  stir  the  sur- 
face of  that  in  the  pots  frequently. — 
Heading-down  may  be  practised  upon 
oranges  and  other  shrubs  growing  ir- 
regularly.— Leaves,  clean  and  remove 
those  decayed. — Orange  Kernels,  sow 
to  raise  stocks. — Pot  singly  last  year's 
cuttings. — Propagate  by  slips,  cuttings, 
and  layers  as  appropriate. — Pruiiing, 
finish. — Shifting,  complete,  where  ne- 
cessary.—  Sow  seeds  of  green-house 
plants  in  pots,  and  plunge  in  a  hot-bed. 
Water  frequently,  but  moderately. — 
Windows  alwaysclose  at  night. —  Wood, 
dead  and  weakly,  remove. 

MARGINS  of  streams  and  other  wa- 
ters must  always  accord  with  the  plea- 
sure grounds  in  which  they  are  placed. 
Art,  therefore,  must  imitate  each  in  its 
proper  place,  not  always  by  a  studious 
picturesque  arrangement  of  the  margi- 
nal accompaniments  in  each  case,  but 
by  excavating  the  groundwork,  planting 
the  trees  and  shrubs,  and  leaving  the 
rest  to  the  motion  of  the  waves  of  the 
water.  After  the  effects  of  one  winter, 
stones  or  gravel   may  be  deposited  in 


MAR 


365 


MAR 


spots   suitable    for    stony    or    gravelly  1  for  them.     If  the  soil  is  wet  or  rich. 


they   are   deficient    in    their   essential 
Ten    species,   chiefly    qualities,  and  the  perennials  are  unable 
'  "  "  The  sit- 


shores 
MA  RICA. 

green-house  herbaceous  perennials.  M.    to  withstand  severe  weather 

patuiiosa  is  a  stove  aquatic.    Division  or    nation  cannot  be  too  open. 

seeds.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand.  Time  and  Mode  of  Propagation. — The 

M.\RIGOLI).      Calendula   officinalis,    sweet  marjoram  is  propagated  solely  by 

Varieties. — Single;  Common  double ;  I  seeds  ;  the  two  perennials  by  seed,  as 

Largest    very   double;    Double  lemon- Well  as  by  parting  their  roots,  and  slips 

coloured;  Great  Childing  ;  Small  Child- '  of  their  branches.    Sowing  may  be  per- 

ing.      The    single-flowered    and   those    formed  of  all  the  species,  from  the  con- 

vvhich  have  the  darkest  orange  colour,    elusion  of  February,  if  open  weather, 

are  most  esteemed,  as  possessing  the  I  to  the  commencement  of  June  ;  but  the 

most  flavour.  '  early  part  of  April  is  the  usual  time  for 

Soil  and  Situation. — The   soil    most '  performing  it.     Portions  of  the  rooted 


suited  to  them  is  one  that  is  light,  dry, 
and  poor.  In  rich  ground  they  grow 
larger  and  more  luxuriant,  but  lose 
much  of  their  flavour  and  quality.  The 
situation  cannot  be  too  open  and  ex- 
posed 


plants,  slips,  &c.,  may  be  planted  from 
February  until  May,  and  during  Sep- 
tember and  October. 

The  sowing  is  performed  either  in 
drills,  six  inches  apart,  or  broadcast; 
in  either  case  the  seed  being  buried  not 


Sowing  may  be  from  the  close  of  more  than  half  an  inch  deep.  When 
February  until  June;  or  it  may  be  per-  the  seedlings  have  attained  a  height  of 
formed  in  autumn,  during  September,  two  or  three  inches,  they  must  be  thin- 
If  left  to  themselves,  they  will  never  ned  to  six  inches,  and  those  removed 
fiil  to  multiply  from  the  seif-sown  seed,  may  be  pricked  in  rows  at  a  similar 
Sow  in  drills,  ten  inches  apart;  the  distance  apart  each  way.  Those  of  the 
plants  are  best  left  where  raised,  being  1  annual  species  are  to  remain;  but  those 
thinned  to  ten  or  twelve  inches  asunder;  I  of  the  perennials,  to  be  finally  removed 


but  when  the  seedlings  are  two  or  three 
inches  in  height,  they  may  be  removed 
into  rows  at  similar  distances  as  above. 
Water  must  be  given  moderately  every 
other  day,  until  established. 

Gathering. — The  flowers,  which  the 


during  September,  at  the  distances  di- 
rected below,  when  raised  from  slips, 
&c.,  water  beinggiven  at  every  removal, 
and  until  the  plants  are  established. 

The  slips  and    partings  of  the   root, 
are    inserted    in    rows    ten    or   twelve 


spring-raised  plants  will  produce  in  the  '  inches  apart,  whera  they  are  to  remain; 
June  of  the  same  year,  but  those  of  they  must  be  watered  moderately  every 
autumn  not  until  that  of  the  following  !  evening,  and  shided  during  the  day, 
one,  will  be  fit  to  gather  for  keeping  in  |  until  they  have  taken  root,  which  they 
July,  when  they  are  fully  expanded,  as  |  soon  do,  and  acquire  a  stocky  growth, 
well  as  for  use  when  required.  Before  i  The  only  cultivation  that  any  of  the 
storing,  they  must  be  dried  perfectly,  species  require,  is  the  frequent  applica- 
otherwise    they   become    mouldy    and    tion  of  the  hoe.    In  October  the  decay- 


decay. 


ed  parts  of  the  perennials  are  cut  away. 


To  obtain  Seed. — Plants  of  each  va-    and  some  soil  from  the  alleys  scattered 


riety  must  be  grown  as  far  distant  from 
each  other  as  may  be.  The  two  child- 
ing, and  the  largest  double  marigolds, 
are  especiable  liable  to  degenerate,  if 
the  seed  is  not  carefully  taken  from  the 
largest  and  most  double  flowers. 

M.\IUORAM.    (.Origanum.)    O.  mar- 


oxer  the  bed  about  half  an  inch  in  depth, 
the  surfice  of  the  earth  between  the 
stools  being  previously  stirred  gently. 

The  tops  and  leaves  of  all  the  species 
are  gathered  when  green  in  summer 
and  autumn,  for  use,  in  soups,  &c.;  and 
a  store  of  the  branches  are  cut  and  dried 


jnrana.  Sweet  or  Summer  Marjoram,  in  July  or  August,  just  before  the  flow- 
0.  heracleoticum.  Winter  Marjoram,  ers  open  for  winter's  supply. 
O.  onites.  Common  or  Pot  Marjoram,  i  To  obtain  Seed. — There  is  little  diffi- 
Soil  and  Situation. — A  light,  dry  and  :  culty  in  obtaining  the  seed  of  the  pot 
moderately  fertile  soil  is  required  for  I  marjoram  ;  if  a  plant  or  two  are  left 
their  healthy  growth;  and  if  it  is  one  !  ungathered  from,  it  unfailingly  ripens 
that  has  not  been  cropped  for  a  con- I  in  the  course  of  the  autumn.  But  the 
Biderable  time,  it  is  the  more  favourable  I  exotic   species  seldom  ripen  theirs  in 


MAR 


366 


MAY 


this  country  ;  consequently  it  is  usually 
obtained  from  the  south  of  France  or 
Italy.  In  favourable  years,  however, 
they  sometimes  perfect  it  late  in  au- 
tumn. 

Forcing. — When  the  green  tops  are 
much  in  request  a  small  quantity  of 
seed  of  the  summer  marjoram  is  sown 
in  January  or  February,  in  a  moderate 
hot-bed. 

MARL  is  a  compound  of  chalk  (car- 
bonate of  lime)  with  either  siliceous 
sand  or  alumina.  In  the  first  instance, 
it  is  a  siliceous  marl,  best  applied  to 
heavy  soils;  and  in  the  latter  a  clayey 
marl,  adapted  for  light  lands.  Slaty 
and  sliellmarls  are  varieties  of  the  sili- 
ceous. The  relative  proportions  of  the 
constituents  vary  indefinitely,  the  chalk 
amounting  from  15  to  75  per  cent.  The 
quantity  applied  per  acre  must  also  vary 
greatly,  according  to  the  object  to  be 
attained.  To  render  a  light  soil  more 
tenaceous  100  tons  per  acre  of  clayey 
marl  are  not  too  much  ;  neither  is  the 
same  quantity  of  siliceous  marl  an  ex- 
cess, if  applied  to  a  heavy  soil  to  ren- 
der it  more  friable.  For  much  useful 
information  on  this  subject,  see  "Ruffin 
on  Calcareous  Manures,"  a  Virginia 
publication. 

M  A  R  L  E  A  begoniafolia.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Half-ripened 
cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

MARRUBIUM.  Nine  species.  Har- 
dy herbaceous  perennials.  Division  or 
seed.     Common  soil. 

MARSHALLIA.  Four  species.  Half- 
hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

MARSH  MALLOW.     Althaa. 

MARTYNIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  annuals.  Seeds.  Light 
rich  soil. 

MASDEVALLIA  infracta.  Stove 
orchid.     Division.     Wood. 

MASSONIA.  Thirteen  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets or  seeds.     Loam,  peat  and  sand. 

MASTERWORT.     Astrantia. 

MASTIC.     Majorana  crassifoUa. 

MASTICH.     Thymus  mastichina. 

MASTICH  TREE.  Pistacia  lentisciis. 

MATHIOLA.  The  Stock.  Twenty- 
two  species  and  several  varieties.  The 
hardy  annuals  and  biennials,  and  the 
half-hardy  shrubby  kinds,  increase  by 
seeds,  and  grow  well  in  loam  and  peat. 
The   green -house   evergreen   shrubby 


species,  cuttings,  light  soil  and  sand. 
See  Stock. 

M  A  T  T  I  A.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

MAURANDYA.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  twiners.  Young 
cuttings  or  seeds.     Light  rich  soil. 

MAURITIA.  Three  species.  Palms. 
Rich  sandy  loam,  and  a  strong  moist 
heat. 

MAXILLARIA.  Fifty-four  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 

MAXIMILIAN  A  regia.  Palm.  Rich 
sandy  loam,  and  a  good  moist  heat. 

MAY  requires  the  gardener's  especial 
care  in  every  department  of  his  grounds. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 

Angelica,  sow.  —  Artichokes,  plant, 
b.;  clean  beds. — Asparagus ,  keep  clean; 
apply  liquid  manure. — Balm,  plant. — 
Basil,  plant  out. — Beans,  sow,  hoe,  lop. 
— Beet,  (Red,)  thin  ;  (White  and  Green), 
sow. — Borage,  sow. — Borecole,  sow,  b.; 
plant ;  prick  out ;  plant  out ;  hoe  ;  leave 
for  seed. — Brocoh,  sow,  h.;  plant;  prick 
out. — Burnets,  sow  and  plant. — Cab- 
bages, sow;  plant;  earth  up. — Capsicum, 
plant  out. —  Carrots,  sow  ;  thin. — Car- 
doons,  sow,  b.  —  Cauliflowers,  take 
glasses  from;  sow  the  late  variety  for 
autumn  use. — Celery,  sow,  b. ;  prick 
out;  plant  out;  water;  leave  for  seed. 
Chamomile,  plant. — Chervil,  sow  ;  leave 
for  seed. — Chives,  plant. — Coriander, 
sow  ;  leave  for  seed. — Cress,  sow  ;  (Wa- 
ter),plant. — Crops,  failed,  replace  forth- 
with.— Cucumbers,  prick  out;  plant  out; 
attend  to  forcing. — Dill,  sow,  and  plant. 
—  Earthing-up,  attend  to.  —  Endive, 
sow,  e.;  leave  for  seed. — Fennel,  sow 
and  plant. — Finochio,  sow  ;  clean. — 
Hot-beds  attend  to;  linings,  &c. — Hyssop, 
sow  and  plant. — Kale,  (Sea,)  attend  to 
blanching,  &c. — Kidney-Beans  (dwarfs), 
sow,  b.;  (runners)  sow. — Lavender  plant. 
Leeks,  sow;  thin;  leave  for  seed. — 
Lettuces,  sow;  plant  out;  tie  up. — Mari- 
golds, sow. — Marjorams,  sow  and  plant. 
— Melons,  sow,  b. ;  prick  out ;  ridge  out; 
attend  to  forcing;  thin  laterals. — Mint, 
plant. — Mushroom-beds,  make,  b. ;  at- 
tend to  those  producing. — Mustard  and 
Cress,  sow;  leave  for  seed. — Nasturti- 
ums, sow,  b. — Onions,  weed,  &c. ;  sow 
for  planting  again  in  spring);  (Welch), 
leave  for  seed. — Parsley,  sow;  leave 
for  seed;  (Hamburgh),  thin. — Parsnips, 


MAY 


367 


MAY 


thin,  &c. — Peas,  sow  ;  top  tliose  bloom-  I  during    midday;    (Autumn    blooming). 


ing.  —  Pennyroyal,  plant.  —  Poinpions, 
sow,  b.  ;  ridfje  out,  b. — Potatoes,  plant, 


plant  again  after  separating  offaets,  or 
else    store  until    end   of  July. — Carna- 


b. ;    hoe. — Purslane,    sow;    leave    for  | //o;iS,  remove    side-buds    from  liower- 


seed. — Radishes,  sow  ;    leave  for  seed. 
— Rape,    lor    salading,   sow  ;    (Edible- 


stems ;  shade  from  meridian  sun;  water 
n  (Xry  weather;    sow. — Dahlias,  plant 


rooted),  sow,  e, — Rosemary,  plant. —  j  out  from  green-house;  e. — Dress  the 
Rue,  plant.  —  Sage,  plant.  —  Salsnfy,  borders,  &c.,  almost  daily. — Evergreens 
thin,  &c. — Savory,  sow  and  plant. —  Sa-  ,  njay  be  planted,  b. — Fibrous-rooted  pe- 
voys,  sow,  b. ;  plant ;  prick  out. — Scor- ,  rcnnials,  propagate  by  cuttings  of  young 
zonera,  thin,  &c. — Sorrels,  sow  and  |  llower-stalks.  —  Flowering-Plants  re- 
plant.— Spinach,  sow;  thin;  leave  for  |  quire  staking,  &c. — Grass,  mow  and 
seed. — Tansy,  and  Tarragon,  plant. —  i  roll  weekly. — Gravel,  roll  weekly. — 
TAi/me,  sow  and  plant. — Tomatoes,  \)\anl  Hoeing  cannot  be  too  frequent. — Hya- 
out. —  Turnips,  sow;  thin. —  Turnip-  j  cinths,  take  up  and  store  as  leaves  de- 
Cabbage,  sow. —  Watering,  attend  to  in    cay. — Mignionette,  sow  for  succession, 


dry  weather. — Weeds,  destroy  as  they 
appear. 

ORCHARD. 

Apples  (Wall  and  Espalier),  trim  and 
train,  e. — Apricots,  trim  and  thin  their 
fruit. —  Budded  Trees,  remove  shoots 
from  stocks  below  the  buds. — Grafts, 
remove  clay  and  loosen  bandages  from, 
e. ;  remove  shoots  from  stock. — Insects, 
watch  for  and  destroy  with  lime-dust, 
tobacco,  or  other  application. — Mulch, 
continue  round  late-planted  trees. — 
Nectarines,  trim  and  train  ;  thin  fruit. — 
Peaches,  trim  and  train;  thin  fruit. — 
Pears  (Wall  and  Espalier),  trim  and 
train,  e. — Plums  (Wall  and  Espalier), 
trim  and  train,  e. — Salt,  strewn  along 
the  top  of  a  wall,  prevents  slugs  and 
snails  coming  over  from  the  shaded 
side. — Snails,  destroy;    they  are   very 


b. — Perennials,  sow,  b.;  propagate  by 
slips  and  cuttings. — Polyanthuses,  part, 
if  not  done  in  April;  shade,  and  through- 
out the  summer,  sunshine  destroys 
them. — Roses,  this  is  the  best  season  for 
budding. — Stake  and  tie  up  plants ;  seed- 
lings, thin. — Tulips,  remove  seed-pods  ; 
take  up  and  store  as  leaves  decay. — 
Turf  may  be  laid,  and  grass-seed  sown, 
b.  ;  water  frequently  in  dry  weather. — 
Wall-Jiowers,  sow,  to  bloom  next  year. 
—  Water-glass  bulbs,  plant  in  borders 
as  flowers  decay. —  Watering,  attend  to 
in  dry  weather,  especially  to  plants 
newly  removed, 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  as  freely  as  possible. — 
Bark-Beds  may  be  renewed,  if  not  done 
in  Ajjril. — Figs,  keep  well  watered; 
pick  olf  laterals. — Fruit  Trees,  in  fore- 


destructive  now  to  wall-fruit,  especially  j  '"'Sj  '"f  treatment  see  April. — Grapes, 
nectarines.— I7ne.s,  trim  and  train  ;  hoe  |  gather  before  dead  ripe,  and  hang  in 
frequently    those    in    vineyard.— fFa// 1  grape-room.— Pines,  water  every  fourth 


Trees  generally  require  training  this 
month. —  Water,  apply  by  the  engine 
to  wall-trees  and  espaliers;  give  to 
newly-planted  trees,  in  dry  weather, 
frequently 


FLOWER    GARDEI^. 


Anemones,  take  up,  and  separate  off- 
sets as  leaves  decay. — Annicals,  remove 


morning  ;  shift  last  year's  crowns,  if  not 
done  in  April,  b.;  temperature  at  night 
75".  and  at  midday  100^'. — Potted  Plants 
may  yet  be  shifted,  b. ;  shade  for  a  few 
days  after, — Propagate  by  seeds,  cut- 
tings, &c.,  if  before  omitted. — Pruning 
should  have  been  finished  last  month; 
pinch  down  the  fruit-shoots. — Strawber- 
ries, fruiting,  give  liquid-manure. — Sy- 


from  hot-bed  to  borders. — yl«r/cu/as,  j  riVig-ing,  generally,  as  fruit  ripens,  dis- 
done  blooming,  remove  to  north-east '  continue. — Vines,  keep  at  a  night  tem- 
aspect,  where  they  will    not  have   the  I  perature  of  70",  and    at    midday  85"; 


sunshine  after  nine  ;  offsets,  detach  and 
plant;  seedlings,  keep  in  the  shade; 
water  moderately  in  dry  weather. — 
Awnings  or  other  shelter,  continue 
over  beds  of  hyacinths,  tulips,  e.,  now 
in  bloom. — Biennials,  aow,  b. — Bulbous 
Roots,  generally,  directly  leaves  decay, 
take    up    and   store;    seedlings,   shade 


when  grapes  are  beginning  to  ripen 
cease  from  syringing;  remove  super- 
fluous shoots. —  Water,  supply  very  fre- 
(juently,  but  moderately. —  Work,  gene- 
ral, required,     (See  April.) 

GBEEN-HOUSE. 

Air  is  now  so    essential  that  potted 


MAY 


368 


plants  of  hardier  kinds  move  to  outside. 
— Cuttings  of  some  plants  will  still 
grow. — Earth,  is  pots,  stir. — Layering 
will  yet  be  successful. — Leaves,  clean, 
before  removing  from  house. — Orange- 
stocks,  seedlings  pot  sing\y;  inarching  and  sand, 
of  the  orange  and  lemon  may  yet  be  MAZE 
practised. — Pruning  must  now  be  only 
casual. — Shifting  into  larger  pots  com- 
plete, b. — Succulent  Plants,  as  aloes, 
&c.,  may  be  moved  out,  e. — Water  fre- 
quently but  moderately ;  it  may  be 
poured  freely  over  their  foliage  as  a 
cleanser. — Windows  and  doors  open 
daily,  and  during  mild  nights,  to  harden 
before  moving  out. 


ME  A 

Podophyllum  pelta- 


MAY  APPLE. 
turn. 

MAYTENTJS.  Four  species.  Half- 
hardv  or  green-house  evergreen  shrubs 
or  trees.     Ripe  cuttings.     Peat,  loam. 


See  Labyrinth. 

MAZUS  pumi'Zio,  a  hardy  annual ;  and 
M.  rugosus,  a  half-hardy  trailing  an- 
nual. Seeds.  Common  soil,  and  a  warm 
situation. 

MEADOW-SAFFRON.    Colchicum. 

MEADOW-SWEET.  Spircea  ulma- 
ria. 


MEASURES,  ENGLISH 

GRAIN    MEASURE. 

4  Gills       .    make  ....  1  Pint     .  containing 

2  Pints 1  Quart  .... 

4  Quarts 1  Gallon  .... 

2  Gallons 1  Peck  .... 

4  Pecks 1  Bushel 2218i 

4  Bushels 1  Sack  5^ 

8  Bushels 1  Quarter lOi 

5  Quarters 1  Load  b\\ 

TIMBER   MEASURE. 


34^ 

Cubic  Inches 

69i 

(C                    li 

277i 

ti               <c 

554i 

a             a 

Feet. 


A  load  of  timber,  unhewn,  is  40  cub.  ft. 
squared,      50       " 

1  inch  plank  600   sq.  ft. 
li         "         400       " 

2  "         300       " 


A  load  of  2i  inch  plank  240  sq.  ft. 

3  "     200  " 
3i    "     170  '« 

4  "     150  " 


LAND    MEASURE. 

The  English  statute  acre  contains  \  ry,  3630.  The  French  arpent  is  an 
4840  square  yards;  the  . Scoff  A,  5760;  English  acre  and  three-fourths  of  a 
the  Irish,  7S40  ;  the  Devonshire,  cus-rood.  The  Strasburg  acre  is  nearly 
tomary,  4000;  the  Cornish,  5760;  the  half  an  English  acre  ;  the  Prussian  mor- 
Lancashire,19:A0;l\ie  Cheshire  ^ndStaf-  gen  is  not  quite  three-fourths  of  an 
fordshire,  10,240  ;  the  Wiltshire  tenant-    acre. 


12  Inches 
3  Feet  . 
6  Feet  . 
64  Yards 


Inches. 
144 

1,296 

39,204 

1,568,160 

6,272,640 


LONG  MEASURE. 

1  Foot.  I      40  Poles 

1   Yard.  |        S  Furlono 

1  Fathom.  I        3  Miles  '^ 

1  Pole.  69i  Miles 


1  Furlong. 

1  Mile. 

1  League. 

1  Degree. 


SQUARE    MEASURE. 


Feet. 

1 

9 

272i 

10,890 

43,560 


Yards. 

1 

30i 

1210 

4840 


Poles,  Rods, 
or  Perches. 


1 

Roods. 

40 

1 

Acre 

60 

4 

1 

30  Acres  are  1  Yard  of  Land. 
100  ...  1  Hide  of  Land. 
640      ...      1   Square  Mile. 


ME  A 


369 


■ — ♦- 


CUBIC    MEASURE. 

1728  Cubic  Inches  make      .     .     . 

27      "     Feet 

40  "  "  of  Rough  Timber 
50      "      "     of  Hewn       do. 

108      "      "         

128      "      "         


ME  A 


1  Cubic  Foot. 
1     "       Yard. 

1  Load. 

1  Stack  of  Wood. 
1  Cord. 


LONDON   MARKET   FRUIT   A 

These  being  made  either  of  osier  or 
deal  shavings,  vary  triflingly  in  size 
more  than  measures  made  of  less  flexi- 
ble materials.     They  are  as  follow  : — 

Sea-Kale  Punnets. — Eight  inches  di- 
ameter at  the  top,  and  seven  inches  and 
a  half  at  the  bottom  and  two  inches 
deep. 

Radish  Punnets. — Eight  inches  di- 
ameter, and  one  inch  deep,  if  to  hold 
six  hands ;  or  nine  inches  by  one  inch 
for  twelve  hands. 

Mush7-oom  Punnets. — Seven  inches 
by  one  inch. 

Salading  Punnets. — Five  inches  by 
two  inches. 

Half-Sieve. — Contains  three  imperial 
gallons  and  a  half.  It  averages  twelve 
inches  and  a  half  diameter,  and  six  in- 
ches in  depth. 

Sieve. — Contains  seven  imperial  gal- 
lons. Diameter,  fifteen  inches  ;  depth, 
eight  inches. 

Bushel-Sieve. — Ten  imperial  gallons 


ND    VEGETABLE    MEASURES. 

and  a  half.  Diameter  at  top,  seven- 
teen inches  and  three  quarters  ;  depth, 
eleven  inches  and  a  quarter. 

Bushel-Basket — Ought,  when  heaped, 
to  contain  an  imperial  bushel.  Di- 
ameter at  bottom,  ten  inches  ;  at  top, 
fourteen  inches  and  a  half;  depth,  se- 
venteen inches.  Walnuts,  nuts,  apples, 
and  potatoes  are  sold  by  this  measure. 
A  bushel  of  the  last-named,  cleaned, 
weighs  56  lbs.,  but  4  lbs.  additional  are 
allowed  if  they  are  not  washed. 

A  Pottle  is  a  long  tapering  basket 
that  holds  about  a  pint  and  a  half. 

Hand — Applies  to  a  bunch  of  ra- 
dishes, which  contains  from  twelve  to 
thirty,  according  to  the  season. 

A  Bundle  contains  six  to  twenty  heads 
of  brocoli,  celery,  &c.;  and  in  the  case 
of  asparagus  from  100  to  150. 

A  Bunch  is  applied  to  herbs,  and  va- 
ries much  in  size  according  to  the 
season. 


HEAPED    MEASURES. 

English  market-gardeners,  and  re-  1 7,  that  for  potatoes,  fruit,  &c.,  the 
tailers  of  fruit,  potatoes,  &c.,  generally  t  bushel  shall  be  made  round,  with  a 
vend  their  commodities  as  if  the  Act  of  plain  and  even  bottom,  and  being  nine- 
Parliament,  5  and  G  Will.  IV.  c.  63,  did  |  teen  inches  and  a  half  from  outside 
not  exist.  By  this  statute  selling  by  j  to  outside,  and  capable  of  containing 
heaped  measure  is  forbidden  under  a  SOIbs.  weight  of  water, 
penalty  of  not  more  than  40s.  for  every  Of  Wood  Fuel. — English  Measure. — 
such  sale.  Section  8  provides  that,  as  Wood-fuel  is  assized  into  shids,  billets, 
some  articles  heretofore  sold  by  heaped  faggots,  fall-wood,  and  cord-wood.  A 
measure  are  incapable  of  being  stricken, ;  shid  is  of  fall-wood  and  cord-wood. 
and  may  not  inconveniently  be  sold  by  A  shid  is  to  be  four  feet  long,  and, 
weight,  it  is  enacted,  that  all  such  arti-  according  as  they  are  marked  and 
tides  may  henceforth  be  sold  by  a  notched,  their  proportion  must  be  in 
bushel-measure,  corresponding  in  shape  the  girth:  viz.,  if  they  have  but  one 
with  the  bushel  prescribed  by  the  5  '  notch  they  must  be  sixteen  inches  in 
Geo.  IV.  c.  74,  for  the  sale  of  heaped  the  girth  ;  if  two  notches,  twenty-three 
measure,  or  by  any  multiple  or  ali(juot  inches;  if  three  notches,  twenty-eight 
part  thereof,  filled  in  all  parts  as  nearly  !  inches  ;  if  four  notches,  thirty-three 
to  the  level  of  the  brim  as  the  size  and  inches  ;  and  if  five  notches,  thirty-eight 
shape   of  the   articles  will   admit;   but  i  inches  about. 

nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  sale  by  Billets  are  to  be  three  feet  long,  of 
weight  of  any  article  heretofore  sold  by  which  there  should  be  three  sorts; 
heaped  measure.  The  5  Geo.  IV.  c.  ,  namely,  a  single  cask,  and  a  cask  of 
74,  thus  referred  to,  enacts,  by  section  !  two.  The  first  is  seven  inches;  the  se- 
24 


M  EC 


370 


MEL 


cond  ten  inches;  and  the  third  fourteen 
inches  about.  They  are  sold  by  the 
hundred  of  five  score. 

Faggots  are  to  be  three  feet  long,  and, 
at  the  band,  oftvventy-four  inches  about, 


load.  Cord-wood  is  the  bigger  sort  of 
fire-wood  ;  and  it  is  measured  by  a  cord 
or  line,  whereof  there  are  two  measures 
— that  of  fourteen  feet  in  length,  three 
feet  in  breadth,  and  three  feet  in  height; 


besides  the  knot ;  of  such  faggots  fifty    the  other  is  eight  feet  in  length,  tour 
go  to  the  load.  I  feet     in     height,     and    four     feet     in 

Bavins  and  Spray-ioood  are  sold  by    breadth, 
the   hundred,  which  are    accounted  a  I 


MEASURE 

1000  Billets  of  Wood 
10  Cwt.  of  Wood 
1  Cord  of  Wood 
100  Lbs.  of  Wood 

MECONOPSIS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds. 
Light  soil. 

MEDIC  AGO.  Seventy -two  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  annuals,  and,  for  the  most 
part,  trailers.  The  herbaceous  peren- 
nial kinds  are  increased  by  division  ; 
the  shrubby  species  by  cuttings;  and 
the  annuals  by  seed.  Common  soil 
suits  them  all. 

MEDICK.     Medlcago. 

MEDINILLA  erythrophylla.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub. 

JMEDLAR.     Mespilus  germanira. 

Varieties.  —  Blake's  Large;  Dutch, 
largest  fruit;  Nottingham,  small,  but 
best  flavoured  ;  Stoneless,  inferior,  but 
keeps  longer  than  others. 

Propagation  by  Seed. — This  is  a  tedi- 
ous mode,  the  seed  usually  lying  two 
years  before  it  germinates.  Sow  imme- 
diately the  fruit  containing  the  seed  de- 
cays, in  common  light  soil.  Water  the 
seedlings  frequently  in  dry  weather  ; 
thin  them  to  two  feet  apart ;  and  when 
four  or  five  years  old  they  will  be  fit  for 
final  planting. 

By  Layers. — This  may  be  done  in 
February  and  March,  making  use  of 
shoots  of  the  previous  year.  They  will 
have  rooted  by  the  autumn. 

Grafting  and  Budding  may  be  done 
on  the  White  Thorn,  but  the  Pear  is  a 
better  stock  for  the  medlar. 

^oil. — A  well-drained,  but  retentive 
loam  suits  it  best. 

Planting,  Pruning,  S,-c. — See  the  di- 
rections given  for  the  Pear. 

Storing. — The  fruit  ought  not  to  be 
gathered  until  November,  for  if  the 
o-athering  is  made  before  the  fruit  is 
tully  matured,  it  shrivels  without  ripen- 
ing in  its  decay.  Spread  them  singly 
upon    sand,  the   calyx,   or   open   side 


OF    WOOD. 

=  1  Cord. 

=  1  Cord. 

=  i  Chaldron  of  Coals. 

=  1  Quintal  of  Wood. 

downwards,  and  dipping  the  stalk  end 
in  a  strong  brine  of  common  salt  and 
water,  which  is  said  to  check  the  oc- 
currence of  mouldiness. 

MEGACLINIUM.  Three  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 

MEG  AST  ACHY  A.  Nine  spe- 
cies. Grasses.  Chiefly  annuals.  Seeds. 
Common  soil. 

MELALEUCA.  Forty-six  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Half- 
ripened  cuttings.  Loam,  peat,  and 
sand. 

MELANTHIUM.  Eight  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off"- 
sets  or  seeds.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

MELASPHiERULA.  Four  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets.    Sandv  peat. 

MELASfOMA.  Twelve  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  M. 
elongata,  is  a  tuberous-rooted  perennial, 
and  very  beautiful.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

MELHANIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  evergreen  trees.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam. 

MELIA.  Nine  species.  Stove  or 
green-house  evergreen  trees.  M.  aze- 
darach,  is  deciduous:  large  ripened 
cuttings,  with  the  leaves  not  shortened. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

MELIANTHUS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  or  hardy  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.     Light  rich  soil. 

MELICHRUS.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  San- 
dy peat. 

MELICOCCA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  fruit  trees.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Light  loamy  soil. 

MELICOPE  ternata.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 


MEL 


371 


MEL 


MELISSA.  Balm.  Four  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Common  soil. 

MELITTA  melis-tophyUum  and  two 
varieties.  Hanly  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Common  soil. 

MELOC  ACTUS.  Melon  thistle. 
Fourteen  species.  Stove  evergreen 
shrubs.     Offsets.     Sandy  peat. 

MELODINUS.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

MELOLONTHA,  the  Cockchafer. 

M.  vulgaris.     Common  Cockchafer. 

M.  hortkolo.  May-Bug,  or  Bracken- 
clock.  Feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  the 
Raspberry  and  Rose.  Mr.  Curtis  justly 
observes,  that — "  When  the  roses  are 
in    full    bloom    in    May,  these    beetles 


termed,  is  more  economical,  and  by 
enabling  a  more  regular  temperature  to 
be  sustained,  renders  the  fruit  in  great- 
er perfection.  The  pit  is  a  rectangular 
frame  or  bin,  built  of  nine  inch  brick- 
work, in  preference  to  boards,  which 
have  to  be  renewed  every  five  or  sn 
years,  if  employed  and  enclosed  by  a 
glass  case  of  the  necessary  dimensions. 
Mr.  Smith,  gardener  to  A.  Keith,  Esq., 
of  Ravelstone,  N.  B.,  has  suggested  a 
mode  of  building  a  pit  which  renders 
the  renewal  of  the  heat  in  it  easy  ;  and 
as  the  committee  appointed  to  examine 
it  report,  is  the  means  of  considerable 
saving  compared  with  the  common 
mode  of  forming  an  open  bed.  But  the 
facility  with  which  linings  may  be  ap- 
plied  is  its  best  feature  ;   for  if  by  any 


sometimes  do  very  extensive   mischief  chance  the  heat  failed,  there  was  seldom 


to  the  flowers,  by  eating  out  the  anthers 
and  consuming  the  petals.  Having  de- 
posited about  a  hundred  eggs  in  the 
earth,  the  female  dies,  and  the  larva; 
hatch  and  commence  their  attacks  upon 
the  roots  of  the  grass.  It  is  stated,  that 
they  are  feeding  three  years,  and  they 
reside  about  an  inch  beneath  the  turf; 
but  as  winter  approaches,  they  retire 
deeper  into  the  earth ;  and  even  in 
November,  when  frost  has  set  in,  they 
have  buried  themselves  a  spade  deep. 
The  larva;  are  rather  active  and  can 
walk  tolerably  well,  dragging  their  bo- 
dies after  them ;  they  lie,  however, 
generally  curved  up  in  the  shape  of  a 
horse-shoe;  the  head  is  deep,  ochreous 
and  destitute  of  eyes.  The  body  is 
ochreous  white  with  a  few  brown  hairs. 
To  kill  these  larvs,  water  the  grass  in 
the  autumn  with  one-tenth  gas  liquor 
to  two-tenths  svater,  it  will  do  no  mi 


any  alternative  in   the   old  pits  but  to 
break  them  up. 

The  accompanying  sketch  will  at 
once  show  the  form  of  the  pit,  and  Mr. 
Smith's  mode  of  applying  the  linings. 
A  is  the  pit  the  side  of  which  a  a  in- 
stead of  being  a  continuous   piece   of 

Fiff.  9S. 


brick-work  are  merely  rows  of  pillars 
six  feet  apart;  and  the  brick-work  of 
the  frame  6  6  is  supported  by  bars  of 
iron  reaching  from  pillar  to  pillar.     An 

.^ _  .._ _  outer  wall,  c  c,  is   constructed   at  two 

chief  to   the  grass,   but   will   extirpate  j  and  a  half  feet  distance  from  the  pillars 


these  miners.  Where  the  gas  liquor 
cannot  be  obtained,  employ  strong  salt 
water." — Card.  Chron. 

MELON.     Cucumis  meJo. 

Varieties. — There  are  many  varieties 
of  the  Melon  of  which  the  Nutmeg  may 


on  each  side  ;  thus  two  bins  are  formed 
in  which  the  linings  are  inserted,  as  is 
found  necessary,  and  are  kept  close 
covered  with  thick  boards  ;  d  represents 
the  lights,  which  thus  are  formed  with- 
out   any  wooden    frames.     For    other 


be  considered  as  the  type  ;  it  and    the    modes  of  construction,  see  P;y,s,  (^-c.    If 


Citron  are,  however,  the  most  desirable, 
which  have  come  under  our  observa- 
tion. The  mode  of  out-door  culture 
is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  cucumber; 
they  delight  in  light  land  well  manured  ; 
are  quite  tender,  and  should  not  he 
planted  untd  all  fear  of  frost  has  ceased 


a  common  hot-bed  is  employed,  fifteen 
barrow  loads  of  dung  is  the  usual  al- 
lowance to  each  light,  which  make  it 
about  six  inches  higher  than  is  allowed 
for  the  cucumber  bed  of  largest  dimen- 
sions. If  a  melon  house  be  employed, 
the   following    is    the   form    and    mode 


To  force  Melons. — Although  a  com-  I  adopted  by  Mr.  Fleming. 
mon  hot-bed  is  generally  used  for  this  j      "  The  house  is  twenty-eight  feet  lonp, 
plant,   yet   a  pit,  as    it   is   technically  |  and    fifteen    wide,    and    is   heated   by 


MEL 

Fig.  99. 


372 


MEL 


means  of  a  saddle  boiler,  with  four-inch 
pipes  passing  round  the  outside  of  the 
pit,  which  pipes  are  fitted  with  cast-iron 
troughs  for  holding  water  to  regulate 
the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere.  Be- 
neath the  pit  is  an  arched  chamber,  a, 

along  the  front  of  whicli  runs  the  flue,  '\  three  or  four  inches  deep 
h,  imparting  a  slight  degree  of  heat  to  i  ing  is  best  performed  twice,  four  or  five 
the  soil  above,  and  also  serving  to  heat ,  days  elapsing  before  the  second  inser- 
a  series  of  arches,  c,  which  run  along  tion  ;  this  guards  as  much  as  possible 
beneath  the  path,  and  are  entered  from  against  failure.  The  pots  should  be 
a  house  in  front,  d,  and  which  are  used  >  plunged  by  degrees,  and   not  at  once 


sowing  before  February  is  well  ad- 
vanced, and  more  risk  of  failure  incur- 
red. On  the  average,  fifteen  weeks 
elapse;  on  the  shortest  and  coldest 
days  of  winter  eighteen  ;  and  as  the 
spring  advances  it  decreases  to  eleven 
or  twelve;  these  periods  necessarily 
varying  in  different  years.  The  mode 
of  sowing,  managing  the  seedlings, 
pricking  out,  &c.,  being  the  same  as 
with  the  cucumber,  only  that  a  few  de- 
grees higher  temperature  is  required,  I 
refer  the  reader  to  that  head.  The  pots 
in  which  the  seed  is  sown  should  be 
Each  sow- 


for  forcing  rhubarb,  &c.,  in  the  winter. 
— Gard.  Chron. 

Mr.  Green  has  published  the  follow- 
ing excellent  mode  of  heating  a  melon 
pit  with  hot  water  : — 

The    annexed   figure   represents  a 


down  to  the  rim.  Those  for  pricking 
into  must  be  about  five  inches  in  di- 
ameter. The  first  stopping.is  usually 
performed  in  the  seed-beds. 

Ridging  out. — The  soil  must  be  two 
feet  deep,  and  the  plants  inserted  in  the 


section  of  the  pit:  1,  1,  are  the  flow  !  centre  of  each  light,  care  being  taken  to 
pipes  and  the  water  troughs;  3,  the  '  remove  them  with  as  little  injury  as  pos- 
pipes  to  fill  the  troughs;  4,  the  pipe  by  I  sible  to  the  roots.  The  removal  should 
which  the  water  is  let  outof  the  troughs;    take  place  soon  after  the  attainment  of 


the  bed   for  the  plants ;   and  G,  the 
trellis  on  which  the  shoots  are  trained." 

Fig.  100. 


Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — Seed 
may  be  sown  about  the  middle  of  Jan- 
uary; but  the  usual  time  is  about  the 
same  period  of  the  succeeding  month, 
or  not  even  until  its  close,  if  severe 
weather;  to  be  repeated  towards  the 
end  of  March,  and  lastly  in  the  first 
weeks  of  April  and  May.  The  length 
of  time  between  the  sowing  and  cutting, 
depends  chiefly  upon  the  variety  em- 
ployed.    But   little  time  is  gained  by 


the  rough  leaves,  or  immediately  on  the 
appearance  of  the  lateral  runners.  If 
the  bed  is  not  ready,  those  from  the 
earth  of  the  seed-beds  must  be  moved 
into  pots,  and  those  already  in  them 
turned  into  larger  ones,  from  whence 
they  may  be  finally  removed  without 
detriment;  one  plant  only  should  be 
allowed  to  remain,  for  no  more  are  re- 
quired for  each  light.  Water  must  be 
given  with  the  precautions  enumerated 
for  cucumbers,  and  especial  care  taken 
not  to  wet  the  foliage,  or  to  apply  it  too 
abundantly,  and  repeated  two  or  three 
times  until  the  plants  are  establish- 
ed. When  completely  rooted,  the 
bed  may  be  earthed  by  degrees  to  its 
full  depth,  sixteen  inches;  it  being  first 
added  immediately  round  the  cones, 
and  pressed  moderately  firm  as  it  is  laid 
on.  The  pruning  and  training  must  be 
performed  as  in  cucumbers,  and  the 
same  precautions  taken  to  admit  air  and 
light,  and  to  shade  and  cover,  &c.  It 
is  in  the  training  and  management  of 
the  foliage  in  particular  that  the  ge- 
nerality of  gardeners  are  careless,  al- 
though the  labours  of  the  j)hysiologist 
and  chemist  have  demonstrated  how 
important  it  is  that  every  leaf  should  be 


MEL 


373 


MEL 


kept  in  its  natural  posture  and  vigour. 
So  convinced  was  Mr.  Knight  of  the 
little  attention  paid  to  tiiis  point,  that 
he  took  some  melon  plants  under  his 
especial   care.     He   placed   one    under 


er  the  main  stem  the  better,  must  be 
left  on  each  runner,  and  all  others 
nipped  off,  the  runner  at  the  s;iinc  time 
being  broken  away  at  the  third  joint 
above  it.     Eight  melons  on   one  plant 


each  light,  the  glass  of  which  was  six  of  the  large  varieties,  and  about  twelve 
feet  by  four ;  the  branches  were  trained  of  the  smaller  are  quite  sufficient  to  be 
regularly  and  secured  by  pegs  in  every  left;  if  more  are  suff'ered  to  remain, 
direction;  and  still  further,  to  present  i  they  will  either  be  of  inferior  size  and 
the  largest  possible  surface  of  foliage  to  '  quality,  or  not  ripen  at  all.  By  this 
the  light,  the  leaves  were  held  erect' 
at  equal  distances  from  the  glass.  As 
great  injury  is  sustained  by  these  from 
the  common  mode  of  watering,  it  was 
80  performed  as  not  to  touch  them.  By 
this  simple  additional  care,  the  other 
routine  of  their  management  being  the 
same  as  usual,  the  fruit  attained  an  ex- 
traordinary  degree  of  perfection,  and 


prunmg  fresh  runners  are  often  in- 
duced; but  these  must  in  like  manner 
be  stopped,  and  any  fruit  that  they  may 
produce  be  removed.  If  a  superabun- 
dance are  produced,  which  especially, 
if  new  seed  is  employed,  will  some- 
times happen,  it  is  necessary  to  thin 
them,  and  in  doing  this  the  weakest  and 
most  luxuriant  must  alike  be  rejec'ted. 


ripened  in  an  unusually  short  space  of  those  of  an  average  size  being  the  most 
time.  Mr.  Knight  further  directs, how-' fruitful.  It  must  always  be  kept  in 
ever,  that  wherever  a  sufficient  quantity '  mind,  that  air  should  be  admitted  as 
of  fruit  is   set,  the  production  of  more    much   and    as    often   as   circumstances 


leaves  is  to  be  prevented,  if  they  can- 
not be  exposed  to  the  light  without 
overshadowing  the  fruit,  by  pinching 
off  the  laterals  as  soon  as  formed.  No 
part    of    full-grown    leaves,    however. 


will  allow.  During  mild  and  serene 
afternoons  and  evenings,  the  glasses 
may  be  entirely  removed,  but  on  no 
consideration  left  ofTall  night.  In  very 
warm   weather  they  may  be   kept  off, 


should  be  destroyed  though  far  distant'  from  ten   in  the  morning  until   five,  a 


from  the  fruit. 
Temperature.- 


shade  being  afforded  to  the  plants  dur- 
-The  temperature   re-    ing  the  meridian  if  they  flag  at  all.     It 


quires  particular  attention  at  the  time  I  is  necessary,  both  for  melons  and  cu- 
of  setting  and  ripening  ;  though  neglect '  cumbers,  that  something  should  be  laid 
at  all  the  stages  of  growth  is  fatal.  It!  between  the  fruit  and  the  earth  of  the 
must  never  fall  below  70°,  or  rise  above  '  bed,  otherwise  it  will  be  speckled  and 
SO^.  The  seed  or  nursery  bed  may  '  injured  in  appearance ;  clean  straw  and 
continue  about  the  minimum,  but  never  reeds  spread  in  thin  but  regular  layers 
below  it:  and  the  fruiting  one  as  con-  are  often  employed  for  this  purpose, 
stantlv  approximatinii  the  maximum  as  If  tiles  or  pieces  of  board  are  made  use 
possible  until  the  fruit  is  full  grown,  of,  it  is  of  considerable  service  in  for- 
when  the  temperature  during  the  day  warding  the  ri[)ening,  to  have  them 
may  vary  between  85^  and  953.  Im-  painted  or  charred  black;  but  what 
pregnation  must  be  performed  as  di-  would  be  still  better  is  coal  ashes 
reeled  for  cucumbers.  When  the  run-  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  bed  two 
ners  completely  touch  the  side  of  the  or  three  inches  deep  and  beat  smooth, 
frame,  if  the  season  is  genial  it  must  be  [  This,    I   am    of  opinion,   is   preferable 


raised  three  or  four  inches  by  means  of 
bricks,  otherwise  they  must  be  pruned 
or  stopped.  From  ijiis,  the  propriety 
of  having  only  one  plant  to  a  light,  is 
evident;  for  the  runners  being  ofVen 
six  or  seven  feet  long,  and  very  numer- 
ous, require,  if  there   is  not  room  for 


from  its  power  of  absorbing  and  re- 
taining heat,  and  inferior  in  no  other 
quality  to  drifted  sea  or  river  sand, 
recommended  by  Mr.  Henderson,  of 
Brechin  Castle,  N.  B.,  which,  he  ob- 
serves, extirpates  the  slater  or  wood- 
louse,   by  preventing   it  conccaliii" 


training,  the  frame  to  be  lifted  long  self  from  the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  it  keeps 
before  the  season  will  allow  it.  As  down  the  steam,  affords  a  bed  for  the 
soon  as  the  fruit  is  set  they  must  he  fruit  as  warm  and  as  dry  as  tiles  or 
looked  over  three  or  four  times  in  a  slates,  retains  the  moisture  longer, 
week  to  observe  which  is  the  most  i  whilst  it  becomes  dry  itself  sooner  than 
vigorous  and  finest;  of  these,  one  that]  those  coverings,  and  is  a  powerful  pre- 
has  the  largest  footstalk,  and  the  near- 1  ventive  of  the  evil — the  mildew.      If 


MEL 


374 


MEL 


tiles  or  Blates  are  employed,  they  must    twenty  years  old  it  has  been  known  to 
be  put  under  the  fruit  as  soon  as  it  has  ,  produce  fruitful  plants, 
attained  the  size  of  a  walnut,  the  other        jj^nd  Glass  Crops.— For  these,  plants 
materials  immediately  after  the  plants  ^^e  required  from  sowings  of  the  middle 
are  well  established.     A  regular  moist-    of  March,  April,  or  early  in  May,  and 

ure  should  be  kept  up  by  moderate  wa-       -      -^ r„.„i„„.; »  ;=,„,nrU<.H 

terings  applied  with  the  precaution  inti- 
mated for  cucumbers;  but  when  the 
fruit  is  becoming  ripe,  water  must  be 
either   altogether   withheld  or  applied 


whose  fitness  for  planting  out,  is  marked 
by  the  rough  leaf,  &c.,  as  intimated  be- 
fore. 

The  bed  must  be  four  and  a  half  feet 
ide,    in    length    proportionate  to  the 


eiiiier    ajiwycLuci     ..nwni^.u    «.    ^-cf i  wide,    in    lengin    proporiionaie    i.)    mc 

very  sparingly.  About  thirty  or  forty  ,  jju^^ber  of  glasses,  which  must  be  at 
days  usually  elapse  between  the  setting  j  ^^^^^  f^^^  f^^^  jjp^^t  .  ^^d,  eight  barrow 
and  full  ripeness;  it  must  be  gently  S  j^j^^jg  of  dung  being  allowed  to  each 
turned  twice  or  three  times  during  a  [  ^]^gg^  ■^^  y,i\\  be  about  two  and  a  half 
•week,  otherwise   that  side   which   lies    ^^^^  high.     It   may    be    founded    in    -^ 

^/^notniitl  V  nn  fhp  (Tmiinfl  wili  bc  blaHch-      1,      :l-  »u_ 


constantly  on  the  ground  will  be  blanch- 
ed and  disfigured.  Its  maturity  is  inti- 
mated by  a  circular  crack  near  the 
footstalk,  sometimes  by  becoming  yel- 
lowish; but  more  decidedly  by  the 
emission  of  a  fragrant  smell.  The 
cutting  should  be  performed  early  in 
the  morning,  and  the  fruit  kept  in  a 
cool   place   until   wanted.     The  whole 


trench,  if  the  soil  is  dry,  but  it  is  best 
constructed  on  the  surface.  The  earth- 
ing, planting,  and  other  points  of  man- 
agement are  precisely  the  same  as  for 
the  frame  crops.  The  temperature 
need  not,  however,  be  so  high,  the 
maximum  required  being  70^,  but  it 
must  never  sink  below  65°,  which  may 
easily  be  accomplished  by  linings,  &c. 


of  the  stalk  is  left  pertaining  to  it  when  ,  rpj^^   runners  must  not  be  allowed   to 


cut.     To   prevent  the   fruit's  bursting, 
it  is  a  very  successful   plan  to  elevate 


extend  from  beneath   the  glasses  until 
June,  or  the  weather  has  become  genial 


It  IS  a  vcij    oLii,>.<^oo.ui    jj.u..   —    June,  or  me  weainer  ii;ts  uci;uiuc  i;ciiia 

the  further  end  of  the  fruit  as  much  as    ^^^   settled,  but  be  kept  within  as  no 


30'^  above  the  stalk  end. 

To  Obtain  Seed. — For  the  production 
of  seed,  some  fruit  of  the  earliest  raised 
crops  must  be  left :  of  these  the  finest 
and  firmest  should  be  selected,  the 
choice  being  guided  by  the  circum- 
stances, as  are  mentioned  for  cucum- 
bers. No  two  varieties  should  be  grown 
in  the  same  frame,  either  when  the  seed 
is  an  object,  for  then  it  would  be  con- 
taminated ;  or  if  the  fruit  is  alone  re- 
quired; for  their  growth  and  vigour 
almost  always  differing,  different  treat- 
ment  is    required    by    each.      Neither 


ticed  for  cucumbers.  'When  allowed 
to  escape,  all  dwindled  or  snpervigor- 
ous  shoots  must  be  removed,  and  the 
training  be  as  regular  as  for  those  in 
the  frames.  The  glasses  raised  upon 
props  must,  however,  be  kept  con- 
stantly over  the  centre  as  a  shelter  to 
the  capital  parts. 

The  bed  requires  to  be  hooped  over 
for  the  support  of  mats  in  cold  or  wet 
weather.  If  paper-frames  are  employ- 
ed, the  most  unremitting  attention  is 
required,  the   plants  being  very  apt  to 


ment   IS    required    by    eacn  ei     e    ;    ^  .  .^^^_^_     They  may,  how 

should  cucumbers  or  gourds  be  allowed,    P  ,       j  with  advantage  in 

to  vegetate  in   such   a   situation,  as  to  |  ,  PJ       ^^^  sheltering   and 

risk    mutual    impregnation    by  insects         e   P  .^  ^^    ^^  ^^_ 

Bothof  themebnandcucuri.ber,s^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^.^^  ^,^^  ^,.^;^  ^^       . 

seed  only  should  be  kept  as  sinks  freeb       ^^^^^-        ,„,j,,i,       jj    jg    highly    ad- 
tothe   bottom  of  water      ^^ed  is  best    P  "^  ^„     ,/^3  hand-glasses  over 

lor   sowin"  when    tliree  or    lour  years  =  r  .     ■       »„  ,u„ 

'Z  ,Tf  .e5  than  .^o,  ,he  plan,.  ,Led    ■';"-■■;-  «^Er,"4"' ,'  ,' .',  d'„ 

;Z„;»c'.':r?n,?.nT  ""„i;.."e'Tr  -P--  -■...  .„,, .,.  srea.e„c.,c  a„U  a. 
juxuriaiceu.  Vf  „o.v  c^^rl  i«  una  ,  tent  on,  unless  there  are  spare  frames  to 
male  blossoms.  If  nevv  seed  '^""=1-  i„p|„ge  them  entirely;  those  which  do 
voidab  V  emp  oyed,  it  should  be  hung  mciose  mem  euurcij^  ,  i, 
m  a  pajer  o*^  phial  near  the  fire  until  "ot,  are  employed  in  pickling. 
wanted,  or  be  carried  in  the  pocket  for  ,  For  a  tolerable  supply  throughout  the 
three  or  four  weeks.  If,  on  the  con-  season,  a  small  fomily  requires  one 
trarv,  the  seed  is  very  old,  it  should  be  three-light  frame,  and  three  hand-glass- 
soaked  in  milk-warm  water  for  two  or  es ;  these  together  will  yield  on  the 
three    hours    before    sowing.       When    average  thirty   or   torty  melons,     ihe 


MEL 


375 


M  E  N 


largest  establishment  will  not  require 
more  than  four  times  as  manv. 

M  E  L  O  N,  W  A  T  E  R  .  The  Water 
Melon  is  cultivated  in  the  United  States 
precisely  like  the  Nutmeg.  There  are 
many  kinds,  of  which  the  INIountain 
Sprout,  Mountain  Sweet,  and  Black 
Spanish  are  most  esteemed  at  Philadel- 
phia. The  culture  is  so  simple,  and 
so  generally  understood,  that  direction 
must  be  needless.  To  produce  fine 
Melons  on  heavy  or  wet  soil,  it  is  ne- 
cessary to  prepare  a  light  rich  compost 
in  sufficient  quantity  to  supply  the  wants 
of  the  vines — hills  four  or  five  feet  in 
diameter,  and  two  feet  in  depth. 

MELON  PUMPKIN.  CucurUta  me- 
lopepo. 

MELON  THISTLE.     Melocactus. 

MELON  TURK'S  CAP.  Melocactus 
cotnmunis. 

MEMECYLON.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

MENIOCUS  linifolius.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seeds.     Common  soil. 

MENISCIUM.  Five  species.  Stove 
Ferns.  Dtvision  or  seeds.  Loam  and 
peat. 

M  E  N  I  S  P  E  R  M  U  M  .  Five  spe- 
cies. Hardy  deciduous  or  stove  ever- 
green twiners.  Division,  cuttings,  or 
seeds.     Common  soil. 

MENONVILLEA  fiUfoUa.  Hardy 
annual.     Seeds.     Light  loamy  soil. 

M  E  N  T  H  A  .  Mint.  Twenty-five 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Common  soil. 

Spear  or  Green  Mint.  M.  vlridis. 
Is  employed  in  sauces  and  salads,  as 
well  as  dried  for  soups  in  winter.  There 
are  two  varieties,  the  broad  and  narrow 
leaved,  equally  good. 

Penny  Royal.  M.  Pulegium.  Is  cul- 
tivated for  its  use  in  culinary  and  phar- 
maceutical preparations.  There  are 
two  varieties,  the  trailing,  which  is 
usually  cultivated,  and  the  upright. 

Peppermint.  I\[.  piperita.  For  dis- 
tilling, and  the  production  of  its  pecu- 
liar oil  and  water. 

Soil  and  Situation. — These  plants  are 
best  grown  on  a  tenacious  soil;  even  a 
clay  is  more  suitable  to  them,  than  a 
light  silicious  one.  It  should  be  mode- 
rately fertile,  entirely  free  from  stag- 
nant moisture,  and  consequently  on  a 
dry  subsoil  or  well  drained.  A  wet 
soil  makes  them  luxuriant  in  summer. 


or  situation  that  is  sheltered  from  the 
meridian  sun,  is  always  to  be  allotted 
them,  as  in  such  they  are  most  vigorous 
and  constant  in  production.  A  com- 
partment entirely  secluded  from  the  in- 
fluence of  the  sun  is,  however,  equally 
unfavourable  with  one  that  is  too  much 
exposed. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Propagation. — 
They  arc  propagated  by  parting  the 
roots  in  February  or  March,  September 
or  October,  and  by  slips  or  olfsets  at 
the  same  seasons.  The  mints  likewise 
may  be  increased  by  cuttings  of  the  an- 
nual shoots  in  May  or  June,  as  well  as 
by  cuttings  of  the  roots  in  spring  or  au- 
tumn. For  production  of  green  tops 
throughout  the  winter  and  early  spring, 
the  spearmint  is  often  planted  in  a  hot- 
bed, and  more  rarely  pennyroyal,  every 
three  weeks  during  October  and  three 
following  months. 

Planting  in  the  open  ground  at  what- 
ever seasons,  or  by  whatever  mode, 
should  if  possible  be  performed  in 
showery  weather,  or  water  must  be 
given  plentifully,  especially  to  cuttings. 
If  propagated  by  divisions  of  the  root, 
they  must  be  inserted  in  drills  two 
inches  deep;  if  by  slips  or  cuttings, 
they  must  be  five  or  six  inches  in 
length,  and  their  lower  half  being  di- 
vested of  leaves,  planted  to  that  depth 
in  every  instance,  being  set  in  rows  ten 
inches  apart  each  way. 

The  only  after  cultivation  required 
is  the  constant  destruction  of  weeds, 
which  are  peculiarly  injurious. 

After  July,  the  produce  of  green  tops 
is  of  little  value;  they  should  therefore 
be  allowed  then  to  advance  to  flower, 
which  they  will  produce  towards  the 
beginning  of  September,  when  they  are 
in  the  fit  state  for  gathering,  either  for 
drying  or  distilling.  In  either  case  the 
stalks  should  be  cut  just  previously  to 
the  flower  opening.  At  the  close  of 
September  or  beginning  of  October,  the 
stems  must  be  cut  down  as  close  as 
possible,  the  weeds  cleared  entirely 
away,  and  a  little  fine  fresh  mould 
spread  over  them.  The  beds  should 
never  be  allowed  to  coniinue  longer 
than  four  years  ;  by  constant  gathering, 
the  plants  not  only  become  weakened, 
but  the  roots  becoming  matted  and 
greatly  increased,  produce  only  numer- 
ous diminutive  shoots  or  entirely  decay. 

Forcing. — For    Ibrcing,    a    moderate 


but  ensures  decay  in  winter.     A  border  '.  hot-bed  is  necessary,  earthed  over  about 


MEN 


376 


M  IC 


three  inches  thick  ;  in  this  the  roots  may  j  bees,  from  the  disposition  of  the  colours, 
be  inserted  about  four  inches  apart,  and  i  which  are,  for  the  most  part,  yellow, 
one  fdeep.  They  are  sometimes  only  orange,  and  black,  but  they  certainly 
protected  with  mats,  but  frames  are  bear  a  greater  resemblance  to  some  of 
preferable.  If  it  is  inconvenient  to  con- ^  the  bots  ;  from  bees  they  are  readily 
struct  a  bed  purposely,  they  may  be  distinguished  by  having  only  two  wings, 
planted  in  pots  and  plunged  in  any  bed  the  horns  and  proboscis  are  totally  dif- 
already  in  operation,  or  be  set  on  the  ferent,  and  they  have  no  stings, 
side  of  the  stove.  The  temperature  "  Bulbs  are  affected  by  these  maggots, 
should  never  vary  beyond  the  extremes  j  and  they  are  readily  detected  by  their 
of 70'  and  80°.  !  not  throwing  out  leaves;  v^hen,  there- 

MENTZELIA.  Four  species.  Stove,    fore,  a  bulb  fails  to  vegetate,  it  ought  to 
green-house,  and  hardy  perennials.    M.  '  be  immediately  dug  up  and  destroyed." 
Cutting 


— Gard.  Chron 

MERTENSIA.  Eight  species.  Har- 
Three  species  and  }  dy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Hardy   deciduous  or  j  They  thrive  best  in  sandy  peat. 

__■  Three 


aspera,  a  half-hardy  annual 
Sandy  loam  and  peal 

MENZIESIA       ~ 
many    varieties, 
evergreen  shrubs.  Layers.    Sandy  peat. 

MERENDERA  caucasica.  Har- 
dy bulbous  perennial.  Seeds  or  offsets. 
Light  loam. 

MERL\NIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Half-ripe  cuttings. 
Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

MERODON  narcissi.  Narcissus  Fly. 
Of  this  insect  we  have  the  following  par- 
ticulars by  Mr.  Curtis  ; — 

"  In  the  month  of  November,  one  or 
two  large  roundish  holes  are  sometimes 
found  on  the  outsides  of  the  bulbs  of 
the  Daffodil,  which  are  more  or  less 
decayed  within,  where  a  maggot  will 
generally  be  found,  which  by  feeding  in 
the  heart  during  the  summer  and  autumn 
months,  has  been  the  sole  author  of  the 
mischief. 

"  This  larva  is  somewhat  like  the 
flesh-maggot,  and  not  unlike  a  bot,  only 
that  it  is  not  serrated  with  spines,  and 
instead  of  being  whitish,  its  natural 
colour,  is  changed  to  brown  by  its  living 
amongst  the  slimy  matter  which  has 
been  discharged  from  its  own  body, 
causing  the  gradual  rotting  of  the  bulb. 

"  Towards  the  end  of  November,  the 
maggot  is  transformed  into  a  pupa,  to 
accomplish  which  it  eats  its  way  out  of 


mp:seimbryanthemum. 

hundred  and  seventeen  species,  and 
many  varieties.  Chiefly  green-house 
evergreen  shrubs;  many  are  trailing 
plants,  some  annuals  and  herbaceous 
perennials.  M.  christallinum  and  M. 
cultratum  are  hardy.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam. 

MESPILUS.  Medlar.  Two  species 
and  eight  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
trees.  M.  germanica  stricta  is  ever- 
green. Budding  or  grafting  on  the 
common  hawthorn  or  pear,  or  seeds. 
Common  soil.     See  Medlar. 

MESSERSCHMIDIA.  Four  species. 
Stove  evergreens.  M.  hirsutissima,  a 
tree,  the  rest  climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

MESSUA  ferrea.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.  Seeds  or  cuttings.  Strong  loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

METALASIA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  San- 
dy peat  and  loam. 

METEOROLOGY.     See  Weather. 

METROSIDEROS.  Sixspecies. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  M.  ve- 
rus,  a  stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

MEXICAN  TIGER  FLOWER.     Ti- 


the bulb  near  the  roots,  and -buries  it-    gridia  pavonia. 

self  in    the    surrounding    earth.      The        INIICE.      Various    plans    have   been 

pupa;  are  dull  brown,  elliptical,  rough,    suggested  to  preserve  peas  and  beans, 

and   strongly  wrinkled.      In  this  state 

they  remain  until  the  following  spring, 

when  the  flies  issue  from  their  tombs. 

Their  eggs  are  then  deposited,  but  upon 

■what  part  of  the  plant  they  are   laid, 

has    not    been  observed,  but   probably 

upon  the   bulb    near  the    base  of   the 

leaves.     April  seems  to  be  the  month 

when  most  of  the  flies  hatch  ;  and  they 


when  sown,  from  the  ravages  of  mice. 
We  believe,  we  have  tried  them  all. 
Dipping  the  seeds  in  oil,  and  then  roll- 
ing them  in  powdered  resin  ;  putting 
small  pieces  of  furze  in  the  drills  and 
over  the  rows  after  the  seed  has  been 
sown,  but  before  covering  with  the 
earth — were  both  partially  successful, 
but  the  mode  attended   with  the  most 


have  been  compared  to  small  humble-   complete  safety,  has  always  been  that 


MIC 


37? 


M  IL 


of  covering  the  surface  of  the  soil  over  i  flowers  of  which  are  to  be  pinched  off 
the  rows,  to  the  depth  of  full  an  inch,  |  as  often  as  they  appear  during  the 
and  six  inches  wide,  with  finely  sifted  j  first  season.  It  must  be  repotted  as 
coal  ashes.  The  mice  will  not  scratch  '  occasion  may  require;  the  lower  shoots 
through  this,  and  it  has  the  additional  ;  must  be  removed  in  autumn,  and  the 
advantage,  by  its  black  colour  absorbing  plant  must  be  kept  during  winter  in  a 
the  solar  heat,  of  promoting  the  early  i  room  or  green-house  above  the  freezing 


vegetation  of  the  crop. 

MICHAELMAS  DAISY.     Aster.        ' 

MICHAUIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
biennials.     Seeds.     Rich  loam. 

MICHELIA  rhampaca.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Light  loam. 

MICONIA.  Fourteen  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

M I C  R  A  N  T  H  E M  U M  orbiculafum. 
Half  hardy  evergreen  trailer.  Division. 
Sandv  peat. 

MICROCALA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

MICROLOMA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

MICROMERIA.  Eight  species,  and 
a  few  varieties.  Cliietly  half-hardy  ever.- 
green  shrubs.    Ciillings.    Common  soil. 

MICROPERA.  Two  species.  M. 
banksii,  a  green-house  tuberous-rooted 
perennial.  M.  pallida,  a  stove  orchid. 
Offsets.     Rich  mould. 

MICROTIS.  Three  species.  Half- 
hardy  tuberous-rooted  orchids.  Divi- 
sion.    Loam  and  peat. 

MIDGE.    See  Cecidomyia  and  Sciara. 

MIGNONETTE.     Reseda  odorata. 

Soil. — Light  loam,  well  drained,  and 
manured  with  leaf-mould. 

Solving  in  the  open  ground  from  the 
end  of  April  to  the  beginning  of  July 
will  produce  a  sure  succession  of  blooms 
through  the  year.  If  allowed  to  seed 
and  the  soil   suits   it,  mignonette  will 


point.  The  second  season  it  may  be 
treated  in  a  similar  manner,  and  the 
next  year  it  may  be  allowed  to  bloom, 
which,  with  care,  it  will  continue  to  do 
for  several  years." — Gard.  Chron. 

MIKANIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Light 
rich  soil. 

MILDEW,  whether  on  the  stems  of 
the  wheat,  or  on  the  leaves  of  the 
chrysanthemum,  pea,  rose^  or  peach, 
appears  in  the  form  of  minute  fungi, 
the  roots  of  which  penetrate  the  pores 
of  the  epidermis,  rob  the  plant  of  its 
juices,  and  interrupt  its  respiration. 
There  seems  to  me  every  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  fungus  is  communicated 
to  the  plants  from  the  soil.  Every 
specimen  of  these  fungi  emits  annually 
myriads  of  minute  seeds,  and  these  are 
wafted  over  the  soil  by  every  wind, 
vegetating  and  reproducing  seed,  if 
they  have  happened  to  be  deposited  in  a 
favourable  place,  or  remaining  until  the 
following  spring  without  germinating. 
These  fungi  have  the  power  of  spread- 
ing also  by  stooling  or  throwing  out  off- 
sets. They  are  never  absent  from  a 
soil,  afld  at  some  period  of  its  growth 
are  annually  to  be  found  upon  the 
plants  liable  to  their  inroads.  They  are 
more  observed  in  cold,  damp,  muggy 
seasons,  because  such  seasons  are  pe- 
culiarly favourable  to  the  growth  of  all 
fungi.  The  best  of  all  cures  is  a 
weak  solution  of  common  salt  and  wa- 


continue  to  propagate  itself.  If  not  al- !  ter  sprinkled  over  the  foliage  of  the 
lowed  to  ripen  its  seed,  the  same  plants  j  plant  affected  by  the  aid  of  a  painter's 
will  bloom  for  two  or  more  seasons,  ]  brush,  or  impelled  by  a  syringe.  Dis- 
being  a  perennial  in  its  native  country,    solve  three  ounces  of  the  salt  in  each 


For  Pot  Culture  and  the  production 
of  flowers  to  succeed  those  of  the  open 
ground  plants,  sow  once  in  August,  and 
again  in  September.  The  soil  as  above, 
well  drained  and  pressed  into  forty-eight 
pots  :  cover  the  seed  a  fourth  of  an  inch. 
Thin  the  seedlings  to  three  in  a  pot. 
Water  sparingly.     When  mignonette  is 


gallon  of  water,  and  repeat  the  applica- 
tion on  two  or  three  successive  days, 
applying  it  during  the  evening.  Nitre 
has  been  employed  with  similar  success, 
using  one  ounce  to  each  gallon.  Uredo 
rosce,  Puccinin  rosie,  and  Cladosproium 
herharum,  are  the  mildew  fungi  of  the 
rose  tree  :    Oidium  crysiphoides  of  the 


deficient  of  perfume,  it  is  because  the  I  peach  tree  ;  and  Erysiphe  communis  of 
temperature  is  too  low. 

Tree  mignonette. — Dr.  Lindley  says, 
"  That  this  is  obtained  by  selecting  and 
potting   a    vigorous    young   plant,   the 


the  pea.     Of  course   there    are   many 
others. 

MILFOIL.     Achillea. 

MILLA.    Two  species. 


Half-hardy 


MI  L 


378 


MIX 


bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  Sandy 
loam. 

MILLINGTONIA  simplidfolia. 
Stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

MILLIPEDE.     See  Julus. 

MILTONIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
orchids.  Mr.  Paxton  says,  "  that  to 
propagate  them,  the  stems  should  be 
cut  half  through,  young  plants  are  then 
emitted  ;  cut  through  the  stem  quite, 
a  montii  before  separating  the  young 
plants  ;  plant  in  rough  peat  and  pot- 
sherds." 

MIMETES.  Eight  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Light  turfy  loam. 

MIMOSA.  Twenty-two  species. 
Chiefly  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  M. 
pudica,  an  annual.  M.  viva,  an  her- 
baceous perennial.  Young  cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

MIMULUS.  Seventeen  species. 
Chiefly    hardy    herbaceous    perennials 


MITE.     Acarus. 

MITELLA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Peaty 
soil. 

MITRASACME.  Three  species. 
M.  canescens,  a  green-house  herbaceous 
perennial  ;  the  other  two  annuals. 
Seeds.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

MIXTURE  OF  SOILS  is  one  of  the 
most  ready  and  cheapest  modes  of  im- 
proving their  staple,  and  thus  render- 
ing them  more  ferlile  ;  and  upon  the 
subject  I  have  nothing  to  add  to  the 
following  excellent  remarks  of  my  bro- 
ther, Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson  :  — 

"  I  have  witnessed  even  in  soils  to 
all  appearance  similar  in  composition, 
some  very  extraordinary  results  from 
their  mere  mixture.  Thus  in  the  gra- 
velly soils  of  Spring  Park,  near  Croy- 
don, the  ground  is  often  excavated  to  a 
depth  of  many  feet,  through  strata  of 
barren  gravel  and  red  sand,  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  the  white  or  silver 


increased   by  division    or  seed.     Com- j  sand,  which  exists  beneath  them.  When 

this  fine  sand  is  removed,  the  gravel 
and  red  sand  is  thrown  back  into  the 
pit,  the  ground  merely  levelled,  and 
then  either  let  to  cottagers  for  gardens, 
or  planted  with  forest  trees  ;  in  either 
case  the  effect  is  remarkable;  all  kinds 
of  either  fir  or  deciduous  trees  will  now 
vegetate  with  remarkable  luxuriance  ; 
and  in  the  cottage  garden  thus  formed, 
several  species  of  vegetables,  such  as 
beans  and  potatoes,  will  produce  very 
excellent  crops,  in  the  very  soils  in 
which  they  would  have  perished  pre- 
vious to  their  mixture.  The  permanent 
advantage  of  mixing  soils,  too,  is  not 
confined    to   merely    those  entirely    of 


mon  soil.  The  green-house  and  half- 
hardy  species  require  a  light  rich  soil, 
and  increase  by  cuttings.  The  annuals, 
seeds.     Common  soil. 

MIMUSOPS.  Six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Ripe  cuttings.  Light 
loamy  soil,  or  loam  and  peat. 

MINT.     See  Mentha. 

MIRABILIS.  Five  species  and 
several  varieties.  Green-house  fusiform 
rooted  perennials.  Seeds.  Light  rich 
soil. 

MERBELIA.  Six  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

MISLETOE  {Viscum  album)  is  some 


times  required  to  be  introduced  upon  the    an  earthy  composition  ; — earths  which 
trees  of  the  shrubbery,  and  other  parts  j  contain  inert   organic    matter,  such   as 


of  the  pleasure  ground.  The  easiest 
and  best  way  to  propagate  it  is  by 
placing  ripe  seeds  on  the  smooth 
branches  of  the  common  apple,  pear, 
or  white  thorn,  in  February  or  March, 
without  in  any  way  damaging  the  bark 
on  which  they  are  placed.  The  seeds 
should  be  fixed  on  the  under  side  of 
the  branch,  as  there  they  are  shaded, 
and  more  likely  to  escape  being  eaten 
by  birds  when  they  begin  to  vegetate. 
Misletoe  may  be  grafted  on  the  apple 
tree  :  but  success  is  so  precarious,  that 
few  succeed  at  present. — Gard.  Chron. 
MITCHELLA  repens.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous creeper;  increased  by  cuttings 
of  the  stem.     Peat,  or  peat  and  sand. 


peat  or  moss  earth,  are  highly  valuable 
additions  to  some  soils.  Thus,  peat 
earth  was  successfully  added  to  the 
sandy  soils  of  Merionethshire,  by  Sir 
Robert  Vaughan.  .  The  Cheshire  farm- 
ers add  a  mixture  of  moss  and  cal- 
careous earth  to  their  tight-bound 
earths,  the  effect  of  which  they  de- 
scribe as  having  '  a  loosening  opera- 
tion ;'  that  is,  it  renders  the  soil  of 
their  strong  clays  less  tenacious,  and, 
consequently,  promotes  the  ready  ac- 
cess of  the  moisture  and  gases  of  the 
atmosphere  to  the  roots.  The  culti- 
vator sometimes  deludes  himself  with 
the  conclusion  that  applying  sand,  or 
marl,  or  clay,  to  a  poor  soil,  merely 


MOE 


379 


M  0  N 


serves  to  freshen  it  for  a  time,  and  that    talpa  is  known  also  in  England  as  the 


the  effects  of  such  applications  are  ap 
parent  for  only  a  limited  period.  Some 
comparative  experiments,  however, 
which  were  made  sixteen  years  since, 
on  some  poor,  hungry,  inert  heath  land 
in  Norfolic,  have  up  to  this  time  served 
to  demonstrate  the  error  of  such  a  con- 
clusion. In  these  experiments,  the 
ground  was  marled  with  twenty  cuhic 
yards  only  per  acre,  and  the  same  com- 
post;  it  was  then  planted  with  a  proper 
mixture  of  forest  trees,  and  by  the  side 
of  it,  a  portion  of  the  heath,  in  a  state 
of  nature,  was  also  planted  with  the 
same  mixture  of  deciduous  and  fir 
trees. 

Sixteen  years  have  annually  served 


churr-worm,  jarr-worm,  eve  chiirr,  and 
earth  crab.  It  is,  occasionally,  very 
destructive  to  culinary  vegetables; 
creeping  under  ground  through  holes 
it  digs.  It  attains  a  length  of  two 
inches,  is  dark  brown,  and  resembles 
in  most  respects  the  common  cricket. 
Mr.  Kollar  thus  describes  its  habits  : — 
"  The  female  hollows  out  a  place  for 
herself  in  the  earth,  about  half  a  foot 
from  the  surface,  in  the  month  of  June, 
and  lays  her  eggs  in  a  heap,  which 
often  contains  from  two  to  three  hun- 
dred. They  are  shining  yellowish 
brown,  and  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a 
grain  of  millet.  This  hollow  place  is 
of  the    shape   of  a    bottle   gourd,  two 


to  demonstrate,  by  the  luxuriance  of ;  inches  long,  and  an  inch  deep,  smooth 
the  marled  wood,  the  permanent  effects  i  within,  and  having  on  one  side  a  wind- 
produced  by  this  mixture  of  soils.  The  |  ing  communication  with  the  surface  of 
growth  of  the  trees  has  been  there  ;  the  earth.  The  young,  which  are  hatch- 
rapid  and  permanent;  but  on  the  ad- I  ed  in  July  or  August,  greatly  resemble 
joining  soil,  the  trees  have  been  stunted  j  black  ants,  and  feed,  like  the  old  ones. 


their  growth,  miserable   in  appear 
ance,  and  profitless  to  their  owner. 

"  Another,  but  the  least  commonly 
practiced  mode  of  improving  the  staple 
of  a  soil  by  earthy  addition,  is  claying  ; 
a  system  of  fertilizing,  the  good  eti'ects 
of  which  are  much  less  immediately 
apparent  than  chalking,  and  hence  one 


on  the  tender  roots  of  grass,  corn,  and 
various  culinary  vegetables.  They  be- 
tray their  presence  under  the  earth  by 
the  withered  decay  of  culinary  vegeta- 
bles in  the  garden.  In  October  and 
November  they  bury  themselves  deep- 
er in  the  earth,  as  a  protection  from 
cold,  and  come  again  to  the  surlace  in 


of  the    chief  causes  of  its  disuse.     It  |  the  warmer  days  in  March.     Their  pre- 


rcquires  some  little  time  to  elapse,  and 
some  stirring  of  the  soil,  before  the 
clay  is  so  well  mixed  with  a  sandy  soil, 
as  to  produce  that  general  increased 
attraction  and  retentive  power  for  the 
atmospheric  moisture,  which  ever  con- 
stitutes the  chief  good  result  of  claying 
poor  soils.  Clay  must  be  moreover  ap- 
plied in  rather  larger  proportions  to  the 
soil  tlian  chalk  ;  for  not  only  is  its  ap- 
plication rarely  required  as  a  direct 
food  for  plants  for  the  mere  alumina 
which  it  contains  ;  since  this  earth  en- 
ters into  the  composition  of  plants  in 
very  small  proportion,  but  there  is  also 
another  reason  for  a  more  liberal  addi- 
tion of  clay  being  required,  which  is 
the  impure  state  in  which  the  alumina 
exists  in  what  are  commonly  called  clay 
soils." — Farm.  Encyc. 

M  0  E  R  H  I  N  G  I  A  ,     Two  species. 


sence  is  discovered  by  their  throwing 
up  the  earth  like  moles. 

"  The  surest  and  most  efficacious  of 
remedies  is,  without  doubt,  destroying 
the  brood  in  June  or  July.  Practised 
gardeners  know  from  experience  where 
the  nest  of  the  mole  cricket  is  situated  ; 
tliey  dig  it  out  with  their  spades,  and 
destroy  hundreds  in  the  egg  state  with 
little  trouble." — KoUar. 

MOLINERIA  plicata.  Stove  herba- 
ceous perennial.  Division.  Peat  and 
loam. 

MOLUCCA  BALM.     Moluccella. 

MOLUCCELLA.  Three  species. 
Hardy  annuals.  M.  tuberosa,a.  tuberous- 
rooted  perennial.  Seeds.  Common  soil. 

MONACIIANTHUS.  Monk's-jlower. 
Four  species.  Stove  epiphytes.  Divi- 
sion.    Wood. 

MONARDA.    Seven  species.    Hardy 


Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.   Division.  ,  herbaceous  perennials.    Division.  Coni- 
Sand,  loam,  and  peat. 

MOIST  STOVE.     See  Stove. 

MOLDAV' I.\N  BALM.     DracoccpAa- I  green  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and  peat. 


mon  soil. 

MONETIA  harlerioides.   Stove  cver- 


lum  moldavicum. 
MOLE  CRICKET. 


MONEYWORT. 
Gryllus  gryllo-  j  laria. 


Dioscorea  nummu- 


MON 


380 


MOT 


Lysimachia  num.- 
Taverniera   num- 


MONEYWORT. 
Thularia. 
MONEYWORT. 

mularia. 

MONK'S  FLOWER.   Monachanthus. 

MONK'S  HOOD.     Aconihim. 

MONNINA  obtusifolia.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings  or  seed. 
Peat  and  loam. 

MONOPSIS  conspicva.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seeds.     Peat  and  Sand. 

MONOSCHILUS  gloxinifolia.  Stove 
tuberous-rooted  perennial.  Division. 
Peat  and  loam. 

MONOTAXIS  simplex.   Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.     Cuttings 
loam. 

MONOTOCA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

MONSONIA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennials.  M.  ovata, 
a  biennial,  is  increased  by  seed  ;  the 
others,  cuttings  or  division.  Turfy  loam 
and  leaf  mould. 

MONTEZUMA  speciosissima.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.  Half-ripened  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

MOON-SEED.     Menispermum. 

MOON- WORT.     Botrychium. 

MOR.^A.  Twenty  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Division. 
Sandy  Peat. 

MORENOA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

MORICANDIA  arvcnsis.  Hardy  bi- 
ennial.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

MORINA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house or  half-hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials.    Seed.     Light  rich  soil. 

MORINDA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat.  M.jasminoides  is  a  green-house 
evergeen  climber. 

MORISIA  hypogcea.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennial.     Seed.     Light  loam. 

MORISONIA  americana.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Ripe  cuttings 
peat. 

MORMODES.     Five  species, 
epiphytes.     Division.     Wood. 

M  6  R  N  A.  Two  species.  Green- 
house annuals.  Seeds.  Sandy  peat 
and  leaf  mould. 

MORRENL^  odorata.  Green-house 
evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings.  Rich 
mould. 

MORUS.  Mulberry.  Nine  species, 
and  many  varieties.     Chiefly  hardy  de- 


ciduous trees ;  a  few  are  stove  ever- 
greens. Layers.  A  loamy  soil  and  a 
moist  situation.     See  Mulberry. 

MOSCHARIAp?Mno<//ida.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seeds.    Common  soil. 
MOSCHATEL.     Adoxa. 
MOSCHOSMA.   Two  species.    Stove 
annuals.     Seeds.     Light  rich  soil. 

MOSS  is  useful  to  the  gardener  for 
packing  round  the  roots  of  plants  ;  and 
even  some  bulbous  roots  have  been  cul- 
tivated in  it ;  but  when  it  infests  the 
trunks  of  trees,  or  our  lawns,  it  is  one 
of  the  gardener's  pests. 

"  Moss  only  attacks  lawns,  the  soil  of 
Peat  and  '  which  is  unable  to  support  a  greensward 
of  grass.  When  soil  is  exhausted, 
grasses  begin  to  die  off,  and  their  place 
is  taken  by  moss.  The  obvious  mode, 
then,  of  proceeding,  is  to  give  the  lawn 
a  good  top-dressing  in  winter,  either  of 
malt-dust,  or  nitrate  of  soda,  or  soot, 
or  any  other  manure  containing  an 
abundance  of  alkali.  The  gardener 
finds  the  growth  of  moss  arrested  by 
frequent  raking  in  wet  weather,  or  by 
the  application  of  pounded  oyster-shells; 
but  these  are  mere  palliatives,  and  not 
remedies.  Make  your  grass  healthy, 
and  it  will  soon  smother  the  moss." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

The  most  effectual,  most  salutary, 
and  least  disagreeable  remedy  for  moss 
on  trees  is  of  trivial  expense,  and  which 
a  gardener  need  but  try  upon  one  indi- 
vidual to  insure  its  adoption.  It  is  with 
a  hand  scrubbing  brush,  dipped  in  a 
strong  brine  of  common  salt,  as  often 
as  necessary  to  insure  each  portion  of 
the  bark  being  moistened  with  it,  to 
scrub  the  trunks  and  branches  of  his 
trees  at  least  every  second  year.  It 
most  effectually  destroys  insects  of  all 
kinds,  and  moss  ;  and  the  stimulating 
influence  of  the  application,  and  the 
friction,  are  productive  of  the  most 
beneficial  effects.  The  expense  is  not 
so  much  as  that  of  dressing  the  trunks 
Loam  and  j  with  a  solution  of  lime,  which,  how- 
ever efficient  in  the  destruction  of  moss, 
is  not  so  in  the  removal  of  insects — is 
highly  injurious  to  the  trees,  by  filling 
up  the  respiratory  pores  of  the  epider- 
mis, and  is  decidedly  a  promoter  of 
canker.  On  gravel  walks,  a  strong  so- 
lution of  sulphate  of  copper  (blue  vitriol) 
has  been  found  the  most  effectual  de- 
stroyer of  moss. 
MOTH.  Verhascum  Blattaria. 
MOTHERWORT.     Leonurus. 


Stove 


MOT 


381 


M  U  L 


MOTHS,  of  most  kinds,  are  the  pa-  roots  of  a  plant  are  injured,  and  the 
rents  of  caterpillars  preying  upon  some  moister  thev  are  kept  during  its  re- 
plant under  the  gardener's  care,  and  nioval,  the  less  does  it  sutfcr  by  the 
should  be  destroyed  whenever  disco-  transplanting.  The  best  of  all  muds 
vered. 

MOULDLXESS  is  the  common  term 
applied  to  that  crop  of  fungi  whicli 
appears  on  moist  putrescent  vegetable 
matters.      These    fungi    are    Mucorcs, 


for  the  purpose  is  formed  of  three 
pounds  of  garden  soil,  one  ounce  of 
salt,  eiglit  ounces  of  soot,  and  one 
gallon  of  water. 

MILBKRRY.     Morus   nigra.     The 


and  are  effectually  destroyed  whenever    Black,  or  Garden  Mulberry. 


common  salt  or  lime  can   be  applied. 

MOUNTAIN  ASH.  Pyrus  Aucupa- 
ria. 

MOUSE  TAIL.  Dendrobium  Myo- 
surus. 

MOUSE  THORN.  Centaurea  Mya- 
cantha. 

JIOVING  PLANT.  Desmodium  gy- 
7-ans.  I 

MOWING  is,  next  to  digging,  the 
most  laborious  of  the  gardener's   em- 


Soiland  Site. — The  soil  most  suitable 
for  the  mulberry  is  a  rich,  deep,  and 
rather  light  loam,  not  cold  nor  wet, 
but  well  drained.  It  succeeds  best  as 
a  standard,  in  a  well-sheltered  situa- 
tion, open  to  the  south.  It  may  be 
trained  also  against  a  south  wall  with 
advantage  in  a  cold  climate,  but  re- 
quires much  space. — Card.  Chron. 

Propagation  —  by  Seed  —  is  rarely 
practised,    the     seedlings    varying     in 


ployments ;  and  requires  much  practice,  quality,    and    being    long    before    they 

as   well   as  an  extremely  sharp  scythe,  bear    fruit.      Sow   in    a    warm    border, 

before  he  can  attain  to  the  art  of  shav-  during    March,   in  drills   half   an   inch 

ing  the   lawn   or  grass    plot  smoothly  deep.     Give  moderate  waterings  in  dry 


and  equally.     A  mowing  machine  has 
been    invented    by    Mr.    Budding   and 
others,  and  is  represented   in   this  out- 
Fig.  101. 


weather  to  the  seedlings,  and  shelter 
by  mats  during  cold  nights.  They  re- 
quire remaining  two  years  in  the  seed 
bed,  and  then  four  in  the  nursery,  be- 
fore they  are  fit  for  final  planting. 

By  Layers. — To  obtain  these  in  large 
quantities,  some  mulberry  trees  should 
be  headed  down  near  to  the  ground,  to 
induce  lateral  shoots  for  layering. — 
Where  only  a  few  are  wanted,  pots  of 
earth  may  be  raised  to  the  branches. 
See  Layering  and  Circumposition. 

Grafting  and  Budding  —  may  be 
practised,  taking  any  species  of  the 
genus  Morua  for  the  stock.  Grafting 
is  more  difficult  of  success  than  bud- 
line.     It   cuts,   collects,  and   rolls   the    ding,    and    Mr.    Knight     recommends 


grass  at  the  same  time. 


rafting  by  approach  as  the  only  cer- 


Mowing  is  most  easily  performed  tain  mode, 
whilst  the  blades  of  grass  are  wet,  as  By  Cuttings. — Mr.  Knight  recom- 
thcy  then  cling  to  the  scythe,  and  are  mends  cuttings  five  inches  in  length, 
consequently  erect  against  its  cutting  having  two-thirds  of  their  length  two- 
edge.  The  operation,  therefore,  should  year  old  wood,  and  one-third  yearling 
be  performed  early  in  the  morning,  be-  wood,  to  be  planted  in  November,  be- 
fore the  dew  has  evaporated,  or  whilst  neath  a  south  wall.  In  March,  move 
the  grass  is  wet  from  rain  or  artificial  them   into  pots,  leaving   only   one  bud 


watering.     See  Scythe. 


uncovered,  and  plunge   in   a  moderate 


MUDDING  or  Puddling,  is  dipping  hot-bed.  Shade  during  bright  weather, 
the  roots  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  seedlings  and  success  is  almost  unfailing.  A 
in  a  thin  mud  or  puddle,  and  retaining  more  simple  and  expeditious  mode  is 
them  there  until  again  planted,  when-  the  following,  but  whether  it  is  gene- 
ever  they  are  removed.  It  is  one  of  rally  successful  I  am  unable  to  state : — 
the  best  aids  to  success,  and  should  be  |  "  Lop  off  a  straight  branch,  at  least 
universally  adopted,  lor  it  is  a  rule  eight  feet  long,  from  a  large  tree,  in 
without    exception,  that    the   less    the   March,  the  nearer  the  trunk  the  better; 


MUL 


382 


MUS 


clear  away  every  little  branch,  and 
leave  it  quite  bare;  dig  a  hole  four  feet 
deep,  plant  the  naked  branch  and  make 
it  firm  in  the  ground;  leave  around  it  a 
little  basin  of  earth  to  hold  water,  and 
if  the  season  be  dry,  give  it  every 
morning  a  bucketfuil  of  water  through- 
out the  summer.  In  two  years  it  will 
have  made  a  good  head,  and  will  bear 
fruit." — Gard.  Chron. 

Pruning. — Standards  do  not  require 
pruning,  further  than  to  remove  the 
dead  wood  and  irregular  growths.  On 
walls  and  as  espaliers  train  in  all  the 
lateral  annual  shoots,  for  near  the  ends 
of  these  next  year  is  the  fruit  mostly  pro- 
duced,  and  pinch  off  all  foreright  un- 
fruitful buds  as  they  are  produced.  In 
training,  always  make  the  branches 
descend  below  the  horizontal. 

Forcing. — The  mulberry  bears  forc- 
ing excellently,  and  will  ripen  its  fruit 
early  in  June.  It  will  bear  a  very  high 
temperature.  It  may  also  be  grown  of 
a  dwarf  size  in  pots,  and  be  thus 
forced. 

MULCHING,  is  placing  mulch,  or 
long  moist  stable  litter,  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil,  over  the  roots  of  newly 
planted  trees  and  shrubs.  The  best 
mode  is  to  form  a  trench  about  six 
inches  deep,  to  put  in  the  mulch,  and 
cover  it  with  the  earth.  This  prevents 
the  mulch  being  dried  or  scattered  by 
the  winds,  and  is  more  neat  than  ex- 
posing it  on  the  surface.  Mulching 
keeps  the  moisture  from  evaporating, 
and  prevents  frost  penetrating  to  the 
roots,  straw  being  one  of  the  worst 
conductors  of  heat. 

MULE  or  Hybrid,  is  a  plant  raised 
from  seed  generated  by  parents  of  dis- 
tinct species,  and  consequently  un- 
fertile.    See  Hybridizing. 

M  U  L  L  E  R  A  moniliforinis.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.  Young  cuttings. — 
Loam  and  peat. 

MULTIPLICATE  FLOWER.  See 
Double  Flower. 

MUNDIA  spinosa,  and  its  variety. 
Green-house  and  evergreen  fruit  shrubs. 
Young  cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

IMUNTINGIA  cnlahura.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light 
loamy  soil. 

MURALTIA.  Fourteen  species. — 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

MURRAY  A.     Two    species.     Stove 


tree.     Ripe  cuttings,  with  their  leaves. 
Turfy  loam  and  peat. 

MURUCUYA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

MUSA.  The  Banana  and  Plantain 
belong  to  this  genus,  of  which  there 
are  ten  species.  Stove  iierbaceous 
perennials.  Suckers.  Rich  soil.  The 
most  valuable  of  the  species  is  M. 
cavendishii;  and  upon  its  culture,  and 
upon  that  of  the  whole  genus,  we  have 
the  following  observations  by  Mr.  W. 
Buchan,  gardener  at  Blithfield  : — 

"  To  bring  musas  to  a  high  state  of 
perfection,  they  should  be  grown  in  a 
house  entirely  devoted  to  them.  It 
may  have  a  '  ridge  and  furrow'  roof, 
nearly  flat,  and  should  be  divided  into 
pits  about  two  feet  six  inches  square, 
in  order  to  grow  the  plants  separately, 
so  that  when  they  have  done  fruiting, 
each  may  be  removed  and  replaced 
without  disturbing  its  neighbour.  The 
stem  of  this  musa  seldom  attains  a 
greater  height  under  the  most  favoura- 
ble culture  than  six  feet;  and  allowing 
two  feet  for  the  expansion  of  its  foliage, 
a  house  ten  feet  high  in  front  and  twelve 
feet  in  the  back,  with  sliding  lights  in 
the  front  and  ends,  would  suit  it  admi- 
rably. But  it  may  be  easily  fruited, 
and  with  good  success,  in  a  pit  where 
there  is  sufficient  height  without  crowd- 
ing the  leaves. 

"  The  soil  which  suits  all  kinds  of 
musa  best  is  a  mixture  of  half  rotten 
dung  and  half  sandy  loam,  with  about 
one-fourth  sandy  peat,  well  mixed  to- 
gether. The  pits  or  tubs,  in  which 
latter  M.  cavendishii  may  also  be 
fruited,  should  be  well  drained,  as  the 
plant  requires  to  be  supplied  liberally 
with  water  at  the  root  when  growing. 

"  They  should  never  cease  growing, 
and  never  be  allowed  to  want  heat  and 
moisture  from  the  time  they  are  planted 
in  the  pit  or  tub,  until  the  fruits  have 
attained  their  full  size.  A  strong  moist 
heat,  never  below  75'^  or  80°  Fahren- 
heit, should  be  constantly  kept  up  ;  the 
plants  frequently  syringed  over  head, 
and  exposed  to  full  light,  without  any 
shade.  This  should  be  continued  until 
the  fruits  are  set  and  have  attained 
their  full  size,  taking  care,  however, 
not  to  wet  the  flowering  plants.  Young 
healthy  plants  will  throw  up  their  fruit 
in     nine    or    ten    months     after    being 


evergreens;  one  a  shrub,  the   other  a    planted  out,  if  treated  as  above;  and 


MUS 


383 


MUS 


as  soon  as  all  the  fertile  flowers  are  set, 
the  end  of  the  spadix,  an  inch  or  two 
above  the  last  tier  of  perfectly  set  fruit, 
should  be  cut  otT.  When  the  upper 
tier  of  fruit  on  the  spike  begins  to 
change  colour,  totally  discontinue  wa- 
ter, both  at  the  root  and  over  head." — 
Gard.  Chron. 


bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  Sandy 
loam. 

MUSHROOM.  Agaricus  campestris. 
To  produce  mushrooms  artificially, beds 
variously  constructed  are  employed. 

Times  of  forming  the  Beds. — Beds 
may  be  constructed  I'rom  .Tanuary  until 
the  beginning  of  May,  for  spring  and  sum- 


M.  coccinea.     The  cultivation  of  this    mer  production;   and  from  .July  to  the 
species  is  thus  detailed  by  Mr.  G.  Wat-    close  of  the  year,  for  autumn  and  winter. 


son,  gardener  at  Norton  Vicarage: 


;™ 


Construction. — A  bed  is  usually  con- 


"  In  the  latter  part  of  February,  plant  "tructed  of  stable  dung,  &c.,  prepared 
in  pots  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter,  \  as  already  directed  for  cucumbers.  It 
well  drained,  and  the  drainage  covered  [  is  made  in  the  form  of  the  roof  of  a 
with  a  little  moss.  Plunge  the  pots  into  house,  four  or  tive  feet  wide  at  the  base, 
a  bottom  heat  between  60'^  and  70'^.  narrowing  to  an  apex,  which  should  be 
Water  freely,  but  give  no  more  water    rather  rounded,  three  or  four  feet  high, 

and  the  length  from  ten  to  fifty  feet. 
The  dung  being  laid  in  alternate  rows, 
with  clayey  loam,  from  which  the  largest 
stones  have  been  sorted  ;  each  layer  of 
dung  to  be  a  foot  thick,  and  of  loam 
four  inches,  so  that  three  layers  of  each 
will  be  sufficient  to  complete  the  requi- 


than  the  jdants  can  take  up  from  the  so 

As  soon  as  the  pot  is  filled  with  roots, 

shift  the  plant  into  a  pot  a  size  larger. 

After  it  has  filled  this  pot  with  roots,  a 

final  shifting  into  a  pot  at  least  sixteen 

inches  in  diameter  may  be  given,  and 

two  or  three  suckers  may  then  be  left 

on  the   plant,  which  will  succeed  the    site  height.     The  dung    must    be  well 


centre  or  principal  plant  in  blooming. 
At  this  last  shifting,  pot  as  many  suckers 
in  the  same  way  as  may  be  required  for 
succession  plants.  The  plant  is  grow- 
ing vigorously  in  this  pot;  cover  the 
surface  of  the  soil  with  moss,  and  place 
the  pot  in  a  shallow  pan  of  water,  and 
water  it  at  least  once  or  twice  a  day.  I 
continue  to  keep  the  plant  growing  till 
November,  after  which  I  gradually  get 
it  into  a  dormant  state,  by  withholding 
water  during  winter.  It  is  allowed  to 
remain  dry  till  the  soil  separates  from 
the  edge  of  the  pot,  and  may  thus  be 
kept  in  a  cool  green-house  till  spring. 
The  suckers  taken  ofl"  at  the  last  pot- 
tings,  after  being  shifted  into  pots  ten 
inches  in  diameter,  and  thrown  into  a 
dormant  state  at  the  same  time  as  the 
old  plant,  will  not  only  be  much  better 
■wintered  in  the  green-house,  but  will 
flower  much  earlier.  In  those  parts 
where  suckers  are  left  on  the  mother 
plant,  the  centre  will  bloom  by  the  be- 
ginning of  May,  and  the  suckers  will 
flower  in  succession  during  the  latter 
end    of    July    and    August,    the    latest 


separated  and  mixed,  and  beat,  but  not 
trod  down.  When  completed,  the  bed 
must  be  covered  with  litter  or  other 
light  covering,  to  keep  out  the  wet,  as 
well  as  to  prevent  its  drying;  clean  dry 
straw  will  do,  but  sweet  hay,  or  matting, 
is  to  be  preferred. 

Situation. — The  bed  should  be  mado 
in  a  dry  sheltered  situation,  and  on  the 
level  ground  in  preference  to  founding 
it  in  a  trench,  which  prevents  the  spawn- 
ing being  performed  completely  at  the 
bottom,  and  guards  against  the  settling 
of  water,  which  may  chill  it.  If  the  site 
is  not  dry,  it  must  be  covered  with 
stones,  clinkers,  &c.,  to  act  as  a  drain  ; 
for  nothing  destroys  mushrooms  sooner 
than  excessive  moisture,  except  an  ex- 
treme of  heat  or  cold.  To  obviate  the 
occurrence  of  these  unfavourable  cir- 
cumstances, it  is  by  far  more  preferable 
to  construct  it  under  a  shed.  If  it  is 
constructed  in  a  shed,  it  may  be  built 
against  one  side,  sloping  downwards 
from  it.  To  proceed  with  greater  cer- 
tainty during  the  winter,  a  fire  flue  may 
pass  beneath  the  bed;  but  it  is  by  no 


flowers  keeping  fine  till  Christmas.  In-  '  means  absolutely  necessary,  for  by  the 
stead  of  taking  off  suckers  in  the  spring,  I  due  regulation  of  covering,  it  may 
leave  two  or  three  on  the  mother  plant '  always  he  keptof  sufficient  temperature. 


till  July,  then  take  them  off,  and  treat 
them  in  the  same  manner  as  the  succes- 
sion   plants  of  the   previous   year." — 
Gard.  Cliron. 
MUSCARI.    Eleven  species.    Hardy 


Management . — The  spawn  must  not 
be  inserted  before  the  temperature  has 
become  moderate. 

Temperature. — The  minimum  is  50'^, 
and   the    maximum   Co".       Insert   the 


MUS 


384 


MUS 


spawn  as  soon  as  the  violence  of  the  I  tention  to  the  fire,  and  in  admitting  fresh 
heat  has  abated,  which  it  will  in  two  or  I  air  as  it  may  be  required.  The  house 
three  weeks,  though  sometimes  it  will  1  is    heated    by  open    tanks,   which    run 


subside  in  eight  or  ten  days. 
Spawning.  —  The    large 


through  the  centre  of  it,  and  which  re- 
lumps    of!  turn  again  into  the  boiler,  giving  out  a 


spawn,  being  broken  into  moderately  '  sufficient  quantity  of  moisture  for  the 
small  pieces,  are  to  be  planted  on  both  !  necessary  development  and  growth  of 
sides  of  the  bed  and  ends,  if  it  is  hip-  '  the  mushroom.  During  night,  the 
ped;  each   fragment  just   beneath   the    grassy  turf  becomes   copiously  loaded 


surface  of  the  dung,  in  rows  six  or  eight 
inches  apart  each  way.  Some  gardeners 
erroneously  scatter  the  spawn  irregular- 


with  moisture  ;  and  should  the  foil ow- 
I  ing  day  prove  fine,  I  never  omit  giving 
abundance  of  fresh  air  by  the  doorway. 


ly  over  the   surface.     Fine   rich   loam,  j  The   temperature  of  the  house  ranges 


rather  light  than  otherwise,  is  tlien  to  be 
put  on,  two  inches  deep,  the  stones 
being  carefully  separated.  Some  gard- 
eners, endeavouring  to  imitate  the  natu- 
ral mode  of  growth,  spread  an  inch  in 
depth  of  mould  over  the  beds,  in  which 
they  set  the  spawn,  and  gently  cover  it 
with  half  an  inch  more.  Others  lay  a 
ledge  of  mould,  four  inches  high,  and 
two  thick,  all  round  the  bed  ;  upon  this 
close  to  the  dung,  they  lay  the  spawn  ; 
then  a  second  ledge,  six  inches,  of 
similar  thickness,  on  this  they  set  an- 
other row  of  spawn,  and  so  proceed 
until  the  bed  is  finished  ;  but  this  has  no 
advantage  over  the  first  mode  described, 
and  is  much  more  tedious.  Lastly,  a 
covering  of  straw,  six  or  twelve  inches 
thick,  according  to  the  temperature,  is 
to  be  laid  on,  and  continued  constantly. 
When  the  earthing  is  finished,  the  sur- 


from  60^  to  6o^  during  the  day,  and  at 
night  it  is  frequently  allowed  to  fall  as 
low  as  temperate. 

"  The  great  advantage  of  growing 
the  mushroom  upon  fresh  grassy  turf  is 
obvious  to  any  one  accustomed  lo  its 
cultivation.  I  have  been  in  the  habit 
of  growing  it,  and  with  great  success, 
upon  coal  refuse  for  the  last  two  years; 
and  at  present  I  have  two  boxes  at 
work,  one  covered  with  coal  dust,  the 
other  with  turf;  the  produce  of  these 
shows  the  relative  advantage  of  the  two 
methods,  for  although  those  from  the 
coal  dust  are  large  and  of  good  fiavour, 
they  are  decidedly  inferior  in  both  re- 
spects to  those  produced  by  the  grass 
covered  beds;  indeed,  such  is  the  supe- 
riority of  the  latter,  that  if  the  mush- 
rooms from  both  beds  were  gathered, 
and    mixed   indiscriminately,    any    one 


face  must  be  gently  smoothed  with  the  1  could,  without  difficulty,  select  those 


back  of  the  spade,  which  fixes  it  pro- 
perly, and  if  in  the  open  air  throws  oft" 
any  excessive  rain.  If,  after  the  bed  has 
been  spawned  and  covered  up,  the  heat 
appears  to  be  renewed  in  any  consider- 
able degree,  the  greatest  part  of  the 
covering  must  be  removed,  but  restored 


grown  upon  the  turf  from  those  raised 
on  the  beds  covered  with  the  small 
coal." — Gard.  Chron. 

In  four  or  five  weeks  after  spawning, 
in  spring  and  autumn,  the  bed  should 
begin  to  produce,  but  not  until  much 
later  in  summer  and  winter  ;  and  if  kept 


again  during  rain,  if  the  bed  is  not  under  I  dry  and  warm,  will  continue  to  do   so 


cover;  and  to  guard  against  this  con- 
tingency it  is  a  good  practice  to  mould 
over  only  two-thirds  of  the  bed  at  first, 
leaving  the  top  uncovered  to  serve  as  a 
vent  for  the  heat  and  steam,  but  when 
all  danger  is  passed  it  may  then  be  com- 
pleted. 

Mr.  Haukin,  gardener  to  Capt.  Nut- 
ford,  thus  completes  his  preparations: 


for  several  months. 

A  gathering  may  take  place  two  or 
three  times  a  week,  according  to  the 
productiveness  of  the  bed.  It  some- 
times happens  that  beds  will  not  come 
into  production  for  five  or  six  months  ; 
they  should  not  therefore  be  impatiently 
destroyed. 

Watering. — In  autumn,  the  bed  will 


— "  In  about  a  week  or  ten  days  after-  :  not  require  water  until  the  first  crop  is 
wards,  I  finish  off  the  beds  with  green  gathered,  but  it  is  then  to  be  repeated 
turf,  one  inch  and  a  half  in  thickness,  I  after  every  gathering;  a  sprinkling  only 
making  the  beds  in  my  boxes,  in  all  j  is  necessary.  In  spring  and  summer, 
about  nine  inches  in  depth.  I  beat  down  during  dry  weather,  the  same  course  is 
the  turf  very  firmly  with  the  back  of  a  to  be  pursued.  As  excessive  or  un- 
spade ;  in  finishing  afterwards,  I  have  1  equal  moisture  is  studiously  to  be 
no  farther  trouble  except  in  paying  at- 1  avoided,  the  best  mode  of  applying  the 


MUS 


385 


MUS 


water  is  to  pour  it  through  a  rose  pan  lightly  with  straw,  but  not  otherwise. 
on  to  a  thin  layer  of  hay,  which  has  The  warm  showers  of  the  ensuing  spring 
previously  been  spread  over  the  bed,  ,  will  again  cause  an  abundant  produc- 
and  thus  allowed  to  percolate  by  de-  ;  tion,  as  also  in  the  autumn,  if  left;  but 
grees.  In  winter,  waterings  are  not  al-  the  beds  are  generally  broken  up  for 
lowable;  to  keep  the  mould  moist,  hot  the  sake  of  the  dung,  and  the  spawn 
fermenting  mulch  may  be  put  on  outside  collected  and  dried, 
the  covering.  If  the  bed  is  in  the  open  Hampers  or  bo.xes  containing  about 
ground,  in  a  warm  day  succeeding  to  wet  i  four  inches  depth  of  fresh,  dry  stable 
weather,  it  may  be  left  uncovered  for  not  dung,  or,  in  preference,  of  a  mixture  of 
more  than  two  or  three  hours.  During  three  barrow  loads  of  horse  dung,  and 
excessive  rains,  the  additional  covering  one  perfectly  dry  cow  dung,  well  pressed 
of  mats,  &c.,  must  be  atforded  ;  and  on  in,  may  be  set  in  some  situation,  where 
the  other  hand,  if  a  moderate  warm  ,  neither  damp  nor  frost  can  enter.  After 
shower  occurs  during  summer  after  ex-  two  or  three  days,  or  as  soon  as  heat  is 
cessive  droughts,  it  may  be  fully  admit-    generated,  the  spawn  may  be  inserted, 


ted,  by  taking  off  the  coverino 


a   mushroom   brick   to  be  broken  into 


Mode   uf   Gathering. — In    gathering,    three  equal  parts,  and  each  fragment  to 
the  covering  being  carefully  turned  oil",    be  laid  lour  inches  asunder,  on  the  sur- 


only  such  are  to  be  taken  as  are  half  an 
inch  or  more  in  diameter  before  they 
become  Hat,  but  are  compact  and  firm. 
Old  mushrooms,  especially,  should  be 
rejected  'or  the  table,  as  it  is  found  that 
some  which  are  innoxious  when  young, 
become  dangerous  when  tending  to  de- 
cay ;  they  also  then  lose  much  of  their 
flavour. 

Each  individual  is  detached  by  a  gen 


face  of  the  dung  ;  after  six  days  an  inch 
'  and  a  half  depth  of  fresh  dung  to  be  beat- 
en down  as  before.     In  the  course  of  a 
fortnight,  or  as  soon  as  it  is  found  that 
the  spawn    has  run  nearly  through  the 
whole  of  the  dung,  mould  must  be  ap- 
plied two  inches  and  a  half  thick,  and 
j  the  surface   made   level.     This    mould 
[  must  be   prepared    six   months    before 
wanted,  by  laying  alternate  layers,  of 


tie  twist  completely  to  the  root;  a  knife  '  six  inches  depth,  of  fresh  stable  dung, 
must  never  be  employed,  for  the  stumps  [  and  three  inches  of  light  mould,  to  such 
left  in  the  ground  decay,  and  become  '  an  extent  as  may  be  deemed  necessary 
the  nursery  of  maggots,  which   are  lia-  [  for  the  supply  of  a  year  ;  in  six  months 


ble  to  infect  the  succeeding  crop. 


the   dung  will   be   sufficiently  decayed. 


Other  Modes  of  Cultivation. — Some  [  and  the  whole  may  then  be  broken  toge- 
gardeners  merely  vary  from  the  preced-  I  ther,  and  passed  through  a  garden  sieve 
ing  by  building  entirely  of  dung,  with-  '  for  use.  In  five  or  six  weeks  the  mush- 
out  any  layers  of  earth.  Many  garden-  i  rooms  will  begin  to  come  up,  and  if  the 
cars  grow  muslirooms  in  the  same  bed  niould  appear  dry,  may  then  be  gently 
with  their  melons  and  cucumbers.  The  j  watered  ;  the  water  being  slightly  heat- 
spawn  is  inserted  in  the  mould  and  on  i  ed.  Each  box  will  continue  in  produc- 
tlie  I'.ills  of  the  beds,  as  soon  as  the  j  tion  six  or  eight  weeks, 
burnini;  heat  is  passed.  Mr.  J.  Oldaker,  late   gardener  to  the 

In  September  or  October,  when  the  I  Emperor  of  Russia,  introduced  a  house 
bines  of  the  plant  decay,  the  bed  is  then  purposely  constructed  for  the  growth 
carefully  cleaned,  the  glasses  put  on  !  of  the  mushroom.  The  house  is  found 
and  kept  close,  and  when  the  mould  j  of  great  use  in  storing  brocoli  during 
becomes  dry,  water  is  frequently  but  |  the  winter.  It  is  usually  built  against 
moderately  given,  as  well  as  every  gen-  |  the  back  wall  of  a  forcing  house,  as  in 


tie  shower  admitted  when  necessary. 
A  gentle  heat  is  thus  caused,  and  the 
produce  is  extraordinarily  abundant,  fre- 
quently two  bushels,  from  a  frame  ten 
feet  by  six,  and  individuals  have  been 
produced  two  pounds  in  weight. 

Mushrooms  are  thus  produced  with- 
out any  trouble  but  the  giving  moderate 
waterings  untd  frost  prevents  their  ve- 
getation ;  the  glasses,  if  wanted,  are 
then  removed,  and  the  beds  covered 
25 


the  annexed  plan,  but  if  built  uncon- 
nected with  another  building,  the  only 
necessary  alteration  is  to  have  a  hipped 
instead  of  a  lean-to  roof.  The  outside 
wall,  G  H,  should  be  eight  feet  and  a 
half  high  for  four  heights,  the  width  ten 
feet  within  the  walls,  which  is  most  con- 
venient, as  it  admits  shelves  three  feet 
and  a  half  wide  on  each  side,  and  a 
space  up  the  middle  three  feet  wide, 
for  a  double  flue,  and  wall  upon  it. 


MU  S 


386 


M  U  S 


apart,  vvith  slides,  s,  to  ventilate  with 
when  necessary. 

Fig.  102. 


When  the  outside  of  the  house  is  j  the  standards.  The  flue  to  commence 
finished,  a  floor  or  ceiling  is  made  over  !  at  the  end  of  the  house  next  the  door, 
it,  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  outside  1  and  running  the  whole  length  to  return 
walls,  of  boards  one  inch  thick,  and  i  back  paralleled,  and  communicate  with 
plastered  on  the  upper  side,  e  tf,  with  the  chimney;  the  walls  of  the  insides 
road  sand,  well  wrought  together,  an  to  be  the  height  of  four  bricks  laid  flat, 
inch  thick;  square  trunks,/,  being  leltiand  six  inches  wide;  this  will  allow  a 
in  the  ceiling  nine  inches  in  diameter,}  cavity,  f,  on  each  side  betwixt  the  flues, 
up  the  middle  of  the  house,  at  six  feet ;  two  inches  wide,  to  admit  the  heat  from 

their  sides  into  the  house.  The  middle 
cavity,  x  i/, should  be  covered  with  tiles, 
leaving  a  space  of  one  inch  betwixt  each. 
The  top  of  the  flue,  including  the  co- 
vering, should  not  be  higher  than  the 
walls  that  form  the  fronts  of  the  floor 
beds.  The  wall  itself  is  covered  with 
three  rows  of  tiles,  the  centre  one  co- 
vering the  cavity  x  y,  as  before  men- 
tioned, the  outside  cavities,  /  t,  are  left 
uncovered. 

As  the  compost,  the  formation  of  the 
beds,  &c.,  are  very  difl^erent  from  the 
common  practice,  I  shall  give  a  con- 
nected view  ofMr.  Oldaker's  directions. 
The  compost  employed  is  fresh  horse- 
dung,  which  has  been  subject  neither 
to  wet  nor  fermentation,  cleared  of  the 
long  straw,  but  one-fourth  of  the  short 
litter  allowed  to  remain,  with  one-fourth 
of  dry  turf  mould,  or  other  fresh  earth  : 
this  enables  the  bed  to  be  made  solid 
and  compact,  which  is  so  congenial  to 
the  growth  of  mushrooms. 

The  beds  are  to  be  made  by  placing 
a  layer  of  the  above  compost,  three 
inches  thick,  on  the  shelves  and  floor, 
which  must  be  beat  as  close  as  possible 
with  a  flat  mallet,  fresh  layers  being 
added  and  consolidated  until  the  bed  is 
seven  inches  thick,  and  its  surface  as 
level  as  possible.  If  the  beds  are 
thicker,  the  fermentation  caused  will 
be  too  powerful  ;  or,  if  much  less,  the 
heat  will  be  insiifticient  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  the  spawn.  As  soon  as  the 
beds  intimate  a  warmth  of  80^  or  90", 
they  are  to  be  beat  a  second  time  to 
render  them  still  more  solid,  and  holes 
made  with  a  dibble,  three  inches  in 
diameter  and  nine  apart,  through  the 
compost,  in  every  part  of  the  beds; 
these  prevent  too  great  a  degree  of 
heat  arising  and  causing  rottenness. 

If  the  beds  do  not  attain  a  proper 
heat  in  four  or  five  days  after  being  put 
together,  another  layer,  two  inches 
thick,  must  be  added.  If  this  does  not 
increase  the  heat,  part  of  the  beds  must 
be  removed  and  fresh  horse-droppings 
mixed  vvith  the  remainder.    The  spawn 


Two  single  brick  walls,  v  v,  each  five 
bricks  high,  are  then  to  be  erected  at 
three  feet  and  a  half  from  the  outside 
walls,  to  hold  up  the  sides  of  the  floor 
beds,  a  a,  and  form  at  the  same  time 
one  side  of  the  air  flues.  Upon  these 
walls,  V  V,  are  to  be  laid  planks  four 
inches  and  a  half  wide  and  three  inches 
thick,  in  which  are  to  be  mortised  the 
standards,  I  k,  which  support  the 
shelves.  These  standards  to  be  three 
inches  and  a  half  square,  and  four  feet 
and  a  half  asunder,  fastened  at  the  top, 
k  k,  into  the  ceiling.  The  cross  bearers, 
i  i,i  i,  which  support  the  shelves,  o  o, 
must  be  mortised  into  the  bearers  and 
into  the  walls;  the  first  set  of  bearers 
being  two  feet  from  the  floor,  and  each 
succeeding  one  to  be  at  the  same  dis- 
tance from  the  one  below  it.  The 
shelves,  o  o,  are  to  be  of  boards  one 
inch  and  a  half  thick  ;  each  shelf  hav- 
ing a  ledge  in  front,  of  boards  one  inch 
thick,  and  eight  inches  deep,  to  support 
the  front  of  the  beds,  fastened  outside 


MU  S 


387 


MUS 


Mushrooms  may  be  grown  in  a  cellar, 
or  other  vaulted  place,  with  equal  suc- 
cess, and  not  unfrequently  with  a  greater 
advantage,  the  same  rules  being  adopt- 
ed ;  but  no  fire  is  necessary,  and  lees 
water. 

Heating  by  Hot-Water. — Instead  of 
flues,  as  used  by  Mr.  Oldacker,  the  fol- 
lowing plan,  by  Mr.  Sellers,  gardener 
to  L.  V.  Watkins,  Esq.,  of  Pennoyre, 
may  be  substituted  : — 

Fig.  103. 


is  to  be  inserted  in  three  or  four  days 
after  making  the  holes;  when  the  ther- 
mometer indicates  the  desired  degree 
of  heat,  the  insides  of  the  holes  are 
dry;  and  while  the  heat  is  on  a  decline, 
every  hole  is  to  be  filled,  either  with 
lumps  or  small  fragments  well  beaten 
in,  and  the  surface  made  level. 

In  a  fortnight,  if  the  spawn  is  vege- 
tating freely,  which  it  will  if  not  dam- 
aged by  excess  of  heat  or  moisture, 
and  the  beds  are  required  for  immediate 
production,  they  may  be  earthed  over; 
but  those  for  succession  left  unearthed, 
three  or  four  weeks  in  summer,  and 
four  or  five  in  winter.  If  the  spawn  is 
introduced  in  hot  weather,  air  must  be 
admitted  as  freely  as  possible  until  it 
has  spread  itself  through  the  beds, 
otherwise  these  will  become  spongy, 
and  the  crop  be  neither  good  nor  abund- 
ant. 

The  mould  employed  should  be 
maiden  earth,  with  turf  well  reduced  ; 
neither  too  dry  nor  too  wet,  otherwise  it 
will  not  be  capable  of  being  beat  solid. 
It  must  be  laid  regularly  over  the  beds 
two  inches  thick.  From  the  time  of  "  This  cut  represents  a  section  of  the 
moulding,  the  room  is  to  be  kept  at  a  interior  of  the  house,  with  three  beds 
temperature  of  50°  or  55°.  If  higher,  j  for  mushrooms,  a  a  a,  eighteen  feet 
it  will  weaken  or  destroy  the  spawn ;  I  long,  and  three  feet  wide,  and  three 
if  lower,  it  will  vegetate  slowly,  and  shelves  for  forcing  rhubarb,  b  b  b.  If 
if  watered  in  that  state,  numbers  of'  circumstances  permit,  these  shelves 
mushrooms  will  be  prevented  attaining  may  be  made  wider,  and  used  for  mush- 
perfection.  Water  must  be  applied  with  rooms.  Stones  are  placed  on  each  side 
extreme  caution,  being   nearly  as  warm  i  of  the  passage,  at  c  c,  for  the  standards 


as  new  milk,  and  sprinkled  over  the  beds 
with  a  syringe  or  small  watering-pot. 
Cold  water  destroys  both  the  crop  and 
the  beds.  If  suffered  to  become  dry, 
it  is  better  to  give  several  light  than 
one  heavy  watering. 

Beds    thus    managed    will    bear    for 


to  be  placed  on  which  support  the 
bearers  of  the  shelves,  and  mortised  at 
d  d.  The  stones  should  be  about  six 
inches  square  on  the  surface,  and  three 
inches  thick  ;  and  the  standards  about 
three  inches  and  a  half  square. 

"  When    the    slaiuiards    and    cross- 


several  months;  and  a  constant  supply  I  bearers   are   fixed,  the  shelves   maybe 
kept  up  by  earthing  one  bed  or  more  j  formed  by  laying  along  the  latter  boards 


every  two  or  three  months 

If,  when  in  full  production,  the  mush- 
rooms become  long-stemmed  and  weak, 
the  temperature  is  certainly  too  high,  and 
air  must  be  proportionately  admitted. 
As  the  beds  decline,  to  renovate  them, 
the  earth  must  be  taken  off  clean,  and 
if  the  dung  is  decayed  they  must  be  re- 
formed, any  good  spawn  being  preserv- 
ed that  may  appear;    but   if  the   beds 


one  inch  and  a  half  thick;  and  it  will 
be  convenient,  when  removing  or  put- 
ting fresh  dung,  if  a  board  eight  inches 
broad  and  one  inch  thick  is  placed  be- 
hind the  standard  at  i,  or  cut  so  as  to 
come  flush  with  it. 

"When  the  shelves  are  fixed,  a 
trench,  nine  inches  deep,  is  made  in 
the  passage,  m  I  vi,  for  the  reception  of 
the  pipes  ;   on  each  side  this  trench  a 


are  dry,  solid,  and  full  of  good  spawn,  i  brick-wall,  i  i,  is  built,  to  prevent  rub- 
a  fresli  layer  of  compost,  three  or  four  ;  bish  from  falling  in.  The  bottom  of 
inches  thick,  must  be  added,  mixed  a  :  the  trench  must  be  puddled  with  clay, 
little  with  the  old,  and  beat  solid  as  !  so  that  the  water  thrown  on  the  pipes 
before.  l  will  not  escape. 


MUS 


388 


MUS 


"  The  pipes  used  are  about  one  inch 
and  a  half  bore,  and  they  are  laid  in  the 
trench  three  inches  apart;  a  wooden 
trellis  is  placed  over  them,  resting  on 
the  brick  walls  i  i,  and  forms  a  path. 

"  When  the  mushrooms  want  steam- 
ing,  it  is  only  necessary  to  take  a  fine 
rose  watering-pot,  and  sprinkle  the 
pipes  with  it  till  the  steam  arises  so 
thick  that  objects  cannot  be  seen  at  the 
further  end  of  the  house.  Steaming  is 
better  than  watering  over  head  for 
mushrooms,  as  much  water  is  injurious 
to  the  spawn. — Gard.  Chron. 

Spawn,  where  to  be  found. — Spawn  is 
constituted  of  masses  of  white  fibres 
arising  from  the  seeds  of  mushrooms 
that  have  fallen  into  situations  suilalile 
for  their  germination,  from  which  it  is 
to  be  obtained  :  such  places  are  stable 
dung-hills,  dungy  horse-rides  in  stable- 
yards,  horse  mill-tracks,  dry  spongy 
composts :  the  droppings  of  hard-fed 
horses  also  produce  it  in  greater  abund- 
ance than  the  dung  of  any  other  ani- 
mal ;  and  more  sparingly  under  sheds, 
where  horses,  oxen,  or  sheep  have  been 
kept.  The  dung  of  the  two  latter  af- 
fords it  in  greater  perfection  than  that 
of  grass-fed  horses.  It  has  also  been 
found  in  pigeons' dung ;  but  the  most 
certain  mode  of  obtaining  it  is  to  open 
the  ground  about  mushrooms  growing 
in  pastures,  though  it  is  said  not  to  be 
so  productive. 

Time  of  Collecting. — It  must  be  col- 
lected in  July,  August,  and  September, 
being  reckoned  in  the  greatest  perfec- 
tion in  this  last  month.  It  may  be 
found,  however,  and  should  be  collect- 
ed, when  it  appears  in  the  spring.  It 
generally  occurs  spread  through  the 
texture  of  cakes,  or  lumps  of  dry  rotted 
dung.  Put  it  in  a  heap  under  a  dry 
shed;  and  a  current  of  air,  passing 
through  the  shed,  is  of  great  utility.  If 
kept  dry,  spawn  may  be  preserved 
three  or  four  years:  if  damp,  it  will 
either  vegetate  before  being  planted, 
or  putrefy. 

Spawn  must  not  be  so  far  advanced 
in  vegetation  as  to  appear  in  threads  or 
fibres;  for,  when  in  this  state,  it  is  no 
longer  applicable  to  a  mushroom-bed  ; 
it  may  produce  a  mushroom  if  left  to  it- 
self, but  otherwise  is  useless.  Spawn 
proper   for   inserting   in  a  bed    should 


being  raised  artificially.  The  following 
is  the  manner: — 

Two  barrow-loads  of  cow-dung,  not 
grass- fed,  one  load  of  sheep's-dung,  and 
one  of  horses',  well-dried  and  broken 
so  small  as  to  pass  through  a  coarse 
sieve,  are  well  mixed,  and  laid  in  a 
conical  heap  during  March,  in  a  dry 
shed,  being  well  trod,  as  it  is  formed, 
to  check  its  heating  excessively.  This 
heap  is  covered  with  hot  dung,  four 
inches  thick,  or  only  with  mats  if  the 
shed  is  warm;  for  here,  as  in  all  the 
stages  of  growth,  the  heat  should  only 
range  between  55^  and  60^.  In  about 
a  month  the  heap  is  examined  ;  and  if 
the  spawn  has  not  begun  to  run,  which 
is  shown  by  indistinct  white  fibres  per- 
vading its  texture,  another  covering  of 
equal  thickness  to  the  first  is  applied 
over  the  old  one  ;  in  another  month  it 
will  indubitably  make  its  appearance. 
The  time  varies  from  three  to  ten  weeks. 

May  be  increased. — If  a  small  quantity 
of  spawn  only  can  be  collected,  it  may 
be  increased  by  the  following  methods, 
the  first  of  which  is  chiefly  recommend- 
able  on  account  of  its  simplicity  and  fa- 
cility of  adoption: — 

Small  pieces  of  the  spawn  may  be 
planted  a  foot  asunder,  just  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  mould  of  a  cucumber-bed 
constructed  in  the  spring.  In  about 
two  months  the  surface  of  the  spawn 
will  assume  a  mouldy  appearance;  it 
may  then  be  taken  up,  with  the  earth 
adhering  to  it,  and  when  dried  stored 
as  before  directed. 

The  second  mode  is  variously  prac- 
tised. In  the  course  of  May  a  heap  of 
the  droppings ofcow,  sheep,  and  horses, 
or  any  one  or  two  of  them,  without  the 
admixture  of  any  undecoraposed  straw, 
is  to  be  collected,  and  one-fifth  of  road- 
scrapings  with  one-twentieth  of  coal- 
ashes  added,  the  whole  being  mixed 
together  with  as  much  of  the  drainings 
from  a  dung-hill  as  will  make  it  of 
the  consistency  of  mortar.  Being  well 
incorporated,  it  is  then  to  be  spread  in 
a  dry,  sheltered,  airy  place,  on  a  smooth 
surface,  and  beat  flat  with  a  spade. 
When  become  of  the  consistency  of 
clay,  it  is  to  be  cut  into  slabs  about 
eight  inches  square,  a  hole  punched 
half  through  the  middle  of  each,  and 
piled  to  dry,  an  opening  being  left  be- 


liave  the  appearance  of  indistinct  white    tween  every  two   bricks.     When   per 
mould.  ]  fectly  dry,  a  fragment  of  the  spawn   is 

May  be  raised. — Spawn  is  capable  of;  to    be    buried    in    the    hole   previously 


M  U  S 


389 


MUS 


made  :   it  will  shortly  spread  through    together.     The   spawn   to  be  inserted 
the  whole  texture  of  the  slabs,  if  kept    when  they  are  half  dry. 


in  a  warm  dry  place,  when  eacli  may  be 
broken  into  four  pieces,  and  when  quite 
dry  laid  on  shelves — separate,  and  not 
in  heaps,  otherwise  a  bed  will  be  form- 
ed for  the  spawn  to  run  in.     Mr.  Wales 


Quantity  required. — One  bushel  of 
spawn  is  required  for  a  bed  five  feet  by 
ten;  two  bushels  for  one  double  that 
length;   and  so  on  in  proportion. 

MUSK-FLOWER.       Mimulus   mos- 


recommends  the  composition  to  consist  chata. 
of  three  parts  horse-dung  without  lit-  '  '»"''^' 
ter,  two  of  rotten  tree-leaves,  two  of 
cow-dung,  one  of  rotten  tanners'  bark, 
and  one  of  sheep's  dung,  mixed  to  the 
consistency  of  mortar,  and  moulded  in 
sinall  frames  like  those  used  by  brick- 
makers,  six  inches  long,  four  broad, 
and  three  deep.  Three  holes  to  be 
made  half  through  the  bricks,  an  inch 
apart,  with  a  blunt  dibble,  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  spawn.  They  should  be 
put  on  board  for  the  convenience  of 
moving  abroad  during  fine  days,  as  they 
must  be  made  perfectly  dry,  which  they 
often  appear  to  be  on  the  outside  when 
they  are  'ar  otherwise  internally.  Be- 
fore they  are  perfectly  dry  they  require 
Treat  care  in  handling  and  turning,  from 


MUSS.T.NDA.  Eight  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

MUSTARD.     Sinnpis  alba. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  succeeds  best 
in  a  fine  rich  mouldy  loam,  in  which  the 
supply  of  moisture  is  regular  ;  it  may 
rather  incline  to  lightness  than  tenacity. 
If  grown  for  salading  it  need  not  be 
dug  deep;  but  if  for  seed,  to  full  the 
depth  of  the  blade  of  the  spade. 

In  early  spring,  and  late  in  autumn, 
the  situation  should  be  sheltered  ;  and 
during  the  height  of  summer,  shaded 
from  the  meridian  sun. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — For  sal- 
ading, it  may  be  sown  throughout  the 
year.    From  the  beginning  of  November 


their  aptitude  to  break;  but  in  about  i  to  the  same  period  of  March,  in  a  gentle 
three  weeks,  if  dry  weather,  when  per-  hot-bed  appropriated  to  the  purpose, 
fectly  exsiccated,  they  become  quite  in  one  already  employed  for  some  other 
firm.  To  pervade  them  with  the  spawn,  plant,  or  in  the  corner  of  a  stove.  From 
a  layer  of  fresh  horse-litter,  which  has  the  close  of  February  to  the  close  of 
laid  in  a  heap  to  sweeten  as  for  a  hot-  April  it  may  be  sown  in  the  open  ground, 
bed,  must  be  formed,  six  inches  thick,  [on  a  warm  sheltered  border,  and  from 
in  a  dry  shed.  On  this  a  course  of  the  thence  to  the  middle  of  September  in 
bricks  is  to  be  laid,  and  their  holes  |  a  shady  one.  Both  the  white  and  black, 
completely  filled  with  spawn  ;  and,  as  !  for  seed,  may  be  sown  at  the  close  of 
the  bricks  are  laid  in  rows  upon  each  i  March,  in  an  open  compartment.  For 
other,  the  upper  side  of  each  is  to  be  '  salading,  it  is  sown  in  flat-bottomed 
scattered  over  with  some  of  the  same,  j  drills,  about  half  an  inch  deep  and  six 
The  bricks  are  not  placed  so  as  to  touch,  i  inches  apart.  The  seed  cannot  well 
so  that  the  heat  and  steam  of  the  dung  !  be  sown   too  thick.     The   earth  which 


may  circulate  equally  and  freely.  The 
heap  is  to  terminate  with  a  single  brick, 
and  when  completed,  covered  with  a 
layer,  six  inches  thick,  of  hot  dung,  to 
be  reinforced  with  an  additional  three 
inches  after  a  lapse  of  two  weeks.  The 
spawn  will  generally  have  thoroughly 
run  through  the  bricks  after  another 
fortnight.  If,  however,  upon  examina- 
tion this  is  not  found  to  be  the  case, 
they  must  remain  for  ten  days  longer. 
The  bricks  being  allowed  to  dry  for  a 
few  days  before  they  are  stored,  will 
then  keep  for  many  years. 

Mr.  Oldaker  recommends  the  bricks 
to  be  tnade  of  fresh  horse-droppings, 
mixed  with  short  litter,  to  which   must 


covers  the  drills  should  be  entirely  di- 
vested of  stones.  Water  must  be  given 
occasionally  in  dry  weather,  as  a  due 
supply  of  moisture  is  the  chief  induce- 
ment to  a  quick  vegetation.  The  sow- 
ings are  to  be  performed  once  or  twice 
in  a  fortnight,  according  to  the  demand. 
Cress  {lepidium  .lativuin)  is  the  almost 
constant  accompaniment  of  this  salad- 
herb;  and  as  the  mode  of  cultivation 
for  each  is  identical,  it  is  only  neces- 
sary to  remark  that,  as  cress  is  rather 
tardier  in  vegetating  than  mustard,  it  is 
necessary,  for  the  obtaining  them  both 
in  perfection  at  the  same  time,  to  sow 
it  five  or  six  days  earlier. 

It  must  be  cut  for  use  whilst  young, 


be  added  one-third  of  cow-dung  and  a  I  and   before   the    rough  leaves   appear, 
small  portion  of  earth,  to  cement  them  I  otherwise  the  pungency  of  the  flavour 


MUT 


390 


M  YR 


is  disagreeably  increased.  If  the  top 
only  is  cut  off,  the  plants  will  in  ge- 
neral shoot  again,  though  this  second 
produce  is  always  scanty,  and  not  so 
mild  or  tender. 

To  obtain  Seed. — For  the  production 
of  seed  sow  thin.  When  the  seedlings 
have  attained  four  leaves  they  should 
be  hoed,  and  again  after  the  lapse  of 
a  month,  during  dry  weather,  being  set 
eight  or  nine  inches  apart.  Throughout 
their  growth  they  must  be  kept  free  from 
weeds;  and  if  dry  weather  occurs  at  the 
time  of  flowering,  water  may  be  applied 
■with  great  advantage  to  their  roots. 

The  plants  flower  in  June,  and  are 
fit  for  cutting  when  their  pods  have  be- 
come devoid  of  verdure.  They  must 
be  thoroughly  dried  before  threshing 
and  storing. 

Forcing — For  forcing,  the  .seed  is 
most  conveniently  sown  in  boxes  or 
pans,  even  if  a  hot-bed  is  appropriated 
to  the  purpose.  Pans  of  rotten  tan  are 
to  be  preferred  to  pots  or  boxes  of 
mould  ;  but  whichever  is  employed  the 
seed  must  be  sown  thick,  and  other 
restrictions  attended  to,  as  for  the  open- 
ground  crops.  The  hot-bed  need  only 
be  moderate.  Air  may  be  admitted  as 
abundantly  as  circumstances  will  allow. 

MUTISIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
or  green-house  evergreen  climbers. 
Cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

MYAGRUM  perfoliatum.  Hardy 
annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

MYANTHUS.  Fly-wort.  Four  spe- 
cies. Stove  epiphytes.  Division.  Wood. 

MYGINDA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs,  except  M.  myrti- 
folia,  which  is  hardy.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

MYLOCARYUM  ligusirinvm. 
Half-hardy  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

MYOPORUM.  Twelve  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

MYOSOTIS.  Eleven  species.  Har- 
dy annuals  and  aquatic  and  herbaceous 
perennials.  M.  intermedials  a  decidu- 
ous trailer;  M.  palustris  is  the  well- 
known  Forget-me-not.  The  perennials 
require  a  moist  soil,  and  may  be  in- 
creased by  division  or  seed;  the  an- 
nuals by  seed,  in  a  dry  sandy  soil. 

MYliCIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 


MYRTADENUS  tetraphyllus.  Stove 
biennial.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

MYRICA.  Eleven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  and  hardy  deciduous 
shrubs.  The  green-house  kinds  are 
increased  by  cuttings;  the  hardy  by 
seeds  or  layers.     Peaty  soil. 

MYRICARIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil. 

MYRISTICA.  Nutmeg.  Three 
species.  Stove  evergreen  trees.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

MYROBALAN  PLUM.  Prunus  do- 
mestica  myrobalana. 

MYRSIPHYLLUM.  Two  species. 
Green-house  deciduous  twiners.  Di- 
vision.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

MYRTLE.     Myrtus. 

MYRTLE-BILBERRY.  Vaccinium 
myrtillus. 

MYRTUS,  The  Myrtle.  Eleven 
species,  and  many  varieties.  Green- 
house or  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Half- 
ripened  cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and  peat. 
Water  freely  whilst  they  are  growing 
in  spring  and  summer.  The  common 
myrtle  is  M.  communis,  of  which  there 
are  several  varieties,  chiefly  character- 
ized by  the  breadth  and  size  of  the 
leaves  or  doubleness  of  the  flowers. 

Propagation.  —  By  Slips  and  Cut- 
tings.—  The  young  shoots,  either  of 
the  same  or  former  year's  growth,  of 
from  about  two  or  three  to  five  or  six 
inches  long,  either  slipped  or  cut  off, 
are  the  proper  parts  for  planting,  and 
may  be  struck  either  with  or  without 
artificial  heat.  By  either  method  June 
or  July  is  the  best  season,  especially 
when  intended  to  use  the  shoots  of  the 
year.  The  previous  year's  shoots  will 
also  strike  tolerably,  especially  if  plant- 
ed in  spring,  or,  by  aid  of  hot-beds,  may 
be  made  to  strike  root  readily  at 
any  time  in  the  spring  or  summer. 
By  aid  of  a  hot-bed  both  one  and  two 
year  shoots  may  be  greatly  facilitated 
in  rooting.  A  dung  hot-bed,  under 
common  frames  and  lights,  will  do, 
though  a  bark  hot-bed  of  a  stove, 
&c.,  is  the  most  eligible  and  effectual. 
Plants  thus  struck  in  spring,  or  early 
in  summer,  from  plants  of  the  same 
year,  will  be  fit  to  pot  off  separately 
early  in  autumn.  Choose  straight  clean 
shoots,  and  as  robust  as  possible,  which 
divest  of  the  lower  leaves  two-thirds  of 
their  length;  they  are  then  ready  for 
planting.    Fill   the  pots  or  pans  with 


N  AI 


391 


N  A  R 


light  rich  mould,  in  which  plant  the  i  walls,  the  mortar  is  not  so  much  dis- 
slips  or  cuttings — many  in  each  pot  or  turbcd  if  the  nails  are  driven  in  a  little 
pail  if"  required,  putting  them  in  within  further  before  they  are  extracted.  Old 
'     '  11  „.jj|g  ^,,Y  ijg  renovated  by  being  heated 

to  redness,  and  then  thrown  into  water: 
this  removes  from  them  the  mortar; 
and  then  they  may  be  again  heated  and 
put  into  oil  as  before  directed.  The 
cast  iron  nails  used  by  gardeners  are 
known  to  the  ironmonger  as  wall  nails, 
and  are  described  as  2^,  3,  4,  and  5  11>. 
wall    nails,    accordingly    as    1,000     of 


an  inch  of  their  tops,  and  about  an  inch 
or  two  asunder.  Give  directly  some 
water,  to  settle  the  earth  closely  about 
each  plant;  then,  either  plunge  the 
pots,  &c.,  in  a  shallow  garden-frame, 
and  put  on  the  glasses,  or  cover  each 
pot  or  pan  close  with  a  low  hand-glass, 
which  is  the  most  eligible  for  facilitating 
tiieir  rooting.     In  either  method,  how- 


ever, observe  to  plunge  the  pots  in  the    them  are  of  those  weights 


earth  or  hot-bed. 


Nails  in   most  cases  require  to  be 


Afford  them  occasional  shade  from  driven  only  a  very  little  way  into  the 
the  mid-day  sun,  and  give  plenty  of  mortar,  and  walls  then  do  not  become 
water  three  or  four  times  a  week  at  defaced  by  them  for  many  years.  In 
least,  or  oftener  in  very  hot  weather  ;  all  summer  nailing  of  peach  trees, 
thus  they  will  be  rooted  in  a  month  or  roses,  &c.,  the  point  only  requires  to 
six  weeks.  Let  them  remain  in  the  be  driven  in,  so  that  the  nail  may  be 
open  air  until  October,  then  remove  easily  withdrawn  by  the  fingers.  If 
them  into  the  green-house  for  the  these  precautions  are  attended  to,  and 
winter;  and  in  spring  the  forwardest  in  the  nails  are  not  driven  into  the  face  of 
growth  may  be  potted  olf  separately  in  the  bricks,  but  between  the  mortar 
small  pots  ;  but  if  rather  small  and  joints,  a  good  wall  will  last  for  half  a 
weak,  or  but  indifferently  rooted,  let  i  century  without  requiring  fresh  pointing, 
them  have  another  summer's  growth,  and  by  nails  the  branches  of  a  tree  can 
and   pot  them    out   separately   in   Sep-  ,  always  be  better   placed  than  by  loops 


or  similar  contrivance." 
NANUIN.\  domestica. 


teinber   or  spring   following,   managing 

them   as  other    green-house    shrubs  of 

similar  temperature,  and  shifting  them    evergreen  shrub.    Ripe  cuttings 

into  larger  pots  annually,  or  according    and  peat 

as  they  shall  require. 

By  Layers. — Such  plants  as  are  fur- 
nished with  young  bottom  branches  or 
shoots,  situated  low  enough  for  laying, 
may  be  layered  in  spring  in  the  usual 
way;    every    shoot    will    readily    emit 

roots,    and     be    fit    to   transplant    into    all  hardy  bulbs,  including  the 
separate  pots  in  autumn.  '  (N.   Pseudo-Narcissus);    Two- 


Gard.  Chron. 

Green-house 

Loaiu 


NAPOLEON-S     WEEPING 
LOW.     Salix  Napoleana. 

NARAVELIA  zeylanica. 
evergreen  climber.  Young 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

NARCISSUS.      Eighty-five 


W^IL- 

Stove 
cuttings. 

species ; 
DafTodil 
coloured 


By  Seed. — These  may  be  sowed  in  (iV.6/co/or)  ;  White,  or  Poet's  Narcissus 
spring,  in  pots  of  light  mould,  and  (iV.  poeticus);  Hoop-petticoat  Narcis- 
plungcd  in  a  moderate  hot-bed.  The  sus  (N.  bulbocodiwii);  Small  autumn 
plants  will  soon  come  up,  which,  when  i  Narcissus    (N.   .terotiims) ;    Polyanthus 

■"  ^iucissus  {N.  tazelta);  Jonqm]  (N.jon- 

quilla)  ;  and    Paper  Narcissus  (lY.  papy- 
raceus);  with  varieties  of  each. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — Mr. 
Glenny  says — '■  that  in  the  Narcissi  the 
flowers  should   be  circular  and   large, 


two  or  three  inches  high,  pot  off  sepa- 
rately in  small  pots:  manage  them  as 
the  others. — Abercrombie. 

With  respect  to  the  general  culture, 
see  Green-house  Plants. 

NAILS   for    training  wall  trees  are 


best  made  of  cast  iron,  being  the  they  should  expand  flat,  and  the  cup 
cheapest,  stoutest,  and  most  enduring,  which  is  in  the  centre  should  stand  out 
Before  using  they  should  be  heated  well.  The  petals  should  be  thick, 
almost  to  redness,  and  then  be  thrown  smooth,  firm,  free  from  notch  or  rough- 
into  cold  linseed  oil.  When  dry,  they  ness  on  the  edges,  and  have  no  points, 
have  a  varnish  upon  them  which  pre-  The  bunch  of  flowers  should  not  con- 
serves them  from  rusting,  and  prevents  sist  of  less  than  seven;  the  footstalks 
the  mortar  of  the  wall  sticking  to  them  should  be  of  such  length  as  to  allow 
BO  corrosively  as  it  does  if  they  are  the  flowers  to  touch  each  other  at  the 
unoiled.      lu  drawing   old    uails' from  i  edge,    and    present   an    even,    though 


N  AR 


392 


N  AR 


^ 

roundiiiff   or    dome-like    surface,    with  I  remain  till  they  show  flowers,  and  after 

..     °       .        .  .,,,  .  .,  ■        .K_    J     ,_    1.1 .._ ;ii     u« 


one  bloom  in  the  middle,  the  other  six 
forming  a  circle  round  it.  The  stem 
should  be  strong,  firm,  elastic,  and  not 
more  than  ten  inches  in  length.  The 
leaves  should  be  short,  broad,  and 
bright,  and  there  must  not  be  more 
than  one  flower  stem  to  a  show  flower. 
If  the  variety  be  white,  it  should  be 
pure ;  and  the  yellow  cup  should  be 
bright.  If  the  variety  be  yellow,  it 
cannot  be  too  bright.  Double  flowers, 
and  Narcissi  of  numerous  kinds,  with 
only  one  or  two  flowers  in  a  sheath, 
will  not  be  considered  subjects  of  ex- 
hibition, except  in  collections  of  forced 
flowers." — Gard.  and  Prac.  Flor. 

Propagation.  —  The  propagation  of 
all  the  Narcissi  is  effected  principally 
by  off'sets ;  also  by  seed,  to  obtain  new 
varieties. 

By  Offsets.  —  All  the  sorts  increase 
plentifully  by  offset  bulbs  from  the  main 
roots  annually  ;  and  the  proper  time  for 
separating  them  is  in  summer,  when 
they  have  done  flowering,  and  the 
leaves  and  stalks  begin  to  decay. 

By  Seed.  —  It  will  be  often  six  or 
seven  years  before  the  seedlings  will 
flower  in  perfection.  The  seed  ripens 
in  June  or  July,  which  sow  soon  after 
in  pots  or  boxes  of  light  rich  earth,  half 
an  inch  deep,  then  place  them  in  a  full 
sunny  situation  for  the  winter,  allowing 
them  shelter  in  severe  frosts.  In  March 
or  April  they  will  come  up.  Give  fre- 
quently sprinklings  of  water,  and,  occa- 
sional shade  from  the  midday  sun  at 
their    first    appearance  ;     and    as    the 


the  second  year's  bloom  you  will  be 
able  to  judge  of  their  properties,  when 
mark  the  good  sorts,  and  manage  them 
as  directed  for  the  blowing  roots. 

Soil  and  Culture.  —  They  succeed 
very  well  in  any  good,  light,  rich  earth, 
in  a  sheltered  situation  and  eastern 
aspect,  with  the  beds  a  little  elevated 
above  the  common  level  ;  and  in  win- 
ter and  early  in  spring  give  occasional 
shelter  of  mats  from  frosts  and  incle- 
ment weather,  especially  afler  the 
flower  buds  appear  above  ground.  All 
the  sorts  of  these  bulbs,  planted  in 
either  of  the  above  methods,  may  be 
suffered  to  remain  in  the  ground  two 
or  three  years,  or  more,  unremoved; 
however,  it  is  proper  to  take  up  the 
bulbs  in  general  every  third  or  fourth 
year,  in  order  to  separate  the  off'sets, 
which  in  that  time  will  be  increased  so 
greatly  in  number,  that  the  tubes  press- 
ing close  against  one  another,  the  inner 
ones  will  be  so  much  compressed  and 
weakened,  as  greatly  to  impede  their 
flowering.  But  where  these  bulbs  are 
intended  for  sale,  they  should  generally 
be  lifted  once  a  year,  or  once  every 
two  years,  otherwise,  by  their  growing 
close  in  clusters,  pressing  against  one 
another,  they  will  be  flattened  thereby, 
and  rendered  unsightly,  and  less  sale- 
able. The  proper  time  of  year  for 
taking  up  all  the  sorts  is  soon  after 
they  have  done  flowering,  and  their 
leaves  and  flower  stalks  attained  a 
state  of  decay;  at  which  time  of  lifting 
the  bulbs,  separate  them  all  singly,  and 


warm  season  advances,  move  the  pots  ]  the  smaller  offsets  from  the  larger,  re- 
to  an  eastern  aspect,  to  have  only  the  |  serving  the  large  roots  for  planting 
morning  sun  till  ten  or  eleven  o'clock,  i  again  in  the  principal  compartments; 
In  June  or  July  the  leaves  will  decay,  I  and  the  smaller  may  be  deposited  in 
when  stir  the  surface  lightly,  and  clear'  nursery  beds  for  a  year  or  two,  to  gain 
ofli"  the  decayed  leaves,  all  weeds,  and  |  strength,  when  they  will  become  good 
mossiness;  then  sift  a  little  fine  mould  j  flowering  roots,  and  may  then  be  taken 
over  the  surface,  half  an  inch  thick,  up  at  the  proper  season,  in  order  tor 
repeating  it  in  October.  Let  them  re-  \  planting  where  wanted.  When  the 
main  tilf  the  third  year,  treating  simi-  roots  are  lifted  at  the  above  season, 
larly  ;  and  in  the  third  summer,  at  the  !  they  may  either  be  planted  again  di- 
decay  of  the  leaves,  take  up  the  bulbs,  I  rectly,   or   in    a   month    or   six    weeks 


and  separate  the  largest,  which  plant 
in  beds,  in  rows,  five  or  six  inches 
asunder  and  three  deep  ;  and  the  small 
bulbs  you  may  scatter,  mould  and  all, 
on  the  surface  of  another  bed,  and 
cover  them  two  or  three  inches  deep 
with   fine   earth,   which   after  a    year's 


after;  or  may  be  cleaned  and  dried; 
and  retained  out  of  the  ground  in  a  dry 
room,  two  or  three  months,  or  longer, 
if  occasion  shall  require. 

Method  of  Planting. — The  best  gene- 
ral season  tor  planting  all  these  bulbs 
is   in   autumn,   from   about    the    beffin- 


growth  may  be  transplanted  in  rows  as  i  ning  or  middle  of  September  until  No- 
above.     In  these  beds  let  the  seedlings  ,  vember:  they  will  flower  considerably 


N  AR 


393 


NE  A 


stronger,  as  well  as  furnish  a  greater  is  usually  cultivated  in  the  kitchen  gar- 
increase  of  offsets  than  those  planted  den  ;  the  first  two  being  employed  in 
later,  or  not  till  spring;  if,  however,  salads  and  for  garnishing,  and  the  last 
some  roots  are  retained   out  of  ground    in  pickling. 

until  February,  they  will  succeed  those  Soil  and  Situation. — They  flourish  in 
of  the  autumnal  planting  in  flowering,  almost  any  soil,  but  are  most  productive 
Those  in  the  open  borders  should  be  in  a  light  fresh  loam.  In  a  strong  rich 
deposited  in  little  patches  of  about  soil,  the  plants  are  luxuriant,  but  afford 
three  or  four  roots  in  each,  planting  fewer  berries,  and  those  of  inferior  fla- 
them  either  with  a  blunt  dibble,  or  with  vour.  They  like  an  open  situation, 
a  garden  trowel,  four  inches  deep.]  Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — They 
When  planted  in  beds  by  themselves,  niay  be  sown  from  the  beginning  of 
have  the  beds  four  feet  wide,  with  al-  March  to  the  middle  of  May;  the  ear- 
leys,  a  foot  and  a  half  or  two  feet  wide,  lier,  however,  the  better:  one  sowing 
between,  plant  the  roots  in  rows  length-  jn  the  kitchen  garden,  and  that  a  small 
wise,  nine  inches  asunder,  about  four  one,  is  quite  suflicient  for  a  moderate 
inches  deep,  and  six  distant  in  each  sized  family.  The  seed  may  be  inserted 
row,  covering  them  regularly  with  the  j,,  a  drill,  two  inches  deep  along  its  bot- 
earth,  and  rake  the  surface  smoothly,  torn,  in  a  single  row,  with  a  space  of 
Having  planted  the  roots  in  either  of .  two  or  three  inches  between  every  two, 
these  methods,  all  the  culture  they  re-  or  they  may  be  dibbled  in  at  a  similar 
(juire  is  to  be  kept  clean  from  weeds  ;  j  distance  and  depth.  The  minor  is  like- 
and  they  will  all  flower  in  the  following  I  wise  often  sown  in  patches.  The  ma- 
spring  ai.d  summer.  I  jor  should  be  inserted  beneath  a  vacant 
Water  Culture.  —  The  Polyanthus,  ,  paling,  wall,  or  hedge,  to  which  its 
Narcissus,  and  the  large  Jonquils,  are  stems  may  be  trained,  or  in  an  open 
bloomed  in  glasses  of  water  in  rooms,  compartment,  with  sticks  inserted  on 
in  winter  and  early  in  spring;  any  of  each  side.  The  runners  at  first  require 
the  other  species  may  also  be  flowered  |  a  little  attention  to  enable  them  to 
in  the  same  manner;  observing  to  pro-  din^j,^  but  they  soon  are  capable  of 
cure  such  roots  as  were  lifted  at  the  doing  so  unassisted.  The  minor  may 
season  above  mentioned.  The  season  either  trail  along  the  ground,  or  be  sup- 
for  placing  in  water  is  any  time  in  win-  |  ported  with  short  sticks.  If  water  is 
ter  or  early  spring,  from  October  till  i  not  afforded  during  dry  weather,  they 
March,  observing  to  fill  the  glasses  „i|i  pot  shoot  so  vigorously,  or  be  so 
with  fresh  soft  water,  so  full  that  the  productive.  They  flower  from  June 
bottom  of  the  bulb  may  just  touch  it.  j  umil  the  close  of  October.  The  berries 
See  Hyacinth.  for  pickling  must  be  gathered  when  of 
Pot  Vulture. — The  same  plants  may  I  f„i|  gi^g^  and  whilst  green  and  fleshy, 
be    brought   to    early   bloom   in    pots  ;    during  August. 

plant  the  bulbs  in  pots  of  light  rich  fg  obtain  Seed. — For  the  production 
earth  during  August,  and  place  in  a  of  seed,  some  plants  should  be  left 
warm  room;  they  will  bloom  about  unn-athered  from,  as  the  first  produced 
November. — Abercrombie.  I  are  not  only  the  finest  in   general,  but 

N.\RCISSl)S-FLY.  See  Mi?«rodo/i.  are  often  the  only  ones  that  ripen. 
NASTURTIUM.  By  this  name  are  They  should  be  gathered  as  they  ripen, 
commonly  known  two  species  of  Tro-  which  they  do  from  the  close  of  Au- 
pcEolum.  T.  mnjus  is  a  hardy  annual  g|,st  even  to  the  beginning  of  October, 
twiner,  and  there  are  several  varieties,  xhey  must  on  no  account  be  stored 
distinguished  by  their  double  or  crim- I  „ntil  perfectly  dry  and  hard.  The  finest 
son  flowers,  t.  minus  is  a  hardy  an-  and  soundest  seed  of  the  previous  year's 
nual  trailer,  and  a  variety  with  double  production  should  alone  be  sown  ;  if  it 
flowers,  is  a  green-house  evergreen.  jg  older  the  plants  are  seldom  vigorous. 
Although  strictly  annual  when  grown]  NAUtLEA.  Five  species.  Stove 
in  the  open  ground  in  this  country,  yet  ^.^  ^pg„  ^,3^8.  Layers  and  cuttings, 
they  are  naturallv  perennial,  as  may  be    „.   ,*',  ■' 

•^     ,   . ,.  .  1         '  ivicn  loam. 

Droved  it  thev  are  grown   in   a  green-  _       „  .   ,   , 

house.     The  Major   Nasturtium   being '      NAVELWORT.     Cotyledon. 
the  most  productive,  as  well  of  flowers  j      NEAPOLITAN  VIOLET.  Viola  ado- 
and  leaves  as  of  berries,  is  the  one  that  |  rata  pallida  plena.    See  Violet. 


NEC 


394 


NET 


—  •  -  ^ 

NECTARINE.     Persica  lavis.  j  vated   in   the   Philadelphia    Nurseries, 

Varieties. — The   following  are  culti-i  and  are  among  the  better  kinds  : 

Explanation   of   Abbreviations.— Co/or — y  yellow;    r  red ;    o  orange;   g 
green;  w  white.     Size — l  large  ;  m  medium. 

Those  marked  *  are  clingstones. 


Downton         ..... 
EIruge         ...... 

*Golden 

Peterborough       ..... 
*Red  Roman  .         .         '.         . 

*White  Roman 

"White  Early  .... 

For  Culture,  see.  Peacft,  which  applies. 

NECTAROSOCORDUM  siru- 
lum.  Honey  Garlic.  Hardy  bulb.  Oil- 
sets.     Common  soil. 

NEGRO-FLY.     See  Athalia. 

NEGUNDO  fraxinifoUum.  Two  va- 
rieties. Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Seed 
and  layers.     Light  loam. 

NELITRIS  jambosella.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings  and  layers.  Loam 
and  peat. 

NELUMBIUM.  Five  species.  Stove 
aquatics.  Seed  and  division.  Rich  loam 
in  water.  Mr.  A.  Scolt,  gardener  to 
Sir  G.  Staunton,  Bart.,  gives  the  follow- 
ing directions  for  cultivating  iV.  specto- 
sum : — 

"  Let  it  be  kept  dry  during  the  win- 
ter, in  a  cool  part  of  the  plant  stove, 
at  about  50°  Fahrenheit.  In  February, 
the  roots  to  be  divided  and  potted  sepa- 
rately in  turfy  loam;  the  pots  set  in 
pans  of  water;  the  temperature  of  air 
from  65°  to  90=;  temperature  of  the 
water  in  the  cisterns  being  about  753. 
In  May  plant  out  in  a  water-tight  box, 
three  and  a  half  feet  long,  one  and  a 
half  foot  wide,  and  sixteen  inches  deep, 
filled  with  loamy  soil,  having  a  little 
gravel  on  the  top  to  give  it  solidity,  and 
allowing  room  for  about  two  inches 
of  water  over  the  surface  of  the  soil. 
Plunge  the  box  into  the  bark  bed  ;  the 
temperature  of  the  soil  and  water  in 
the  box  80*^.  This  bottom  heat  main- 
tain during  the  summer,  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  house  varying  from  65'^  to 
90<^." — Hort.Soc.  Trans.  N.  luteum  is 
indigenous  to  the  United  States,  though 
only  found  growing  spontaneously  in 
certain  quarters.  It  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  meadow  ditches  below 


coi'a 


SIZE 

i-l 

SEASON. 

L 

1 

September 

L 

1 

August 

M 

2 

September 

M 

2 

September 

L 

1 

September 

L 

1 

August 

L 

1 

August 

Philadelphia,  where  it  thrives  luxu- 
riantly. We  have  seen  it  finely  de- 
veloped in  artificial  ponds,  evincing 
that  it  is  of  ensy  culture. 

NEMATANTHUS  chloronemn.  Stove 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Light  rich  soil. 

NEMESIA.  Four  species.  Two 
hardy  annuals,  and  the  other  green-house 
herbaceous  perennials.  The  first  in- 
crease by  seed,  the  second  by  cuttings. 
Rich  light  loam. 

NEMOPANTHES  canadensis.  Hardy 
deciduous  shrub.  Seed  and  layers.  Peat. 

NKMOPHILA.  Six  species.  Hardy 
annuals  and  perennials.  Seed.  Peat 
and  light  soil. 

NEOTTIA.  Nineteen  species.  Hardy, 
green-house,  and  stove  orchids.  Divi- 
sion.    Loam,  peat,  and  chalk. 

NEPENTHES.  Two  species.  "  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  N.  distillatoria  is 
the  Pitcher  Plant.  Offsets.  Coarse  peat 
and  moss.  Pots  plunged  in  moss,  kept 
moist  and  at  SOo  ;  air  70^." — Paxton^s 
Bot.  Diet. 

NEPETA.  Thirty-five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous,  except  N.  angustifolia, 
which  is  annual.  Seed  and  division. 
Light  loam. 

NERINE.  Twelve  species.  Green- 
house bulbs.  Seed  and  offsets.  Rich 
light  loam. 

NERIUM.  Oleander.  Four  species 
and  more  varieties.  Green-house  and 
stove  evergreens.  Cuttings.  Rich  light 
loam. 

NESyEA  trijlora.  Stove  herbaceous. 
Cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

NETTING  is  employed  to  prevent 
the  radiation  of  heat  from  walls,  and 
the  rude  access  of  wind  to  trees  grown 
I  upon  them,  as  well  as  to  prevent  the 


NET 


395 


NIC 


ravagos  of  birds  upon   currants,  cher- 
ries, &c. 

Netting  is  a  very  effectual  preventive 


others  of  hemp  :  the  last  does  not  shrink 
after  being  wetted  like  the  woollen.  I 
prefer  that  with  about  twenty-live  meshes 


INeiting  is  a  very  eiieuiuiii  picvciiii>c     |,icn,i  n. 1.1.  ..  .v.. ..""". v  » — j   .. .  v, ....  w..v.„ 
of  coolin",  for   reasons   which   will  be  ]  in  a  square  inch,  at  5(/.  per  scjuure  yard. 


stated  when  considering  Shelters  gene 
rally;  and  in  connection  with  that,  it  may 
be  observed  that  it  is  not  altogether  im- 
material of  what  substance  netting  is 
formed.  Worsted  is  to  be  preferred 
not  only  because  it  is  the  most  durable. 


NETTLE  TREE.     Celt  is'. 

NEUROLOMA  arabidijlorum.  Hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Common   soil. 

NEW  JERSEY  TEA.  Ceanothus 
Americanus. 

NEW  ZEALAND  SPINACH,  Tetra- 


noi  only  uecause  11  is  iiic  luuot  uuiui^iv-,  1       i^i^..    «>.«»»»-.-•». ^  ■  .  -• --, 

but  because  it  is  the  best  preventive  of  \  gonia  expansa,*\s  much  admired  as  a_ 
a  wall-s  cooling.  I  have  found  the  tlier-  substitute  for  summer  spinach,  being  of 
mometer  under  a  hemp  net  sink  during  more  delicate  flavor,  and  not  so  liable 
the  night,  from  two  to  four  degrees  to  run  to  seed.  Mr.  J.  Anderson,  gar- 
lower  Than  that  under  a  net  of  worsted,  j  dener  to  the  Earl  of  Essex,  at  Cassio- 
the  meshes  being  small  and  of  equal  bury,  Herts,  gives  the  following  direc- 
size  in  both  nets.  This  can  only  be  ,  tions  for  its  cultivation  : — 
because  worsted  is  known  to  be  a  worse  I  "  Sow  in  the  seed-vessel  as  gathered 
conductor  of  heat  than  hemp;  and,  not'  the  preceding  autumn,  at  the  latter  end 
absorbing  moisture  so  easily,  is  not  so  !  of  March  in  a  pot,  and  placed  in  a  me- 
liable  to^the  cold  always  produced  by  ;  Ion  frame.  The  seedlings  to  be  pricked 
its  drv'ing.— Principles  of  Gardening.  !  while  small  singly  into  pots,  to  be  kept 
Netting  will  also  exclude  flies  and  j  under  a  frame  without  bottom  heat,  until 
other  wmged  insects  from  the  fruit  ,  the  third  week  in  May,  or  until  the  dan- 
against  walls,  although  the  meshes  arc  |  ger  of  frost  is  past.  The  bed  for  their 
nu)re  than  large  enough  to  permit  1  reception  is  formed  by  digging  a  trench 
their  passage.  Why  this  is  the  case  is  j  two  feet  wide  and  one  deep,  this  being 
not   very  apparent,  "but  the   netting  is  j  filled  with    thoroughly   decayed   dung, 

11..  _xE_:-_.   :..    1 ;.,„„:.„;!-,-  :-- i  and  Covered  six  inches  deep  with  mould. 

A  space  of  at  least  three  feet  must  be 
left  vacant  for  the  extension  of  the 
branches.  Twenty  plants  will  afford  an 
abundant  supply  daily  for  a  large  fa- 
mily ;  they  must  be  planted  three  feet 
apart. 

"  In  dry  seasons  they  probably  require 


equally  efficient  in  keeping  similar  in 
sects  from  intruding  into  rooms  if  there 
are  no  cross  lights.  If  there  are  win- 
dows on  different  sides  of  the  room,  and 
it  is  to  be  presumed,  therefore,  also  in  a 
green  or  hot-house,  nets  would  not  be  so 
efficient. 

It  is  not  a  useless  scrap  of  knowledge  .         inu.  j  oi.»o^..o  ^..^j  ,- -j  .-.,..- 

to  the  gardener,  that  one  hundred  square  !  a  large  supply  of  water.  In  five  or  six 
yardsof  netting,  according  to  some  mcr-1  weeks  after  planting,  the  young  leaves 
chants"  mode  ofmeasuring, will  notcover  may  be  gathered  from  them,  these  be- 
more  than  fifty  square  yards  of  wall,  for  |ing  pinched  off.  The  leading  shoot 
they  stretch  the  net  first  longitudinally  must  be  carefully  preserved,  for  the 
and  then  laterally,  when  making  Iheir  branches  are  productive  until  a  late  pe- 
mcasurement,  and  not  in  both  directions  riod  of  the  year,  as  they  survive  the 
at  once,  as  the  gardener  must  when  CO-  frosts  that  kill  nasturtiums  and  pota- 
vering  his  trees.  Disappointment,  there-  ,  toes." 

fore,  should  be  avoided,  when  ordering  |  To  obtain  Seed. — For  the  production 
new  nets,  by  stating  the  size  of  the  sur-  ^  of  seed,  a  plantation  must  be  made  on 
face  which  has  to  be  covered.  This  a  poorer  soil,  or  kept  stunted  and  dry  in 
may  be  done  without  any  fear  of  impo-  pots,  as  ice  plants  are  when  seed  is  re- 
sition.  I  quired  of  them.     On   the  rich   compost 

Mr.  Richardson,  net  maker.  New  !  of  the  bed,  the  plants  become  so  suc- 
Road,  London,  informs  me,  that  one  j  culent  as  to  prevent  the  production  of 
cwt.  of  oW  mackerel  net,  weighed  when  ,  seed.  This  vegetable  has  not  proved, 
quite  dry,  will  cover  eight  hundred  ,  in  the  United  States,  worthy  of  its  Eu- 
square  yards ;  and  one  cwt.  of  old  her-  ropean  reputation — probably  owing  to 
ring  net  (smaller  meshes)  will  cover  six  1  the  intense  heat  of  our  summers 


hundred  square  yards.  Mr.  Hulme,  of 
Knutsford,  has  sent  me  various  speci- 
mens of  his  nets  and  open  canvass  for 
inspection — some  made  of  woollen  and 


NEW  ZEALAND  TEA.    Leptosper- 
murn  scoparia. 

NICKER  TREE.     Guilandina. 
NICOTIANA.  Thirty-one  species,  in- 


NI  E 


396 


NO  N 


eluding  N.  tdbacum,  the  well-known  To- 
bacco. This  and  nearly  all  the  others 
are  hardy  annuals.  Seed.  Rich  light 
loam. 

NIEREMBERGIA.  Four  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous,  except  the 
hardy  annual  N.  aristata.  Seed  or  cut- 
tings.    Light  loam. 

NIGELLA.  Fennel  flower.  Eleven 
species.  Hardy  annuals  and  biennials, 
except  the  herbaceous  N.  coarctata. 
Seed.     Common  soil. 

NIGHTSHADE.     Solanum. 

NIGHT-SOIL.     See  Dung. 

NIGHT  TEMPERATURE  in  hot- 
houses and  frames  should  always  ave- 
rage from  10  to  20  degrees  lower  than 
the  temperature  in  which  the  plants  are 
grown  during  the  day.  It  is  in  the  night 
that  the  individual  functions  are  reno- 
vated by  a  temporary  repose,  and  if 
left  to  the  dictates   of  healthy  nature 


tionably  increased  by  the  higher  tem- 
perature.— Principles  of  Gardening. 

NIPHOBOLUS.  Eight  species. 
Stove  ferns.  Seed  and  division,  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

NISSOLIA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers  and  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

NITRATES.     See  Saline  Manures. 

NITTA  TREE.     Parkin. 

N  I  V  E  A  .  Seven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

NOCCA.  Four  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.  N.  latifoUa  is  half-hardy. 
Cuttings.     Common  soil. 

NOCTUA,  a  genus  of  moths.  The 
following  are  injurious  to  our  gar- 
dens : — 

N.  gamma.  The  Y, or  Gamma  Moth. 
The  caterpillars  of  this  are  very  de- 
structive to  pens  and  other  kitchen  ve- 
getables during  the  summer.     Mr.  Cur- 


the  sap,  like   the  blood,  flows  at  night,    tis  describes  it  as  "being  beset  with 


with  a  much  diminished  velocity 

That  plants  do  become  exhausted  by 
too  unremitting  excitement,  is  proved 
to  every  gardener  who  has  peach- 
houses  under  his  rule  ;  for  if  the  great- 
est care  be  not  taken  to  ripen  the  wood 
by  exposure  to  the  air  and  light  during 
the  summer,  no  peach  tree  will  be  fruit- 
ful if  forced  during  a  second  successive 
winter,  but  will  require  a  much  more 
increased  temperature  than  at  first  to 
excite  it  even  to  any  advance  in  vegeta- 
tion. 

The  experiments  of  Harting  and 
Munter  upon  vines  growing  in  the  open 
air,  and  those  of  Dr.  Lindley  upon  vines 
in  a  hot-house,  coincide  in  testifying 
that  this  tree  grows  most  during  the  less 
light  and  cooler  hours  of  the  twenty- 
four.  But  the  hours  of  total  darkness 
were  the  period  when  the  vine  grew 
slowest.  This,  observes  Dr.  Lindley, 
seems  to  show  the  danger  of  employing 
a  high  night  temperature,  which  forces 
such  plants  into  growing  fast  at  a  time 
when  nature  bids  them  repose. 

That  the  elevation  of  temperature  at 
night  does  hurtfully  excite  plants  is 
proved  by  the  fact,  that  the  branch  of  a 
vine  kept  at  that  period  of  the  day  in 
temperature  not  higher  than  50°,  in- 
hales from  one-sixteenth  to  one-tenth 
less  oxygen  than  a  similar  branch  of  the 
same  vine  during  the  same  night  in  a 
temperature  of  75'.  The  exhalation  of 
moisture  and  carbonic  acid  is  propor- 


greenish  hairs,  and  on  the  back  with 
yellow  or  white  ones.  It  has  a  brown 
head.  When  fully  grown,  which  takes 
place  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  it 
forms  a  while  cocoon,  and  changes  into 
a  blackish  brown  pupa. 

"  There  are  three  or  four  generations 
of  moths  during  the  summer,  which  ap- 
pear at  intervals  between  April  and 
October.  In  the  latter  month,  we  have 
seen  them  fluttering  round  flowers  at 
dusk  literally  by  thousands  :  this  remark 
applies  more  particularly  to  the  southern 
counties  of  England.  The  wings  are 
about  an  inch  across,  the  upper  ones 
are  varied  with  grey  and  brown,  having 
quite  a  silvery  hue,  and  towards  the 
centre  there  is  a  perfect  silvery  Greek 
gamma,  y,  with  a  rusty  spot  close  be- 
fore it,  the  lower  wings  are  pale  ashy 
brown,  with  the  nerves  and  hinder  mar- 
gin deep  brown.  There  are  few  reme- 
dies that  can  be  applied  to  this  pest; 
perhaps  the  best  of  all  is  hand-picking 
the  caterpillars. — Gard.  Chron. 

N.  exclamationis.  The  caterpillar 
of  this  moth  feeds  on  the  stalks  of  the 
potato. 

NOISETTIA /o«g-//"o//a.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Young  cuttings.  Light 
rich  soil. 

N  O  L  A  N  A.  Five  species.  Hardy 
annual  trailers.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

NOLINA  georgiana.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous.    Offsets.     Sandy  peat. 

NONATELIA.    Four  species.    Stove 


NOR 


397 


NOV 


evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

NORANTEA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

NORMANDY  CRESS.  See  Ameri- 
can Cress. 

NORWAY  SPRUCE.  Pinus  cana- 
densis. 

NOTEL.T^A.  Five  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

NOTHOCHL.IINA.  Nine  species. 
Green-house  and  stove  ferns.  Seed  and 
division.     Sandy  peat. 

NOTYLIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.     Offsets.     Wood  and  moss 


prune;  plant;  cuttings  plant. —  Figs, 
rub  off  green  fruit;  train,  but  do  not 
prune. — Fork  over  ground  about  fruit 
trees. —  Gooseberries,  plant;  prune; 
cuttings  .plant.  —  Medlars,  plant. — 
Mulberries,  plant.  —  Mulch  round 
trees  newly  planted.  —  Nectarines, 
prune;  plant. —  Nuts  (Filberts),  &c., 
p]sinl.— Peaches,  prune;  plant. — Pears, 
prune;  plant. — Plums,  prune;  plant. — 
Pruning  and  planting  generally  should 
be  done;  it  is  the  best  season. — Quinces, 
plant.  —  Raspberries,  prune;  plant. — 
Services,  plant.  —  Stake  trees  newly 
planted. — Standards,  plant ;  prune. — 
Stones  of  fruit  sow.  —  Strawberries, 
dress,  if  not  done  last  month. —  Suckers, 


NOVEMBER  is   a   month   chiefly  of ,  remove. — Trees  Cor  forcing,  remove. — 


routine    neatness    and    preparation   for 
winter. 


Trench  and  manure  ground  to  be  plant- 
ed, if  not  done  months  ago. — ^''ines, 
prune  ;  plant. —  IVall  Trees  and  Espa- 
liers generally,  prune  and  plant;  it  is 
the  best  for  their  winter  regulation. — 
Walnuts,    \^\d.nt.  —  Water    all     newlv 


FLOWER  GARDEN. 


Anemones,  plant,  if  not  done  in  Oc- 


KITCHF.N    GARDEN. 

Artichokes,  winter,  dress. — Aspara- 
gus-beds, dress  ;  plant  ;  to  force  ;  attend  ^    ^ 

to  that    in    forcing. — Beet,  dig   up   for    planted    trees.  —  JVeeds,    destroy 
storing. — Cabbages,   remove   to  winter    nerally,  and  clean  up. 
quarters. — Cardoons,  earth  up,  b. — Car- 
rots, dig  up  and  store,  b. — Cauliflowers, 

attend  to,  under  glasses,  &c. — Celery,        ,,,., .„,  j , 

earth  up. —  Coleworts,  plant. —  Com-  tober.  —  Auriculas,  shelter.  —  Bulbous 
posts,  prepare. — Cucumbers,  attend  to,  roots,  finish  planting  in  dry  weather,  b.f 
in  forcing.  —  Drain  vacant  ground. —  cover  beds  with  mats,  &c.,  in  bad  wea- 
Dung,  prepare  for  hot-beds.  —  Earth-  ther  ;  pot  for  forcing. — Carnation  lay- 
ing--up,  attend  to. — JSnd/r*,  blanch,  &c.  ers,  potted,  shelter;  finish  planting. — 
— Garlic,  plant,  b. —  Herbary,  clean,  Climbers,  as  Ivy,  Clematis,  &c.,  plant 
&c. — Horse-radish,  dig  up  and  store. —  and  train  against  walls.  —  Composts, 
Hof-fceds,  make  for  salading,  &c.—/er!<-  prepare.  —  Dahlias,  take  up  after  the 
salem  Artichokes,  dig  up  and  store. —  first  frost;  dry  and  store  under  sand, 
Leaves,  4-c.,  continually  clear  away. —  where  the  temperature  keeps  about 
Lettuces,  plant  in  frames;  attend  to  40=. — Dressing  the  borders  is  now  the 
those  advancing. — 3/in<,  plant;  force  in  chief  occupation. — Edgings,  plant. — 
hot-bed. — Mushroom  Beds,  make;  at-  Evergreens,  finish  planting,  b.  ;  finish 
tend  to  those  in  production. — Onions,  i  layering. — Fibrous-rooted  plants,  finish 
in  store,  look  over ;  plant  for  seed,  b.;  '  dividing  and  planting,  b. — Fork  over 
— Parsley,  cut  down,  b. — Parsnips, dig  '  borders,  shrubberies,  &c. — Grass,  roll ; 
up   and   store,  b. ;    leave  or  plant  out  l  keep  free  from   leaves. — Gravel,  weed, 

..'  1  V...'.-    -         1-  '  u  I -_      1    __11  Lf.J „      „!„.,.      „i;,> 


for  Bced.  —  Potatoes,  dig  up,  b 
Radishes,  sow,  in  hot-bed. —  Scilsafy, 
dig  up  and  store. — Savoys,  plant  for 
seed,  b. —  Scoj-zonera,  dig  up  and  store. 
—  Seeds,  dress  and  store. —  Shallots, 
plant,  b.  ;  sow  in  hot-bed. — Spinach, 
thin,  &c. —  Thinning,  attend  to. — 
Trench,  ridge,  &c.,  vacant  ground. — 
Weeds,  destroy  continually.^ 

ORCHARD. 

Apples,  prune;  plant.  —  Apricots, 
prune;  plant.  —  Berberries,  plant. — 
Cherries,    prune  ;    plant.  —  Currants, 


sweep,  and  roll. — Hedges,  plant,  clip,^ 
plash. — Hoeing  and  raking  are  the  chief 
operations. — Hyacinths,  &c.,  place  in 
water  glasses  ;  pot  for  forcing. — Marvel 
ofPeru,t;ike  up  and  store.  (See  Dahlia.) 
— Mulch  round  shrubs  lately  planted. — 
Leaves,  collect  for  composts.  —  Plant 
Perennials  and  Biennials.  —  Planting 
perform  generally.  —  Potted  Shrubs, 
plunge  in  the  earth  of  a  well  sheltered 
border.  —  Pot  Plants  for  forcing,  as 
Roses,  Carnations,  8ic.— Prune  Shrubs 
generally. — Ranunculuses,  plant,  if  not 
done  in  October. — Seedlings,  in  boxes. 


NUP 


398 


NUR 


remove  to  a  warm  situation. — Shrubs  of 
all  kinds,  plant;  stake  them  as  a  sup- 
port against  boisterous  winds. — Suckers 
from  Roses  and  other  shrubs,  separate 
and  plant. — Tulips,  finish  main  plant- 
ing, b. — Turf  may  be  laid. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  as  freely  as  the  season  al- 
lows.— Bark  Beds,  renew,  if  not  done 
last  month. — Dress  the  borders,  by  fork- 
ing, &c. — Fire  Heat,  by  whatever  means 
it  may  be  distributed,  must  now  be  dai- 
ly employed.  —  Manure  borders,  &c., 
in  which  forcing  trees  are  planted. — 
Leaves,  clean  with  sponge,  &c.;  remove 
those  decayed. — Pines  will  require  the 
day  temperature  to  be  kept  between 
60^  and  65°. — Peaches,  prune  ;  wash 
with  diluted  ammonia  water  from  the 
gas  works,  before  training;  day  tempe- 
rature .50.°  —  Potted  flowering  plants, 
introduce. — S^ea7n,  admit  into  the  house, 
where  that  mode  of  heating  is  used. — 
Strawberries,  begin  to  force. — Tobacco 
fumigations  employ  to  destroy  insects. 
— Trees,  in  forcing,  treat  like  the  Peach. 
—  Water  (tepid),  apply  with  the  syringe 
to  the  leaves;  give  to  their  roots,  occa- 
sionally; keep  in  pans  about  the  house. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely,  when  mild. — Chry- 
santhemums require  abundant  watering. 
— Damp  stagnant  air  is  more  to  be  dread- 
ed than  cold. — Decayed  parts,  remove, 
as  they  appear. — Earth,  in  pots  stir  fre- 
quently.— Fires  must  be  lighted,  if  frost 
severe,  or  heavy  cold  fogs  occur. — 
Leaves,  clean  with  sponge,  &c. — Tem- 
perature, keep  at  about  4.5°,  but  not 
higher. —  Water  moderately. 

JSUPHAR.  Five  species.  Hardy 
aquatics.  Division  and  seed  ;  ponds, 
cisterns,  &c. 

NURSERY  is  a  garden  or  portion  of 
a  garden  devoted  to  the  rearing  of  trees 
and  shrubs  during  their  early  stages  of 
growth,  before  they  are  of  a  size  desired 
for  the  fruit  or  pleasure  grounds.  As 
every  tenant  of  the  nursery  is  separate- 
ly discussed  in  these  pages',  no  more  is 
required  here  than  to  make  a  few  ge- 
neral observations. 

Extent,  Soil,  Situation,  Src. — With 
respect  to  the  proper  e.xtent  of  a  nurse- 
ry, whether  for  private  use,  or  for  pub- 
lic supply,  it  must  be  according  to  the 
quantity  of  plants  re(iuired,  or  the  de- 
mand for  sale  ;  if  for  private  use,  from 


a  quarter  or  half  an  acre  to  five  or  six 
acres  may  be  proper,  which  must  be 
regulated  according  to  the  extent  of 
garden  ground  and  plantations  it  is  re- 
quired to  supply  with  the  various  sorts 
of  plants,  and  if  for  a  public  nursery, 
not  less  than  three  or  four  acres  of  land 
will  be  worth  occupying  as  such,  and 
from  that  to  fifteen  or  twenty  acres,  or 
more,  may  be  requisite  according  to 
the  demand,  though  some  occupy  forty 
or  fifty  acres  in  nursery  ground.  A 
nursery  may  be  of  any  moderately  light 
land,  that  is  fifteen  or  eighteen  inches 
depth  of  good  working  staple;  but  if 
two  or  three  spades  deep,  it  will  be 
the  greater  advantage.  A  good  fresh 
fat  soil,  such  as  any  good  pasture,  which 
having  the  sward  trenched  to  the  bot- 
tom is  excellent  for  the  growth  of  trees, 
a  rich  soil  fit  for  corn  is  also  extremely 
proper,  or  any  other  good  soil  of  the 
nature  of  common  garden  earth  is  also 
very  well  adapted  for  a  nursery.  As  to 
situation  ;  if  this  is  rather  low  it  will  be 
better,  because  it  is  naturally  warmer, 
and  more  out  of  the  power  of  cutting 
and  boisterous  winds  than  a  higher 
situation,  though  if  it  happens  where 
some  parts  of  the  ground  are  high  and 
some  low,  it  is  an  advantage,  the  bet- 
ter suiting  the  nature  of  the  different 
plants.  It  is  also  of  advantage  to  have 
a  nursery  ground  fully  exposed  to  the 
sun  and  air,  and  where  there  is  the 
convenience  of  having  water,  for  the 
occasional  watering. 

Mode  of  Arranging  the  Plants. — In 
the  distribution  of  the  various  sorts  of 
plants  in  the  nursery,  let  each  sort  be 
separate,  in  lines  or  nursery  rows,  to 
stand  till  arrived  at  a  proper  growth  for 
drawing  off  for  the  garden  and  planta- 
tions, placing  the  fruit  trees,  stocks, 
&c.,  for  graftmg  and  budding  upon,  in 
rows  two  feet  asunder,  and  half  that 
distance  in  the  rows,  varying  the  dis- 
tance both  ways,  according  to  the 
time  they  are  to  stand  ;  the  shrub  kind 
should  likewise  be  arranged  in  rows 
about  two  feet  asunder,  and  fifteen  or 
eighteen  inches  distant  in  each  line; 
and  as  to  herbaceous  plants,  they  should 
generally  be  disposed  in  four  feet  wide 
beds,  in  rows  from  six  to  twelve  or 
eighteen  inches  asunder,  according  to 
their  nature  of  growth,  and  time  they 
are  to  stand. 

General  Culture. — Those  designed  as 
stocks  for  fruit-trees  should  have  their 


NUR 


399 


OCT 


stems  generally  cleared  from  lateral  require  shelter  only  from  frost  whilst 
shoots,  hut  never  to  shorten  the  lead-  young,  and  by  degrees  become  hardy 
ing  shoot  unless  it  is  decayed  or  bo-  enough  to  live  in  the  open  air.  Such  of 
comes  very  crooked,  in  which  case  it  tlintn  as  are  seedlings,  in  the  open 
may  lie  proper  to  cut  it  down  low  in  grounds,  should  be  arched  over  with 
spring,  and  it  will  shoot  out  again —  hoops  or  rods  at  the  approach  of  winter, 
training  the  main  shoot  for  a  stem,  with  in  order  to  be  sheltered  with  mats  in 
its  top  entire,  for  the  present,  till  graft-  i  severe  weather;  and  those  which  are  in 
ed  or  budded.  I  pots,  either   seedlings  or  transplanted 

Forest  trees  should  also  be  encou-  plants,  should  be  removed  in  October, 
raged  to  form  straight  clean  stems  by  in  their  pots,  to  a  warm  sunny  place, 
occasional  trimming  of  the  largest  late-  sometimes  sheltered  with  hedges,  &c., 
ral  branches,  which  will  also  promote  placing  some  close  under  the  fences, 
the  leading  top  shoot  in  aspiring  farther  ficing  the  sun,  where  they  may  have 
in  height,  always  suffering  that  part  of  occasional  covering,  either  of  glass 
each  tree  to  shoot  at  full  length,  unless  lights  or  mats,  &c.,  from  frost,  observing 
where  the  stem  divides  into  forks — in  ,  of  all  those  sorts  here  alluded  to  that 
which  case  trim  otT  the  weakest,  and  i  they  are  gradually  to  be  hardened  to  the 
leave  the  straightest  and  strongest  shoot    open  ground,  and  need  only  be  covered 


or  branch    to   shoot   out  at  its  proper 
length,  to  form  the  top. 

The  different  sorts  of  shrubs  may 
either  be  suffered  to  branch  out  in  their 
own  natural  way,  except  just  regulating 
very   irregular  growths,   or   some    may 


in  frosty  weather.  At  all  other  times 
let  tliem  remain  fully  exposed,  and  by 
degrees,  as  they  acquire  age  and 
strength,  inure  them  to  bear  the  open 
air  fully,  so  that,  when  they  arrive  at 
from  two  or  three  to  four  or  five  years 


be  trained  with  single  clean  stems,  from  '  old,  they  may  be  turned  out  in  the  open 
about  a  foot  to  two  or  three  feet  high,    ground. — Ahcrcroinhie. 


Every  winter  or  spring  the  ground 
between  the  rows  of  all  transplanted 
plants,  in  the  open  nursery-quarters, 
must  be  dug  :  this  is  particularly  neces- 
sary to  all  the  tree  and  shrub  kind  that 
stand  wide  enough  in  rows  to  admit  the 
spade  between;  which  work  is,  by  the 
nurserymen,  called  turning-in,  the  most 
general  season  for  which  work  is  any 
time  from  October  until  March.  But 
the  sooner  it  is  done  the  more  advan- 
tageous it  will  prove  to  the  plants. 

The  ground  is  to  be  dug  but  half  spade 
deep,  proceeding  row  by  row,  turning 
the  top  of  each  spit  clean  to  the  bot- 
tom, that  all  weeds  on  the  surface  may 
be  buried  a  proper  depth  to  rot. 

In  summer  be  remarkably  attentive  to 
keep  all  clean  from  weeds.  The  seed- 
lings growing  close  in  the  seminary-heds 
must  be  hand-weeded  ;  but  to  all  plants 
that  grow  in  rows  introduce  the  hoe. 
As  any  quarter  or  compartment  of  the 
nursery-ground  is  cleared  from  plants, 
others  must  be  substituted  in  their  room 
from  the  seminary;  but  the  ground 
should  previously  be  trenched  and  lie 
some  time  fallow,  giving  it  also  the  ad- 
dition of  manure  if  it  shall  seem  proper. 

It  will  be  of  advantage   to   plant  the 


NUTMEG.    Myristira. 

NUTTALIA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed  and  division.  Sandy 
peat. 

NUT-TREE.    Corylus.    See  Filbert. 

NYCTANTHES  arhortristis.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

NYMPHyEA.  Water-lily.  Eighteen 
species.  Hardy  and  stove  aquatics. 
Seed  or  division.     Rich  loam  in  water. 

NYSSA.  Four  species.  Hardy  de- 
ciduous trees.  Seed  and  layers.  Com- 
mon soil  in  a  moist  situation. 

OAK.     Qiterrus. 

OBESIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam. 

O  C  H  N  A  .  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs,  except  the  green- 
house 0.flYro;jurpurea.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

OCHROSIA  horhonica.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  light 
loam. 

OCHRUS  pallida.  Hardy  annual 
climber.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

OCTOBER  is  one  of  the  gardener's 
harvest  months  in  tlie  southern  section 


ground  with  plants  of  a  different  kind  of  the  Union  ;  in  the  middle  and  northern 
from  those  which  occupied  it  before,  i  states,  his  out-door  labours  are  drawing 
The  tender  or  exotic  plants  of  all  kinds    to  a  close. 


OCT 


400 


OCT 


KITCHEN-GARDEN. 

Angelica,  sow.  —  Asparagus  -  beds, 
dress,  e.;  for  forcing,  plant. — Balm, 
plant. — Beet  take  up  for  storing,  e. ; 
Borecole,  plant,  b. ;  earth  up,  &c. — Bur- 
net, plant. — Cabbages,  prick  out,  &c. ; 
plant  for  seed. — Cardoons,  earth  up. — 
Carrots,  take  up  to  store. — Cauliflowers, 
prick  out  in  frames. — Celery,  earth  up. 
—  Chives,  plant.  —  Coleworts,  plant. — 
Cress  (Water),  plant. — Cucumbers,  plant 
to  force. — Dill,  sow. — Dung,  prepare 
for  hot-beds. — Earthing-up.  attend  to. 
— Endive,  attend  to;  blanch,  &c. — Fen- 
nel, plant. — Garlic,  plant,  e. — Herbary, 
dress. — Horse-Radish,  plant. — Hyssop, 
plant. — Jerusalem  Artichokes,  stir,  e. — 
Leaves,  fallen,  remove  continually. — 
Leeks,  plant,  b.;  hoe,  &c.,  advancing 
crops. — Lettuces,  prick  out,  e. — Mint, 
plant. — Mushroom-beds,  make  ;  attend 
to  those  in  production. — Nasturtium 
Berries,  gather  as  they  ripen. — Onions, 
attend  to  those  in  store,  plant  for  seed. 
— Parsley,  cut  down,  b.;  (Hamburgh), 
is  fit  for  use. — Parsnips,  take  up  for 
storing,  e. ;  leave  or  plant  out  for  seed. 
— Pennyroyal,  plant. — Potatoes,  dig  up, 
e. — Rhubarb,  sow. — Rosemary,  plant. — 
Rue,  plant. — Sage,  plant. — Salsafy  is  in 
perfection;  take  up  for  storing. — Savory, 
plant. — Savoys,  plant  for  seed. — Scor- 
zonera  is  in  perfection ;  take  up  for 
storing. — Seeds,  gather  as  they  ripen. — 
Shallots,  plant,  e. —  Small  Salading, 
sow. —  S/)mac/i,thin,  &c. — Stir  between 
rows  of  plants. — Tansy,  plant. — Tar- 
ragon, plant. — Thinning,  attend  to. — 
Thyme,  plant. — Turnips,  plant  for  seed  ; 
hoe  young  crops. —  Vacant  ground, 
trench,  drain,  &c. 

ORCH.\RD. 

Berberries,  gather.— Chestnuts,  gather. 
— Currants  and  Gooseberries,  plant ; 
prune  ;  cuttings  plant. — Fig  Trees,  pro- 
tect when  leaves  are  olf. — Fruit  Trees, 
for  forcing,  plant  in  pots  or  in  hot-house. 
— Gathering  apples  and  pears,  finish. 
— Grapes,  ripe,  gather  and  hang  up,  e. ; 
bag  on  the  vines. — Layers  of  figs,  fil- 
berts, mulberries,  vines,  &c.,  make  ; 
those  of  last  year  take  up  and  plant. — 
Medlars,  gather,  e. — Planting  may  be- 
gin generally,  e. — Pruning,  commence, 
6. — Quinces,  gather,  e. — Raspberries, 
prune  and  plant,  if  leaves  have  fallen. 
— Ridge  up  ground  after  pruning  is 
finished. — Services,  gather,  e. — Stones 
of  cherries  and  plums,  sow. — Strawber- 


ries, dress  ;  plant. — Trench  and  prepare 
ground  for  planting.  —  Wall-fruit  and 
espaliers  generally,  begin  to  prune, 
e. —  Walnuts,  gather.  —  Water,  give 
abundantly  at  the  time  of  planting. 

FLOWER    GARDEN. 

Anemones,  plant.  —  Annuals,  done 
flowering,  pull  up ;  sow  hardy,  b. — 
Auriculas,  move  to  sunny  shelter  ;  pro- 
tect from  rain  and  snow;  remove  dead 
leaves;  slip.  —  Bulbous  roots,  plant; 
those  in  flower  protect;  place  in  water 
glasses.  —  Carnation  layers,  plant  in 
pots,  e. — Chrysanthemum  cuttings,  finish 
planting.  —  Climbers,  plant. —  Compost, 
prepare. —  Cuttings,  plant. — Dahlias, 
protect  in  flower  ;  begin  to  take  up  roots 
to  dry  and  store  as  the  leaves  decay,  e. 
— Edgings,  trim. — Evergreens,  plant; 
trim. — Fibrous-rooted  plants,  transplant 
where  required  ;  divide  roots. — Grass, 
mow  and  roll. — Gravel,  weed  and  roll. 
Green-house  plants,  remove  from  bor- 
ders to  the  house. — Hedges,  trim;  plant; 
plash. — Hoe  and  Rake,  as  required. — 
Layers,  make  ;  they  will  have  to  remain 
twelve  months. — Leaves,  gather  as  they 
fall,  and  store  for  composts. — Mignio- 
nette,  shelter. — Pipings  of  Pinks,  &c., 
finish  planting  to  remain. — Planting, 
generally,  may  be  done. — Potting,  per- 
form as  required ;  dress  old  potted 
plants. — Primulas,  all  this  genus  (Poly- 
anthus, &c.)  may  be  propagated  by  slips. 
—  Prune,  generally.  —  Ranunculuses, 
plant. — Seedlings,  shelter. — Seeds,  fin- 
ish gathering. — Suckers,  remove  and 
plant  out. — Trench  vacant  ground. — 
Tuberous-rooted  plants  insert,  especially 
Pajonies. — Turf  may  be  laid. 

HOT-HOUSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  every  fine  day. — 
Bark-beds,  renovate  in  fruiting  stoves 
and  succession  house. — Fires  must  be- 
gin to  be  lighted  where  the  old  flue 
system  is  followed,  e.  —  Flowering 
Sfirubs  in  pots,  introduce  for  winter 
blooming. — Glass,  Flues,  4-c.,  repair,  if 
not  done  last  month. — Pines,  remove 
into  fruiting  stoves,  b.;  Crowns  plant, 
if  required.  —  Roses,  introduce  for 
Christmas  blooming.  —  Shifting  into 
larger  pots  may  be  done. —  Water  nhout 
twice  weekly. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  give  freely  daily,  and  at  night, 
if  temp,  not  so  low  as  35^. — Camellias, 
bud. — Earth,  give  fresh  before  return- 


OC  Y 


401 


OLY 


ing  into  house. — I^aiw  clean,  and  dress  |  advanced  to  the  length  of  one  and  a 
plants  before  returning  to  house. —  half  or  two  inches),  pricking  them  out 
Potted  Plants,  return  all  into  house,  e.;  in  sand,  in  the  open  ground,  and  cover- 
place  hardiest  back,  and  tcnderest  in  ing  them  with  a  hand-glass.  If  treated 
front. — Succulent  Plants  should  all  be  in  this  manner,  the  whole  of  the  cut- 
in,  b. —  yVater,  give  over  the  foliage  tings  may  be  expected  to  root,  and  be 
after  the  plants  are  in  house  ;  give  wa-  ready  for  planting  out  in  a  month; 
ter  once  or  twice  weekly.  1  whereas,  if  deferred  until  the  autumn, 

OCYMUM.  Basil.  Thirteen  species.  |  when  the  increase  of  flower-garden 
Chiefly  hardy  annuals,  but  some  are  i  stock  is  considered  en  masse,  the  pro- 
stove  evergreen  shrubs.     See  Basil.  bability  is  that  not  one  will  succeed." 

ODONTARRHENA  microphylla.   —Card.  Chron. 
Hardy  evergreen  trailer.  Cuttings.  Loam  j      This  mode  of  culture  is  applicable  to 
and  peat.  j  all  the  perennial  species. 

ODONTOGLOSSUM.  Eight  species.  OFFSETS  are  side  bulbs  produced  by 
Stove  epiphytes.  Division.  Wood  and  gome  bulbous  roots,  and  by  which  the 
moss.  species  can  be  propagated.     Whatever 

(ECEOCLADES.  Two  species.  Stove  checks  the  upward  growth  of  the  parent 
epiphytes.  Lateral  shoots.  Wood  and  plant,  as  an  early  breaking  down  of  the 
moss.  j  stem,  compels  the  sap  to  find  other  or- 

0^  D  E  R  A  prolifera.  Green-house  |  gans  for  its  reception,  and,  consequent- 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam  ly,  promotes  the  production  of  offsets, 
and  peat.  i  '<  The  practice,"  says  Dr.  Lindley,  "  of 

(ENOTHERA.  Evening  Primrose,  scarring  the  centre  of  bulbs,  the  heads 
Seventeen  species.  Hardy  annuals,  of  echino  cacti,  and  such  plants,  and 
biennials  and  perennials,  except  the  the  crown  of  the  stem  of  species  like 
green-house  evergreen  shrub  CE.  cheir-  Littaa  geminiflora,  in  all  which  cases 
anthifolia.     Seed;  and  the  perennials    suckers   are   the    result,  is    explicable 


also  by  division.    Common  light  soil. 

SELECT  SHOWY  SPECIES. 

Perennials. 
ffi.  Speciosa,  white. 
(E.  >Iacrocarpa,  yellow. 
(K.  Taraxacifolia,  white. 
(E.  Glauca,  yellow. 
(E.  Serotina,  yellow. 

Annuals. 
CE.  Rubicunda,  pink. 
(E.  Lindleyana,  purplish-rose. 
(E.  Tenuifolia,  purple. 
(E.  Tetraptera,  white. 
(E.  Odorata,  yellow. 
CE.  Romanzovii,  blue. 


upon  the  foregoing  principle." 

OGECHyE  LIME.  Nyssacandicans. 
OIL  NUT.  Hamiltonia. 
0  K  R  A.  "  The  Okra  is  a  native  of 
the  West  Indies,  where  it  is  much  used 
in  soups  and  stews  ;  its  use  is  rapidly 
increasing  here.  There  are  two  vari- 
eties, the  large  and  the  small  podded 
or  capsuled. 

"  The  seeds  are  planted  late  in  spring, 
either  in  rows  or  hills,  three  feet  apart ; 
the  plant  thrives  readily,  and  requires 
no  further  care  than  is  requisite  to  keep 
it  free  from  weeds." — Rural  Reg. 

OLAX.  Two  species.  Stove,  ever- 
green climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
(Enothera  Drummondii,  is  a  fine  large  peat, 
yellow  sort,  and  very  ornamental,  but  OLD-MAN'S-BEARD.  Geropogon. 
it  is  tender,  and  requires  the  same  i  OLE  A.  The  Olive.  Green-house 
treatment  as  petunias  and  verbenas. —  and  stove  evergreen  trees,  except  O. 
Card.  Chron.  sativa,  which  is  hardy.     Ripe  cuttings, 

GJ.  serotina,    is  a  beautiful   autumn    and    grafting    on    the    Common    Privet 
flower,  and   its  culture  is  thus  recom-    [Ligustrum  vulgare).     Loam  and  peat, 
mended  :— "  The  bed  should  be  looked        OLEANDER.     Nerium. 
over  every  morning,  and  the  flowers  of!      OLEASTER.     Elaagnus. 
the  previous  day  carried  off.     This  will        OLIBANUM.     Boswellia. 
very    considerably  add   to   its   beauty.       OLIVE.     Olea. 
Where  a  quantity  of  it  is  wanted  for       OLIVE-WOOD.     Elaodendron. 
bedding.  May  is  the  fit  time  to  attend        OLYNTHIA  disticha.      Stove   ever- 
to   its   propagation,  by   preparing  cut-    sreen   tree.     Young  cuttings.      Sandy 
tings  (as  soon  as  the  young  wood  has  |  loam  and  peat. 
26 


OM  A 


402 


ONI 


OMALANTHUS  populifoUa.  Stove  i  it  large  specimens  may  be  rapidly  ob- 
evergreen  shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Peat  1  tained  ;  but  as,  with  due  care,  magni- 
and  loam.  !  ficent  specimens  may  be  grown  in  small 

OMIME  PLANT.  Plectranthus  ter-  pots,  annually  increased  in  size  when 
natus.  the  plants  are  shifted,  the  general  adop- 

0  M  PH  AL  O  BIUM.  Two  species. '  tion  of  the  one  shift  system  will  never 
Stove  evergreen  slirubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  \  be  general,  accompanied  as  it  is  by  such 
Light  loam  and  peat.  i  a  great  sacrifice  of  space  in  the  stove 

OMPHALADES.    Eight  species,  i  and  green-house. 
Hardy  annuals  and  herbaceous  peren-        ONION.     "  The  Onion  is  a  biennial 
nials  ;  the  first  being  increased  by  seed    plant,  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Spain, 
in  open   borders;  the  second   by  divi- i  The  varieties  are  numerous.    Those  es- 
sion,  in  shaded  situations.  :  teemed  the  best,  are  the  Silver  Skin, 

ONCI  DIUM.  Fifty-nine  species,  j  and  Large  Yellow  Strasburgh  ;  the 
Stove  epiphytes.  Shoots,  moss,  and  !  latter  is  the  best  keeper,  though  perhaps 
rotten  wood.  \  not  so  delicately  flavoured  as  the  Silver 

0NH:-SHIFT  system  in  potting,  is  i  Skin, 
thus  described  by  Mr.  Ayres  : — "  The  |      "  The  Wethersfield  red  is  grown 
distinguishing  difference  of  this  system    e.xtensively  in  the  eastern  states,  where 
is,  that  instead  of  taking  a  plant  through  i  it  perfects  itself  the  first  season, 
all    the    different-sized    pots,    from    a        "  It  is  the  practice  with  the  market 
thumb   to  a  twenty-four  or  sixteen,  or    gardeners    of  Philadelphia,   who  grow 


any  other  size   thut  it  may  remain 
permanently,  it  is  removed  to  the  per- 


the  Strasburgh  and   Silver  Skin,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  others,  to  sow  the  seed 


manent  pot  at  once,  or  at  any  rate  to  i  thickly  in  beds  in  the  middle  of  spring, 
one  very  considerably  larger  than  is  At  midsummer  they  are  taken  up,  and 
the  general  custom;  thus  in  purchasing  i  placed   in  a  dry  airy  situation,  until  the 


small  specimens  of  new  plants,  they 
may  be  placed  at  once  in  a  twenty- 
four,  sixteen,  or  twelve-sized  pot,  in 
which  they  will  remain  for  four  or  five 
years. 

"The  principal  thing  to  attend  to  in 
this  system  will  be  to  have  the  pots 
thoroughly  drained  ;  for  if  water  stag- 


succeeding  spring,  when  they  are  re- 
planted ;  in  this  way  they  get  large, 
firm,  well  keeping  Onions  early  in  the 
season.  It  should  be  observed  that  if 
not  sown  quite  thickly  they  attain  too 
large  a  size,  and  when  replanted  shoot  to 
seed.  When  sown  early,  and  very  thin- 
ly, on  strong  ground,  bulbs  large  enough 


nates  in  such  a  mass  of  soil,  all  hope  !  for  family  use,  may  be  had  the  first  sea- 
of  success  will  be  at  end.  In  growing  son  ;  they  do  not,  however,  usually  at- 
specimen  plants,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  !  tain  a  size  large  enough  for  the  market, 
drain  the  soil  with  an  inverted  pot,  tak- i  When  sown  in  this  way,  they  should 
ing  great  care  to  prevent  the  soil  from!  be  frequently  hoed,  and  kept  perfectly 
falling  among  the  drainage  by  covering  |  clean  ;  and  the  Wethersfield  is  perhaps 


it  securely  with  moss.  Porous  stones 
of  various  sizes,  in  considerable  quanti- 
ties, sticks  in  a  half-decomposed  state, 
and  even  charcoal  for  some  plants, 
have  been  used  with  satisfiictory  re- 
sults. 

"  Another  very  important  point  to  be 
attended  to  in  this  system  of  potting  is, 
to  use  the  soil  as  rough  as  possible. 
Plants  potted  in  this  way  will   not  re 


the  best." — Rural  Reg. 

To  save  Seed. — To  obtain  seed,  some 
old  onions  must  be  planted  in  autumn 
or  early  in  Spring.  The  finest  and  firm- 
est bulbs  being  selected  and  planted  in 
rows  ten  inches  apart  each  way,  either 
in  drills  or  by  a  blunt-ended  dibble,  the 
soil  to  he  rather  poorer,  if  it  differs  at 
all  from  that  in  which  they  are  culti- 
vated for  bulbing.     They  must  be   bu- 


quire  so  much  attention  as  those  potted  \  ried  so  deep,  that  the  mould  just  covers 
in  the  usual  mannei  ;  because  one  wa-  t  the  crown.  Early  in  Spring  their  leaves 
terint;  will  serve  them  for  several  days, !  will  appe:ir.     If  grown  in  large  quanti- 


whereas  in  small  pots  they  would  re- 
quire constant  attention." — Gardener's 
Chron. 


ties,  a  path  must  be  left  two  feet  wide 
between  every  three  or  four  rows  to 
allow  the  necessary  cultivation.     They 


There  is  no  doubt  that  this  system  must  be  kept  thoroughly  clear  from 
much  abridges  the  gardener's  labour,  weeds,  and  when  in  flower  have  stakes 
and  there  is  an  equal  certainty  that  by  |  driven  at  intervals  of  five  or  six  feet  on 


ONI 


403 


0  R  A 


each  side  of  every  two  rows,  to  which  a  I  Half-hardy  herbaceous.  Division.  Sandy 

string  is  to  be  fastened   throughout  the    loam  and  peat. 

whole   length,  a  few  inches   below  the  j      OPHIOXYLON  serpentinum.     Stove 

heads,  to  serve  as  a  support  and  prevent '  evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 

their  being  broken  down.     The  seeds    and  peat. 

are  ripe  in  August,  which  is  intimated  1      OPHRYS.    Ten  species.    Hardy  and 

by  the  husks  becoming  brownish;   the    half-hardy  orchids.    Seed.  Chalky  loam 


heads  must  then  be  immediately  cut 
otherwise  the  receptacles  will  open  and 
shed   their  contents.     Being  spread  on 


and  peat. 

OPLOTHFXA.     Two  species. 

O.  florodana  is  hardy  herbaceous,  in- 


cloths  in  the  sun,  and  during  inclement]  creased  by  division.  0.  interivpta  is  a 
weather  they  soon  become  perfectly  stove  biennial,  by  seed.  Both  require 
dry,  when  the  seed  maybe  rubbed  out,  ,  loam  and  peat. 

cleaned  of  the  chalf,  and,  after  remain-  !  OPUNTI.\..  Eighty-seven  species, 
ing  another  day  or  two,  finally  stored.  |  Stove  cacti,  except  0.  fragilis  and  0. 
It  is  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  em-  missouriensis,  which  are  hardy  ;  and  the 
ploy  seed  of  not  more  than  two  years  |  half-hardies,  O.  media,  0.  polyacantha, 
old,  otherwise  not  more  than  one  in  and  O.vxtlgaris.  Slips,  slightly  dried; 
fifty    will   vegetate.     The    goodness  of!  sandy  peat. 

seed  may  be  easily  discovered  by  fore- I  ORACH,  Atriplex  hortensis,  is 
ing  a  little  of  it  in  a  hot-bed  or  warm  cooked  and  eaten  in  the  same  manner 
water  a  day  before  it  is  employed  ;  a  ,  as  spinach,  to  which  it  is  much  prefer- 
small  white  point  will  soon  protrude  if  red   by  many  persons,  although   it  be 


See    Anthomyia   and 


it  is  fertile. 

ONION-FLY 
Eumfirus. 

ONISCUS.  0.  asellus,  O.  armadillo. 
Woodlice. 

The  first  is  most  easily  distinguished 
from  the  second  by  its  not  rolling  up  in 
a  globular  form  when  at  rest.  They 
are  found  in  old  dry  dunghills,  cucum- 
ber frames,  &c.,  and  they  are  injurious 


longs  to  a  tribe  whose  wholesonieness 
is  very  suspicious. 

Soil  and  Situation.  —  It  flourishes 
best  in  a  rich  moist  soil,  and  in  an  open 
compartment.  Those,  however,  of  the 
autumn  sowing  require  a  rather  drier 
soil. 

Soirins;. — It  may  be  sown  about  the 
end  of  September,  and  again  in  the 
spring  for  succession.     The  sowing  to 


to  many  plants,  fruits,  &c.,  by  gnawing  '  be  performed  in  drills  six  inches  apart, 
off  the  outer  skin.     Gas  lime  will  expel  i  The  plants  soon  make  their  appearance. 


them  from  their  haunts,  and  two  boards 
or  tiles  kept  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
apart  form  an  excellent  trap. — Gard. 
Chron. 

ONOBROjVIA.  Five  species.  0. 
glaucum  is  a  hardy  annual,  and  O.  ar- 
borescens,  a  green-house  shrub,  the 
others  hardy  herbaceous.  Seed,  cut- 
tings, or  divisions.     Common  soil. 

ONOBRYCHIS.  Saititfoin.  Twenty- 
three  species.  Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed. 
Chalky  loam. 

ONOCLEA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed  and  division.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

ONONIS.  Thirty-seven  species. 
Mostly  hardy  annuals  and  shrubby 
j)lant3.     Seed  or  cuttings.     Loam. 

ONOSMA.  Sixteen  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous,  except  the  stove  O.  triner- 
vum.     Seed.     Rich  chalkv  loam. 

O  N  O  S  M  O  D  I  U  M  .  Two  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed.  Rich  light 
loam. 

OPHIOPOGON.     Three  species. 


being  of  quick  growth.  When  they  are 
about  an  inch  high,  they  must  be  thin- 
ned to  six  inches  asunder,  and  those 
removed  may  be  planted  out  at  the 
same  distance  in  a  similar  situation,  and 
watered  occasionally  until  established. 
At  the  time  of  thinning,  the  bed  must 
be  thoroughly  cleared  of  weeds,  and  if 
they  are  again  hoed  during  a  dry  day, 
when  the  plants  are  about  four  inches 
high,  they  will  require  no  further  at- 
tendance than  an  occasional  weeding. 
For  early  production,  a  sowing  may  be 
in  a  moderate  hot-bed  at  the  same  time 
as  those  in  the  natural  ground.  The 
leaves  must  be  gathered  for  use  whilst 
young,  otherwise  they  become  stringy 
and  worthless. 

To  save  Seed. — Some  plants  of  the 
spring  sowing  must  be  left  ungathercd 
from,  and  thinned  to  about  eight  inches 
apart.  The  seeds  ripen  about  the  end 
of  August,  when  the  plants  must  be 
pulled  up,  and  when  perfectly  dry  rub- 
bed out  for  use. 


OR  A 


404 


ORC 


ORANGE.     Citrus  aurantium.     See 

Citrus. 

ORANGERY  is  a  green-house  or 
conservatory  devoted  to  the  cultivation 
of  the  genus  Citrus.  The  best  plan  for 
the  construction  of  such  a  building  is 
that  erected  at  Knowsley  Park,  and 
thus  described  by  the  gardener,  Mr.  J. 
W.  Jones. 

Fig.   104. 


"Measured  inside,  this  house  is  four- 
teen and  a  half  yards  long,  eight  broad, 
and  six  high.  In  the  centre  of  the 
house  are  eight  borders,  in  which  the 
oranges,  &c.,  are  planted  ;  these  borders 
are  all  marked  a.  The  two  borders 
against  the  back  wall  are  sixteen  inches 
broad,  and  three  feet  deep.  The  six 
borders  immediately  in  the  centre  of 
the  house  are  fourteen    inches  broad, 


"  Two  stoves  immediately  connected 
with  each  end  of  the  orangery  contain 
the  collection  of  tropical  plants  bearing 
fruit.  The  communication  between 
these  stoves  and  the  orangery  is  unin- 
terrupted by  any  glass  or  other  division, 
so  that  the  orange  tribe  are  subjected 
to  nearly  as  high  a  temperature  as  the 
tropical  plants.  The  central  borders 
of  the  orangery,  as  may  be  seen  in  the 
section,  are  raised  a  little  above  each 
other,  as  they  recede  from  the  front 
of  the  house.  The  oranges,  citrons, 
&c.,  are  all  trained  as  espaliers;  a  light 
wire  trellis  being  stretched  from  pillar 
to  pillar  parallel  with  the  borders,  and 
about  eight  feet  high.  The  spaces,  b, 
between  the  borders  being  about  three 
feet  wide,  permit  a  person  to  walk 
along  between  the  plants,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  pruning,  watering,  &c.  These 
spaces  are  of  the  same  depth  as  the 
borders,  and  were  originally  filled  with 
tan  ;  but  part  of  this  is  now  removed, 
and  its  place  is  filled  with  good  soil. 
In  this  some  fine  climbing  plants  have 
been  turned  out,  amongst  which  are 
several  plants  of  Passijlora  quadrangu- 
laris,  which  bear  an  abundant  crop  of 
fine  fruit.  Besides  these,  there  are 
also  two  fine  plants  of  the  beautiful 
new  Gardenia  Sherbournia.  These, 
and  other  climbers,  are  trained  up  the 
rafters,  &c.,  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to 
materially  intercept  the  light  from  the 
orange.  The  great  advantage  of  having 
the  trees  trained  on  the  trellis  system 
is,  that  every  part  of  the  tree  is  fully 
exposed  to  the  light,  and  by  planting 
them  in  rows  one  behind  the  other,  a 
larger  surface  is  obtained  for  the  trees 


and  three  feet  deep;  the  paths  are 
marked  c,  the  front  wall  d,  and  the  ;  to  cover  than  could  be  got  by  adopting 
back  one  e;  p,  p,  p,  represent  orna- I  any  other  plan;  and  consequently,  for 
mental  cast  iron  pillars,  which,  besides!  the  space,  a  larger  quantity  of  fruit   is 


supporting  the  roof,  serve  also  to  sup 
port  light  wire  trellises  ;  there  is  one  of 
these  pillars  in  each  row  for  each  rafter. 
The  house  is  entirely  heated  by  smoke 
flues,  two  furnaces  being  placed  at  /. 
The  dotted  lines  along  the  central  path 
show  the  direction  of  the  flues  beneath, 
from  the  back  to  the  front  entrance, 
when  they  diverge,  the  one  entering  a 
raised  flue,  g,  on  the  right,  the  other 
also  entering  a  raised  flue  on  the  left. 
These  flues  again  cross  the   house   at 


procured.  The  trees  being  hung  loose- 
ly and  irregularly  to  the  wires,  assume 
as  natural  an  appearance  as  circum- 
stances will  permit,  and  the  introduc- 
tion here  and  there  of  large  plants  in 
pots  has  a  tendency  to  prevent  formal- 
ity. Two  plants  are  placed  in  each 
border." — Gard.  Chron. 

O  R  B  E  A  .  Twenty-three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttingsslight- 
ly  dried  ;  sandy  loam  and  lime  rubbish. 

ORCHARD   is  an  inclosure  devoted 


each  end,  and  the  smoke  escapes  by  ;  to  the  cultivation  of  hardy  fruit  trees, 
the  back  wall;  it  being  found  incon- I  In  it  may  be,  as  standards,  apple-trees, 
venient  to  place  the  furnaces  in  any  most  sorts  of  pears  and  plums,  and  all 
Other  situation.  |  sorts   of  cherries,  which   four  are  the 


ORG 


4Q5 


ORG 


chief  orchard  fruits;  but  to  have  a  com-  \  Let  several  varieties  of  each  particu- 
piete  orchard,  also  quinces,  medlars,  lar  species  be  chosen  that  ripen  their 
mulberries,  service  trees,  filberts,  nuts,  fruit  at  different  times  from  the  earliest 
berberries,  walnuts,  and  chestnuts  must  to  the  latest,  according  to  the  nature  of 
be  included.  The  two  latter  are  par-  >  the  different  sorts,  that  there  may  be  a 
ticularly  applicable  for  the  boundaries  sufficient  supply  of  every  sort  during 
of  orchards,  to  screen  the  other  trees  their  proper  season  ;  and  of  apples  and 
from  impetuous  winds.  A  general  or-  pears,  in  particular,  choose  a  much 
chard  composed  of  all  the  before  men-  greater  quantity  of  the  autumnal  and 
tioned  fruit  trees,  should  consist  of  a  late  ripening  kinds,  than  the  early  sorts  ; 
double  portion  of  apple  trees.  With  but  most  of  all  of  apples ;  for  the  surn- 
respect  to  the  situation  and  aspect  for  mer  ripening  fruit  is  but  of  short  dura- 
an  orchard,  avoid  very  low  damp  situa-  tion,  only  proper  for  temporary  service  ; 
tions  as  much  as  the  nature  of  the  place  but  the  latter  ripening  kinds  keep  sound 
will  admit:  for  in  very  wet  soils  no  some  considerable  time  for  autumn  and 
fruit  trees  will  prosper,  nor  the  fruit  be  winter  use.  The  arrangement  of  the 
fine;  but  a  moderately  low  situation,  trees  in  the  orchard  must  be  in  rows, 
free  from  copious  wet,  may  be  more  each  kind  separate,  at  distances  ac- 
eligible  than  an  elevated  ground,  as  cordini:  to  the  nature  of  growth  of 
being  less  exposed  to  tempestuous  i  the  different  sorts;  but  for  the  larger 
winds;  though  a  situation  having  a  growing  kinds,  such  as  apples,  pears, 
small  declivity  is  very  desirable,  espe-  plums,  cherries,  &c.,  they  should  stand 
cially  if  its  aspect  incline  towards  the  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  or  forty  feet 
east,  souih-east,  or  south,  which  are  every  way  asunder,  though  twenty-five 
rather  more  eligible  than  a  westerly  or  thirty  feet  at  most  is  a  reasonable 
aspect;  but  a  north  aspect  is  the  worst  distance  for  all  these  kinds.  Each  spe- 
cies and  its  varieties  should  generally 
be  in  rows  by  themselves,  the  better 
to  suit  their  respective  modes  of  growtti. 
Stake  the  new  planted  trees,  to  support 
them  in  their  proper  position,  and  se- 
cure   them    from    being  rocked  to  and 


of  all  for  an  orchard,  unless  particu 
larly  compensated  by  the  peculiar  tem 
perament  or  good  quality  of  the  soil. 
Any  common  field  or  pasture  that  pro- 
duces good  crops  of  corn,  grass,  or 
kitchen  garden  vegetables,  is  suitable 
for  an  orchard  ;  if  it  should  prove  of  a  !  fro    by  the  wind,   which  would  greatly 


loamy  nature,  it  will  be  a  particular 
advantage  ;  any  soil,  however,  of  a  good 
quality,  not  too  light  and  dry,  or  too 
heavy,  stubborn,  or  wet,  but  of  a  me- 
dium nature,  friable  and  open,  with  not 
less  than  one  spade  deep  of  good  staple, 
will  be  proper. 

Preparation  of  the  Ground. —  The 
preparation  of  the  ground  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  trees  is  by  trenching  one 
or  two  spades,  as  the  soil  will  admit. 
And  if  in  grass,  turn  the  sward  clean 
to  the  bottom  of  each  trench,  which 
will  prove  an  excellent  manure.     The 


retard  their  rooting  afresh,  placing  two 
or  three  strong  tall  stakes  to  each  tree  ; 
but  the  most  effectual  method  is  to  have 
three  stakes  to  each,  placed  in  a  trian- 
gle, meeting  at  top  near  the  head  of 
the  tree,  wrapping  a  hayband  round 
that  part  of  the  stem,  to  prevent  its 
being  barked  by  the  stakes  or  tying; 
then  tie  the  stakes  at  top  close  to  the 
tree  with  some  proper  bandage,  bring- 
ing it  close  about  the  stem  and  stake* 
together,  over  the  hay  wrapping,  so  as 
to  secure  the  tree  firmly  in  an  erect 
posture.     If  laid  down  in  grass  no  cai- 


ground  must  be  fenced  securely  against  tie  should  be  turned  in  to  graze  at 
cattle,  &c.,  either  with  a  good  ditch  [  large,  unless  the  stem  of  each  tree  is 
and  hedge,  or  with  a  paling  fence,   as  i  previously  well  secured  with  posts  and 


may  be  most  convenient. 


railing,  or  wattled   with   thorn   bushes, 


Method  of  Planting;  the  Trees. — The  especially  in  young  orchards,  otherwise 
season  for  planting  all  the  sorts  of  fruit  I  they  will  bark  the  trees;  nor  bIioiiUI 
trees  is  autumn,  soon  after  the  fall  of  j  large  cattle  l)e  turned  into  orchards, 
the  leaf,  from  about  the  latter  end  of;  where  the  branches  of  the  trees  are  yet 
October  until  December,  though  it  may  low  and  within  their  reach. — Abercrorn- 
be  performed  any  time  in  open  weather,  I  bie.  See  Tree-Guard. 
from  October  until  March  or  April ;  on  ORCHIDEOUS  PLANTS  are  chiefly 
light  land  the  autumn  is  usually  pre- 1  herbaceous,  a  very  few  are  even  semi- 
ferred,  on  heavy  land  the  spring  is  best.  1  frutescent ;   but   all    are   characterized 


ORC 


406 


ORC 


either  by  singular  beauty  or  fragrance  ;  I  P>ia. 
and,   as   many  of  tliem   are   extremely  {  Dendrobium. 
impatient  of  cultivation,  they  have  of  Anisopetalum. 
late    years    obtained     great    attention    Ca;logyne. 
from    horticulturists;   and    pre-eminent    Malaxis. 
among    these,    are    Dr.    Lindley,    Mr.    Microstylis. 
Lodiges,   Mr.    Bateman,    Mr.    Paxton,    Liparis. 
Mr.  Catley,  Mr.  Clowes,  &c. 


Calypso. 

Pleurothallis. 

Stanhopea. 

Stelis. 

Cypripedium. 

Saccolabium. 


Goodyera. 

Thelymitra. 

Diuris. 

Orthoceras. 

Cryptostylis. 

Ponthieva. 

Prasophyllum. 

Calochilus. 

Neottia. 

Pelexia. 

Listera. 

Stenorhynchus 

Arethusa. 

Calopogon. 

Pogonia. 

Microtis. 

Acianthus. 

Cyrtostylis. 

Chiloglottis, 

Eriochilus. 

Caladenia. 

Lyperanthus. 

Glossodia. 

Pterostylis. 

Epipactis. 

Cephalanthera. 

Corallorhiza. 

Caleya. 

Corysanthes. 

Prescotia. 

Gastrodia. 

Vanilla. 

Orchis. 

Glossula. 

Anacamptis. 

Nigritella. 

Aceras. 

Ophrys. 

Serapias. 

Disa. 

Habenaria. 

Gymnadenia. 

Platanthera. 

Chamorchis. 

Herminium. 

Barthoiina. 

Bonatea. 

Satyrium. 

Pterogodium. 

Disperis. 


GENERA. 

I  Corycium. 
Calanthe. 
Octomeria. 
Maxillaria. 
Camaridium. 
Ornithidium. 
Pholidota. 
Megaclinium. 
Ornithocephalus. 
Cryptarrhena. 
Aerides. 
Vanda. 
Sarcanthus. 
Aeranthes. 
Angrfficum. 
lonopsis. 
Renanthera. 
Cymbidium. 
Cirrhsa. 
Lissochilus. 
Sarcochilus. 
Geodorum. 
Dipodium. 
Oncidium. 
Macradenia. 
Brassia. 
Cyrtopodium. 
Zygopetalum. 
Catasetum. 
Anguioa. 
Ceratochilus. 
Encyclia. 
Heterotaxis. 
Eulophia. 
Xylobium. 
Polystachya. 
Gongora. 
Trizeuxis. 
Rodriguezia. 
Sophronitis. 
Fernandesia. 
Tribrachia. 
Gomeza. 
Notylia. 
Bletia. 
Brassavola. 
Epidendrum. 
Cattleya. 
Broughtonia. 
Isochilus. 


Tender  Orchideous  Plants. — Dr.  Lind- 
ley has  given  the  following  selections 
from  the  foregoing,  with  statements  as 
to  their  appropriate  modes  of  growth  : — 

"  To  grow  orchidaceous  plants  in 
the  highest  state  of  perfection,  several 
houses  would  be  requisite  ;  for  exam- 
ple, there  should  be  a  cool  house  for 
those  which  inhabit  the  high  lands  of 
Mexico  and  Guatemala  ;  a  warm  and 
moist  one  for  others  which  grow  in  the 
hot  damp  valleys  of  India,  and  other 
parts  of  the  tropics  ;  a  third,  kept  warm 
and  dry,  for  containing  those  which  are 
in  a  state  of  rest;  and  a  fourth  for 
plants  in  flower.  But,  however  beauti- 
ful and  interesting  this  tribe  may  be, 
few  persons  would  go  to  this  expense; 
and  many  have  succeeded  admirably  in 
growing  a  selection  mixed  with  other 
stove  plants.  It  is  difficult  to  give  di- 
rections for  the  management  of  a  house 
of  this  kind  without  seeing  it,  but  the 
following  should  be  attended  to.  Keep 
the  orchidaceous  plants  as  much  toge- 
ther as  possible,  either  at  one  side,  or 
along  the  front  itself.  This  is  neces- 
sary in  order  that  they  may  be  kept  more 
moist  or  shaded  than  the  other  plants. 
If  the  house  fronts  the  south,  shade 
will  be  indispensable  during  bright  sun- 
shine in  summer  and  autumn.  The 
temperature  of  it  during  the  dull  months 
of  winter,  that  is  from  November  to 
February,  should  not  exceed  60°  by 
night.  As  the  spring  advances,  raise 
it  to  60°  and  70°,  and  it  may  be  kept 
at  that  as  long  as  artificial  heat  is  ne- 
cessary. If  the  summer  and  autumn 
are  warm,  no  fire  will  be  required  for 
two  or  three  months.  Always  allow 
the  temperature  to  sink  several  degrees 
lower  at  night  than  during  the  day.  If 
this  is  done,  and  the  stove  kept  damp 
enough,  the  plants  will  be  covered  with 
dew  in  the  morning.  The  following  is 
a  list  of  those  most  suitable. 

"  1.  To  be  grown  in  pots  and  placed 
near  the  warmest  end  of  the  stove. 
Dendrobium  noblle,  one  of  the  most 
lovely  yet  known.  Oncidium  papilio, 
an  interesting  kind,  having  flowers  like 


ORC 


407 


ORC 


a  butterfly.  Peristeria  elala,  the  beau-  1  flowers  downwards  in  the  same  direc- 
tiful  dove  flower.  Miltonia  Candida,'  tion  as  the  roots,  and  have  a  very  curi- 
Cattleya  labiata,  C.  Mossia,  C.  rrispa,    ous  appearance." — Card.  Chron. 


C.  intermedia,  C.  Harrisoniala  :  these 
flower  in  great  profusion  during  sum- 
mer, and  are  remarkable  for  their  great 
beauty.  Cymbidium  sinense,  with  dingy 
coloured  flowers,  but  very  fragrant. 
Zygopelalum,  Mackaii,  Z.  intermedium, 
Z.   crinitum,    very   showy   and    sweet- 


Hardy  Orchideous  Plants. — M.  F.Otto 
lias  written  as  follows  upon  these: — 

"  The  best  time  for  transplanting 
Orchises  is  early  in  autumn,  when  the 
plants  are  in  a  state  of  rest,  and  the 
cultivator  must  devise  the  means  of 
finding  them,  although  they  are  almost 


scented.  Brassia  caudata,  B.Lanceana,    withered  upon  the  ground. 


and  B.  maculata.     Acantliaphippium  bi- 


They  grow   much  better  if  placed 


color  is  easily  cultivated,  and  produces    between  other  plants,  as  they  find  theui 
a  nest  of  flowers  in  spring.     Gon^ora    selves  in  their  natural  situation 


atropurpurea  likes  heat  and  moisture, 
the  flowers  are  striking  and  curious. 

"  2.  To  be  grown  in  pots  and  placed  in 
the  coolest  end  of  the  stove.  Oncidium 
Cavendishianum  produces  large  spikes 
of  yellow  flower.  Cattleya  Skinneri, 
Epidendrum  Stamfordianum,  whose 
flowers  hang  very  gracefully,  and  the 


"  They  should  be  brought  into  the 
garden  not  only  with  the  whole  of  their 
ball  of  earth,  but  also  with  all  the  sorts 
of  plants  belonging  to  it.  They  never 
thrive  so  well  as  if  they  stood  among 
the  other  plants  whicli  naturally  sur- 
round them. 

"  Experience    has    taught    that    the 


violet   markings  of  them   are   delicate  ;  greater  part  of  the  Swiss  and  Tyrolese 


and  beautiful.  Trichopilia  tortilis  with 
finely  spotted  flowers.  Catassetnm 
tnaculatum,  and  Pkasius  grandifolius, 
which  should  be  kept  near  the  light, 
and  is  very  thirsty  while  growing. 
Maxillaria  aromatica  and   M.  cruenta 


Alpine  Orchises,  as  well  as  those  fro'm 
the  south  of  Europe,  are  cultivated  in 
pots,  but  in  this  situation  the  plants 
weaken  from  year  to  year,  until  the 
tubercles  at  last  disappear.  If  we  would 
retain  them  longer  in  our  gardens,  par- 


have    fine  yellow   flowers,   highly   fra-    ticular  attention   must   be  paid    to   the 


grant.  M.  tenuifolia  has  pretty  spotted 
flowers.  Cyrtochilium  maculatum,  and 
several  varieties  of  it,  are  well  worth 
cultivation. 

3.  To  be  suspended  in  baskets,  or 


soil  in  which  they  grow,  and  it  would 
probably  be  best  to  cultivate  them  in 
boxes,  which  may  be  covered  during 
the  winter  months. 

"  It  may  be  useful  to  those  who  would 


on  blocks  of  wood  near  the  warmest    collect  the   northern   species   into  gar- 


end.  Dendrohium  cucullatum,  macula- 
turn,  and  fimhriatum,  the  former  with 
rose  coloured,  the  latter  with  pretty 
yellow  fringed  flowers.     Oncidium  am- 


dens,  to  know  the  situation  and  soil  in 
which  they  naturally  grow. 

"  Malaxis  paludosa    upon   very   wet 
peat   earth,  among  sphagnum.     Coral- 


pliatum,  large  varieties;  0.  Lanceanum,  lorrhiza  injiatn  upon  stumps  of  roots  in 
one  of  the  best  of  the  genus,  will  also  i  wooded  peaty  marshes.  Liparis  Loc- 
do  well  in  a  pot.  Aerides  odoratum,  selii,  in  peat  meadows,  among  sphag- 
very  sweet;  Saccolabium  guttatum ;' num.  Orchis  morio,  in  meadows  and 
both  of  these  want  a  very  warm  and  pastures.  O.  pnlustris,  in  damp  mea- 
moist  situation,  but  their  beautiful  rose  dows,  often  half  under  water.  O.  mas- 
and  lilac  blossoms  wil 
trouble. 


repay    any    cula,    in    meadows    and    pastures.     O. 

pallens,  upon   chalk,  in   mountain   pas- 

"4.  To  be  suspended  in  baskets,  or    tures.     0.  militans,   in    meadows.     0. 

blocks  of  wood  near  the  coolest  end  of /usco,   upon   chalk,   in    mountain   mea- 

the  stove.     Laliaautumnalis,  L.  albida,   dows.     0.  cor/op/iora,  in  meadows.     0. 


and  L.  anceps,  are  very  ornamental,  re- 
sembling Cattleyas.  Oncidium  leuco- 
chilum  is  easily  grown,  and  the  delicate 
white  of  the  lip  contrasts  well  with  the 


ustulata,  in  meadows.  O.  glohosa,  in 
meadows.  0.  sambucina,  in  meadows. 
0.  maculata,  in  very  dry  meadows.  O. 
latifolia,  in  meadows.     O.  anacamptis 


brown  markings  of  the  other  parts  of  pyramidalis,  in  meadows.  O.  gymnn- 
the  flower.  Odontoglossum  grande,  denia  conopsea,  in  meadows.  O.  con- 
whose  flowers  are  very  large  and  par-  densijlora,  in  meadows.  O.  plalan- 
ticularly  striking.  Stanhopea  tigrina  thera  bifolia,  in  dry  meadows,  on 
and  several    other   species  send    their   mountains,  and  in  forests.     O.  hermin- 


ORC 


408 


ORC 


ium  monarchis,  in  meadows.  Ophrys ;  and  the  shelves,  b  b,  are  of  slate. 
myodes,  in  shady  forests,  particularly  ;  Parallel  with  the  shelves,  and  separa- 
upon  chalk.  0.  arachnites,  in  mea-  ting  them  from  the  narrow  part  of  the 
dews,  also  upon  limestone.  0.  aj3)/era,  lake,  are  beds,  c  d,  raised  two  feet 
upon  limestone  hills.  Epipogium  :  and  a  half  above  the  level  of  the  floor, 
gmetini,  upon  mouldering  roots  of  and  each  furnished  in  the  middle  with 
trees,  in  mountainous  woods.  Spiran-^  a  tank,  c  c,  the  water  of  which  is  heated 
thes  autumnalis,  in  meadows.  Neottia  by  a  turn  of  pipe  passing  through  it. 
Nidusavis, •growing  upon  roots  of  trees,  At  the  north  end,  the  house  is  closed 
in  woods.  Listera  ovata,  in  damp  by  a  solid  wall,  covered  with  bark  and 
places,  in  common  woods.  L.  cordata,  rough  projections  for  ferns  and  such 
in  mountain  meadows  and  woods,  plants,  at  the  other  end  it  opens  into 
Epipactis  latifolia,  in  forests.  E.  atro-  \  what  is  called  the  plant  house  by  two 
rubens,  in  mountain  woods,  particu-  doors.  The  heating  apparatus  consists 
larly  upon  limestone.  E.  viridifiora,  in  '  of  a  boiler,  b,  at  the  close  end  of  pipes 
shady  places.  E.  palustris,  in  mea-  running  through  the  water  and  under 
dows.      Goodyera  repens,  in  fir  woods    the  slate  shelves. 

among  moss.  Cephalanthera  rubra,  in  "  The  heating  apparatus,"  Mr. 
shady  woods.  C.  ensifolia,  in  shady  Butcher  says,  "  is  found  to  suit  admi- 
forests.        Cypripedium     calceolus,     in  ;  rably  as  regards  the  temperature,  both 


shady  woods." — Gard.  Chron. 

Stove  for  Tender  Species. — The  fol 
lovying  is  the  plan  of  a  stove  for  these 


of  the  house  and  of  the  lake  and  tanks 
of  water.  The  circulation  of  heat  be- 
ing   continued    under  water,    commu- 


plants  erected  at  Ealing  Park,  and  for  nicates  sufficient  warmth  for  the  double 
which  I  am  indebted  to  the  Gardener's  \  purpose  of  creating  an  evaporation 
Chronicle.  :  beneficial   to   the  plants,  and    making 

the  water  of  suitable  temperature  when 
applied  by  syringe  or  watering  pot. 

"  We  can  always  command  ten  de- 
grees of  heat  in  this  house  above  the 
temperature  of  the  plant  stove,  con- 
nected with  and  heated  by  the  same 
apparatus,  an  arrangement  of  some 
importance,  as  it  allows  for  placing  in 
the  plant  stove  those  Orchidaceae  which 
require  a  lower  temperature  when  in  a 
state  of  rest. 

"  The  boiler  is  formed  of  cylindrical 
pipes  placed  in  rows  alternately  above 
each  other,  all  heated  by  one  or  two 
fires  at  pleasure. 

'•  From  the  roof  as  well  as  from  trees 
placed  in  the  centre  of  the  lake,  we 
suspend  the  Orchidacese  in  baskets  ; 
and  on  logs  of  wood  on  the  two  large 
raised  pits  and  vvide  shelves  around 
the  house,  which  complete  the  internal 
arrangements,  we  place  plants  in  pots. 
Those  of  your  readers  conversant  with 
floricultural  affairs  during  that  period, 
"  The  roof  consists  of  three  spans,  may  remember  the  many  prizes  which 
which  cover  a  breadth  of  something  have  been  awarded  to  specimens  from 
more  than  fifty  feet,  and  is  supported  our  collection,  and  as  this  fact  forbids 
by  columns,  c  c,  to  which  creepers  are  >  the  charge  of  presumption,  I  will  ex- 
trained.  In  the  centre  is  an  irregular  :  plain  our  mode  of  treatment  by  tak- 
piece  of  water,  a  a,  called  the  '  lake,'  ing  the  genus  Zygopetalum  for  an  in- 
surrounded      by      rock-work      edging,    stance. 

heated  by  pipes  passing  through  it  ,  "  When  the  plants  are  commencing 
from  the  boiler  b,  and  containing  aqua- I  their  growth,  (generally  about  the 
tic  plants.     The  flooring  of  the  house    tnonth  of  October,)  a  pot  of  suitable  size 


ORC 


409 


ORC 


is  filled  three  parts  full  of  potsherds !  to  shine  powerfully  upon  plants  that 
and  the  remainder  with  close  peat,  have  just  left  their  winter  quarters.  In 
fastened  down  with  pegs  of  wood.  I  j  order  to  secure  as  much  light  as  possi- 
prefer  close  peat  for  this  genus,  as  I  \  ble,  many  species  should  be  suspended 
have  found  it  do  better  than  in  lighter  in  the  air  from  rafters  or  chains,  some 
or  more  fibrous  peat.  being  placed  on  blocks  of  wood,  (cork- 

"  The  plant  so  potted  is  then  placed  wood  is  the  best,)  or  fragments  of  co- 
in the  Orchidaceous  house,  tempera-  coa-nut  husks,  and  others  in  baskets  of 
ture  ranging  from  sixty  to  seventy  de-  wire  or  wicker  work  filled  with  moss 
grees,  the  atmosphere  moist,  the  plant  an<l  broken  peat,  or  in  pots  with  pierced 
kept  moist  and  more  liberally  supplied  sides.  The  latter  answer  perfectly  for 
with  water  as  it  advances  in  growth.         plants   (e.  g.  the  Saccolabiums)  which 

"  When  it  has  completed  its  growth,  are  of  slow  growth,  and  thrust  their 
it  is  removed  to  the  plant-stove  where  roots  into  the  air.  Baskets  answer  best 
the  temperature  is  from  fifty  to  sixty  for  Stanhopeas  and  the  like.  To  pre- 
degrees,  and  water  is  given  sparingly,    vent  injury  from   the  ravs  of  the  sun, 


but  the  plant  is  never  allowed  to  be 
come  quite  dry.  It  there  remains  un- 
til it  again  commences  growth,  when 
it  undergoes  the  same  routine  as  be- 
fore." 

Compost. — The  best  we  have  noticed 


shading  is  of  course  necessary  ;  but  this 
should  be  so  arranged  as  to  be  easily 
removed,  as  it  ought  not  to  be  con- 
tinued for  more  than  ten  or  twelve 
hours  on  the  very  longest  summer's 
day.    Exotic  climbing  plants  introduced 


good  effect. 

"2d.    Take    care  of  the  roots.     On 


is  this  recommended  by  Mr.  T.  Apple-  sparingly  are  advantageous,  and  have  a 

by:-  ■     - 

"  Procure  a  quantity  of  sphagnum  or 
common  bog  moss,  have  it  dried  and  the  health  of  the  roots  everything  de- 
then  chopped  small.  To  this  add  half-  pends.  The  winter  is  with  them  the 
rotten  willow  or  poplar  wood,  on  ac-  most  critical  season,  for  if  suffered  to 
count  of  their  lightness  and  the  absence  grow  too  dry,  they  shrivel  up  and  per- 
of  resin,  chopped  into  small  pieces  of  ish,  if  too  wet  they  rot.  Much  of  course 
various  sizes,  the  largest  not  bigger  depends  upon  the  mode  in  which  the 
than  pigeons'  eggs.  To  these  add  the  plants  are  potted,  and  which  should  be 
under  stratum  of  sphagnum,  which  has  such  as  to  admit  of  their  readily  parting 
become  almost  peat,  likewise  chopped  with  all  superfluous  moisture,  and  to  se- 
fine,  the  whole  in  about  equal  parts.       |  cure  this,  nothing  is  better  than  a  plen- 

"  These  make  altogether  a  light  open  titui   admixture   of  broken    pots-herds, 

compost,   which   appears  admirably   to  High  potting  is  now  so  generally  prac- 

suit  the  plants,  as  they  root  in  it  freely  i  tised  in  good  collections,  that  it  is  need- 

and  thrive  ;  I  use  it  chiefly  for  the  spe-  less  to  insist  upon  its  importance, 

cies  that  grow  upon   trees.     For  such  "  Rapidly  growing  plants,  such  as  the 

as  grow  upon  the  ground,  I  use  stronger  different  species  of  Phains,  Gongora, 


compost." — Gard.  Chron. 


Peristerice,  Stanhopea,  &c.,  require  to 


Culture. — The  following  general  sug-  be    broken    up    and    entirely    repotted 

gcstions  are  from  Mr.  Bateman's  most  every    second    or    third    year;    on   the 

valuable  work    on    the    Orchidaceae  of  other  hand,  there  are  some  air  plants, 

Mexico  and  Guatemala  : —  &c.,  that   may  remain   undisturbed  for 

"  Supposing  the  plants  established  in  five  or  ten  years  together. 

a  suitable    house,   then    the    following  3d.  Beware  of  noxious  insects.     Or- 

rules  will  be  found  to  contain  all  that  cbidaceae  are  more  particularly  exposed 

is   most   essential    for  their  successful  to  the  attacks  of  the  following  insects  : 
management.                                                 I  woodlice,   crickets,   and    cockroaches, 

"  1st.  The  plants  can  scarcely  have  the  thrip,  a  minute  woolly  white  scale, 

too  much  light  or  too  little  sun.     Light  and  a  diminutive  species  of  snail,  the 

prevents  mildew,  strengthens  the  fibre,  two  last  being  infinitely  the  most  per- 

and  checks  the  disposition  to  throw  uo  nicious.     Woodlice  are  easily  kept  in 

a  succession  of  weakly  shoots,  which  check  by  placing  the  plants  on  saucers, 

are  quite  incompatible  with  the  produc-  or  within  troughs  filled  with  water,  es- 

tion  of  flowers.     The  sun,  on  the  con-  pecially  if  the   valuable   aid  of  a  few 

trary,  scorches    and    turns   the   leaves  toads  be  called  in.     The  Oniscampitre 

yellow,  especially  when  it  first  begins  Epiphyte  Stand,  invented  by  Mr.  Lyons, 


ORC 


410 


ORC 


is  an  ingenious  and  no  doubt  effectual 
way  of  accompiisliing  the  same  end.  It 
is  made  by  merely  fixing  a  forked 
branch  or  back  of  wood,  to  the  raised 
centre  of  a  massive  saucer  or  feeder, 
which  being  kept  constantly  full  of 
water,  forms  a  sort  of  foss,  impassable 
to  vermin,  round  the  plant  it  is  intended 
to  guard;  crickets  and  cockroaches  are 
very  fond  of  flour  scapes,  and  to  be 
dreaded  accordingly  ;  red  wafers  scat- 
tered over  sand  among  the  pots  are  to 
them  very  tempting  baits,  and  if  swal- 
lowed, the  red  lead  they  contain  acts  as 
a  poison;  but  these  pests  are  best  de- 
stroyed by  the  mixture  recommended 
for  the  white  scale.  The  thrip  does 
not  do  much  mischief,  except  where 
plants  are  either  neglected  or  grown  in 
too  hot  and  dry  a  temperature.  It 
usually  first  appears  among  the  lataseta, 
and  is  to  be  removed  by  careful  wash- 
ing. Small  snails  abound  in  some  col- 
lections, while  in  others  they  are  un- 
known: it  is  difficult  to  conjecture 
whence  they  come,  and  all  but  impos- 
sible to  eradicate  them  entirely.  They 
batten  upon  the  tenderest  roots,  such 
as  plants  put  forth  when  they  are  just 
beginning  to  grow,  and  if  not  kept  in 
check  would  speedily  produce  irre- 
trievable mischief.  Lettuce  leaves, 
slices  of  potato,  turnips,  &c.,  are  very 
enticing,  and  while  they  divert  the  at- 
tention of  the  enemy  from  the  roots, 
they  also  afford  an  opportunity  of  cap- 
turing him.  The  collections  which  are 
watered  exclusively  with  rain  water  are 
the  least  infested.  But  the  worst  plague 
of  all  is  the  small  white  scale,  which  in 
its  first  insidious  approaches,  appears 
only  as  a  white  speck  upon  the  leaves, 
then  covers  them  with  a  soft  whitish 
down,  and  finally  kills  them.  For  this 
the  following  remedy  will  be  found  ef- 
ficacious, viz. :  dissolve  half  a  pound  of 
camphor  in  a  pint  of  spirits  of  wine,  the 
result  will  be  an  impalpable  powder,  to 
which  add  one  pound  of  scotch  snuff, 
one  ditto  pepper,  one  ditto  sulphur,  and 
keep  in  a  bottle  carefully  stopped.  This 
mixture  should  be  dusted  over  the  in- 
fected parts,  and  repeated  whenever 
or  wherever  the  enemy  shows  itself. 
If  persisted  in  for  some  time  the  mix- 
ture rarely  fails  to  effect  a  perfect  cure; 
and  it  has  the  further  good  property  of 
acting  as  a  more  deadly  poison  to  cock- 
roaches, &c.,  which  have  quite  disap- 
peared in  the  collection  at  Knypersley 


since  this  mixture  came  into  frequent 
use.  Besides  the  above  annoyances, 
the  red  spider  and  the  brown  scale  are 
frequently  injurious,  but  never  except 
in  cases  of  gross  neglect. 

4th.  Give  the  plants  a  season  of  rest. 
Without  a  season  of  rest  most  plants 
will  not  live  at  all,  and  others  do  so 
very  imperfectly.  It  is  easily  accom- 
plished in  a  variety  of  ways,  eitlier  by 
moving  the  plants  from  the  warmer  to 
the  cooler  end  of  the  house,  or  by  di- 
minishing the  quantity  of  water,  or  by 
placing  them  in  a  cooler  house.  Even 
exposure  in  a  hot  dry  atmosphere,  al- 
though it  scorches  their  leaves,  not 
unfreqently  throws  them  into  vigorous 
flower.  Plants  from  the  East  Indies 
and  from  other  climates,  where  the  ex- 
tremes of  drought  and  wet  are  not  felt 
so  severely  as  in  Brazil  or  Hindostan, 
require  a  season  of  rest  proportionally 
short,  and  of  a  less  decided  character. 

"  5th.  Attend  to  the  condition  of  the 
air.  In  winter,  60^  to  Goo  is  a  whole- 
some temperature  for  most  of  the  spe- 
cies; in  the  summer  it  may  rise  to  70^ 
or  75o,  or  even  higher  if  derived  from 
the  heat  of  the  sun.  Where  there  are 
two  houses,  the  warmer  one  should  not 
be  lower  than  70^^  even  in  winter,  but 
fortunately  there  are  comparatively  few- 
kinds  that  insist  upon  so  hot  a  berth. 

"  The  air  should  always  be  soft  and 
nearly  saturated  with  moisture.  The 
latter  should,  however,  be  prevented 
from  dripping  upon  the  plants  as  it 
condenses,  and  this  is  easily  effected  by 
fixing  a  small  copper  pipe  or  piece  of 
channeled  wood  under  each  rafter  and 
sish-bar,  to  catch  and  carry  off  the 
water. 

"  6th.  Do  not  over-water.  This  a 
beginner  is  very  apt  to  do,  and  a  griev- 
ous fault  it  is.  When  plants  do  not 
shrivel  or  flag,  it  is  a  sign  that  they  are 
content  with  the  humidity  that  the  at- 
mosphere of  the  house  supplies.  When 
watering  is  necessary,  it  should  not  be 
done  indiscriminately,  but  according  to 
the  wants  of  particular  plants.  It  is 
also  of  great  importance  to  use  rain 
water  only,  which  may  be  collected  for 
the  purpose  in  a  tank,  as  shown  in  the 
plan  of  Mr.  Rucher's  house,  and  which 
should  not  be  applied  of  a  temperature 
below  60*^. 

"  Syringing  in  moderation  maybe  had 
recourse  to  in  hot  weather.  Some  of 
the  sobralias,  together  with  bromheadia 


ORC 


411 


OT  I 


Sandy 


palustris,  grow  more  vigorously  if  their 
pots  are  set  in  saucers  of  water  during 

the  snininer  months. 

"  To  the  foregoing  rules  the  following 
advice  uiay  be  added.  Do  not  aim  at 
liaving  too  large  a  collection,  but  rather 
strive  to  grow  a  few  good  kinds  in  the 
best  style." 

ORCHIS.  Thirty  species.  Chiefly 
hardy  orchids.  Seed.  Chalky  loam  and 
peat. 

ORIGANUM.  Marjoram.  Eight  spe- 
cies and  some  varieties.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous and  half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs. 
The  former  are  increased  by  division  ; 
the  latter  by  slips  and  cuttings, 
loam.     See  Marjoram. 

ORMOSIA.  Two  species, 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings, 
peat. 

ORNITHIDIUM.  Two  species. 
Stove  epiphvtes. 

ORNITHOCEPHALUS.  Two  species. 
Stove  ep'phytes.  Both  these  genera 
are  increased  by  dividing  the  bulbs,  and 
planting  them  in  moss  and  wood. 

ORNITHOGALUM.  Fifty-nine  spe- 
cies. Hardy,  half-hardy,  and  green- 
liouse  bulbs.  Otfsets.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

ORNITHOGLOSSUM.  Two  species. 
Green-house  bulbs.  Offsets.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

ORNIX  rhodophagella.  Rose  Moth. 
Mr.  Kollar  says  that — "  In  early  spring, 
as  soon  as  the  rose  tree  begins  to  bud, 
if  the  new  leaf-shoots  are  closely  ex- 
amined, a  little  brownish  seed  is  found 
here  and  there  attached  to  them,  in 
which  a  worm — the  larva  of  a  small 
moth,  is  concealed,  which  gnaws  the 
tender  shoots.     When  it  has  devoured 


They  immediately  form  for  themselves 
small  cases  of  parts  of  the  leaves,  and 
pass  the  winter  in  them  at  the  root  of 
the  rose-tree." 

ORNUS.  Flowering  ash.  Five  spe- 
cies. Hardy  deciduous  trees.  Seed 
and  grafting,  or  buddingj  on  common 
ash.     Light  loam. 

O  110  13  US.  Thirty-eight  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous,  except  O.  saxatitis, 
which  is  annual,  and  O.  Americanus,  a 
green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Seed 
and  division.     Light  loam. 

ORTEGIA.      Two   species.      Hardy 
herbaceous.     Seed  and  cuttings.  Sandy 
Sandy    loam  and  peat,  well  drained. 

0RTH0T,TiNIA,    0.   resinella,   tur- 
Stove  I  pentine  moih  ;   O.  turionana,  bud   tor- 
trix.     See  Tortrix. 

ORTHROSANTHUS  multiflorus. 
Green-house  herbaceous.  Seed  and  di- 
vision.    Loam  and  peat. 

OSAGE-Al'PLE.     Maculura. 

OSBECKIA.  Six  species.  Stove 
shrubs,  deciduous,  and  evergreen. 
Young  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

OSIER.     Salix  viminalis. 

OSMITES.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Light 
rich  soil. 

OSxMUNDA.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
ferns.  Seed  and  division.  Light  rich 
ioam. 

OSTEOSPERMUM.  Thirteen  spe- 
cies. Green-house  evergreen  shrubs. 
Cuttings.     Light  rich  loam. 

OSTRYA.  Hop-hornbeam.  Two  spe- 
cies. Hardy  decii'uous  tree.  Seed  and 
layers.     Common  soil. 

"OTANTHUS  MariliiMis.  Hardy  her- 
baceous.    Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 

OTHOUNA.       Twenty-six     species. 


one  shoot  it  removes,  with  its   house,    Green-house  evergreen    shrubs,  herba 


and  attacks  another:  and  thus 
short  time,  one  of  these  larva;  can  strip 
a  whole  branch  of  its  shoots.  The  larva, 
which  lives  in  the  little  case,  is  only  a 
few  lines  long,  yellow,  with  a  black 
head,  and  black  spotted  collar.  It  un- 
dergoes pupation  in  its  case. 

"  The  moth  appears  at  the  end  of 
May.  It  is  only  tliree  lines  long,  car- 
ries it  wings  very  close  to  its  body — al- 
most wrapped    round    it.     The    whole 


ceous,  and  bulbs,  except  O.  tagetes,  an 
annual.  This  is  increased  by  seed, 
and  the  others  by  cuttings,  division,  or 
offsets.     Light  rich  loam. 

OTIORHYNCUS  suZra/us.  The  suc- 
culent Weevil.  Mr.  Curtis  remarks 
that: — 

"  Sedums,  and  other  succulents,  in 
green-houses,  will  frequently  be  ob- 
served to  get  sickly,  ami  perhaps  die, 
without  any    apparent  reason.     When 


body  is  silvery  shining  gray,  the  upper,  this  is  the  case  they  should  be  carelully 
wings  strewed  with  minute  black  dots,  j  examined,  and  the  grubs  of  the  weevil 
deeply  fringed  at  the  posterior  edge,  will  be  found  to  have  eaten  off  the  plant 
The  moth  lays  her  eggs  in  May  on  the  close  to  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
buds  of  the  rose  tree,  and  the  caterpil-  1  "  These  grubs  are  about  half  an  inch 
lars  are  hatched  at  the  end  of  June,  llong,  of  a  dirty  white  colour,  thick  aud 


OTI 


413 


OX  A 


fleshy,  slightly  curvei^,  and  having  nu- 
merous short  rigid  hairs  on  the  body. 
About  the  middle  of  May  these  grubs 
change  into  white  pupae,  which  have  no 
cocoons,  but  are  placed  in  oval  cells,  in 
the  earth,  perfectly  smooth  on  the  in- 
side. They  remain  in  the  pupa  state 
about  fourteen  days,  and  become  bee- 
tles. In  this  latter  state  they  are  quite 
black,  and  the  elytra,  or  wing-cases, 
are  rather  deeply  furrowed.  In  the 
Berlin  Botanic  Garden  they  have  been 
found  to  infest  the  roots  of  saxifrages 
and  trollius,  growing  in  the  open  bor- 
der, and  cause  their  death. 

"  The  only  methods  of  destroying 
them  are,  at  this  time  of  the  year,  to 
examine  the  roots  of  sedums  and  other 
succulent  plants,  and  crush  all  that  may 
be  found  ;  and  in  June,  when  the  per- 
fect insects  appear,  to  look  among  the 
pots,  where  they  are  usually  lurking, 
and  kill  them  as  soon  as  they  come  out, 
before  they  have  time  to  deposit  their 
eggs." — Gard.  Chron. 

O.  tenebricosus.  Red-legged  garden- 
weevil.     Mr.  Curtis  says, — 

"  The  maggots  of  the  red-legged 
garden-weevil  are  found  round  the  base 
of  the  stems  of  wail-fruit,  sometimes 
in  very  great  quantities,  a  few  inches 
below  the  surface,  where  they  undergo 
their  transformations.  The  beetles, 
which  are  old  offenders,  come  out  only 
at  night  to  feed  upon  the  buds  of  wall- 
fruit,  doing  great  mischief  to  apricots, 
peaches,  nectarines,  plums,  &c.  They 
first  destroy  the  fruit,  and  subsequently 
attack  the  bark  and  leaves,  so  as  not 
unfrequently  to  endanger  the  life  of  the 
trees.  They  commence  their  depreda- 
tions in  April  by  eating  the  unexpanded 
blossom-buds,  clearing  out  the  centre, 
and  leaving  only  the  external  bractea, 
and  occasionally  fragments  of  the  im- 
mature leaves.  They  will  thus  proceed 
along  a  branch  until  all  the  buds  are 
destroyed,  and  afterwards  demolish  the 
young  eyes  which  ought  to  produce 
wood-shoots,  until  nothing  is  left  but 
the  bare  branches. 

"  The  beetles  bury  themselves  by 
day  in  the  earth,  close  to  the  founda- 
tion of  the  wall  to  which  the  trees  are 
trained,  likewise  round  the  stems  of 
the  trees,  and  most  probably  in  chinks 
of  the  bricks,  and  other  dark  hiding- 
places.  When  recently  hatched  it  is 
clothed  with  a  delicate  yellow  pube- 
Bcence,  forining  little  irregular  spots 


upon  the  elytra ;  but  they  soon  wear 
off  and  disappear,  when  it  becomes  of 
a  shining  black,  inclining  to  a  pitch- 
colour. 

"  The  larvae  of  these  otiorhynci  being 
as  destructive  as  the  perfect  beetles, 
the  main  object  ought  to  be  to  destroy 
the  former,  if  possible,  in  the  autumn, 
which  probably  would  be  most  readily 
effected  by  stirring  the  earth  all  along 
the  base  of  the  wall  and  round  the 
stems  of  the  fruit-trees,  and  then  sprin- 
kling salt  pretty  thickly  over  the  broken 
surface;  or  salt  and  water,  or,  perhaps, 
liquid-manure,  might  be  equally  bene- 
ficial— if  hot  the  better;  for  it  seems 
evident,  from  the  peculiar  spots  in 
which  they  generate,  or  rather  undergo 
their  transformations,  that  situations 
sheltered  in  a  great  measure  from  the 
wet  are  most  congenial  to  their  habits. 
The  beetles  can  only  be  arrested  by 
hand-picking,  with  a  candle  and  lan- 
tern, and  afterwards  pouring  boiling 
water  upon  them,  as  their  shells  resist 
moderate  heat."  —Gard.  Chron. 

0.  notatus  attacks  the  young  shoots 
of   the    raspberry   and    rose,   piercing 

j  them  to  the  pith. 

OXALIS.  Wood-sorrel.  One  hun- 
dred and  twenty-four  species.     Chiefly 

I  green-house  half-hardy  and  hardy  bulbs, 
though  some  are  shrubs,  others  herba- 

}  ceous,  and  a  few  annuals.     The  bulbs 

;  are  increased  by  offsets,  the  shrubs  by 

I  cuttings,  the  herbaceous  by  division, 
and  the  annuals  by  seed.  They  all 
thrive   in    sandy    loam,   manured    with 

j  leaf  mould.     See  Sorrel. 

0.  Deppii. — Plant  bulbs  of  this  in 
pots,  at  the  beginning  of  March,  and 
shelter  in   a  cold    pit  or   green-house. 

I  When  all  fear  of  frost  is  passed  plant 
them  in  a  light  soil,  and  in  a  southern 

i  aspect,  about  twelve  inches  apart  each 
way;  or  the  bulbs  may  be  kept  out  of 
the  ground  altogether  until  the  middle 
of  April,  and  then  be  planted  at  once 
in  the  open  soil.  It  should  be  trenched, 
and  a  little  manure  turned  in  with  the 
bottom  spit,  as  for  other  tap-rooted 
crops.  The  scaly  bulbs,  from  which  it 
is  propagated,  grow  in  a  cluster  round 
the  crown  of  the  root.  The  only  culti- 
vation required,  is  to  keep  the  crop 
free  from  weeds,  and  to  water  plenti- 
fully in  dry  weather  ;  otherwise,  if  the 
roots  are  allowed  to  become  dry,  they 
split  upon  the  occurrence  of  moist 
weather.    Protect  from  early  frosts,  in 


OX-E 


413 


V  JEN 


October  or  November,  by  a  mat  cover- 
ing. 

About  ten  roots  are  enough  for  a 
dish.  They  are  very  useful  as  a  vege- 
table from  early  in  October  to  the  end 


OZOTHAMNUS.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  proba- 
bly hardy.  Young  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

PACHIDKNDRON.     Seven    species. 


of  December;  and  Mr.  Cockburn,  gar-    Green-house  tree  aloes.     Suckers  and 


dener  to  the  Earl  of  Mansfield,  at 
Canewood,  thinks  they  would  be  more 
cultivated  if  better  known.  An  inferior  | 
kind  has  oflen  been  substituted  for  it, 
viz.,  the  Oxalis  Jacquiniana  ;  but  this 
is  distinguished  by  having  pink  flowers. 
In  Belgium,  the  loaves,  being  gratel'ully  ' 
acid,  are  used  for  the  same  purposes 
as  sorrel,  and  the  flowers  are  mixed 
with  other  salad  herbs. — Gard.  Chron. 
182,  and  Hort.  Trans,  of  Load.  iii.  N. 
S.  30. 

As  it  is  not  a  very  common  vegetable, 
it  may  be  useful  to  slate,  as  an  improved 
mode  of  cooking,  that  after  peeling  the 
tubers,  and  cleaning  out  their  hollow 
centres,  they  must  be  well  boiled  in 
rich  stock  (gravy),  skimming  otf  the  fat, 
and  then  be  served  up  hot,  with  a  sauce 
made  of  a  little  butter  heated  until 
brown,  with  a  spoonfull  of  flour,  and  a 
little  of  the  stock. 

0.\-EYE.     Bupthalmum. 
OX-EYE  DAISY.      Chrysanthemum 
leucanthemum. 
OX- LI  P.     Primula  elatior. 
OXYANTHUS  speciosus.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.     Young  cuttings.     Loam 
and  peat :  abundant  watering. 

OXYBAPHUS.  Twelve  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  and  half-hardy  trailers 
and  creepers.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

OXYCOCCUS.  Cranberry.  Three 
species.  Hardy  evergreens.  See  Ame- 
rican Cranberry. 

OXYLOBIUM.  Ten  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

O  X  Y  P  E  T  A  L  U  M  appendiadatum. 
Stove  evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

OXYRIA  reniformis.  Mountain  sor- 
rel. Hardy  herbaceous.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

OXYSTELMA  ,esculentum.  Stove 
evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

OXYTROPIS.  Twenty-eight  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  alpines.  Seed.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

OXYURA  chrysanthemoides.  Hardy 
annual.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

OYSTER-SHELLS.  See  Animal  Mat- 
ters. 


leaves,  slightly  dried.     Sandy  loam  and 
calcareous  rubbish. 

PACHYPODIUM.  Two  species. 
Green-house  deciduous  succulents.  Cut- 
tings, slightly  dried.  Sandy  turfy  loam 
and  peat. 

PACHYRHIZAS  angulatus.  Stove 
evergreen  twiner.  Tubers,  seed,  and 
cuttings.     Rich  light  loam. 

PACHYSANDRA  procumfte/js.  Hardy 
herbaceous ;  and  P.  coriacea,  stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Division  or  suckers.  Com- 
mon soil. 

P/EDERIA  fwtida.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Rich  light  loam. 

P.^DEROTA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
Alpine  annuals.     Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

P.^ONIA.  Paiony.  Twenty-two  spe- 
cies, and  many  varieties.     The  follow- 
ing are  most  worthy  of  cultivation  : — 
P.  albiflora,  white. 

—  Candida,  pinky. 

—  fragrans,  red. 

—  Humeii,  red. 

—  Potsii,  crimson. 

—  Richardsonii,  white. 

—  rubescens,  pink. 

—  albitlora  tartarica,  pinky. 
Whitlcjii,  rosy. 

—  anomala,  crimson. 

—  arborea,  pink. 

—  aretina  Andersoni,  rosy. 

—  lobata,  purple. 

—  officinalis  sabini,  crimson, 

—  albicans,  white. 

—  Baxteri,  crimson. 

—  carnescens,  pinky. 

—  rosea,  red. 


paradoxa   timbriata,  purple. 

peregrina  Byzantina,  dark 


purple. 


compacta,   pur- 


ple. 

—  Russii,  crimson. 

—  sinensis,  pink. 

—  tenuifolia  tlore  pleno,  red. 

—  moutan,  tree  paeony,  purple. 
• albida-plena,  white. 

anemoneflora  striata,  rose 


and  white. 


anneslei,  purplish  pink. 
Banksii,  or  Humeii,  purple. 
■  carnea  plena,  rosy  white. 


P^O 


414 


p;eo 


p.  moutan  chrysanthemiflora,  rose  and    spring  place  them  where  a  little  artifi- 


and  yellow. 


Compte  de  Paris,  dark  rose 


elegans,  white  and  sulphur. 


cial  heat  is  used  ;  they  will  then  begin 
to  grow  and  make  good  plants,  fit  for 
planting  out  in  the  autumn. 

By  Layering,  which  is  performed 


rosy  white. 


hericartiana,  bright  rose  and    in  the  following  manner  : — 


lacera,  bright  rosy  red. 


Select,  either  in  October  or  Februa- 
ry, some  of  the   bottom   shoots   which 


—  jutea  variegata,  rosy  white  I  are  of  the    preceding    year's  growth; 


and  yellow. 

lutea  alba,  rose  and  cream. 

papaveracea,  white. 

plenissima, li- 


lac. 


rosy  white. 


pumicea,  carmine. 
Rawesii,  pink, 
rosa-gallica,  rosy  red. 
•  rosea,  pink, 
plena,  red. 
semiplena,  red. 
speciosa,  pink. 

-   striata,  rose    and 


ing  white. 


sulphuria,  sulphur'  becom- 


variegata,  white  and  purple. 


All  the  shrubby  kinds  are  increased 
by  cuttings,  the  same  as  is  detailed 
hereafter  in  the  cultivation  of  the  tree 
paeony.  The  herbaceous  kinds  are 
propagated  by  dividmg  the  roots  ;  and 
new  varieties  of  all  are  raised  from 
seed.     A  rich  light  loam  suits  them. 

Tree-P^eony.     p.  moutan.     Dr. 
Lindley's  directions  for  cultivating  this  j  ther  doubtful, 
are  as  follow  : — 

"Propagation. — It  is  easily  increas- 
ed, and  in  several  ways,  when  the 
plants  are  rather  large  and  old  ;  but 
when  they  are  small  and  young  it  is 
rather  difficult,  and  should  not  be  at- 
tempted. They  should  be  rather  en- 
couraged by  watering  freely  during  dry 
weather  in  summer  ;  by  mulching  with 
a  little  rotten  dung,  and  covering  with 
a  band-glass,  during  the  winter 


tongue  and  peg  them  down  in  the  usual 
way,  covering  the  layers,  about  three 
inches,  with  a  mixture  of  light  sandy 
peat,  leaf-mould,  and  a  little  water  in 
dry  weather ;  but  they  must  remain  for 
two  years  attached  to  the  mother-plant. 
There  is  another  way  of  layering  the 
tree-paeony,  which  is  by  selecting  early 
in  spring  some  of  the  bottom  branches 
or  stems,  ringing  them,  with  a  sharp 
knife,  about  one  inch  above  and  below 
each  bud,  upon  the  stems;  every  bud 
will  then  occupy  two  inches  of  the 
stem,  which  is  obstructed  above  and 
below.  In  ringing  remove,  in  the  usual 
way,  a  small  ring  of  the  bark  all  round 
the  stem.  The  branches,  so  prepared, 
are  then  laid  in  the  same  way  as  the 
preceding,  and  the  plants  will  be  fit  to 
separate  in  one  year;  but  they  will  not 
be  so  strong  as  those  raised  in  the  pre- 
ceding manner.  The  Chinese  are  said 
to  practise  building  the  rarer  ones,  on 
the  more  common  kinds,  with  great 
success  ;  but  that  statement  seems  ra- 


"  Fro7n  Seed. — This  can  only  be  done 
to  increase  the  single  ones,  as  the 
semi-double  ones  do  not  produce  perfect 
seeds,  or  at  least  very  seldom.  When 
perfect  seeds  are  obtained,  shortly  after 
they  are  ripe,  they  should  be  sown  in 
pans  filled  with  a  mixture  of  fresh  loam 
and  a  small  portion  of  leaf-mould  and 
sand,  which  should  be  placed  in  a  cold 
pit  or  frame,  and  protected  from  wet 
until    the    following  spring,   when   the 


When  the  plants  are  of  a  sufficient  1  seeds  will   begin  to   vegetate.     If  the 


size  and  strength,  they  may  be  increas- 
ed in  the  following  ways: 

"  By  Division. — Take  up  one  of  the 
largest  plants  about  the  end  of  October, 
and  after  shaking  all  the  soil  from  the 
roots,  separate  each  of  the  stems  which 
have  got  any  roots  attached  to  them 
with   a   sharp  knife  ;    then  shorten  the 


seeds  are  not  sown  until  the  sprmg, 
they  seldom  grow  before  the  following 
year;  and  frequently  many  of  the  seeds 
perish  before  th.it  time  arrives. 

"  The  seedlings  must  be  allowed  to 
remain  in  the  seed-pans  the  first  sea- 
son, and  be  transplanted  the  following 
spring,  either  into  the  open  border,  or 


top  of  each,  and  pot  them  in  some  good  I  singly  in  pots;   and  the  time  they  are 


rich  mould,  placing  them  afterwards  in 
a  cold  pit,  where  they  are  tolerably  se- 
cure from  frost,  and  where  they  can  be 
kept   dry  during   the   winter.     la  the 


afterwards  before  they  flower  depends 
upon  the  treatment  they  receive,  but 
generally  they  require  two  or  three 
years. 


P.^0 


415 


P  MO 


"From  Single  Eyes. — Any  time  when  i  they  never  flower  well,  as  they  always 
the  plant  is  in  a  dormant  state,  cut  ofT|  suffer  from  drought.  But  even  in  such 
a  branch  ot"  the  two  or  three  year  old  la  situation  they  may  be  made  to  flower 
wood,  which  has  a  quantity  oTbuds  upon  '  by  adding  a  quantity  of  well-rotted 
it,  and  cut  it  into  pieces  of  about  two  dung,  and  a  little  fresh  loam,  to  the 
inches  in  length,  leaving  a  single  bud  [  soil. 

on  each  piece;  then  pot  and  treat  them  "Planting. — In  planting  them  in  the 
in  the  same  manner  as  grape-vines  are  open  border  the  best  time  is  the  end  of 
when  raised  from  single  eyes;  that  is,  October;  but  they  may  be  removed  at 
plant  them  about  two  inches  deep  in  any  time  except  when  they  are  either 
pots  filled  with  good  rich  soil,  and  place  !  in  flower  or  showing  flower;  but  they 
them  in  a  gentle  moist  heat.  Plants  I  will  be  liable  to  lose  their  flower-buds 
raised  in  this  way  are  good  but  small.     |  if  they  are  transplanted  after  they  com- 

"  By  grafting    on    the   roots  of  the    mence  growing, 
herbaceous  kinds,  as  of  P.  officinalis  ;  |        "  They    seldom    suffer    much    from 
but   it  is  uncertain,  and  when  it  does  '  moving  if  it  is  carefully  performed  in 
succeed  the  plants  are  generally  short-  I  the  autumn  ;  for  they  may  then  be  taken 
lived,  except  when  the  grafted  part  is    up   from  the  open   border,  and   potted 


placed  sufficiently  under  the  soil, 
which  case  it  frequently  emits  roots 
from  the  base  of  the  grail,  and  becomes 
a  healthy  plant  supported  by  its  own 
roots. 

"  The  operation  of  grafting  is  per- 
formed in  the  following  ways  :  — 

"  Select  some  good  tubers  of  the 
herbaceous  pa>onies  —  the  Chinese  P. 
albijlora  and  its  varieties  are  the  best 
— any  time,  early  in  spring,  before  the 
plant  commences  growing.  Then  cut 
off  a  small  portion  of  the  crown,  and 
slit  the  tuber,  from  the  top  and  down- 
wards, sufficiently  deep  to  admit  the 
scion  of  the  moutan-pa;ony,  which 
must  be  of  the  last  season's  wood,  fit- 
ting the  bark  of  both  well  together,  as 
in  the  ordinary  way  of  grafting;  and 
bind  them  tightly  with  strong  matting. 
Then  pot  them  singly  in  pots  deep 
enough  to  cover  the  graft  about  an  inch 
with  soil,  and  place  them  in  a  cold  pit 
or  frame  kept  close,  and  give  them  but 
little  water  at  first.  They  may  also  be 
grafted  about  the  end  of  July  or  begin- 
ning of  August,  using  the  young  wood 
of  the  current  year  in  the  same  way  as 
the  preceding ;  but  when  they  are 
grafted  and  potted  they  must  be  placed 
in  a  strong  moist  heat,  and  kept  close 
with  a  bell-glass,  as  the  wood,  being 
rather  soft,  would  soon  perish  if  placed 
in  a  cold  pit  or  frame. 

"Soil.  —  It  requires  a  strong  rich 
loamy  soil,  with  plenty  of  moisture, 
during  the  growing  season:  in  swampy 
situations  they  will  soon  perish  if  they 
are  in  one  when  in  a  dormant  state. 
A  deep  loamy  or  strong  soil,  with  a  dry 
subsoil,  should  be  selected,  and  a  light 
dry  sandy  or  poor  soil  avoided  ;  for  in  this 


for  forcing  them.  Forcing  requires 
great  caution  as  regards  the  heat  ap- 
plied :  if  not  done  gently,  and  the 
plants  allowed  to  make  fresh  roots  be- 
fore they  are  subjected  to  much  heat, 
they  will  invariably  lose  their  flower- 
buds  during  the  time  of  forcing;  and 
they  must  only  be  subjected  to  a  mo- 
derate heat  at  any  time — sixty  degrees 
— as  they  are  very  apt  to  get  drawn  up 
weakly. 

"  VVhen  the  forced  plants  have  done 
flowering  they  should  be  again  planted 
in  the  open  border,  cutting  the  principal 
shoots  back  at  the  same  time  :  they 
will  then  be  ready  by  autumn  for  repot- 
ting, and  fit  for  forcing  again  the  follow- 
ing spring.  When  potted  they  must  be 
well  protected,  in  a  cool  pit,  from  the 
frost. 

'^Culture.  —  When  planted  perma- 
nently in  the  border  they  should  have 
an  open  situation  which  is  not  in  the 
least  shaded  by  other  plants,  and  they 
will  require  a  little  more  trouble  except 
shortening  some  of  the  longest  of  the 
shoots  before  the  spring,  when  they 
must  be  slightly  protected  to  preserve 
theyoungshoots  from  injury  by  the  frost, 
which  is  easily  done  by  placing  a  single 
mat,  or  canvass  covering,  over  them,  at 
a  sufficient  distance  from  the  plant,  so 
as  not  to  hurt  the  young  shoots  by  pres- 
sure. 

"  The  covering  should  be  removed  on 
all  fine  days,  but  replaced  during  the 
night.  If  the  plants  are  small  they  may 
be  covered  with  a  hand-glass  during  the 
night ;  they  will  then  flower  freely 
during  the  early  part  of  May,  and  the 
colours  will  be  more  brilliant." — Card. 
Ckron. 


PAL 


416 


PAN 


PALAFOXIA  linearis.  Green-house 
herbaceous.  Seed  and  division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

PALICOUREA.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PALIURUS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  shrubs.  Seed,  root  cuttings, 
and  layers.     Common  soil. 

PAN^TIA  fulva.  Green-house  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

PANCRATIUM.  Twenty-nine  spe- 
cies and  many  varieties.  Chiefly  stove 
and  green-house  bulbs,  butP.  ?7ZiyrJC«7n, 
and  P.  maritimum  are  hardy.  They 
are  propagated  by  offsets,  and  new 
varieties  raised  from  seed.  They  thrive 
best  in  a  compost  of  three-fourths  sandy 
loam  and  one-fourth  leaf  mould.  Take 
up  the  hardy  species  in  autumn,  sepa- 
rate the  offsets,  and  replant  immediately 
about  four  inches  deep  in  a  light,  well 
drained  sheltered  border,  putting  some 
mulch  or  six  inches  of  coal  ashes  over 
them  during  the  winter. 

PANDAMUS.  Twenty  species. 
Stove  palms.  Seed  or  suckers.  Rich 
light  loam. 

PANNING  is  forming  a  pan  or  basin 
in  the  soil  round  the  stem  of  a  tree  or 
shrub  in  which  to  pour  water. 

PANSY  or  HEART'S  EASE.  Viola 
tricolor. 

"This  is  one  of  the  English  florist's 
flowers,  and  spirited  contests  for  prizes 
are  yearly  witnessed — in  this  country 
but  little  attention  has  been  paid  it; 
though  its  increasing  beauty  by  the 
production  of  new  varieties  is  claiming 
our  regard.  Those  of  us  whose  idea  of 
a  Heart's  Ease  is  confined  to  the  pretty 
little  flower  of  former  days,  have  but  an 
imperfect  conception  of  the  size,  figure 
and  brilliancy  to  which  the  Viola  tri- 
color has  attained.  For  an  interesting 
article  on  its  culture  see  the  "  London 
Horticultural  Magazine." 

Varieties. — These  are  increased  in 
number  annually,  but  the  following  are 
established  in  public  favour. 

Brown's  Attila. 

Countess  of  Ork.iey. 

Curion. 

Cook's  Attila. 
Alicia. 


■  Black  Bess. 

•  Mulberry  Superb. 

■  Prince  Albert. 

•  Ringleader. 

•  Triumph. 


Davies'  Miss  Nugent. 
Foster's  Man  of  Kent. 
King's  Exquisite. 

Princess  Royal. 

Sulphura  Elegans. 

Kitley's  Bathonia. 
Lane's  Sir  John  Sebright. 
Lidgard's  Jewess. 
Major's  Bridegroom. 

Beauty  of  Knosthorpe. 

Princess  Royal. 

Maule's  Princess  Royal. 
Pearson's  Agnes. 

— — — —  Black  Prince. 

De  Buch. 

Magraith. 

Milton. 

Sobieski. 

Scholfield's  Surprise. 
Silverlock's  Prince  Albert. 

Prince  of  Wales. 

Thompson's  Attila. 

Beauty  of  Bucks. 

-— — ^—   Coronna. 

Cream. 

Cyclops. 

Desirable. 

Duchess  of  Richmond. 

Hamlet. 

Jewess  Superb. 

Launcelot. 

Miss  Stainforth. 

Nymph. 

Prince  Albert. 

Princess  Royal. 

Regulator. 

Raphael. 

Rufus. 

Ultraflora. 

Venus. 

Warrior. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — "  The 

first  and  most  essential  quality  is  its 
form,  which  will  be  found  in  the  greatest 
perfection  in  that  flower  round  which  if 
a  circle  be  drawn  each  petal  will  exactly 
touch  the  circle,  not  projecting  beyond 
it,  nor  stopping  short  of  it.  The  petals 
should  be  large  and  broad,  because  in 
that  case  the  indentations  must  be  shal- 
low where  the  outline  of  one  petal  meets 
another.  Of  a  firm  texture,  flat,  even 
at  the  edge,  and  free  from  notches. 
The  eye  must  be  clean  and  well  defined, 
the  colours  should  be  rich  and  vivid, 
and  the  markings  must  have  a  clear 
edge.  A  uniform  tint  as  a  ground 
colour  is  much  esteemed ;  but  the  varia- 
tions and  combination  of  colour  are  so 
numerous  and  beautiful,  that  no  precise 


PAN 


417 


PAP 


rules  can  be  formed  to  govern  this  ing  up  in  all  directions,  and  they  will 
point.'" — Gard.  Chron.  blossom   beautifully,  if  the  subsoil   be 

So27  used  by  the  best  Pansey  growers  congenial  to  them.  If  laid  in  the  soil, 
round  Manchester,  is  the  surface  soil  of  cuttings  of  the  choicest  pansies  may  be 
an  old  pasture  and  partially  decomposed  '  taken  off  at  any  season,  even  in  the 
cow-dung,  about  one  part  of  the  latter  depth  of  winter.  If  it  is  convenient  for 
to  two  of  the  former.  the  amateur  to  procure  them  at  that  sea- 

Bed. — This  should  have  a  southeast  son,  he  may  lay  the  whole  cutting  be- 
aspect,  unshaded  by  trees,  but  very  neath  the  surface,  either  in  coil  or 
sheltered  Irom  wind,  be  three  feet  wide,  longitudinally,  so  that  it  is  not  buried 
■with  a  path  all  round,  and  then,  having  '  above  half  an  inch  or  a  little  more.  It 
dug  out  the  soil,  be  made  eight  inches  '  will  spring  up  at  most  of  the  joints  in 
deep  of  the  above  compost.  The  edges  due  season  vigorous  and  healthy." — 
supported  with  slate.  I  Gard.  Chron. 

Propagation.  —  By  Seed.  —  Sow,  as  |  Box  for  exhibiting  Blooms.  —  Dr. 
soon  as  it  is  ripe,  or  any  time  in  spring  Lindley  says,  that — "  the  best  construct- 
or summer  will  do,  in  pans  of  the  same  cd  box  for  exhibiting  twenty-four  Hearts- 
compost  plunged  in  an  open  border,  ease  is  made  of  deal,  of  the  following 
In  six  weeks  the  seedlings  appear,  dimensions,  viz.,  twenty  inches  long. 
Save  seed  from  the  best  shaped  flowers,  one  wide,  and  five  inches  deep;  the 
impregnating  these  mother  plants  with  lid  was  made  to  unhinge;  a  sheet  of 
pollen  from  bright-eyed  flowers.  Gather  !  zinc  was  fitted  inside,  resting  upon  a 
the  seed  pods  as  they  ripen.  i  rim  ;  four  rows  of  six  holes  each  were 

By  Cuttings. — The  best  season  is  mid  i  cut  in  the  zinc  at  three  inches  apart, 
August.  Take  short  jointed  cuttings  '  under  each  hole  was  a  zinc  tube  sol- 
from  the  approved  plants,  and  insert  dered  to  the  plate,  and  intended  to 
their  stems  about  two  inches  deep  in  contain  the  water.  The  apertures  to 
some  of  the  compost  in  a  north  border,  admit  the  flower  should  be  made  in  the 
covering  with  a  hand-glass.  They  will  :  form  of  a  keyhole,  as  it  will  admit  part 
have  rooted  in  a  month,  then  pot  them,  of  the  calyx  and  keep  the  flower  in  a 
and  keep  in  a  dry  situation  until  frost  flat  position,  the  outside  may  be  paint- 
arrives,  then  put  them  in  a  cold  frame  i  ed  green,  but  the  zinc  plate  should  be 
plunged  in  coal  ashes,  covering  the  painted  of  a  dead  white." — Gard. 
frame  with  a  mat  when  frost  is  severe,  j  Chron. 

and  never  letting  the  sunshine  come  Insects. — The  worst  animal  foes  of 
upon  them  during  frosty  weather,  but  1  the  Pansey  are  the  slug  and  the  snail, 
admit  air  freely.  To  destroy  and  keep   away  these  ver- 

Planting  in  Bed. — Do  this  early  in  Imin,  water  the  bed  late  of  an  evening 
April,  in  dry  weather,  placing  the  plants  j  in  moist  weather  with  lime  water,  and 
in  rows  twelve  inches  apart  each  way.  sprinkle  the  surface  pretty  thickly  with 
Shade  for  a  few  days;  and  if  night  frosts  fresh  wood  ashes.  See  Agromyza. 
occur  shade  them  from  the  sun  during  !  Disease. — The  Pansey  is  liable  to 
the  day  after.  They  require  no  after-  root-rot,  if  the  soil  is  not  well  drained, 
culture  but  frequent  hoeing ;  never  give  If  grown  in  light,  fresh  earth,  in  an 
water  even  in  the  driest  summers,  but  j  open  border,  it  is  never  subject  to  the 
at  such  seasons  cover  the  surface  of  the  I  disease.  If  a  plant,  which  shows  by 
bed  with  fresh  cow-dung,  sprinkled  its  yellow  hue  that  infection  has  oc- 
over  with  earth,  to  keep  it  from  being  curred,  be  taken  up,  the  decayed  roots 
unsightly.  I  removed,  and  it  be  transplanted  into  a 

Winter  Protection. — Mr.  Mearns,  of ,  soil  and  situation  such  as  I  have  de- 
the    Manchester    Zoological    Gardens,    scribed,  it  will  speedily  send  forth  fresh 


recommends  the  Pansey  grower,  "  in^ 
stead  of  using  frames  and  glasses,  which 
are  not  always  at  hand,  to  trim  and 
clean   the  ground,  and   loosen  the  sur- 


radicles,  and  recover  its  vigour. 
PANSEY  FLY.     Agromyza. 
PANTILES.     See  Bricks. 
PAPAVER.       Poppy.       Twenty-six 


face  carefully,  and  then  to  cover  the  |  species  and  many  varieties.  Hardy 
whole  of  the  plants  about  half  an  inch  herbaceous  and  annuals.  The  former 
deep  with  a  good  rich  compost.  In  the  j  are  increased  by  division,  the  latter  by 
spring  the  plants  will  be  found  perfectly  i  seed  ;  light  rich  loam, 
protected,  and  every  extremity  spring- 1  PAPER  LIGHTS  were  never  much 
27 


PAP 


418 


PAR 


employed,  and,  since  the  introduction 
of  Whitney's  and  other  compositions 
for  rendering  cloth  semi-transparent, 
are  still  less  likely  to  be  employed. 
Cartridge  paper  is  the  best  for  the  pur-  ] 
pose.  It  should  be  damped  before  it 
is  nailed  upon  the  frame,  because  when 


good  crop  immediately  afterwards,  never 
fails,  by  speedy  exhaustion,  to  demon- 
strate how  great  has  been  the  disper- 
sion of  carbonaceous  matter. 

PARIVOA  grandijlora.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Rich  loam. 

PARK,  in  the  modern  acceptation  of 


dried  it  becomes  taut.  It  may  then  be  j  the  word,  is  an  extensive  adorned  in 
painted  over  with  boiled  linseed  oil,  in  ,  closure  surrounding  the  house  and  gar- 
which  a  little  white  lead  has  been  in-  '',  dens,  and  affording  pasturage  either 
corporated.  In  nailing  on  the  paper,  I  to  deer  or  cattle.  In  Great  Britain,  a 
a  strip  of  tape  should  be  placed  between  park,  strictly  and  legally,  is  a  large  ex- 
the  heads  of  the  tacks  and  the  paper,  \  tent  of  a  man's  own  ground  inclosed 
to  check  the  tearing  to  which  the  paper  1  and  privileged  for  wild  beasts  of  chase 


is  so  subject 

PAPER-MULBERRY.  Broussone- 
tia  papyracea. 

PAPYRUS.  Four  species.  Stove 
perennial  aquatics.  Seed  and  division. 
Rich  loam  in  water. 

PARAGUAY  TEA.     Ilex  paraguen- 

PARASITIC  PLANTS  are  such  as 
derive  their  nourishment  from  other 
living  plants  by  rooting  into  their  sap 
vessels.  Examples  are  the  Mistletoe 
and  Dodder,  which  attach  themselves 
to  the  stems  and  branches  of  some 
plants  ;  the  Hypocistus,  and  the  Oro- 
banche  or  Broom  rape,  affix  themselves 
to  the  roots  of  others.  The  minute 
fungi  which  constitute  the  mildew  are 
also  parasites.  There  is  some  doubt 
whether  the  ivy   is  at  all   parasitical ; 


by  prescription  or  by  royal  grant. 
(Coke's  Litt.  233.  a.  Blackstone,  2.  38.) 
The  beasts  of  park,  or  chase,  according 
to  the  definition  of  ancient  sportsmen, 
were  the  buck,  doe,  fox,  marten,  and 
roe  ;  but  in  a  common  and  legal  sense, 
Coke  says,  beasts  of  park  were  all  the 
beasts  of  the  forest.  It  has  been  de- 
cided by  the  superior  courts  of  law, 
that  to  constitute  a  park  these  circum- 
stances are  essential  : — 1.  A  grant  from 
the  king,  or  prescription.  2.  That  it 
be  inclosed  by  a  wall,  pale,  or  hedge. 
3.  That  it  contain  beasts  of  park,  and 
if  it  fail  in  any  one  of  these,  it  is  a  total 
disparking.  [Croke  Car.  59.)  Of  such 
parks  there  are  said  to  be  781  in  Eng- 
land. {Brooks  Ahr.  Action  sur  Stat. 
48.) 

PARKIA.     Two   species.     Stove 


but  whether  it  derives  nourishment  or  |  evergreen  trees.     Cuttings.     Peat   and 


not  from  trees,  it  certainly  checks  the 
respiration,  and  prevents  the  free  ac- 
cess of  light  and  air  to  those  upon 
which  it  attaches.  The  orchidaceous 
plants,  which  grow  upon  dead  wood 
as  readily  as  upon  living  timber,  are 
not  parasites. 

PARASTRANTHUS.  Three  spe- 
cies. Hardy  herbaceous.  Division. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PARDANTHUS.  Two  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and  division. 
Light  rich  sheltered  border. 

PARINARIUM.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PARING  and  BURNING  is  never  to 
be  practised  by  the  gardener,  except 
for  the  purpose  of  charring  the  turf  and 
rendering  porous  the  soil  cut  from  the 
banks  of  clayey  ditches.  When  this  is 
carefully  done,  a  serviceable  dressing 
is  obtained.  But  paring  and  burning, 
as  a  general  practice,  is  extremely 
wasteful;    and   though    it   may   give   a 


loam. 

PARKINSONIA  aculeata.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Imported  seed  and 
cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

PARNASSIA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Division  and  seed.  Shaded 
moist  peat. 

PAROCHETUS  communis.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  creeper.  Division. 
Light  rich  loam. 

PARONYCHIA.  Fourteen  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  perennials  and  annuals. 
P.  canariensis  is  a  green-house  her- 
baceous, and  a  few  others  are  half- 
hardy.  Seed  and  division.  Sandy 
loam. 

PARRY  A  arctica,  a  hardy  annual. 
P.  integerrima,  a  hardy  perennial 
trailer.  The  first  increased  by  seed, 
the  latter  by  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

PARSLEY.     Petroselinurn  sativum. 

Varieties, — There  are  two  varieties, 
the  common  plain  leaved  and  the  curly 
leaved. 

Time  and  Mode   of  Sowing. — It  is 


PAR 


419 


PAR 


sown  annually,  but  if  it  is  never  per- 1  Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — Sow  at 
mitted  to  run  to  seed,  the  stalks  being !  monthly  intervals  from  February  until 
cut  down  as  often  as  they  rise,  it  will  !  the  middle  of  June.  Sow  thinly  in  drills 
last  for  several  years.  It  may  be  sown  '  nine  inches  apart.  The  plants  appear 
from  the  close  of  February  until  the  in  about  a  month  after  sowin",  and 
middle  of  June,  and  this  is  repeated  when  of  tolerable  growth,  require  to  be 
about  the  middle  of  September,  for  thinned  to  nine  inches  asunder,  and 
the  supply  of  winter  and  spring;  but  cleared  from  weeds,  either  by  hand  or 
this  is  unnecessary  if  the  plants  are  the  hoe ;  which  latter  operation,  being 
not  allowed  to  seed.  The  seed  is  to  performed  as  often  as  weeds  appear,  ia 
be  inserted  moderately  thick,  in  narrow  the  only  cultivation  required.  Hy  the 
drills  barely  an  inch  deep,  twelve  inches  I  end  of  July,  or  during  August,  the 
apart  if  in  a  bed  by  itself,  or  in  a  single  '  earliest  sowings  will  have  acquired  a 
one  round  the  edge  of  a  bed  ;  the  mould  sufficient  size  for  occasional  use;  but 
being  raked  level,  and  the  stones  im- j  the  roots  seldom  attain  their  full  growth 


mediately  over  the  seed  gathered  off. 
The  plants  make  their  appearance  in 
from  two  to  six  weeks.  When  two  or 
three  inches  high,  they  may  be  gathered 
from  as  required.  In  early  June,  when 
they  make  a  show  for  seed,  the  stems 
should  be  cut  down  close  to  the  bottom, 
and  again  in  September,  if  they  have 
acquired  a  straggling  rank  growth  ;  this 
cause  them   to   shoot  afresh,  and 


until  Michaelmas;  and  the  latest  crops 
not  until  the  following  year.  On  the 
arrival  of  frost,  some  of  them  must  be 
taken  up;  and  after  the  removal  of  the 
superfluous  fibres,  decayed  leaves,  &c., 
buried  in  sand,  in  a  dry  situation  under 
cover. 

To  save  Sefd. — Some  plants  must  be 
left  where  grown,  and  allowed  to  run 
in  May.     Their  produce  will   ripen  in 


acquire    a   strong    growth    before    the  j  July  or  August,  when   it  must  be  cut. 


arrival  of  severe  weather.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  frost,  if  protection  is  atlorded 
to  the  plants  by  means  of  haulm  or  reed 
panels,  so  supported  as  not  to  touch 
them  ;  it  will  preserve  them  in  a  much 
better  state  for  use  in  winter  and  spring 


dried,  beat  out,  and  stored. 

PARSLEY-PIKRT.     Erica  aphanes. 

PARSNIP.     Pastinaca  sativa. 

Soil  and  Situation. — The  soil  in 
which  the  parsnip  succeeds  best,  is  a 
rich  dry  sandy  loam,  and    the  deepe 


But  a  still  more  effectual  plan  is  to  take  the  better.  The  most  inimical  to  it  is 
up  some  of  the  strongest  and  best  curled  !  gravel  or  clay.  It  is  always  beiieficiaL 
plants  in  September,  and  to  plant  them  {  to  trench  the  ground  two  spades  deep, 
in  pots,  two  or  three  plants  in  each,  j  a  little  manure  being  turned  in  with  the 
using  a  rich  soil.     If  these  be  placed  in  j  bottom  spit. 

a  forcing  house  and  abundance  of  li()uid  I  In  the  isle  of  Guernsey,  which  has 
manure  given,  they  will  be  very  siipe-  I  long  been  celebrated  for  the  fineness  of 
riorly  productive  throughout  the  winter,  its  parsnips,  sea-weed  is  the  manure 
To   obtain  Seed. —  Nothing  more   is    chiefly  employed. 


necessary  than  to  allow  some  of  the 
plants  to  run  up  in  June;  they  should 
not,  however,  be  allowed  to  stand 
nearer  than  eighteen  inches  to  each 
other.  The  seed  ripens  in  early  autumn, 
and  when  perfectly  dry,  may  be  beaten 


Of  excrementitious  manure  that  of 
pigeons  is  the  best.  Decayed  leaves 
are  also  very  favourable  to  its  growth. 
The  situation  cannot  be  too  open. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing. — The 
usual  time  for  sowing  is  fi-om   the  end 


out  and  stored.     Soot  is  an   excellent    of  February  to  the  beginning  of  April, 


manure  for  parsley,  and  preserves  it 
from  root-canker,  the  only  disease  af- 
fecting it. 

PARSLEY  (Hamburgh).  Petroseli- 
num  sativum,  var.  latifolium. 

Use. — This  esculent  is  known  by  the 


but  the  earlier  the  better.  It  has  heen 
recommended  in  field  cultivation  to 
sow  them  in  September  ;  in  the  garden, 
when  sown  at  this  season,  they  also 
attain  a  finer  size,  but  many  of  them 
run  to  seed.     In  the   isle   of  Guernsey 


name  broad-leaved  and  /arg-e-roo<ei  '  they  regulate  their  time  of  sowing,  ac^ 
Parsley.  It  is  cultivated  for  its  root, !  cording  to  the  soil  ;  in  the  most  favour- 
which  attains  the  size  of  a  middling  ;  able  soils  they  sow  in  January,  or  if  the 
parsnip,  boiling  exceedingly  tender  and  !  soil  is  wet  or  stiff,  they  do  not  insert 
palatable.     It  is  eaten  both  as  a  sauce  !  the  seed  until  the  latter  end  of  March. 


to  flesh  meat,  and  in  soups,  &c. 


Sow  in  drills  ten  inches  apart,  and 


PAR 


420 

-♦ 


PAS 


one  inch  deep  :  the  compartment  being  '  fast  as  they  are  produced.  This  makes 
la.dout  in  be^d  not  more^han  four  feet,  the  plant  stool,  for  whatever  prevents 
>^ide,for  the  convenience  of  weeding,  the  formaUon  of  seed,  promotes  the 
Rt^      VVhpn   the  seedlings  are   two  or    development  ot  root.  ,    ,      u 

fhr'ee  Ses  1  ,gh    remov^e  to  ten  inches        PASCALIA  glauca    Half  hardy  herb- 
aparl  and  the  te'eds  both  by  hand  and   -^s.     Cuttings^  Loam  an^et^^ 
small  hoeing.     The  beds  require  to  he       PASQUL-FLOWLR.    Anemone  puc 
frequently  looked  over,  to  remove  all  |  satilla  .^^  P,ower. 


it  impracticable. 


Select  Species  and  Varieties  .— 


impraclicaoie.  , 

The  roots  may  be  taken  up  as  wanted  |  hardy  ok  half-hardy,  according  to 


in  September,  but  they  do  not  attain 
maturity  till  October,  which  is  intimated 
by  the  decay  of  the  leaves 


LATITUDE  AND  SOIL. 

P.carulea.    Common  Blue  Passiflora. 
Five  slightly  differing  varieties,  the  best 


by  the  decay  oi  uie  icdvco.  Five  slightly  dinenng  vaneucB,  i-i'^  '■■■=•• 

■  In  November,  part  of  the  crop  may    ^^  ^^j^j^^  ^^^  p   Colvillii  and  P.  glauco- 
be  taken   up,  and  the  tops  being  cutl    ,^^^_     AH  require  the  protection  ot  a 
close  off,  layed  in  alternate  layers  with   ^    ,. 
sand,  for  use   in  frosty  weather.     The 
remainder  may  be  left  in   the  ground. 


phyllo 
wall. 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

P.  incarnata.  Flesh-coloured  Passi- 
flora. This,  in  well  drained  borders, 
will  endure  our  winters  against  a  south 
wall.     P.  Fieldii  is  a  variety  of  this. 

P.  chinensis.    Chinese  Passiflora. 

STOVE. 

P.  alata.  Winged  Passiflora.  Pur- 
ple, white,  and  crimson. 

P.  alata-carulea,  Hybrid-winged  Pas- 
siflora.    Black,  blue,  and  white. 

P.  actinia.  Sea  Anemone  Passiflora. 
White,  fragrant. 

P.  kcrmesina.     Crimson  Passiflora. 

P.   Loudoni.      Loudon's    Passiflora, 

purple. 

P.  Middletonia.  Middleton's  Passi- 
flora. Green  and  pink,  fragrant.  Some- 
times called  P.  fragrans. 

P.  Phanicea.  Phcenician  Passiflora. 
Crimson,  purple,  and  white.  P.  elegans 
is  a  variety  of  this. 

EDIBLE   FRUITED  PASSIFLORAS. 

1      P.  edulis.     Purple-fruited  Granadilla. 
1  White.     Green-house. 

P.  laurifolia.  Laurel-leafed  Grana- 
!  dilla,  or  Water  Lemon.  Red  and  violet 
'  flowers.     Fruit,  yellow.     Stove. 

P.maliformis.  Apple-fruited  Grana- 
dilla, or  Sweet  Calabash.  Flowers 
white,  blue,  and  red.  Fruit,  dull  yel- 
low. 

P.  quadrangular  is.     Common  Grana- 
dilla.    Flowers,  red,  white,  and  violet. 
P.Buonapartea 


and  taken  up  as  required,  as  they  are 
never  injured  by  the  most  intense  frost, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  are  rendered 
sweeter.  In  February  or  March,  how- 
ever, any  remaining  must  be  extracted, 
otherwise  they  will  vegetate.  Being 
preserved  in  sand,  they  continue  good 
until  the  end  of  April  or  May. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Some  of  the  finest 
roots  are  best  allowed  to  remain  where 
grown  ;  or  else,  being  taken  up  early 
in  spring,  planted  in  a  situation  open, 
but  sheftered  from  violent  winds.  If  of 
necessity  some  of  those  are  employed 
which  have  been  preserved  in  sand, 
such  should  be  selected  as  have  not  had 
their  tops  cut  off  very  close. 

They  must  be  kept  clear  of  weeds, 
and  in  dry  weather  watered  plentifully 
twice  a  week.  At  midsummer  the  seed 
is  usually  ripe  ;  the  umbels  may  then  be 
cut,  and  when  thoroughly  dried  on 
cloths,  the  seed  beaten  out  and  stored. 
Seed  should  never  be  employed  that 
is  more  than  a  twelvemonth  old,  as  it 
has  generally  lost  its  vegetative  power 
■when  of  a  greater  age. 

PARSONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings,  Loam 
and  peat. 

PARTERRE,  a  French  word  pro- 
nounced with  the  final  e  silent,  is  syno- 
nymous with  our  English  name  Flower 

Garden.  „r' Fruit, greenish  yellow 

PARTING  the  roots  is  a  mode  ^^^  [/"''^^^.ety  o,-/his 
propagation  available  with  some  plants,  '^  ^  '"'"^'^  "^iBi  f 
and  where  a  large  increase  ol  an  indi-j 

vidual  specimen  by  this  mode  is  desired.       All   the  stove  p  - 

Us  flower  stems  should  be  removed  as  i  in  a  day  temperature  of  70  ,  «ith  a 


EDIBLE   FRUITED. 

All   the  stove  passion  flowers  thrive 


PAS 


421 


P  AU 


night  temperature  of  50°.     Mr.  Jones,    lowed  to  remain  they  will  be  small  and 
of  the  Kew  Gardens,  has  given  the  foi-    of  little  value. 

lowing  directions,    especially,  for    the  i      "  The  fruit-bearing  branches  mav  be 
cultivation  of  P.  quadrangularis ;    but    stopped   at  the   distance  of  five  or  six 
they  apply  equally  well  to  the  other  j  feet  above  the  fruit, 
species.  "  Treated  in  this  way  P.  quadrangu- 

"  It  may  be  grown  in  the  stove,  or  /ar/s  will  frequently  produce  fruit  4  lbs. 
better  perhaps  in  an  intermediate  in  weight;  and  though  not  ranking  as 
house,  between  the  stove  and  green- i  a  first-class  fruit,  it  makes  a  rather 
house.  It  is  necessary  to  the  perfect  novel  as  well  as  a  useful  addition  to 
cultivation  of  the  plant  that  it  should  the  desert,  at  which  the  pulp  is  eaten 
grow  in  a  border  in  the  inside  of  the  |  with  sugar  and  wine.  None  of  the 
house,  rather  than  in  pots,  however  other  species  of  Pass/flora  bear  such 
large.  If  no  other  situation  presents  large  fruit  as  quadrnngitlnr-is.  Of 
itself,  a  border  may  be  made  beneath  others,  edulis  and  hiurifolia  are 
the  path,  taking  care  to  leave  a  space  amongst  the  best.  Unlike  quadrangu- 
of  three  or  four  inches  between  the  laris,  the  branches  of  these  smaller- 
surface  of  the  soil  and  the  stones,  so  fruited  species  must  not  be  stopped, 
that  there  may  be  a  free  access  of  air,  and  they  will  continue  to  flower  and 
and  that  water  may  spread  equally  fruit  for  several  months  in  a  stove, 
over  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  moist-  The  fruit  is  eaten  with  the  same  ingre- 
en    it  thoroughly.      Whatever  may   be    dients  as  the   largest  kind,  and   has   a 


flavour  agreeable  to  most  palates." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

PASSION-FLOWER.     Passiflora. 

PASTINACA.  The  only  cultivated 
species  is  the  Parsnip,  which  see. 

PATAGONULA  Americana.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.    Loam  and 


the  situation  of  the  plant,  let  the  drain- 
age be  as  efficient  as  possible. 

"  As  the  plant  may  have  to   remain 
some  years  in  one  situation,  five  or  six 
barrowfuls,  or  even  more,  of  good  soil, 
composed   of  three-fourths    rich   loam,! 
and  the  rest  leaf  mould,  should  be  pre- 
pared in  a  very  rough  state,  and  in  this    peat, 
plant  it.     A  spare   rafter,  or   any  such  i      PATERSONIA,        Nine     species.^ 
place  near  the  glass,  will  do   exceed- '  Green-house  herbaceous.     Division  and 
ingly  well  for  the  plants  to  be  attached    seed.     Sand  and  peat, 
to.     If  young  when    turned   out,  they  ■      PATlilNIA.     Four  species.     Hardy 
should  not  be  allowed  to  bear  flowers  or    biennials.     Seed.     Light  rich  loam, 
fruit  the  first  year.  |      PAULLINIA.       Sixteen     species. — 

"  One  or  at  most  two  branches  should  ,  Stove   evergreen    twiners.      Ripe   cut- 
be  allowed  to  grow,  and  after  they  have    tings.     Light  rich  loam, 
extended  ten  or  fifteen  feet,  they  should        PAULOUNIA  iinperial is,  is  a  hardy 
be  stopped,  and  should  not  be  allowed    tree,  though,  until   its  habits  are  better 
to  put  forth  any  laterals.  I  tested,  it  is  advisable  to   plant  it   in  a 

"  During  winter  no  water  to  be  given  sheltered  situation.  Mr.  G.  Bishop, 
unless' the  plants  droop.  Some  time  in  gardener  at  the  Chiswick  Gardens, 
February  the  branches  must  be  well  cut  states  that — "  It  may  be  propagated  by 
back  ;  and  if  necessary  to  leave  any  cuttings,  particularly  if  the  young 
length  of  stem  between  the  ground  and  shoots  are  selected  when  they  have 
the  glass,  all  the  buds,  excepting  three  advanced  to  about  three  or  four  inches 
or  four  at  the  top  of  each  branch,  must  in  length;  also  by  eyes,  in  the  same 
be  rubbed  off.  {  manner  as   the  vine;   as  well  as  by  di- 

"  The  number  of  branches  allowed  visions  of  the  roots,  the  smallest  par- 
to  grow  in  the  second  year,  must  be  tide  of  them  generating  adventitious 
determined  by  the  strength  of  the  buds.  The  best  time  to  propagate  it  is 
plant,  from  two  to  six  being  the  usual  when  the  plants  commence  their  spring 
number.  growth.      Uoth   eyes  and   roots  should 

"Advantage  should  be  taken  of  the  be  potted  in  soil  consisting  of  leaf 
first  flowers  that  open  to  fertilize  the  mould,  peat,  and  sand,  in  equal  pro- 
stigma,  fot  fructification  will  not  always  >  portions,  and  the  pots  containing  them 
take  place  naturally.  From  one  to  plunged  in  a  dung-bed.  Any  other 
three  fruit  are  suflicient  on  each  |  fermenting  material  would  answer  the 
branch;    if  a  greater  number  are  al- !  same  purpose,  where  the  atmospheric 


P  AV 


422 


PEA 


temperature  averages  from  75°  to  80°. 
Divisions  of  the   root  in  particular  will 
emit  shoots  at  the   expiration   of  three 
■weeks  at  the  farthest.'" — Gard.  Chron. 
For  a  drawing  and  interesting  article 


thoroughly  decomposed,  excluding  all 
that  possesses  the  least  fermentation. 

"  It  has  been  found  that  frequent 
sowings  of  peas  in  the  same  ground  is 
injurious;     the    plants    not    unusually 


on   this  recently  introduced   tree,   see    turn    yellow,  and    partially  die   before 


the  "  Horticulturist.'''' 

PAVETTA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PAVIA.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs.  Layers 
and  grafting  on  horse-chestnut.  Com- 
mon soil. 

PAXTOMA  rosea.  Stove  orchid. 
Division.  Very  turfy  loam,  leaf-mould, 
and  sand. 

PEA.     Pisum  sativum. 

"  The  Pea  is  a  hardy  annual,  a 
native  of  the  south  of  Europe,  and  cul- 
tivated from  time  immemorial. 

<'  There  is  an  immense  variety,  from 


perfecting  fruit.  This  remark  is  par- 
ticularly applicable  to  the  early  kinds. 

"  The  first  crops  should  be  sown  in 
the  spring,  so  soon  as  the  ground  will 
admit  of  being  worked,  choosing  the 
driest  soil,  and  such  as  lays  well  ex- 
posed to  the  sun. 

"  To  have  a  constant  succession,  a 
few  should  be  planted  every  fortnight 
or  oftener.  At  the  time  the  hist  sowing 
of  early  ones  is  made,  sow  also  some 
of  the  later  varieties,  which  will  come 
in  as  the  early  ones  go  out  of  bearing. 

"  The  usual  method  of  cultivation,  is 
to  sow  the  seed  in  drills,  as  directed 
for  the  Kidney  Beans,  only  thicker  in 


which  the  following  have  been  selected  j  the  drills.     As  the  plants  rise  from  half 


as  among  the  best,  and  more  than  suf- 
ficient for  any  garden  ;  some  inferior 
kinds  are  still  cultivated,  apparently 
from  want  of  knowledge. 

"  Landreth's  Extra  Early  ;    this  has 
been    introduced    more    than     twenty 


inch  high  to  two  or  three  inches, 
begin  to  draw  earth  to  the  stems,  doing 
this  when  the  ground  is  in  a  dry  state, 
and  earthing  gradually  higher,  as  the 
stems  ascend;  at  the  same  time  loosen 
the  ground  between    the  young  plants, 


years,  and  to  the  present  maintains  its  and  cut  down  rising  weeds.  Stick  the 
superiority  over  all  others,  as  an  early  plants  when  six  to  twelve  inches  high, 
variety;  it  is  unquestionably  the  ear- 1  as  soon  as  they  begin  to  vine.  The 
liest,  and  a  general  favourite.  i  early   varieties    require  sticks   or   rods 

"  The  Early  Frame  succeeds  Lan-  two  to  three  feet  high ;  the  Imperial 
dreth's  Extra  Early,  and  is  followed  by  and  Royal  Dwarf  Marrowfat  two  feet, 
the  Early  Charlton,  or  Golden  Hotspur,  Large  Marrowfat  five  feet." — Rur.  Reg. 
as  it  is  likewise  called.  |       ToforcePeas: — Forcing- commences 

"  The  Large  White  Marrow,  Peru-,  in  December,  in  the  early  part  of  which 
vian  Black  Eye  do..  Royal  Dwarf  do.,  |  month  they  may  be  sown  in  a  hot-bed 
and  Blue  Imperial,  ripen  nearly  to- |to  remain,  or  thick  to  transplant,  during 
gether;  each  has  its  admirers.  The  the  succeeding  month,  into  others  for 
imperial  is  quite  dwarf  and  may  do  with-  production.  These  may  be  repeated  in 
out  rods  ;  many  prefer  it  to  all  others.    ^  January,   and    the   transplanting    takes 

"The  Blue  Prussian  is  an  old  sort,  place  in  February.  It  is  also  a  common 
generally  liked,  and  a  good  bearer.  practice   to  sow  in  a  warm  border  dur- 

"  Bishop's    Early    Dwarf    continues    ing  October,  and  the  plants  being  cul- 
longer   than    most   others    in    bearing,   tivated  as    a  natural  ground   crop,  are 
and  its  habit  being  so  dwarf,  as  not  lo    removed  into  a  hot-bed  in  a  succeeding 
require   rods,  is  well    suited   to  many    month, 
gardens.  !      The  hot-bed  must  be  moderate,  and 

"  Sugar  or  Eat  Pods,  generally  boiled  earthed  equally  over  to  a  depth  of  six 
both  pod   and  peas,  and    eaten  in   the    or  eight  inches,  with  light  fresh  mould 


manner  of  Kidney  Beans 

"  The  Pea  thrives  best  in  a  rich 
loamy  soil,  but  will,  with  proper  care, 
produce  tolerable  crops  in  almost  any. 


not  particularly  rich.  The  seed  must 
be  buried  one  inch  and  a  half  deep. 
The  frame,  which  is  required  to  be  two 
feet  and  a  half  high   behind,  ai)d  one 


The  early  varieties  require  stronger  j  and  a  half  in  front,  ought  tc^be  put  on 
ground  than  the  Marrowfats  and  Im-  three  or  four  days  before  the  crop  is 
perial,  but  in  manuring  for  them,  ob-  inserted,  that  the  steam  and  heat  may 
serve    to    use    none    but    such    as    is ,  abate.     Seed  may  likewise  be  sown  at 


PEA 


423 


PEA 


the  above  times  in  pots  or  pans,  and 
placed  round  the  binsoftlie  stove.  At 
the  close  of  September  also,  some  peas 
may  be  sown  in  pots  and  sunk  in  the 
earth  of  any  open  compartment ;  when 
the  frost  commences,  to  be  removed 
into  the  green-house.  A  border  of  fresh 
earth  bein^  made  in  the  front  of  it  early 
in  December,  the  plants  are  removed 
into  it,  in  rows  two  feet  asunder,  or  still 
better  in  pairs,  with  ten  inches  interval, 
and  two  feet  and  a  half  between  each 
pair.  These  will  come  into  production 
about  the  middle  of  March. 

In  every  instance,  as  stated  above, 
the  rows  should  be  two  feet,  the  seed 
or  plants  being  set  an  inch  asunder. 
The  plants  are  ready  for  moving  when 
an  inch  or  two  high.  They  must  be 
shaded  and  gently  watered  until  Ihey 
have  taken  root.  As  much  earth  should 
be  preserved  about  their  roots  at  the 
time  of  removal  as  possible. 

Transplanted  peas  are  most  produc- 
tive, and  run  the  least  to  straw  in  the 
forcing  frames.  Air  must  be  admitted 
as  freely  as  possible  under  contingent 
circumstances,  the  same  precautions 
being  necessary  as  for  cucumbers. 
^Vater  must  be  given  at  lirst  sparingly, 
otherwise  decay  or  super-luxuriance 
will  be  occasioned;  but  when  they  are 
in  blossom,  and  during  the  succeeding 
stages  of  growth,  it  may  be  applied  of- 
tener  and  more  abundantly,  as  it  is  ne- 
cessary for  the  setting  and  swelling  ol' 
the  fruit. 

The  shading  during  hot  days,  and 
covering  at  night,  must  also  be  particu- 
larly attended  to.  From  three  to  five 
months  elapse  between  the  times  of 
sowing  and  production,  according  to  the 
fineness  of  the  season,  length  of  the 
days,  &c. 

The   temperature   may  be   uniformly 


kept  up  throughout  their  growth,  hav' 

ing  50"  for  the  minimum,  and  70^  for  j  safely  relied  upon 

the  maximum.  i 


In  Pots. — Mr.  N.  Wilson,  gardener, 
of  Gopsall,  cultivates  them  in  this  man- 
ner : — 

"  The  peas  are  to  be  ready  for  trans- 
planting by  the  1st  of  February,  so  that 
the  same  sowing  does  for  the  first  out 
of  doors,  as  well  as  for  those.  The 
seedlings  are  removed  from  the  boxes 
or  pots,  where  they  have  been  thickly 
sown,  when  about  four  inches  in  height, 
and  are  planted  thinly  into  large  pots 
(twelves)  which  have  been  filled  with 
good  soil,  not  too  rich.  They  are 
staked  with  moderately  strong  willows, 
and  run  round  at  distances  of  six  inches 
with  small  twine,  which  has  a  neater 
appearance  and  does  not  shade  so  much 
a's  common  pea  sticks.  The  situation 
quite  suitable  is  the  back  walls  of  the 
late  vineries. 

"  The  pots  so  filled  and  staked,  are 
placed  on  the  top  of  the  back  flues,  ele- 
vated to  the  glass  as  near  as  the  stakes 
will  permit,  where  they  are  to  remain 
till  the  crop  is  gathered,  which  will  be 
from  the  1st  to  the  loth  of  May.  The 
peas  are  kept  from  the  frost  and  severe 
weather,  and  have  always  plenty  of  air, 
when  the  weather  is  fine. 

"  They  are  watered  rather  sparingly 
at  first,  but  plentifully  as  they  advance 
into  bloom.  Peas  in  pits  and  frames 
will  not  bear  forcing  till  they  are  out  of 
bloom,  and  the  pod  set,  then  they  will 
bear  it,  and  be  forwarded  admirably. 
They  cannot  be  had  in  the  autumn  on 
the  same  principle  after  the  20th  of 
November." — Caid.  Chron. 

PEACH.     Persica  vulgaris. 

Varieties. — D.  Landreth  and  Fulton 
ofl'er  the  following  among  others  as  de- 
sirable varieties.  The  vicinity  of  Phi- 
ladelphia is  famous  for  the  extent  of  its 
Peach  orchards,  and  the  abundance  and 
excellence  of  tlie  fruit.  What  is  there 
considered  worthy  of  culture   may  be 


PEA 


424 


PEA 


Explanation  of  Abbreviations. — Colour — y  yellow  ;  r  red  j  w  white.     Size 
— L  large;  m  medium. 


Those  marked  * 

are  cling 

'StC 

nei 

•. 

name.                             colouh. 

1 

N 
L 

> 

H 

.J 

cs- 
2 

season. 

*Algiers  Winter     .... 

y 

October 

Alberge — Yellow  Rare  Ripe 

y  r 

L 

1 

August 

*Biood  Peach 

r 

L 

2 

September 

Columbia 

y 

L 

September 

Darby  Belle   . 

y 

L 

September 

Early  York    . 

r 

M 

August 

Early  Red,  Cole's  . 

'  y 

L 

August 

Eastburn's  Choice  . 

r 

L 

September 

Freestone  Heath    . 

y 

L 

September 

Early  Malacoton,  Crawford-s 

y  r 

L 

September 

Grosse  Mignonne  . 

y  r 

L 

August 

*Lemon  Clingstone 

y  >• 

L 

September 

*Late  Heath  . 

w 

L 

September 

Late  Yellow,  Pool's 

y  r 

L 

September 

Large  Early  Rare  Ripe 

y  r 

L 

August 

Morris'  Red  . 

r 

M 

September 

Morris'  White 

w 

M 

September 

Nutmeg,  White 

w 

M 

August 

Oldmixon  Freestone 

y 

L 

September 

*01dmixon  Clingstone    . 

r 

L 

September 

President 

y  r 

L 

September 

Red  Rare  Ripe 

r 

L 

September 

Red  Cheek  Malacoton   . 

y  ' 

L 

September 

*Rodman's  Cling   . 

w 

L 

September 

Smock's  Freestone 

y  r 

L 

September 

*Smock's  Cling 

y 

L 

September 

*Tippecanoe  . 

y  r 

L 

September 

Washington   . 

w 

L 

September 

Ward's  Late  . 

w 

L 

September 

The  culture  of  the  Peach  is  in  this 
country  so  simple,  and  generally  un- 
derstood, that  it  would  seem  scarcely 
necessary  to  occupy  space  with  direc- 
tions on  that  subject. 

The  following  remarks  are  from  a 
paper  by  Dr.  Thompson  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  published  in  the  Farmer's 
Cabinet  of  Philadelphia,  and  may  excite 
surprise  in  some  quarters  by  its  details 
of  the  extent  to  which  the  Peach  trade 
has  arrived. 

"To  Mr.  Isaac  Reeves,  a  native  of 
New  Jersey,  is  tlie  whole  credit  due  of 
first  introducing  on  a  large  scale  the 
culture  of  the  inoculated  peach  tree 
into  Delaware.  The  late  Mr,  Jacob 
Ridtjway,  of  Philadelphia,  owning  a 
farm  near  Delaware  City,  on  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Delaware  canal,  was  induced 
by  Mr.  Reeves  to  become  his  partner, 
and  upon  this  property,  in  the  spring  of 


1S32,  they  set  out  the  first  twenty  acres 
of  inoculated  peach  trees  ever  planted 
in  this  State,  with  the  view  of  supplying 
the  Philadelphia  market.  They  rapidly 
extended  their  plantation  to  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  acres,  were  emi- 
nently successful,  and  one  year — the 
very  best  season  they  ever  had — their 
gross  income  from  the  sales  of  fruit  was 
some  sixteen  thousand  dollars.  Peaches 
then  commanded  from  one  dollar  twen- 
ty-five cents  to  three  dollars  per  basket, 
containing  about  three  pecks.  In  the 
spring  of  IS36,  the  late  Mr.  Manuel 
Eyre  and  myself  followed  suit  upon  our 
'  Union  Farm,'  midway  between  Wil- 
mington and  Newcastle  on  the  Delaware 
river,  to  about  the  extent  of  one  hun- 
dred and  forty  acres.  In  a  year  or  two 
afterwards,  Mr.  Philip  Reybold  &  Sons 
went  into  the  business — then  a  host  of 
others,    until    now,   from    twenty-five 


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425, 


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hundred  to  three  thousand  acres  of 
land,  in  Newcastle  county,  are  planted 
with,  and  successfully  cultivated  in 
peaches,  making  Delaware,  though  the 
smallest  of  the  States,  the  largest  pro- 
ducer of  this  fruit.  The  result  has  been 
a  proportionate  diminution  of  price,  the 
average,  per  basket,  one  season  with 


rearing  of  them  constitutes  a  distinct 
business  of  itself.  They  are  produced 
by  planting  out  the  peach  stones,  or 
pits,  in  the  spring,  which  have  been 
slightly  covered  with  earth  in  the  fall, 
so  as  to  be  exposed  to  the  action  of  the 
winter's  frost.  The  sooner  the  pits  arc 
put  in  the  sand  or  earth  after  the  fruit 


another,  not  exceeding  from  thirty  to  is  matured,  the  better  —  they  should 
sixty  cents.  In  this  way  Delaware  has  !  never  become  dry.  The  shoots  from 
become  the  principal  supplier  of  the  j  these  stones  are  budded  in  August  of 
Baltimore,  Philadelphia, New  York, and  the  same  year,  from  four  to  six  inches 
North  River  markets,  and  many  of  our  from  the  ground.  The  ensuing  spring 
fine  peaches  now  reach  even  Boston,  all  the  first  year's  growth  is  cut  off 
The  whole  annual  income  from  this  above  where  the  scion  has  taken — not, 
branch  of  business  to  the  farmers  of  this  {  however,  until   it  is  well   developed — 


county  may  be  estimated  from  one  to 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  For  so 
handsome  an  additional  product,  the 
agriculturists  of  Delaware,  as  well  as 
the  consumers  of  peaches  in  our  vicini- 
ty, owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  the  ori- 
ginator of  the  culture,  whom  as  one,  I 
should  gladly  unite  in  presenting  with 
some  valued  and  lasting  memento  in 
recognition  of  his  merit  for  giving  a  neiv 
staple  to  a  State  ;  for  who  is  a  greater 
benefactor  to  mankind  and  the  age  he 
lives  in,  than  he  who  brings  into  opera- 
tion a  new  branch  of  business,  giving 
by  his  enterprise  and  perseverance  an 
impetus  to  agriculture  ;  causing  the 
earth  to  give  forth  its  increase,  and  so 
multiplies  its  fruits  as  to  bring  them 
within  the  reach  and  enjoyment  of  all  ? 
The  great  improvement  made  in  peach- 
es within  the  last  few  years  in  New 
Jersey  and  Delaware,  consists  in  propa- 
gating none   but   the  finest   kinds,   by 


when,  in  the  fall  and  following  spring, 
they  are  ready  for  transplanting  or  sale. 
The  mode  of  preparing  the  ground  for 
them  is  precisely  that  with  us  of  the 
Indian  corn  crop  —  the  earth  is  well 
ploughed,  and  from  thirty  to  forty 
bushels  of  lime  are  spread  upon  it  to 
the  acre.  The  trees  of  like  kinds,  for 
the  convenience  of  picking,  are  then 
set  out  in  rows  at  distances  varying  from 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  apart,  according  to 
the  strength  of  the  soil  ;  a  crop  of  corn 
is  then  put  in  and  cultivated  in  the  usual 
way,  and  this  is  done  successively  for 
three  years;  by  this  time  the  trees  be- 
gin to  bear.  Tlie  cultivation  of  the  corn 
being  the  proper  tillage  for  the  trees, 
and  this  crop  amply  paying  for  all  in- 
vestment in  trees,  &c.  After  the  trees 
commence  bearing,  no  other  crop  ot 
any  kind  should  ever  be  grown  among 
them,  as  I  have  known  two  rows  of 
potatoes  between  a  row  of  peach  trees 


budding  and  grafting,  so  as  to  have  the  not  only  to  affect  the  fruit,  but  seriously 
fruit  as  early  and  as  late  as  our  latitude  .  to  injure  the  trees ;  but  they  should  be 
will  admit  ;  the  earliest  ripening  with  us  ;  regularly  ploughed  some  three  or  four 

times  in  the  season,  just  as  if  the  corn 
crop  was  continued.     So  obnoxious  in 


from  the  first  week  in  August,  such  as 

Troth's  Early,  Early  York  and  Early 

Ann,  and  ending  in  the  latter  part  of  our"  country   is  the  peach  tree   to  the 

October  with   Ward's    Late   Free,  the 

Heath,   Algiers'   Winter,  &c.     I   need 

not  enumerate  all  the  different  varieties 


worm,  or  borer — the  tegeria  exitiosa — 
that  each  tree  in  the  orchard  should  be 
examined    twice  a  year,  summer  and 


used  and  planted  out  to  keep  up  this  :  fall — say  in  June  and  October — by  re^ 
succession — some  of  the  principal  are  moving  the  earth  down  to  the  roots,  and 
in  the  order  of  enumeration.  Troth's  killing  with  a  pruning-knife  every  in- 
Early,  Early  York,  Early  Ann,  Yellow  \  truder — then  scraping  the  injured  bark 
Rareripe,  Red  Rareripe,  Malacatoon,  '  and  removing  the  glue.  Thus  exposed, 
Morris'  White,  Old  Mixon,  Rodman,  !  they  should  be  left  for  a  few  days,  when 
Ward's  Late  Free,  Maiden,  Free  ;  the  earth  should  again  be  replaced  with 
Smock,  Late  Rareripe,  Heath,  Algiers'  a  hoe.  The  limbs  should  be  only  mo- 
Winter,  &c.  These  trees  are  generally  derately  pruned  or  thinned  out,  so  as  to 
obtained  for  about  six  dollars  per  hun-  admit  the  sun  and  air,  avoiding  in  the 
dred,  from  approved  nurserymen  in  [  operation  leaving  forks,  which  incline 
Delaware   and  New  Jersey,  and   the  I  them  to  split  when  burthened  with  fruit. 


PEA 


426 


PEA 


When  the  peaches  ripen,  they  should  |  great  and  prevailing  disposition  of  the 
be  carefully  picked  from  step-ladders,  peach  tree  in  our  climate  is  to  over  pro- 
seven  to  eight  feet  high,  into  small  liiuid- t  duction  of  fruit  in  favourable  seasons, 
baskets,  holding  one  peck  each.  Our  ,  Our  remedy  for  this  is  carefully  to  thin 
operators  for  this  purpose  are  both  men    it  off  by  plucking  all  those  that  touch, 


and  women,  who  earn  from  fifty  to 
seventy-five  cents  a  day,  besides  being 
found.  These  baskets  are  gently  emp- 
tied into  the  regular  market  baskets, 
which  are  all  marked  with  the  owner's 
name  and  strewed  along  the  whole  line 
of  orchard  to  be  picked.     As  these  are 


or  are  within  two  or  three  inches  of 
each  other,  when  the  size  of  hickory 
nuts,  which  are  thrown  into  some  run- 
ning stream  or  into  the  hog-pens  to  be 
devoured.  This  mode  '  of  heading  in,' 
or  pruning  one  half  of  the  producing 
buds,  is  new  to  me,  but  which  I  have 


filled  they  are  put  into  spring  wagons,    just  tried  upon  my  garden  trees  in  the 


holding  from  thirty  to  sixty  baskets,  and 
taken  to  the  wharf,  or  landing,  where 
there  is  a  house,  shed  or  awning,  for 
the  purpose  of  assorting  them,  each 
kind  by  itself,  which  is  into  prime  and 
cuUings — the  prime  being  distinguished 
rot  only   by  their    size  and    selection. 


city,  and  will  be  able  to  speak  of  expe- 
rimentally, hereafter.  With  us  in  Dela- 
ware, as  everywhere  else,  the  peach 
tree  succeeds  best  in  a  good  soil.  That 
preferred  is  a  rich  sandy  loam,  with 
clay.  Many  of  my  finest  trees  and 
choicest  fruits  are  grown  in  a  loose  and 


but  also  by  a  handful  of  peach  leaves  |  stony  soil.  The  trees  should  never  be 
scattered  through  the  top.  They  are  ,  set  out  in  wet,  low,  or  springy  situa- 
then  put  on  board  the  boats  in  tiers,  tions,  and  for  the  same  reasons,  high 
separated  by  boards  between,  to  keep  and  rolling  ground  shdtild  be  selected 
them  from  injury,  and  so  reach  their!  for  your  plantations,  and  for  the  addi 
destined  market.  We  consider  a  water 
communication  from  the  orchards,  or 
as  near  as  may  be,  most  essential,  as  all 
land  carriage  more  or  less  bruises  or 
destroys  the  fruit.  Our  roads  through 
the  orchards  and  to  the  landings  are 
all  kept  ploughed  and  harrowed  down 
smooth  and  even.  The  baskets  for 
marketing  the  peaches  are  generally 
obtained  in  New  Jersey  at  twenty-five 
to  thirty-seven  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  hundred.  With  trifling  modifica- 
tions our  culture  and    practice  may  be 


tional  circumstance  that  they  are  less 
obnoxious  to  early  frosts." 

Wall-  Culture.  English  Method. — 
Borders  should  never  be  deeper  than 
eighteen  or  twenty  inches  for  the  peach, 
and  six  feet  wide.  Soil  chopped  turfy 
loam  from  a  rich  pasture,  rather  more 
clayey  than  light  —  beneath  a  good 
drainage,  at  least  one  foot  deep,  made 
of  broken  bricks  and  stones,  with  an 
outfill  into  a  neighbouring  ditch. 

Planting. — Two  year  old  plants  are 
to  be  preferred,  and  planted  as  soon  as 


made  to  suit  not  only  the  Southern  but  I  the  leaves  begin  to  fall  at  the  end  of 
the  South- Western  Stales.    I  may  here,  ;  October.     The   best  aspects  are  south 


perhaps,  properly  remark,  that  the  ave- 
rage life  of  our  trees  is  from  nine  to 
twelve  years,  when  properly  cared  for 
and  protected  as  I  have  described  ;  that 
the  two  great  and  devastating  enemies 
the  trees  have  to  contend  against  are 
the  peach  worm  and  the  yellows ;  the 


and  south-east.  Plant,  at  the  least,  six- 
teen feet  apart ;  the  stem  three  inches 
from  the  wall,  inclining  towards  it. 
Nail  the  branches  to  the  wall,  but  do 
not  prune  them. 

Summer  Pruning  is  of  far  more  im- 
portance than  that  of  the  winter. 


first  readily  yielding  to  the  knife  and  i  "  In  May  and  June,  and  occasionally 
the  treatment  of  semi-annual  examina-  ;  in  the  succeeding  months,  it  is  necessa- 
tion  ;  the  latter  being  a  constitutional,  ry  to  regulate  the  shoots  of  the  same 
consumptive,  or  marasmatic  disease,  for  ;  year,  and  to  prevent  improper  growths 
which  no  other  remedy  is  as  yet  known  j  by  disbudding.  Pinch  off  fore  right 
or  to  be  practiced  but  extirpation  and  buds  or  shoots;  and  pinch  off  or  cut 
destruction.  There  are  many  ^/leories  i  out  ill-placed,  very  weakly,  spongy,  and 
and  some  practice  recorded  on  this,  by    deformed  shoots,   retaining  a  plentiful 


far  the  most  destructive  enemy  of  the 
peach  tree.  I  may  hereafter  give  my 
own  views  on  this  particular  and  ob- 
scure disease.  I  concur,  however,  with 
Mr.  Downing,  of  Newburg,   that  the 


supply  of  good  lateral  shoots  in  all  parts 
of  the  tree,  and  leaving  a  leader  to  each 
branch. 

"  Let  them  mostly  be  trained  in  at 
full   length,  all   summer,  about   three 


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427 


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inches  asunder,  for  next  year's  bearers  ; 
and  divest  them  of  nny  lateral  twigs  to 
prevent  a  thicket-like  intricacy,  and  to 
promote  a  healthy  fruitful  growth  in 
the  shoots  themselves.  In  the  course 
of  the  summer  regulation,  if  any  partial 
vacancy  occurs,  or  should  a  young  tree 
under  training  want  an  additional  sup- 
ply of  wood,  shorten  some  convenient- 
ly placed  strong  shoot,  in  June,  to  a 
few  eyes  to  furnish  a  supply  of  laterals 
the  same  season." — Ahercromhie. 

Thisdishiidding  and  regulation  shoi-ild 
be  done  by  degrees.  If  many  shoots 
and  leaves  are  removed  suddenly,  it 
occasions  gumming,  and  over-luxuri- 
ance in  the  shoots  that  remain.  If 
shoots  are  very  strong,  train  them  as 
nearly  perpendicular  as  is  admissible, 
that  there  may  be  no  check  to  the  sap's 
return.  Shoots  less  robust  train  hori- 
zontally. 

Protect  from  frosts  whilst  in  blos- 
som ;  and,  when  the  fruit  is  well  set, 
syringe  three  times  a  week  with  water 
to  which  half  a  pint  of  ammoniacal  li- 
quor, from  gas-works,  has  been  added 
to  each  gallon.  This  will  destroy  all 
insects,  and  especially  the  aphis,  and 
prevent  the  occurrence  of  mildew. 

"  Winter  Pruning  may  be  performed 
at  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  and  thence,  ac- 
cording to  some  professional  waiters, 
atany  tit'ie  in  mild  weather  until  spring. 
It  should  be  completed  in  February  or 
early  in  March,  before  the  blossom- 
buds  are  considerably  advanced,  which 
are  distinguishable  by  being  round, 
plump,  and  prominent,  while  the  leaf 
and  shoot-buds  are  oblong  and  narrow. 
Retain,  in  all  parts  of  the  tree,  a  com- 
petent supply  of  such  regular  grown 
shoots  of  last  year  as  are  apparently 


quite  close  the  redundant,  irregular, 
and  other  improper  shoots:  remove  or 
reduce  some  parts  of  the  former  bearers 
of  the  two  preceding  years,  cutting  the 
most  naked  quite  away,  and  others 
down  to  the  most  eligible  young  branch 
or  well-placed  shoot.  Also  take  out 
all  diseased  and  dead  wood,  retaining 
young  where  necessary  to  fill  a  vacui- 
ty."— Ahercromhie. 

The  most  systematic  mode  of  pre- 
serving a  constant  supply  of  young 
wood  is  that  proposed  by  ^Ir.  Seymour, 
and  described  as  follows  in  the  Gar- 
dener'>s  Magazine : — 

"A  maiden  plant  must  be  cut  down 
to  three  eyes,  a,  and  three  shoots  being 
produced,  the  two  lower  ones  are  left 
at  full  length,  and  the  succeeding  spring 
the  centre  shoot  is  again  cut  down  to 
three  eyes.  At  the  time  of  disbudding 
the  trees  all  the  buds  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  two  horizontal  branches  are  rub- 
bed off,  and  buds  are  left  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  b>-anches  at  a  distance  of 
from  nine  to  twelve  inches  from  each 
other.  These  are  suffered  to  grow  five 
or  six  inches,  and  are  then  stopped  ; 
but  still  suffering  the  leading  shoot  to 
extend  itself.  At  the  second  spring 
pruning,  the  centre  shoot  is  again  cut 
to  three  eyes  ;  or,  if  the  tree  be  very 
vigorous,  five  eyes  may  be  left,  two  lor 
each  side,  and  a  centre  one  for  again 
furnishing  leading  shoots.  The  leading 
shoots  are  laid  in  the  fan  form,  nine 
or  ten  inches  from  each  other.  The 
shoots  on  the  leading  branch  are  nailed 
to  the  wall  in  summer;  but  after  the 
winter's  pruning  they  are  tied  to  the 
leading  shoots  to  be  nailed  in,  where 
they  get  well  ripened,  and  mature  their 
buds  for  anotlier  crop.     At  the  winter's 


fruitful    in    blossom-buds.      Most    part    pruning  they  are  cut  to  three   or  four 


of  these  should  be  shortened,  not  in 
discriminately,  but  according  to  their 
strength  and  situation  ;  the  very  strong 
shoots  should  be  left  longer,  being 
topped  about  one-fourth  or  one-third. 
Shoots  of  middling  vigour  reduce  one- 
third  or  one-half;  and  prune  the  very 
weak  to  two  or  three  buds.  Always 
cut  at  a  shoot-bud  to  advance  for  a 
leader.  Sometimes  a  shoot-bud  lies 
between  a  twin  blossom-bud  ;  cut  half 
an  inch  above  the  bud.  As  many  new 
shoots  as  will  lie  from  three  to  six 
inches  asunder  may  be  deemed  a  com- 
petent supply  :  remove  or  reduce  some 


inches,  according  to  their  strength. 
The  maiden  plant,  being  headed  down 
the  first  winter,  will  present  two  late- 
rals, 6.     The  second  year,  at  the  end  of 

Fig.  106. 


summer,  there  will  be  four  side-shoots, 


part  of  the  former  bearers.      Cut  out   and  six  or  more  laterals,  c.     In  the  fol- 


PEA 


428 


PEA 


lowing  spring  pruning,  the  laterals,  rf,   each  side  shoot;  the   first  about  three 

which  had  been  nailed  to  the  wall,  are    inches  from  the  stem,  as  the  bud  may 

loosened  and  tied  to  their  main  shoot,    suit,  and  the  other   at  the   end  of  the 

e,  and  the   upright  shoot  shortened  to    shortened  shoots,  so  as   to  double  the 

three  buds,  as  before.  leading  shoots.     The  upright   shoot  is 

"  At  the  end  of  the  third  summer  the    always  cut  at  three  of  the   lowest  and 

laterals  will  be  doubled  on  the  old  wood    most  suitable  buds,  so  that  the  stem  may 

by  one  having  sprung  from  the  base  of  be  kept  as  short  as  possible  ;  for,  unless 

the  shoot  tied  in,  g,  and  another  from    the  side  shoots  are  multiplied,  the  stem 

its  extremity, /i.     lu  the  pruning  of  the    gets  too  high.      If  the   side  shoots  are 

p.      .„_  strong  the  year  after  cutting  down,  they 

^^  ;  may  be  laid  in  their  whole  length  ;  but 

[if  weak,  they  must  be  cut  short  to  give 

[  them  strength.     Continue  in  this  way  to 

double  the  side  shoots  for  two  or  three 

years,    by    which    the    tree    will    get 

strength,  and  then  it  will   admit  of  the 

side   shoot  being    shortened    to    about 

fourteen  inches.     Cut  for  two  or  three 

I  years,   so  as  to    produce   three  shoots 

upon  each  side  shoot,  and  so  continue 

-  „       .  .        ..1.1        /•  .       '  until  there    is   a    sufficient  number   of 

followmg  spring   the    laterals   of  two    ^^^^.       ^^^^,^  ^^  j-^^^j^,,  ^^^^  ^^^ji_ 

years'  growth,  which  had   borne  fruit,  .      ,,  ,J.^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  j„j„  ^  ^^^^^ 

are  cut  off  close,  and  the  young  laterals    ;        ^^j      cut  the  lateral  shoots  to  about 


which  had   sprung   from  their  base,  f, 
are  loosened  from  the  wall,  and  tied 

Fig.  K 


eight  or  nine  inches,  taking  care  to  cut 
at  a  wood-bud  ;  and  at  the  time  of  dis- 
budding leave  the  best  situated  buds, 
and  those  nearest  the  base,  for  the 
future  year's  bearing." — Gard.  Mag. 

Thinning. — Let  there  be  a  space  of 
nine    inches  between    every    brace    of 
fruit  upon  the  weaker  shoots,  and  sis 
inches  on  the  stronger.     See  Thinning. 
Blistering  of  the  Leaf. — This  disease, 
which  is  called  by  some  gardeners  the 
Bladder  Blight,  and  by  the  French  la 
down  to  succeed  them  ;  the  other  late-    cloque,  is  occasioned  by  more  moisture 
rals,  fc,  are  tied  in,  and  the  uprightshoot    being   forced  into  the  leaves  from  the 


shortened,  /,  as  before. 


!  roots  than  they  can  evacuate  by  expira- 


Now,  or  before,  the  side  shoots  will  tion.  Some  gardeners,  annotating  upon 
have  to  be  headed  down  once  or  even  this  opinion,  expressed  by  the  present 
twice,  so  as  to  increase  their  number,  writer  in  the  Gardener's  Chronicle  in 
and  regularly  cover  the  wall.  The  es-;  June,  1845,  have  concluded,  because 
tent  to  which  this  practice  is  carried  the  blistering  appears  more  abundantly 
will  depend  on  the  height  of  the  wall,  when  cold  nights  succeed  to  hot  days, 
and  the  distance  of  the  trees  from  each  that  they  occasion  the  disorder;  but 
other ;  the  ultimate  object  being  to  pro-  they  are  only  the  proximate  cause; 
ducea  fan  form,  as  regular  as  possible,  those  cold  nights  reduce  the  expiratory 
of  permanent  wood,  with  no  young  power  of  the  leaves,  whilst  the  roots  in 
wood  thereon,  besides  what  is  produced  a  soil  of  unreduced  temperature  con- 
along  the  spokes  of  the  fan,  on  their  '  tinue  to  imbibe  moisture,  and  to  propel 
upper  side,  at  about  twelve  inches  I  it  to  the  leaves  with  undiminished  force, 
apart,  and  the  prolongation  of  the  '.  The  blistering  is,  consequently,  more 
Bhoots.  extensive.     That  the   force  with  which 

"  In  the  course  of  the  winter  or  spring  the  sap  is  propelled,  is  quite  sufficient 
of  the  third  year,  I  shorten  the  side  to  rupture  the  vessels  in  the  parenchyma 
shoots  to  about  ten  or  twelve  inches,  as  of  the  leaf,  is  evident  from  Dr.  Hale's 
may  be  most  convenient  for  wood-buds,  experiment.  He  found  the  vine  pro- 
to  get  two  principal  leading  shoots  from  i  pelled  its  sap  with  a  force  equal  to  a 


PEA 


429 


PEA 


column  of  mercury  fifteen  inches  high. 
There  is  no  doubt  upon  my  mind,  that 
if  the  soil  be  well  drained,  and  not  too 
fertile,  blistering  will  never  occur.  The 
remedy,  therefore,  is  obvious  in  eitlier 
case. 

Diseases. — See  Aphis,  Chermes,  Honey 
Dew,  Mildew,  Exlravasated  Sap. 

Forcing.  Any  of  the  early  varieties 
are  suitable  for  this  purpose  ;  success 
does  not  depend  so  much  on  the  kind, 
as  on  the  manacement. 

Form  of  House. — The  best  form  for  a 
Peach-house,  is  that  thus  described  by 
the  late  T.  E.  Knight,  Esq. 


As  the  lights  to  be  moved  to  the  re- 
quired extent  with  facility  must  neces- 
sarily be  short,  the  back  wall  of  the 
house  must  scarcely  extend  nine  feet 
in  height,  and  this  height  raises  the 
rafters  sufficiently  high  to  permit  the 
tallest  person  to  walk  with  perfect  con- 
venience under  them.  The  lights  are 
divided  in  the  middle  at  the  point  a, 
and  the  lower  are  made  to  slide  down 
to  the  D,  and  the  upper  to  the  point  a. 
The  iiue,  or  hot-water  pipe  enters  on 
the  east  or  west  end,  as  most  conveni 


line  c,  will  receive  the  full  influence  of 
the  sun.  The  upper  lights  must  be 
moved  as  usual  by  cords  and  pulleys, 
and  if  these  be  let  down  to  the  point  a, 
after  the  fruit  in  the  front  tree  is  gather- 
ed, every  part  of  the  trees  on  the  back 
wall  will  be  fully  exposed  to  the  sun,  at 
any  period  of  the  spring  and  summer 
after  the  middle  of  April,  without  the 
intervention  of  the  glass.  A  single  fire- 
place will  be  sufficient  for  a  house  fifty 
feet  long,  and  I  believe  the  foregoing 
plan  and  dimensions  will  be  found  to 
combine  more  advantage  than  can  ever 
be  obtained  in  a  higher  or  wider  house. 
Both  the  walls  and  flue  must  stand  on 
arches,  to  permit  the  roots  of  the  trees 
to  extend  themselves  in  every  direction 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  walls,  for  what- 
ever be  the  more  remote  causes  of  mil- 
dew, the  immediate  cause  generally 
appears  to  be  want  of  moisture  or 
dampness  above  it.  A  bar  of  wood 
must  extend  from  d  to  b,  opposite  the 
middle  of  each  lower  light,  to  support 
it  when  drawn  down. — Knight's  Select 
Papers. 

The  soil,  culture,  and  pruning  are 
the  same  as  required  for  those  trees 
grown  on  walls. 

Forcing  in  Pots  is  a  very  excellent 
mode,  and  enables  the  Peach  to  be 
thus  grown  in  establishi:.ents  where 
there  is  no  regular  Peach-house.  Pot  a 
three  year  old  tree  in  a  twelve  inch  pot, 
cutting  it  back  to  four  buds;  and  shift 
every  year  until  it  has  attained  an 
eighteen  inch  pot,  a  size  which  need 
never  be  exceeded.  Let  the  soil  be 
turfy,  and  mixed  with  decaying  wood 
from  the  bottom  of  an  old  wood 
stock. 

Commencing  forcing  and  temperature. 


ent,  and  passes  within  six  inches  of  the 

east  and  west  wall,  but  not  within  less  j  The  best  and  most  successful  directions 

than   two   feet  of  the  low   front  wall,  I  on  these  points  are  the  following,  given 


and  it  returns  in  a  horizontal  direction 
through  the  middle.  The  trees  must 
be  planted  between  the  flue  and  the 
front  wall,  and  the  other  row  near  the 
back  wall,  against  which  they  are  to  be 
trained. 

If  early  varieties  be  planted  in  the 
front,  and  the  earliest  where  the  flue 
first  enters,  these  being  trained  imme- 
diately over  the  flue,  and  at  a  small  dis- 
tance above  it,  will  ripen  first;  and  if 
the  lower  lights  be  drawn  down  in  fine 
weather  to  the  point  b,  every  part  of 
the  fruit  on  the  trees  which  are  trained 
nearly   horizontally    along   the   dotted 


liy  Mr.  \V.  Hutchinson,  gardener  at 
Eatington  Park.  He  says: — "  Bring  the 
trees  into  the  house  in  mild  weather 
during  November,  a  little  earlier  or 
later  according  to  the  state  of  the 
weather;  do  not  start  them  all,  how- 
ever, at  once  ;  the  last  lot  are  not  put 
in  until  the  first  of  January.  Any  later 
than  this  would  not  answer,  as  the 
weather,  if  clear,  is  then  hot  through 
the  day.  Commence  forcing  them  at 
530  at  night,  allowing  the  thermometer 
to  fall  to  50"  in  the  morning,  if  cold, 
but  if  the  weather  is  mild,  never  to  fall 
below  55*-' ;  and  from  thai  to  60«  is  the 


PEA 


430 


PEA 


usual  temperature  kept  up  throughout  I  ure  of  tlie  crop  is  inevitable.  To  secure 
the  period  of  forcing  during  the  night ;' such  a  supply,  it  is  a  most  effectual 
durijig  the  day,  I  make  up  for  low  night '  treatment  to  give  the  border  a  top-dress- 
temperature,  when  I  have  the  chance,  ing,at  the  close  of  February,  of  charred 
by  sun  heat.  Do  not  be  fastidious  about :  turf.  Liquid  manure  and  water,  of 
a  few  degrees  :  to  get  it  high  enough  is  ]  course,  must  !)e  given  also,  as  the  dry- 
the  main  point,  say  from  70'-'  to  So"  and  j  ness  of  the  soil  and  appearance  of  the 
90"^,  until  the  fruit  is  stoned,  then  keep  '.  trees  indicate  are  necessary, 
them  very  hot  during  the  day,  viz.  from  I  Standards. — In  Essex,  I  have  grown 
95°  to  105'',  and  sometimes  even  as  the  peach  successfully,  both  as  a  stand- 
high  as  110".  Of  course  a  great  deal  of  ard  and  as  an  espalier,  in  a  garden 
moisture  is  required  with  this  high  tem- I  sloping  to  the  south,  and  well  pro- 
perature  :  syringe  over  head  twice  a  tected  from  the  east  and  strong  wester- 
day,  and  sometimes  oftener  when  the  i  ly  winds. 

air  is  dry,  and  you  will  scarcely  ever  be  PEAR.  Pyrits  communis.  Of  this 
troubled  with  either  green  fly  or  red  i  fruit  four  hundred  and  forty-two  varie- 
spider.  Watering  at  the  root  must  be  ties  are  at  present  cultivated  in  the 
carefully  attended  to-;  very  little  is  i  Chiswick  Gardens,  and  these  with  ma- 
wanted  until  the  trees  get  covered  with  !  ny  more  are  described  in  the  Horticul- 
leaves;  but  after  the  fruit  is  stoned  they  ■  tural  Society's  Fruit  Catalogue, 
should  be  watered  plentifully.  Ofcourse  |  The  subjoined  list,  taken  from  the 
the  watering  must  be  gradually  with-}  catalogue  ofD.  Landreth  and  Fulton  at 
drawn  as  the  fruit  approaches  maturity, !  the  old  Landreth  nurseries  comprises  a 
in  order  to  increase  their  flavo&r." —  selection  of  choice  and  approved  varie- 
Gai-d.  Chron.  ties,  abstracted  from  the  mass  in  cuitiva- 

When  the   blossoms  are  well  open,    tion,  the  larger  number    of  which    are 
impregnation  should  be  assisted  by  the    only  calculated  to  disappoint  thosewho 


aid  of  a  camel's  hair  pencil 

One  essential  for  securing  vigorous 
production  in  the  Peach-house  is  to 
have  the  roots  of  the  trees  well  nour- 
ished.    If  these  are  not  duly  supplied 


rely  on  them — either  by  reason  of  the 
inferiority  of  the  fruit,  or  want  of  adap- 
tation to  our  climate — the  latter  to  a 
very  considerable  extent;  how  else  can 
we  account  for  the  quality  of  their  pro- 


with  moisture  and  food  during  the  time    duct  here,  compared  with  their  trans- 
the  fruit  is  setting  and  swelling,  a  fail-  1  atlantic  character  ? 


Explanation  of  Abbreviations. — Colour — g  green  ;  y  yellow  ;  rus  russet; 
r  red ;  b  brown.  Size — l  large;  m  medium;  s  small.  Form — obov  obovate ; 
pyr  pyramidal.. 

Those  marked  *  are  of  American  origin. 


CO- 

> 

name. 

LOUR. 

FORM. 

5 

SE.\S0N. 

Althorpe  Crassanne   .... 

g 

obov 

M 

1 

Oct.    to 

Nov. 

Bartlctt      . 

gy 

pyr 

L 

1 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Bell  Pear 

g 

pyr 

L 

2 

Sept. 

Mar. 

Bergamot,  Hampden's 

rus 

round 

M 

2 

Aug. 

Sept. 

*Bergamot,  Autumn 

rus 

round 

M 

1 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Bergamotte,  Suisse 

y  r 

pyr 

M 

2 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Bergamotte,  Easter    . 

g 

obov 

M 

1 

Mar. 

Apl. 

Bezi  de  Lamotte 

y 

round 

M 

1 

Oct. 

Nov. 

*Bleeker's  Meadow 

gy 

round 

M 

1 

Oct. 

Dec. 

*Bloodgood 

y  rus 

obov 

M 

1 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Beurre  de  Roi 

y 

pyr 

L 

1 

Sept. 

Oct. 

"       Diel 

y 

obov 

L 

1 

Sept. 

Dec. 

"       de  Capiaumont 

b 

obov 

M 

1 

Sept. 

Oct. 

«'      d'Amalis 

b 

obov 

L 

1 

Sept. 

Oct. 

PEA 


431 


PEA 


CO- 

WjS 

NAME. 

LOUR. 

FORM. 

N 

SEASON. 

Beiirre  Bosc      ..... 

b 

pyr 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

"       Summer 

y 

obov 

M 

July 

Aug. 

"      dWremberg 

y 

obov 

L 

Dec. 

Jan. 

"       Easter 

g 

obov 

L 

Oct. 

Mar. 

"       de  Ranz 

g 

pyr 

L 

Feb. 

ApL 

Buffum       .... 

y 

obov 

M 

Sept. 

Oct. 

*Chapman,  CaiT-s     . 

gy 

ohov 

M 

Sept. 

Nov. 

Chnumontelle    . 

y 

pyr 

L 

Nov. 

Feb. 

Columbia  .... 

y 

obov 

L 

Nov. 

Jan. 

Compte  lie  Lamay     . 

y 

obov 

M 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Dearborn's  Seedling 

y 

obov 

M 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Dix             .         .         . 

y 

pyr 

L 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Doyenne  Gris    . 

rus 

pyr 

BI 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Duchess  d'Angouleme 

y 

obov 

L 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Early  Catharine 

y 

py 

s 

July 

Aug. 

Flemish  Beauty 

y 

ohov 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Fondante  d'Automne 

y 

obov 

M 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Forelle 

y 

pyr 

L 

Nov. 

Jan. 

Frederick  of  Wirtemberg 

y 

pyr 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

(iloux  Morceau 

g 

pyr 

L 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Clreen  Chisel 

g 

obov 

L 

Aug. 

Sept. 

*Haddington,  Smith's 

gy 

obov 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

♦Harvard 

rus 

obov 

M 

Sept. 

Oct. 

*Heathcote 

y 

obov 

M 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Holland  Green 

g 

obov 

L 

Oct. 

Dec. 

La  Bon  Cure 

y 

pyr 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

L'Echasserie 

g 

round 

M 

Nov. 

Mar. 

*Lewis      .         •         .         . 

g 

obov 

M 

Oct. 

Jan. 

Leon  Le  Clerc — Van  Mon 

s 

y 

pyr 

L 

Oct. 

Nov. 

*Lodge 

rus 

pyr 

S 

1 

Oct. 

Dec. 

Long  Green  Mouth  water 

g 

pyr 

L 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey 

g 

pyr 

L 

Sept, 

Oct. 

Madeline 

g 

obov 

M 

July 

Aug. 

ISLirie  Louise 

y 

pyr 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Muscat  Allemande 

g 

obov 

L 

Nov, 

Feb. 

Passe^Coiinar     . 

y 

pyr 

L 

Nov. 

Jan. 

♦Pennsylvania 

g 

obov 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

*Petrfe 

y 

pyr 

L 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Rousselet  de  Rheims 

rus 

py 

L 

Oct. 

Nov. 

*Rushmore 

y 

obov 

M 

Sept. 

Oct. 

*Seckel 

rus 

obov 

S 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Stephen's  Genessee 

y 

obov 

M 

Oct. 

Nov. 

St.  Germaine,  UoedaWs 

rus 

pyr 

L 

Nov. 

Ap). 

*St.  Germaine,  Prince's 

rus 

obov 

L 

Nov. 

Jan. 

St.  Ghislan 

y 

pyr 

M 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Sugar 

y 

pyr 

I. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Surpass  Virgalieu 

y 

obov 

I- 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Swan's  Egg 

g 

obov 

M 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Urbaniste 

g 

obov 

m|  1 

Oct. 

Nov. 

♦Washington 

y 

obov 

m|  1 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Winter  Nelis 

g 

obov 

M 

ll 

Dec. 

Feb. 

The  annexed  outlines  and  descrip- 
tions of  a  few  prominent  varieties  will 
doubtless  interest  those  who  may 
not  have  access  to  a  work  especially 
devoted    to   fruits.      The   descriptions 


have  been  made  as  concise  as 
bte,  consistent  with  perspicu 
further  information,  see  Cox, 
Downing — American  pomolog 


practica- 
lly. For 
Kenrick, 
ists. 


PEA 


432 


PEA 


Fig.  110. 


Haddington.  (Smith's.)  (Fig.  110.) 
We  have  by  the  merest  chance  this  ex- 
cellent addition  to  our  stock  of  winter 
pears.  Mr.  J.  B.  Smith,  when  on  his 
farm  near  Haddington,  Philadelphia 
County,  in  1828,  reared  from  the  seed 
of  the  pound  pear,  a  number  of  young 
plants  for  stocks.  This  one  accident- 
ally remained  unworked,  and  on  Mr. 
Smith's  removal  to  the  city,  was  brought 
by  him  and  planted  in  his  garden,  where 
it  now  stands,  singularly  erect,  and  with 
few  horizontal  branches.  It  comes  into 
use  in  December,  and  keeps  through 
winter;  the  skin  is  green,  when  ripe 
slightly  yellow  on  the  sunny  side,  and 
marked  by  minute  russet  dots  or  specks. 
The  texture  of  the  fruit  varies ;  some 
are  quite  melting,  others  incline  to 
break — it  never  cracks,  bears  abund- 
antly, and  we  conceive  it  quite  an  ac- 
quisition to  our  winter  pears. 


Pennsylvania.  (Smithes.)  (Fig.  111. 
This,  so  named  by  the  Pennsylvania  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  is  a  seedling  on  the 
grounds  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Smith,  Philadel- 
phia. The  original  tree  is  35  to  40  feet 
high,  pyramidal  in  form,  of  robust  habit, 
retaining  its  foliage  unusually  late.  Its 
origin  and  age  are  unknov/n,  but  this 
and  the  Moyaniensing  (subsequently 
described)  standing  in  the  same  gar- 
den, have  recently  been  recognized 
by  an  aged  lady,  who  knew  these  iden- 
tical trees  when  a  child.  The  fruit  in 
outline  and  general  appearance  some- 
what resembles  the  old  Beurre  —  pre- 
vailing colour,  brownish  yellow,  occa- 
sionally speckled  and  burnished  with 
brighter  yellow  on  the  upper  portion, 
the  lower  or  blossom  end  presenting 
a  uniform  dull  brown  or  russet  hue,  the 
sunny  side  dotted  with  red.  Stem  deep 
brown    an   inch    and    a   quarter   long, 


PEA 


433 


PEA 


Fig.  111.— (P.  432.) 


standing  nearly  erect,  planted  on  a  full 
crown  ;  in  some  specimens  one  shoulder 
more  elevated  than  the  other.  Calyx  i 
small,  in  a  shallow  basin.  Flesh  yel- , 
lowish  white,  rather  coarse  grained, 
and  somewhat  gritty;  flavour  notunlike 
tlie  butter.  Ripe,  10th  August  to  mid- 
dle September.  It  is  a  fine  bearer,  never 
cracks,  and  may  be  classed  among  the 
good  American  pears. 

MoYAME.NSiNG.     {Smith's  Early  But- 
ter.)    (Fig.  112.)     This  is  supposed  to 
be  a  native.     It  stands  in   the  garden 
of  Mr.  J.    B.    Smith,   Philadelphia,   is 
28 


thirty  feet  high,  open  in  growth,  and 
uniformly  sheds  its  leaves  early  in 
August.  The  fruit  vary  in  shape — some 
are  roundish,  others  obovate  :  colour,  a 
uniform  light  yellow.  Stem  an  inch 
long,  in  some  specimens  set  in  a  shal- 
low basin,  in  others  rising  from  the 
crown  with  a  fleshy  and  enlarged  base. 
Calyx  rather  prominent,  in  a  shallow 
plaited  cup.  Ripe  from  middle  July  to 
close  of  August.  The  texture  is  but- 
tery, so  much  like  a  Beurre  as  to  have 
received  the  above  synonym.  It  is  a 
desirable  variety. 


PEA 


434 


PEA 


Fig.  112.— (P.  433.) 


Columbia.  [Bloodgood.  Downing.) 
(Fig.  113.)  An  American,  as  its  name 
implies,  produced  in  West  Cliester 
County,  New  York,  where  the  original 
tree  still  exists.  This  is  truly  a  valuable 
variety,  in  season  when  most  needed — 
from  November  to  January.  Stem  an 
inch  long,  curved.  Calyx  comparatively 
small.  Skin,  when  fully  ripe,  of  a  rich 
golden  hue.  Flesh  whitish,  rich  and 
aromatic — worthy  of  general  culture. 

St.  Germain  of  French  and  English 
Authors.  (Fig.  114.)  There  are  but  few 
winter  pears  of  finer  quality  than  this 
old  favourite  ;  and  were  it  not  particu- 
larly liable  to  fire-blight,  none  would 
be  more  cultivated.  The  outline  is  fre- 
quently quite  irregular,  but  in  all  speci- 
mens full  at  the  blossom  end,  narrow- 


ing towards  the  stem.  The  skin  is 
thick,  and  green  even  when  fully  ripe. 
Stem  short  and  obliquelyplanted.  Calyx 
set  in  a  shallow  basin.  Flesh  white, 
and  when  in  perfection,  abounding  in 
juice  of  exquisite  flavour.  Ripe  from 
December  to  March. 

Lewis.  (Fig.  115.)  This  variety  de- 
rives its  name  from  Mr.  John  Lewis  of 
Massachusetts,  on  whose  farm  it  origi- 
nated thirty  years  ago.  It  is  in  season 
from  November  to  February,  and  may  be 
enumerated  among  our  valuable  winter 
fruits.  It  bears  most  profusely  and, 
though  not  externally  attractive, the  skin 
being  rough,  would  doubtless  be  highly 
profitable  if  cultivated  for  city  sale.  Out- 
line nearly  round,  a  little  flattened  at  the 
crown.    Skin  green.    Stalk  an  inch  and  a 


PEA 


435 


PEA 


Fig.  113.— (P.  434.) 


half  long,  calyx  large  and  open,  basin  | 
very  slightly  furrowed.  The  quality  of! 
the  fruit,  though  not  "  first  rate,"  is  such 
as  with  its  constitution  and  productive 
habit  must  insure  this  variety  extensive  j 
cultivation.  I 

Beurre  De  Ranz,  of  Thompson.' 
Beurre  Range,  of  Lindley.  (Fig.  1 16.) 
This  is  a  Flemish  pear,  and  obtains  its 
name  of  Ranz  from  the  district  in  which 
it  originated.  It  is  one  of  the  longest 
keepers,  not  being  in  perfection  until 
spring.  Few  pears  have  received  more 
unqualified  praise  both  here  and  in  Eu-. 
rope.  The  outline  is  pyriform  or  pear- 
shaped.  Skin  coarse  and  always  green, 
with  brownish  dots.  Stem  upwards  of  an 
inch  long.     Eye  quite  minute  and  but 


little  depressed .  Flesh  melting,  abound- 
ing in  rich  and  highly  flavoured  juce. 

Beurre  Diel,  of  Thompson, 
Lindley,  and  others.  (Fig.  117.)  "This 
variety,  known  by  a  dozen  different 
names,  of  which  that  above  is  most 
generally  used,  and  should  be  alone, 
is  one  of  the  many  excellent  seed- 
lings of  Van  Mons,  and  named  by 
him  after  Doctor  Diel,  a  conspicuous 
amateur  fruit  cultivator.  It  has  few 
superiors  in  its  season,  September  to 
November  (or  even  December  in  some 
climes).  We  sometimes  see  specimens 
much  larger  than  our  drawing,  and  with 
less  elevation  of  shoulder,  but  the 
sketch  affords  a  fair  idea  of  its  average 
size  and  appearance.     Its  habit  is  ro- 


PEA 


436 


PEA 


Fig.  114.— (P.  434.) 


bust,  and  rather  peculiar,  from  the  turn- 
ing or  twisting  of  its  branches.  Color 
▼arying  from  light  to  dark  yellow, 
blended  and  dotted  with  brown.  Skin 
thick.  Stalk  an  inch  or  more  in  length, 
bold  and  curved.  Eye  set  in  a  shallow 
basin.  Flesh  yellowish  white,  rich  and 
buttery.  On  trees  in  vigorous  growth 
and  heavy  land  the  fruit  is  sometimes 
rather  coarse-grained,  and  slightly  as- 
Uingent." — Rural  Reg. 

Babtlett  Pear,  of  the  Americans. — 
William's  Bonchretien,  of  the  Eng- 
lish. (Fig.  118.)  "  This  truly  admir- 
able  variety  ia  of  British  origin,  first 


brought  into  notice  by  one  Williams, 
whose  name  it  bears.  Many  years  ago, 
(1799,  according  to  Downing,)  it  was 
imported  into  Massachusetts  by  Mr. 
Enoch  Bartlett,  from  whose  grounds, 
near  Boston,  it  was  widely  dissemi- 
nated ;  hence  the  name  by  which  it  is 
known  among  us.  The  habit  of  the 
tree  is  thrifty  and  erect,  the  shoots 
strong  and  vigorous.  The  fruit  is  large, 
quite  irregular  in  outline,  and  varying 
considerably  in  different  specimens. 
Skin  smooth,  yellow,  with  a  slight 
blush  on  those  which  have  ripened  in 
the  sun,  on  others  entirely  destitute  of 


PEA 


437 


PEA 


Fig.  115.— {P.  434.) 


red.  Stalk  about  an  inch  in  length,! 
one  shoulder  more  prominent  than  the  | 
other;  calyx  placed  in  a  slightly  form- 
ed cavity.  The  flesh  is  white,  and 
combines  with  a  delightful  aroma,  all ' 
the  good  qualities  of  the  old  well-, 
known  Beurre  or  Butter  Pear.  I 

"  Ripe  middle  of  August  to  close  of' 
September." — Rural  Reg.  \ 

Bezi  de  la  Motte.  (Fig.  119.) 
"  This  is  a  pretty  widely  known  French 
Pear,  and  is  well  worthy  of  perpetuity, 
even  though  not  decidedly  in  the  first 
class.  Its  habit  is  robust,  yields  fruit 
freely,  which  keeps  well  ;  the  flavour 
is  aromatic,  texture  buttery.  Its  out- 
line is  roundish — flattened  ;  the  stem 
under  an  inch   in    length.     Calyx  va- 


riously placed,  in  some  specimens  the 
basin  is  shallow  and  the  curvature  regu- 
lar, in  others  quite  irregular.  Skin, 
green,  in  well-ripened  specimens  yel- 
lowish, and  spotted  with  brown  dots. 
Ripe  in  October. — Rural  Reg. 

Washington.  (Fig.  ISC')  "  We 
have  elsewhere  expressed  our  regret 
that  foreign  fruits  of  doubtful  worth, 
should  have  been  cherished  and  dis- 
seminated, to  the  neglect  of  unques- 
tionably fine  varieties  of  native  origin. 
The  Washington  Pear  is  a  seedling, 
discovered  in  a  hedge-row  on  the  es- 
tate of  the  late  Col.  Robinson,  near 
Naaman's  Creek,  Delaware,  some 
forty-eight  or  fifty  years  ago.  We 
are  informed  by  our  friend  Dr.  Thomp- 


PEA 


438 


PEA 


Fig.  116.— (P.  435.) 


son  of  Wilmington,  that  the  tree  still 
stands  vigorous  and  healthy,  producing 
from  fourteen  to  sixteen  bushels  of 
fruit  annually.  Doct.  T.  says, 'so  far 
as  my  recollection  of  it  goes,  it  has 
never  suffered  from  disease  or  been 
attacked  by  blight,  and  I  have  never 
known  the  fruit  of  the  original  tree,  or 
one  of  its  descendants  by  budding  or 
grafting  to  crack,  as  does  the  fruit  of  the 
old  Beurre  or  Butter.'  Doct.  T.  adds, 
'  Delaware  has  some  state  pride  in  this 
pear,  quite  as  much  as  Pennsylvania 
has  in  her  fine  Seckel,  than  both  of 
which  I  have  yet  to  see  their  superiors 
among    the    autumn    pears.'      In    the 


opinion  of  some  competent  judges  he 
might  have  gone  a  little  further  and 
said,  their  equals  ;  and  yet  from  some 
unaccountable  cause,  the  Washington 
is  comparatively  unknown.  Coxe  does 
not  even  name  it  in  his  '  view  of  the 
cultivation  of  fruits'  published  in  1817, 
and  Kenrick  from  the  notice  of  it  in  his 
'  Orchardist'  had  evidently  never  seen 
it.  Downing  has  several  typographical 
errors  in  his  description  ;  that  portion 
destined  to  be  history,  should  be 
amended  in  his  next  edition. 

"The  outline  is  not  unlike  that  of  the 
old  Butter,  Virgalieu  or  St.  Michael, 
as  it  is  indifferently  called,  but  rather 


PEA 


439 


PEA 


Fig.  117.— (P.  435.) 


narrower,  and  in  several  particulars  , 
very  closely  resembles  that  famous 
pear  ;  alas  !  now  in  its  decadence.  It 
is  of  medium  size,  uniformly  oval.  Skin 
smooth,  yellow,  and  not  unfrequcntly 
with  a  ruddy  cheek.  Stalk  an  inch  or 
more  in  length,  usually  placed  on  a 
full  crown.  Eye,  quite  small,  seated 
in  a  slight  indentation  ;  texture  that  of 
the  Beurre,  and  exquisitely  delicious. 
Ripe  in  August  (or  two  or  three  weeks 
before  the  Butter),  and  continues  in 
season  until  September." — Rural  Reg. 
CoMPTE  De  Lamy — (Fig.  121) — Is  a 
Flemish  Seedling  of  late  introduction, 
and  thus  far  promises  to  be  entitled  to  our 
regard  ;  mudVi  more  so  than  a  majority  of 
recent  importations.  There  appears  to 
be  an  unusual  diversity  in  the  form  or 


outline  of  this  fruit.  Some  specimens 
are  roundish,  with  the  stem  inserted 
obliquely;  in  others,  as  in  the  drawing, 
on  an  elevated,  irregularly  tapering 
crown.  We  have  seen  them  so  diverse 
in  appearance,  as  to  be  scarcely  recog- 
nized as  the  same  variety.  Skin  yellow, 
marked  on  the  sunny  side  by  brownish 
or  russet  specks.  Stalk  an  inch  or 
more  in  length,  in  some  nearly  st.-aight, 
in  others  curved.  Eye  of  medium  size, 
very  slightly  indented.  Flesh  white, 
buttery,  sweet  and  aromatic.  In  season 
September  and  October. 

Bf.urre  d'Aremherg,  of  French  and 
English  works.  (Fig.  122.)— This  Pear, 
though  comparatively  little  known 
in  the  United  States,  has  reached  us 
with  a  high  European  reputation,  and 


PEA 


440 


PEA 


Fig.  118.— (P.  436.) 


as  both  the  English  and  French  concur  in 
its  praise,  it  may  be  safely  assumed  to  be 
worthy  of  culture.  It  was  raised  by  the 
Abbe  Deschamps,  in  the  garden  of  the 
Hospice  des  Orphelius,  and  has  been 
distributed  under  several  names,  as 
Beurre  Deschamps,  Due  D'Areraburg, 
&c.  The  fruit  is  large,  narrowing  to- 
wards the  crown.  Skin  pale,  or  yellow-  ! 
ish  green,  dotted  with   russet,   which  ! 


grows  brighter  at  maturity.  Calyx  com- 
paratively small,  deeply  planted.  Flesh 
white,  very  juicy,  and  unusually  high 
flavoured.  In  season  from  mid-winter 
to  spring. 

Petre.  (Fig.  123.)  "  One  of  the  many 
good  fruits  of  American  origin,  compa- 
ratively unknown  ;  whilst  foreign  varie- 
ties of  less  worth  have  been  lauded  and 
disseminated.  The  parent  still  exists,  in 


PEA 


44J 

Fig.  119.— (P.  437.) 


PEA 


"  green  old  age,"  at  the  Bartram  Gar- 
den, on  the  Schuylkill,  three  miles  from 
Philadelphia.  It  is  the  product  of  seed 
contributed  by  Lord  Pctr?'  to  the  vene- 
rable Bartram  in  1735.  We  have  fre- 
quently heard  Mr.  Carr,  a  connection  of 
the  Bartram  family,  and  present  owner 
of  the  grounds,  relate  its  history  ;  a 
pleasing  incident  in  which,  was  the  pre- 
sentation to  Lord  P.  after  the  lapse  of  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  of  fruit,  the  pro- 
duct of  the  identical  seed  he  had  con- 
tributed. We  do  not  think  this  pear 
should  be  placed  in  the  first  class,  yet 
award  it  high  praise,  and  advise  its 
extensive  culture.  The  flesh  is  buttery, 
aromatic,  and  closely  resembles  its  pa- 
rent the  Beurre,  or  Butter.  Fruit  of 
medium  size,  yeilowjoccasionally  slight- 
ly  marked   by  russet  dots.    Stem  an 


inch  long,  planted  in  some  specimens 
between  elevated  shoulders.  Eye  set 
in  a  shallow  basin.  Ripe  close  of  Sep- 
tember, and  admits  of  being  kept  seve- 
ral weeks." — Rural  Reg. 

Passe  Colmar.  Lind. :  Thamp. :  and 
others.  (Fig.  125.)  For  this,  as  well  as 
some  other  important  varieties,  we  are 
indebted  to  Hardenpont  of  Belgium. 
It  is  in  eating  during  winter,  and  as 
our  resources  at  that  season  are  limit- 
ed, is  additionally  valuable.  There  is 
considerable  variation  in  its  outline. 
The  skin  coarse,  yellowish  when  ripe, 
marked  by  minute  russet  dots.  Stem 
prominent,  an  inch  or  more  in  length, 
inserted  between  elevated  shoulders  in 
many  specimens,  in  others  with  li..le  or 
no  peculiarity  of  that  kind.  The  flesh 
is   melting,  abounding   with   rich  arc- 


PEA 


442 


PEA 


Fig.  120.— (P.  437.) 


matic  juice.  On  the  whole  this  pear 
has  few  superiors  in  its  season,  and  is 
deservedly  a  favourite. 

Propagation.  —  By  Seed,  to  obtain 
varieties,  is  best  practised  by  following 
'the  directions  for  raising  seedling  Ap- 
ples. For  raising  grafting  stocks,  the 
seeds  of  the  wild  pear  should  be  em- 
ployed, the  produce  being  hardy. 

Grafting  and  Budding. — Mr.  LOudon 
has  collected  together  the  following 
good  directions  upon  these  subjects: — 

"  The  most  common  stocks  for  graft- 
ing the  pear,  are  the  common  pear  and 
the  wilding;  but  as  the  apple,  is  dwarfed 
and  brought  more  early  into  a  bearing 
state  by  grafting  on  the  pawell,  on  the 
white  beam,  medlar,  service,  or  apple; 
but  the  wilding  and  quince  are  in  most 
general   use.     Pears,   on    free   stocks, 


grow  luxuriantly  in  good  soil  on  a  dry 
bottom ;  those  on  wildings  grow  less 
rapidly,  but  are  deemed  more  durable, 
and  they  will  thrive  on  the  poorest  soil, 
if  a  hardy  variety  and  not  over  pruned." 
"  On  the  quince,"  Miller  observes, 
"  breaking  pears  are  rendered  gritty 
and  stony ;  but  the  melting  sorts  are 
much  improved  ;  trees  on  these  stocks 
may  be  planted  in  a  moist  soil  with 
more  success  than  those  on  wildings 
or  thorns."  On  the  thorn,  pears  come 
very  early  into  bearing,  continue  pro- 
lific, and,  in  respect  to  soil  will  thrive 
well  on  a  strong  clay,  which  is  unsuita- 
ble both  to  those  on  quinces  and  wild- 
ings; and  the  grafts  or  buds  require  to 
be  inserted  very  low  that  the  moisture 
of  the  earth  may  tend  to  favour  the 
swelling  or  enlargement  of  the  diame- 


PEA 


443 


PEA 


Fig.  121.— (P.  439.) 


ter  of  the  stock,  which  does  not  increase 
proportionally  to,  nor  ever  attains  the 
same  size  as  the  stem  of  the  pear.  Du- 
breuil,  a  French  gardener,  recommends 
the  quince  stock  for  clayey  and  light 
soils,  and  the  free  stock  for  chalky  and 
siliceous  soils. — Enc.  Gard. 

The  suggestion  of  Mr.  D.  Mont- 
gomery, gardener  to  the  duke  of  Mont- 
rose, is  also  worthy  of  adoption,  viz., 
that  by  grafting  the  alternate  branches 
of  late  pear-trees  with  early  sorts,  and 
early  trees  with  late  sorts,  there  are  two 
chances  of  success,  the  early  sort  being 
very  early  in  blossom;  if  that  fails  in 
consequence  of  unfavourable  weather, 
the  late  sort,  flowering  at  another  time, 
may  succeed.  Farther,  the  early  sort 
ripens  off  before  much  effort  is  required 
from  the  tree  to  support  the  late  sort; 


hence,  each  sort  in  its  season  is  brought 
to  greater  maturity. — Hort.  Trans. 

Soil. — A  dry  loam,  when  the  pear  is 
grafted  upon  a  pear  stock  ;  but  moister, 
if  grafted  upon  the  quince,  is  suitable. 
Two  feet  depth  of  soil  is  required,  and 
tiles  should  be  placed  beneath  the 
young  trees  to  prevent  their /rooting 
deeper.  If  this  be  attended  to,  and  the 
soil  be  thoroughly  underdrained,  the 
subsoil  is  not  of  much  consequence.  A 
gravelly  subsoil  is  to  be  preferred. 

Pruning  Standards  is  not  often  re- 
quired, and  when  necessary  it  is  only  to 
remove  crowded,  diseased,  and  cross- 
growing  branches.  This  may  be  done 
at  any  season,  unless  the  branch  to  be 
removed  is  large,  in  which  case  it  had 
better  be  amputated  early  in  the  spring, 
before    the   sap  is   in    motion.      Their 


PEA 


444 


PEA 


Fig.  122.— (P.  439.) 


fruitfulness  is  increased  if  the  branches 
are  fastened  down,  so  that  their  points 
are  below  the  level  of  their  bases. 

The  shoots  of  the  current  year  are 
bent  down  when  fully  grown,  about  the 
end  of  July,  and  fixed  in  a  pendent 
position  by  shreds  of  bass  ;  m  the  course 
of  the  winter,  these  shreds  are  removed 
to  admit  of  pruning;,  when  the  shoots 
are  found  to  have  taken  a  set ;  in  the 
course  of  the  summer,  such  as  grow 
vigorously  are  again  tied,  the  object 
being  to  check  the  vigour  of  the  young 
shoots,  and  by  impeding  the  return  of 
the  sap,  to  cause  it  to  expend  itself  in 
these  young  shoots  in  the  formation  of 
blossom  buds.  —  Card.  Mag.  See 
QuenouiUe. 

Culture  of  Wail  Trees.— The  follow- 
ing are  the  best  directions  that  have  i 


been  given  on  this  subject: — "Plant 
the  trees  against  the  wall,  fifteen  feet 
from  each  other.  If  they  have  three 
shoots  properly  placed,  they  may  all  be 
retained.  If  only  one  strong  healthy 
shoot,  in  the  spring  the  first  tree  is  to 
be  headed  down  within  nine  inches 
high,  the  next  to  that  one  foot  nine 
inches,  and  so  on  alternately,  till  you 
get  to  the  other  end  of  the  wall. 

"  In  the  summer,  train  three  shoots 
from  the  three  uppermost  eyes  of  each 
tree,  rubbing  off  all  the  rest.  Nail  in 
one  to  the  right,  one  to  the  left,  and  the 
other  perpendicularly.  The  two  side 
branches  should  not  be  trained  in  a 
horizontal  position  till  the  second  year. 
In  the  following  winter,  the  centre 
shoot  of  each  is  to  be  cut  off  two  feet 
above  the  first  pair  of  lateral  branches. 


PEA 


445 


PEA 


"  In  the  next  summer,  the  three  top 
buds  are  to  be  trained  one  on  each 
8ide,  perfectly  horizontal,  and  the  mid- 
dle one  upright;  should  the  centre  this 
season  grow  vigorously,  and  advance 
two  feet  before  the  end  of  June,  top  it 
at  that  height  with  the  thumb  and  finger. 
Three  shoots  may  probably  start  from 
the  three  upper  eyes;  if  so,  nail  them 
in  an  easy  position,  and  bring  them  to 
their  proper  places  in  the  winter  prun- 
ing; but  most  probably  only  two  will 
break.  In  this  case,  as  soon  as  they  are 
si.\  inches  long,  train  them  both  on  the 
opposite  side  from  which  you  wish  a 
third  shoot,  and  rather  lower  than  the 
liorizontal  line ;  this  will  cause  the  next 
bud  below  the  two  shoots  already  ob- 
tained to  start.  As  soon  as  this  advances 
a  few  inches,  restore  the  shoots  from 
the  top  bud  to  an  erect  position,  and 
the  otlier  about  half  the  way  between 
the  horizontal  and  perpendicular  line; 
observing,  if  one  of  the  side  shoots  gets 


the  advantage  of  the  other,  to  depress 
the  strong  or  elevate  the  weak  as  oc- 
casion may  require;  by  which  means 
both  will  be  kept  of  an  equal  length. 

Fig.  124. 


"  If  by  the  autumn  the  centre  shoot 
has  not  advanced  two  feet,  or  if  it  does 
not  appear  to  have  ripened,  cut  the 
three  summer  shoots  off  within  half  an 
inch  of  the  place  from  whence  they 
sprang;  there  will  then  be  an  upright 
centre  two  feet  above  the  second  pair 
of  horizontal  branches,  which  will  not 
fail  to  push  vigorously  the  next  spring, 
and  although  in  this  case  only  one  pair 
of  branches  will  be  produced  this  sea- 


PEA 


446 


PEA 


Fig.  125.— (P.  441.) 


?on,  the  tree  will  be  much  benefited 
from  having  the  upright  shoot  topped, 
as  the  sap  by  this  check  will  be  forced 
into  the  horizontal  branches  below, 
which  are  often  starved  by  the  prodi- 
gious and  in  a  great  measure  useless 
growth  of  the  centre.  All  superfluous 
shoots  are  to  be  pinched  off  within  an 
inch  or  two  as  they  appear,  and,  as  far 
as  may  be,  without  leaving  the  branch 
absolutely  bare,  and  entirely  cut  out  in 
the  winter  pruning. 

"  This  treatment  is  to  be  repeated  till 


those  trees  which  have  their  first  pair 
of  horizontal  branches  within  nineinches 
of  the  ground,  arrive  within  two  feet  or 
eighteen  inches  of  the  top  of  the  wall. 
These  trees  are  to  be  considered  per- 
manent; those  which  have  no  branch 
till  they  are  one  foot  nine  inches  high, 
are  for  a  temporary  purpose  only,  and 
they  may  have  a  pair  of  branches  within 
four  inches  of  the  top  of  the  wall. 

"  In  ten  years,  we  will  suppose,  on  a 
twelve  feet  wall,  most  of  the  branches 
will  reach  twelve  or  thirteen  feet  from 


PEA 


447 


PEA 


the  stem.    The  wall,  therefore,  presents    upwards  for  the  terminal  bud  of  each 


somewhat  the  appearance  of  the  follow 
ing  figure. 

Fig.  126 


"  Hitherto  it  is  obvious,  that  as  we 
have  doubled  the  number  of  trees,  and 
each  tree  has  produced  as  many,  or 
perhaps  more  branches  than  are  capable    allowed,  continues    very   luxuriant    in 


to  be  within  four  or  five  inches  of  the 
horizontal  branch  above. 

"  If  they  show  a  disposition  to  grow 
too  strong,  they  may  be  deeply  notched, 
or  a  ring  may  be  made  round  such  as 
require  it,  about  the  eighth  of  an  inch 
wide.  In  either  case,  let  it  be  close  to 
the  branch  from  which  the  shoots  spring. 
As  they  become  diseased  or  worn  out, 
or  have  produced  long  spurs,  train  in  a 
young  shoot  by  the  side  of  any  it  may 
be  proper  to  displace,  and  after  the  se- 
cond year  cut  the  old  one  out.  In  case 
a  tree,  after    it    has   filled    the    space 


of  bearing  fruit,  and  those  owing  to  growth,  recourse  may  be  had  to  the 
stopping  the  leader  longer  than  usual ;  |  usual  methods  of  checking  it,  either  by 
so  we  must  up  to  this  time  have  double,  cutting  the  roots  or  sawing  the  stem 
or  more  than  double,  the  usual  quantity    half  or  two-thirds  through,  just  below 


of  fruit. 

"  After  the  temporary  trees  are  re- 
moved, the  crops  will  be  still  larger. 
Riders  would  not  have  answered  the 
same  purpose,  as  they  would  have  al- 
ready interfered  for  the  last  two  or  three 


the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  deep 
notches  may  be  made  on  each  side  with 
the  chisel.  A  single  tree  may  of  course 
be  treated  according  to  this  plan. 

"  The  temporary  trees,  if  taken  up 
with  care,  will  certainly  grow,  and  be 


years  with  the  principals,  that  is,  on  a  found  very  valuable  ;  they  may  be  either 
wall  not  exceeding  twelve  feet;  and  on  |  planted  against  another  wall,  or  if  of 
this  plan  the  temporary  trees  are  to  be  |  sufficiently  hardy  kinds,  treated  as  espa- 
trained  three  or  lour  years  longer, during  !  liers,  cutting  oft"  the  two  or  three  upper 
which  time  they  may  be  expected  to  pro-  pairs  of  branches  ;  in  either  case,  young 
duce  considerable  crops.  The  extremi-  shoots  are  to  be  trained  in  between  the 
ties  of  the  horizontal  branch  being  now  j  old  ones,  as  already  directed  for  the 
withinafootortwoofthestemofthe next  I  permanent  trees.  Should  you  have  a 
tree,  the  management  of  the  permanent 
trees  is  to  be  altered.  Instead  of  pinch- 
ing oflf  all  shoots  as  they  appear,  at 
every  fifteen  or  eighteen  inches  all 
along  the  horizontal  branches,  retain  a 
well-placed  shoot  in  an  easy  slanting 
position  upwards,  towards  the  branches 
of  the  temporary  trees.  Next  year 
continue  to  train  them  in  the  same  di- 
rection ;  and,  in  order  to  give  them 
more  room,  elevate  the  branches  of  the 
temporary  trees  six  inches  above  the 
place  they  have  hitherto  occupied 


wall  with  an  aspect  not  sufficiently 
good  to  ripen  the  fruit  of  these  removed 
trees,  or  should  they  be  of  those  kinds 
which  will  not  come  to  perfection  as 
espaliers,  they  will  nevertheless  still 
be  valuable  in  this  case.  After  they 
have  been  removed  a  twelvemonth, 
treat  them  according  to  Mr.  Knight's 
mode  of  changing  the  sort;  that  is, 
leave  the  horizontals  at  very  nearly  the 
full  length,  but  cut  off  all  the  spurs, 
leaving  only  bare  poles  at  every  twelve, 
fifteen,  or  eighteen  inches,  according  to 


"  The  third  year  the  shoots  will  most    the  growth  of  the  sort  you  intend  to  in- 
likely  show  blossom;  the  free  bearing    troduce. 


sorts  will  do  so  in  two  years;  but  it 
must  be  recollected,  we  are  speaking 
exclusively  of  the  shy  bearers.  If 
plenty  of  blossom  appears,  the  tempo- 
rary trees  may  now  be  taken  up  and 
planted  in,  otherwise  they  may  remain 
another  year.  After  the  temporary 
trees  are  removed,  the  young  shoots, 
which  we  will  suppose  are  now  fully 
furnished  with  blossom  buds,  may  be 
trained  in  a  direction  sutlicieatly  sloping 


Fig.  127. 


"On  the  upper  side,  all   along  the 


PEA 


448 


PEL 


branches,  make  a  notch  a  little  deeper 
than  the  bark  ;  it  may  be  done  by  two 
cuts  with  a  sharp  knife,  the  side  nearest 
the  trunk  being  perpendicular,  the  other 
sloping ;  the  graft  may  then  be  intro- 
duced by  the  common  mode  of  crown- 
grafting.  Train  the  shoots  from  the 
grafts  as  before  directed.  In  two  years 
and  a  half  most  kinds  will  produce  an 
abundant  crop,  and  the  trees  will  be 
very  nearly  as  large  as  those  on  the 
wall  from  whence  they  were  taken; 
thus  having  an  advantage  over  young 
trees  of  at  least  ten  years." — Gard. 
Mag. 

In  pruning  pear  trees,  never  cut  off 
a  shoot  which  can  be  laid  to  the  wall  ; 


evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings  in  spring. 
Sandy  loam  and  lime  rubbish. 

PEDICULARIS.  Twenty-one  spe- 
cies, chiefly,  if  not  all,  hardy  herba- 
ceous.    Sandy  light  loam  and  peat. 

PEGGING-DOWN  is  a  process  which 
has  to  be  pursued  annually,  in  arrang- 
ing the  lower  branches  of  shrubs,  &c., 
on  flower  borders.  It  is  usually  done 
with  little  hooked  sticks  ;  but  Mr.  Bea- 
ton, the  scientific  gardener  at  Shrubland 
Park,  says, — "  We  take  a  handfuU  of 
malting,  and  cut  it  into  four-inch 
lengths;  then  divide  each  piece  into 
three  or  four  pieces;  we  double  these 
pieces  round  the  shoots,  and  fasten  the 
ends  of  the  matting  in  the  soil  with  a 


for  by  cutting  off  the  foreright  shoots  i  small  dibber,  or  with  the  fore  finger, 
you  produce  a  succession  of  the  same  In  this  way  a  boy  may  train  and  tie 
without  a  chance  of  producing  fruit.  '  down  all  the  plants  in  a  flower  garden 
By  laying  in  these  shoots,  less  wood  is  i  in  less  time  than  it  would  take  to  pro- 
produced;  and  those  buds  either  on  cure  pegs  for  two  or  three  beds,  and  the 
the  old  wood,  or  any  short  spurs  which  work  is  much  neater  than  when  done 
otherwise  would    have  produced   only  ]  with  the  best  pegs." — Gard.  Chron. 


wood  shoots,  bear  a  succession  of  bios-  | 
som. — Gard.  Chron. 


PELARGONIUM.  Two  hundred  and 
fifty  species.    Chiefly  green-house  ever- 


Impregnating  the  Blossom  of  Wall  ^  greens  ;  but  a  few  are  herbaceous,  and 
Trees. — Mr.  Harrison  truly  observes, !  a  still  smaller  number  tuberous-rooted, 
that  "it  is  very  usual  to  see  healthy  i  The  shrubby  evergreens  are  increased 
pear   trees   produce    an  abundance  of  by  cuttings  :  new  varieties  from  seed 


bloom,  but  set  a  very  small  proportion 
of  fruit :  this  is  particularly  the  case 
with  the  tenderest  kinds.  The  reason 
is  in  some  cases  from  the  stamina  being 
destitute  of  farina  ;  and  in  others,  from 
the  farina  having  been  dispersed  before 
the  pistils  had  arrived  at  a  proper  state 
for  its  reception.  To  remedy  this,  as 
soon  as  the  first  blossoms  have  ex- 
panded, and  the  pistillum  is  in  a  proper 
state  of  maturity,  impregnate  six  upon 
each  corymb  of  blossom.  The  florets 
to  choose  for  this  operation  are  those 
situated  nearest  the  origin  of  the  spur; 
for  when  pears  set  naturally,  it  is  very 
generally  such  florets.     The    time  for 


and  the  tuberous-rooted  from  seed ; 
and  all  will  thrive  in  a  mixture  of  light 
loam  and  leaf-mould.  It  is  to  the 
shrubby  evergreens  that  we  shall  con- 
fine our  attention,  these  being  the  most 
beautiful  and  most  generally  cultivated. 
They  form  a  portion  of  that  large  family 
formerly  known  collectively  as  "Gera- 
niums;" but  modern  botanists  have 
divided  these  into  three  genera  :  Pelar- 
goniums, having  usually  seven  stamens, 
and  unequal-sized  petals;  Geraniums, 
having  ten  stamens,  and  equal-sized 
petals;  and  Erodiums,  having  five  sta- 
mens. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence  in  the 


this  operation  is  calm,  dry  days,  and,  if  i  Pelargonium. — "The  flower  should  be 
possible,  when  the  sun  is  not  very  hot  |  large,  composed  of  broad  rose-leaf  pe- 
upon    the    trees.      Immediately    after-  j  tals,  free  from  crumple  or  unevenness 


wards  give  each  tree  about  eighteen 
gallons  of  manure  water,  or  sot1;  pond 
water,  at  the  roots.  The  trees  should 
never  be  washed  over  the  tops  for  a 
considerable  time  after  this  impregna- 
tion has  been  effected." — Treat,  on 
Fruit  Trees. 

PEAT-EARTH.     See  Bog  Earth. 

PEAT-EARTH  PLANTS.  See  Ame- 
rican Plants. 

PECriNARIA    articulata.        Stove 


of  any  kind  ;  smooth  on  their  edges, 
and  forming  a  compact  surface ;  round 
which,  if  a  circle  be  drawn,  the  perfect 
symmetry  of  the  flower  would  appear 
by  the  extremity  of  each  petal  touching 
the  circle,  without  extending  beyond 
it.  It  is  indispensable  that  the  flower 
should  be  of  a  stout  firm  texture,  with 
sufficient  liberty  at  the  bottom  of  the 
cup  to  prevent  its  being  in  the  least 
cramped  ;    but   allowing   it   to   retain, 


PEL 


449 


PEL 


when    fully   expanded,  a   fine    cupped  Master  Peel  (Beck's). 

form,  and   preventing   the  falling   back  Mustee  (Beck's),  pink,  purple  spot. 

or  reflexing  of  the  petals.     Its  colour,  Orion  (Foster's),  scarlet  and  maroon. 

whether  rich  or    pale,  should    possess  Othello  (Beck's),  purple  and  rose. 

great  clearness  :  the  under  petals  must  Othello  (Thurtell's),  mulberry  and  lilac. 

be  free  from  veins,  and  the  upper  petals  Pearl  (Catleugh's),  white  and  crimson. 

should  have  a  large  dark  spot  running  Queen  Philippa,  rose. 

to  the  bottom  of  them,  as  destitute  as  Rainbow    (Thurtell's),    mulberry    and 

possible  of  a  small  white  feather,  which  ^      white. 

is   usually   present,  and   which  greatly  Regulator   (Thurtell's),    violet,    purple 

impairs  the  richness  of  this  important        and  white. 

part.      The    beauty    of   the    flower    is  Rosy  Circle  (Beck's),  dark  rose. 

greatly  enhanced    by  having   this  spot  Satellite  (Thurtell's),  puce  and  white. 

clearly  defined  ;  and  if  it  is  surrounded  Sir  J.  Broughton  (Foster's). 

by  a  dash  of  crimson,  that  should  have  Stromboli  (Thurtell's),  salmon  and  pur- 

a  distinct  termination  also.     The  petals'       pie. 

ought   to  he  quite  free  from  the  least  Sultana  (Foster's),  orange  and  scarlet. 

appearance  of  a  watery  edge.     Finally,  Sunset  (Beck's),  maroon  and  pink. 

it  is  essential  that  the  leaves  should  be  Superb  (Thurtell's),  purple  and  lilac. 

large,  delicate,  and  have  a  healthy  ap-  j  Titus  (Hoyle's),  rose  and  carmine. 


pearance;  and  that  the  fruss  should  be 
composed  of  several  flowers,  supported 
by  a  firm  foot-stalk  standing  quite  clear 
of  the  foliage." — Gard.  Chron. 

Varieties. — These  are  so  numerous, 
fresh  varieties  appearing  annually,  that 
it  is  useless  to  attempt  to  enumerate 
them  ;  and  the  attempt  is  less  needed 


Trafalgar     (Thurtell's),     crimson    and 

purple. 
Unique      (Thurtell's),     mulberry     and 

white. 
Zanzummim  (Beck's),  crimson  and  flesh. 
Zenobia  (Beck's),  rose  and  mulberry. 

Varieties  for  Forcing. — Admiral  Na- 
pier; Alba  multijiora;  and  Washington, 


because  each  has  passed  its  period  of   for    earliest;  Bella;    Gauntlet;    Grand 


excellence    after   four    or     five    years. 
The  following  are  the   best  that  have 
been    introduced  during  the   last  two 
seasons : 
Alba    Pcrfecta  (Thurtell's),  white  and 

purple. 
Arabella  (Beck's),  white  and  rose. 
Aurora  (Beck's). 
Beliona    (Beck's),     rosy,    purple    and 

crimson. 
Chastity  (Beck's). 

Desdemona  (Beck's),  maroon  and  pink. 
Desdemona     (Thurtell's),     claret     and 

white. 
Defiance  (Thurtell's),  purplish  crimson 

and  white. 
Dr.  Lindley  (Foster's). 


JDuke  ;  Commodore  ;  Lord  Mayor;  King 
Rufus  ;    and  Madeline,  for  succession. 

liaising  Varieties. — Captain  Thurtell, 
one  of  the  most  successful  improvers  of 
this  flower,  gives  these  directions: — 

"  First.  Destroy  every  bad  shaped 
(or  elongated)  under  petalled  flower  in 
your  possession. 

"Secondly.  Impregnate  (if  possible) 
every  flower  yourself,  the  moment  it  is 
ready  to  receive  the  farina,  and  thus 
effectually  prevent  the  effects  of  the 
bee.  But  so  long  as  you  allow  bad 
shaped  flowers  to  remain  in  your  house, 
you  can  never  calculate  on  impreg- 
1  nating  with  any  certainty;  and  those 
who  attend  to  colour  in  preference  to 


Duchess  of  Leinster  (Gaine's),  orange  I  shape,  will   have  to  retrace  their  steps. 


pink,  scarlet  spot. 
Emperor  Nicholas  (Silverlock's). 
Exactum  (Foster's). 
Favourite    (Beck's),   like,    but   not  so 

good  as,  Foster's. 
Gulnare  (M'Cormack's),  pink  and  white. 
Hector  (Cock's),  rose  and  white. 
Isabella  (Beck's),  pink  and  maroon. 
Juno  (Beck's),  carmine  and  scarlet. 
La  Polka  (Staine's). 
Lurida  (Beck's). 

Mark  Antony  (Beck's),  rose  and  purple. 
Marcaret  (Beck's),  maroon  and  pink. 
29 


Captain  Thurtell  never  raised  a  good 
flower  until  he  attended  rigidly  to  the 
above  rules."  •  See  Hybridizing. 

Sow  in  July.  The  seedlings  soon 
appear;  when  with  four  leaves,  besides 
the  seed  leaves,  pot  info  60's ;  keep 
in  warm  green-house.  In  April,  shift 
into  32's.  In  June,  plunge  the  pots 
in  a  warm  border.  At  the  close  of 
September,  return  to  the  green-house. 
They  will  bloom  in  the  winter  or  spring. 

So/7.— The  best  compost  for  growing 
Pelargoniums  is  half  sandy   loam  and 


PEL 


450 


PEL 


half  leaf-mouli3.  The  best  manure  is 
liquid,  made  of  sheep's  dung.  See 
Liquid  Manure 


shaped  plants.  In  the  beginning  of 
April,  when  fires  are  discontinued,  the 
plants  are  syringed  over  the  top  three 


^ — ,^ „.  ,, —  ..J — f, —  „ —    —   ..,-       ■ 

Propagation. — By  Cutiings.  —  Take    times  a  week  ;  this  is  done  about  four 
the    cuttings    in    mid-July,    and    plant    o'clock,  at  the  time  the  house  is  closed 


these  in  an  open  border  exposed  to  the 
sun. 

"  In  about  six  weeks,"  says  Mr.  Cat- 
leugh,  the  florist,  of  Hans  Place,  Chel- 
sea, "  the  cuttings  will  be  sufficiently 


and  continued  during  three  or  four 
weeks.  The  house  is  well  damped 
every  evening  at  the  bottom,  and 
the  top  sashes  opened  the  first  thing 
in    the    morning,    to    allow    the    damp 


rooted  to  remove,  and  I  pot  them  into    air  to   escape,  and  during  the  day  all 


sixty-sized  pots.  To  prevent  the  worms 
getting  into  the  pots,  they  are  placed 
upon  a  temporary  stage,  and  allowed 
to  remain  in  a  shady  situation  about 
three  weeks,  by  which  time  the  plants 
will  be  well  established,  and  bear  re- 
moving to  a  more  exposed  spot,  where, 
under  the  influence  of  the  sun  and  air, 
the  wood  will  attain  a  necessary  degree 
of  hardness.  Here  they  remain  until 
taken    into  the   house   for  the   winter, 


the  air  is  admitted  that  can  be  given 
with  safety.  The  plants  when  begin- 
ning to  bloom  are  freely  watered,  and 
protected  from  the  scorching  rays  of 
the  sun  during  the  middle  of  the  day 
by  means  of  canvas,  and  are  thus  re- 
tained in  blossom  a  much  longer  time 
than  would  be  possible  if  this  precau- 
tion were  omitted.  When  the  plants 
are  housed  the  decayed  leaves  are  re- 
moved,   and    whenever   the    green   fly 


^.^..^..  ...^.^  v..^  »-^  .w.  v..^  ^.,,...w. ,  .     -.  o- —y 

which  is  generally  done  about  the  end  \  makes  its  appearance,  the  house  is 
of  September,  before  danger  arises  1  well  fumigated  :  to  do  this  effectually, 
from  frost.  To  make  them  compact  j  it  must  be  performed  when  the  plants 
and  bushy,  stop   them   at  the  third  or    are   in   a  dry  state,  and  they  must  be 

e — .u   ;„:...    — i   „u;fv  .1 ;„t„   i-„...,   I  ^yg]|  watered  the  day  following.    When 

the  flowering   is  over,   the   plants  are 


fourth  joint,  and  shift  them  into  forty 
eight  sized   pots,  mixing  a  little   turl 


loam  and  sand  with  the  compost,  to  [  exposed  for  about  a  fortnight  to  the  sun 
allow  the  water  to  pass  freely  through  i  and  air,  to  harden  the  wood  before  be- 
the  soil  ;  give  but  little  air  during  eight  !  ing  cut  down.  Those  plants  which  are 
or  ten  days,  the  plants  will  be  then  re-  j  intended  as  specimen  plants  the  second 
established,  and  afterwards  as  much  air  i  season  after  heading  down,  are  placed 

_  _    1   _       • _  _    -L ._    _  r'  .1   _    ^^ •         _      _i_-i. 1     _:..._.:„„       ...1 1;«»I« 


may  be  given  as  the  state  of  the  atmo 
sphere  will  permit,  until  the  beginning 


sheltered    situation,    when    little 
water  is  given,  and  as  soon  as  the  new 


''r"^*"    r^ "J  " "    — to b  t      ■"    &•    — 3  ----- 

of  December.  The  side  lights  must  be  j  shoots  are  an  inch  long  are  repotted 
kept  closed  during  the  prevalence  of  into  pots  from  one  to  two  sizes  smaller, 
cold  winds.  The  pots  by  this  time  will  the  old  soil  is  shaken  from  the  roots, 
be  well  filled  with  roots,'and  the  plants  j  and  good  drainage  given.  The  plants 
will  require  shifting  into  thirty-two  i  thus  treated  are  kept  in  better  health 
sized  pots.  The  bone  dust  vvhich  is  I  during  the  winter,  from  having  less  soil 
now  added  must  be  used  with  caution  ;  j  about  their  roots.  When  repotted  they 
being  of  a  drying  nature,  it  is  not  used  i  are  placed  upon  a  stage  in  a  shady  situ- 
near  the  surface  of  the  soil  ;  the  shoots  ;ation,  removed  into  the  house  at  the 
are  again  stopped  at  the  third  joint,  the  I  proper  time,  and  undergo  the  same 
house  is  kept  at  a  temperature  of  45*^  ^  treatment  the  second  winter  as  de- 
Fahrenheit  for  about  ten  days,  and  then  !  scribed  for  the  first.  When  those  plants 
allowed  to  fall  to  40*^  or  42",  at  which  ,  which  are  intended  for  exhibition  begin 
it  is  kept.  The  flues  are  damped  two  \  to  show  their  bloom  they  receive  addi- 
or  three  times  every  night  to  prevent  i  tional  attention,  a  little  liquid  manure 
the  air  from  becoming  too  dry,  and  |  is  occasionally  given,  they  are  no  longer 
a  little    top    air  is  admitted    whenever  ;  syringed  over   the   top,  bees  are   kept 


the  weather  is  sufficiently  favourable 
About  the  middle  of  February  those 
plants,  which  are  intended  to  be  large 
specimen  plants  are  shifted  again  into 
twenty-four  sized  pots;  those  of  vigor- 
ous growth  will  require  a  size  larger. 
A  small  stick  is  now  put  to  each  stem 
to  train  them  into  uniform  and  well- 


out  of  the  house  by  means  of  gauze 
blinds,  every  precaution  is  taken  to 
preserve  their  beauty,  and  they  are 
never  allowed  to  flag  from  exposure  to 
the  sun  or  want  of  water.  Every  grow- 
er should  begin  early  to  train  his  plants 
for  exhibition  ;  when  the  shoots  are 
young  and  tractable  any  direction  may 


PEL 


451 


PEL 


be  given  to  the  stems;  a  uniform  and 
haniisome  appearance  will  arise  from 
tlie  practice,  and  the  plants  will  require 
fewer  supports  and  less  pullin^j  about 
at  the  time  they  receive  their  final 
dressing.  The  flowers  should  be  so 
arranged  as  to  present  an  equal  dis- 
tribution of  bloom  over  the  leaf  of  the 


About  the  end  of  July,  having  removed 
all  Pelargoniutns  to  the  back  of  a  north 
wall,  commence  cutting  them  down, 
arranging  the  prunings  as  cut  olf  alpha- 
betically for  the  convenience  of  finding 
the  sorts.  When  cut  remove  them  into 
a  shed;  on  the  following  morning  com- 
mence   planting    the     cuttings.       The 


plant,  to  effect  which   the  stems  must    scarlet   ones    put    into    sixty   or    small 


be  secured  to  small  willow  twigs." 
Gard.  Vhron. 


forty-eight  pots,   and   place   on  a  flue, 
within  a   green-house,  where   they  re- 


Grafting. — Mr.    J.    Alexander,    of  quire  very  little   water  until   they   are 
Heath    Farm,    Alley,   has    grafted    the  '  struck,  when    remove  them  to  a  cold 


Pelargonium  very  successfully,  and  his 
method  is  as  follows  : — 

"  Graft  in  August  or  September, 
using  pretty  well  ripened  wood  of  the 
same  year's  growth  ;  cut  back  the  stock 


frame ;  give  them  plenty  of  air,  and 
keep  them  there  till  the  beginning  of 
November,  when  stow  them  away  in  a 
vinery  intended  to  be  forced  about  the 
beginning  of  February.     At  th.it  time, 


kinds  than  on  their  own  roots." — Gard. 
Chi'on. 


to  about  three  inches  long,  and  in  ten  or  earlier,  repot  them  and  place  them 
days  afterwards  graft  in  the  manner  of^  in  another  vinery  to  be  forced.  By 
whip-grafting,  and  tie  with  bast  and  turning-out  in  time  they  are  nice  plants. 
clay,  over  which  put  a  little  moss  to  The  cuttings  of  other  sorts  put  in  smaller 
keep  the  clay  from  cracking,  and  to  pots,  and  plunge  in  saw-dust  on  a  gen- 
preserve  the  whole  in  a  moist  state,  tie  hot-bed  made  of  leaves  covered  by 
being  occasionally  sprinkled  with  wa- '  a  frame;  give  a  litle  water  to  settle 
ter  in  a  shadowy  part  of  a  vinery,  and  the  mould  about  the  cuttings.  They 
in  a  month  the  grafts  begin  to  grow  ;  \  require  very  little  after,  as  the  greatest 
put  into  a  cold  frame  for  a  few  days,  enemy  is  damp  ;  frequently  give  a  little 
then  take  out  of  the  pot,  and  all  the  j  air.  They  require  scarcely  any  shad- 
earth  being  shaken  from  the  roots,  re-  [  ing,  unless  the  sun  is  very  hoi.  After 
pot  in  fresh  soil,  and  treat  as  the  other  they  are  struck  they  receive  the  same 
Pelargoniums.  Weak  growing  sorts  treatment  as  the  scarlet  ones." — Gard. 
grow  stronger  when  grafted  on  robust    Chron. 

Growing  for  Exhibition. — Mr.  Cock, 
the  florist,  ofChisvvick,  one  of  the  most 

Where  the  saving  of  space  in  the  j  successful  cultivators  of  this  flower,  has 
green-house  is  desirable,  two  or  more  i  published  the  following  directions  : — 
Pelargoniums  may  be  grafted  upon  the  "  Strike  the  cuttings  the  beginning  of 
same  stock.  As  many  as  ten  have  June,  or  sooner  if  the  plants  are  suffi- 
been  thus  united.  Pelargonium  ele-  ciently  strong  to  allow  taking  two  or 
gans  and  Beauty  of  Ware  have  been  three  shoots  ort"  without  injury.  Ab 
employed  successfully  as  stocks.  Cleft-  soon  as  they  are  rooted,  pot  them  in 
grafting  succeds  as  well  as  whip-graft-!  sixty-sized  pots,  and  remove  them  to  a 
ing.  Worsted  may  be  employed  in-  j  shady  situation,  or  place  them  in  a  cool 
stead  of  bast ;  and  inarching  is  even  a  iVame,  shading  them  constantly  when 
better  mode  of  propagating  than  graft-  :  the  sun  is  out,  until  they  have  taken 
ing.  fresh  roots.     Next  transfer   to  an  open 

Growing  in  Open  Ground. — Mr.  J.  situation,  and  place  on  slates  or  boards. 
Murdoch  has  given  us  the  following  As  soon  as  the  plants  will  bear  the  sun 
directions  on  this  head  : —  without  flagging,  stop   them.     In   Scp- 

"  Put  the  cuttings  into  small  pots  at  temher  repot  them  into  forty-eight  sized 
once,  which  obviates  any  check  they  pots,  and  at  that  period  commence 
would  receive  when  removing  them,  |  training  them  into  the  forms  you  intend 
cither  from  cutting-pots  or  the  open  them  to  have.  In  December  or  Jan- 
ground  ;  make  beds  of  mixed  varieties,  uary,  those  which  are  sufliciently  strong 
chiefly  the  Old  Graveolcns,  Fair  Helen,  are  shifted  into  sixteen-sized  pots,  al- 
Lady  Essex,  Emily,  and  Moore's  Vic-  lowing  plenty  of  potsherds  for  drain- 
tory,  which  flower  freely  all  the  sum-  ,  age  ;  the  others  do  not  shift  till  March, 
mer,  and  though  not  so  gaudy  as  some,  In  these  pots  they  remain  to  flower, 
have   a    more    delightful    fragrance. —  1  About  the  middle  of  July,  or  the  begin- 


PEL 


452 


PEN 


ning  of  August,  cut  them  down  and  |  loam  with  the  turf  and  place  in  a  deep 
place  them  in  a  shady  situation,  to  pit ;  shake  up  lightly  into  a  heap  in  the 
keep  the  sun  from  drying  the  soil  too  '  ibrm  of  a  mushroom  bed.     If  the  wea- 


fast ;  water  is  now  applied  very  spar- 
ingly. As  soon  as  the  plants  have 
thrown  out  shoots  an  inch  long,  the 
soil  to  be  nearly  all  shaken  off,  and 
repotted  into  the  same  sized  pots. 

"  When  they  have  taken  fresh  root, 
the  superlluous  shoots  are  thinned  out; 
in  this  state  they  remain  until  they  are 
removed  into  the  green-house.  j 

"2d.  Treatment  in  the  Green-house.] 
— The  plants  for  exhibition  are  placed  ! 
on  the  stage  at  least  four  feet  apart; 
air  liberally  supplied  where  the  situa-  [ 
lion    will    allow    it;     the    front    sashes  ! 


ther  is  hot  and  dry  at  the  time,  wel 
water  with  strong  manure  water,  and 
cover  over  with  slates  as  closely  as 
possible  to  keep  the  ammonia,  &c., 
from  disengaging.  In  this  state  let  it 
remain  for  fifteen  or  sixteen  days,  then 
put  to  every  barrowful  of  loam  one  of 
dung,  covering  the  heap  slightly  over 
at  last  with  loam  ;  let  this  heap  remain 
for  a  month  or  five  weeks,  then  to  be 
turned  over  three  or  four  times,  that 
the  loam  and  dung  may  be  well  mixed 
together;  in  twelve  months  it  will  be 
fit  for  use.     To  two  barrowfuls  of  this 


should  be  left  open  all  night,  while  the  j  compost  add  one  of  leaf-mould  and  a 
weather  will  permit.  In  November  the  peck  and  a  half  of  silver-sand." — Gard. 
plants  are  stopped,  a  stick  put  to  each  j  Chron. 

shoot  to  make  the  plants  uniform,  and  [  Manures. — As  already  stated  liquid 
the  leaves  thinned  out  to  allow  the  air'  manure  made  from  sheep's  dung  is  the 

best  application,  but  a  little  rubbly  char- 
coal, about  the  size  of  nuts,  and  a  small 
quantity  of  bone-dust,  promote  the  lux- 
uriance and  beauty  of  these  flowers. 
Disease.     See  Spot. 
PELLITORY  OF  SPAIN.    Anthemis 


to  pass  freely  through  the  plants. 

"  In  December  or  January  the  strong- 
est plants  are  again  selected,  and  re- 
potted into  No.  S  sized  pots  ;  additional 
heat  should  then  be  applied  to  enable 
the  plants  to  root  quickly.  In  Feb- 
ruary commence  syringing  them;    X\\\s\  Pyrethrum 


is  done  early  in  the  afternoon,  so  that 
the  leaves  may  dry  before  night. 


PELTARIAaZZ^'area, herbaceous,  and 
P.  glastifolia,  annual,  are  hardy  plants. 


Sandy  peat. 

PENNYROYAL.     See  Mentha 


"  In  March  again  repot  into  No.  2  j  Seed.     Light  loam, 
sized   pots,  allowing  a  larger  quantity!      PEN^A.     Eight  species.     Green- 
than  before  of  potsherds  for  drainage  ;;  house  evergreen  shrubs.    Ripe  cuttings, 
■water  is  now  very  liberally  supplied. 

"  When  the  flowers  begin  to  expand, 
they  are  shaded  on  the  outside  o^  ihe\  pulegium. 
house  with  cheese-cloth,  which  is  bet- 
ter than  canvas,  as  it  admits  more 
light,  and  the  temperature  will  not  be 
higher.  Air  should  always  be  admitted 
before  the  sun  has  much  power  on  the 
glass  ;  this  precaution  in  a  great  mea- 
sure prevents  the  appearance  of  the 
green-fly. 

"  3d.  la  applying  fire  heat  the  great- 
est care  is  required,  lor  on  this  success 
will  in  a  great  measure  depend.  Light 
the  fires  at  three  or  four  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon,  as  circumstances  may  dic- 
tate ;  the  fires  to  go  out  at  eight  or  nine 


o'clock,  by  which  time  the  temperature  ;  tion  ; 


PENTAPELES.  Two  species.  Stove 
herbaceous.    Cuttings.   Light  rich  loam. 

PENTARAPHIA  longiflora.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  light 
loam. 

PENTAS  carnea.  Stove  shrub.  Cut- 
tings.   Light  rich  loam. 

PENTLANDIA  miniata.  Hardy 
herbaceous  twiner.  Probably  by  divi- 
sion.    Rich  light  loam. 

PENTSTEMON.  Of  this  hardy  herb- 
aceous flower  there  are  forty-one  spe- 
cies, but  the  following  is  a  good  selec- 


ought  to  be  40"  or  42'^'  Fahrenheit, 
which  is  amply  sufficient;  relight  them 
at  three  or  four  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
by  which  means  the  plants  are  never 
overheated,  as  is  frequently  the  case 
when  the  fires  are  continued  until  a 
later  period  in  the  evening. 

"  4th.  Preparing  the  Soil. — Chop  up 


P.  argutus,  purple. 

P.  atropurpureus,  brownish  purple. 

P.  campanulatus,  rosy  red. 

P.  crassifolius,  deep  lilac. 

P.  diftusus,  deep  blue. 

P.  gentianoides,  brownish  purple. 

P.  gent,  coccineus,  scarlet. 

P.  glaiidulosus,  deep  blue. 


PEN 


453 


PET 


P.  latifolius,  white,  slightly  stained  with    bulbs,  and  lastly  fill  up  the  basket  with 


purple 

P.  Mackayanus,  purple  and  white 
P.  Murrayanus,  bright  scarlet. 
P.  ovatus,  bright  bine. 
P.  procerus,  bright  blue. 
P.  pulchellus,  light  blue. 
P.  Scoi'ileri,  lilac. 
P.  speciosus,  bright  blue. 
P.  venustus,  light  purple 


peat  in  pieces  about  the  size  of  walnuts; 
place  the  plant  near  the  glass. 

"  When  the  plant  begins  to  grow, 
supply  it  moderately  with  water;  but 
as  its  growth  increases  a  larger  (piantity 
must  be  given,  and  when  in  full  tlower, 
water  freely.  Some  of  this  elegant  tribe 
of  plants  are  injured  if  syringed  over 
head  ;  such,  however,  is  not  the  case 


Soil. — A  light  rich  loam,  mixed  with    with  this  plant. 
peat.     They  may  be  increased  by  divi-  j      "  The  plant  having  flowered,  and  the 
sion,  but  the  strongest  plants  are  raised    pseudo-bulbs  being  matured,  (but  in  a 


from  seed. 

Propagation.  —  Sow  in  October,  or 
until  January,  in  a  cool  frame.  Keep 
the  plants  near  the  glass  until  strong 
enough  for  planting  out  in  late  spring. 

Always  save  seed  when  you  can,  and    them  dry  until    the    period   of  rest 
keep  a  stock  of  young  plants  to  supply    over." — Gard.  Chron. 


dormant  state,)  they  should  not  be  re- 
moved from  the  same  temperature  they 
were  in,  when  in  flowering  condition, 
which  ranged  from  70^  to  SO^,  but 
especial  care  should  be  taken  to  keep 


vacancies. 

P  E  N  T  Z  I  A  flabelliformis.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

PEPPERMINT.     Mentha  piperita. 

PEPPER  VINE.  Ampelopsis  bipin- 
nata. 

PERENNIAL.  A  plant  that  lives 
for  more  than  two  years. 

PERESKIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
cactaceous  plants.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam. 

P  E  R  G  U  L  A  R I  A.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings. 
Rich    loam. 

PERICALLIS  ttmsilaginis.  Green- 
house herbaceous.  Seed  and  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

PERILOMIA  ocymoides.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

PERIPLOCA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
twiners,  except  the  stove  climber,  P. 
mauritinna.  Layers  and  cuttings.  Com- 
mon soil. 

PERIPTERA  punicea.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Seed  and  cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

PERISTERIA.  Dove  Flower.  Six 
species.    Stove  orchids.    Division  of  the 


PERITOMA  serrulnta.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Sheltered  border. 

PERIWINKLE.     Vinca. 

PERNETTIA.     Arbutus. 

PERSEA  gratissima.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Layers  and  ripe  cuttings. 
Turfv  loam  aud  peat. 

PERSIAN  SUN'S-EYE.  Tulipa  ocu- 
lus  sol  is. 

PERSICA.  Two  species  and  many 
varieties.  Hardy  deciduous  trees.  P. 
vulgaris  the  Peach,  and  P.  lavis  the 
Nectarine,  which  see. 

PESOMERIA  tetragona.  Stove 
epiphvte.  Division  of  bulbs.  Wood 
covered  with  moss. 

PERSOONIA.  Eighteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PET.4iLIDIUM  harlerioides.  Stove 
shrub.     Cuttings.     Rich  light  loam. 

PF.TIVERIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

I      PETRE.\.     Four  species.     Stove 

[evergreens.     P.stapelia  as  a  climber, 

and  P.  voluhilis  as  a  twiner,  are  among 

our  handsomest  plants.   Cuttings.    Rich 

loam. 

PETROBIUM  arboreum.  Stove  ever- 


bulbs.    Turfv  loam  and  sandy  peat,  with    green  shrub.     Cuttings.     Sandy  loam. 
a  little  leaf-mould.    P.  Barkeri  is  one        PETROCALLIS  pyrenaica.     Green- 
of  the  most  beautiful  of  this  genus,  and  •  house    herbaceous.     Seed    or  division, 
for  its  cultivation  Mr.  Insleay, of  Spring- j  Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
field,  near  Birmingham,  gives  the  follow- I      PETROMARULA    pinnata.       Half- 
ing  directions  : —  '  hardy  herbaceous.    Division.    Sheltered 

"  On  either  a  square  twig  or  a  conical    light  rich  loam,  and  winter  protection, 
wire  basket,  with  the  bottom  and  sides        PETROPHILA.  Tenspecies.  Green- 
covered  with  moss,  put  pieces  of  pot-house  evergreen  shrubs.    Ripe  cuttings. 
Bherds,  afterwards  that  of  the  pseudo- 1  Turfy  sandy  loam. 


PET 


454 


PH  A 


PETROSELINUM.  Two  species. 
Hardy  biennials.  Seed.  Common  soil. 
See  Parsley. 

PETTY- WHIN.    Genista  anglica. 

PETUNIA.  Five  species.  Tender 
or  half-hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and 
cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould. 
From  P.  nyctaginijlora,  which  is  white, 
and  P.  vio/acea,  purple,  are  raised  the 
numerous  varieties  adorning  our  gar- 
dens. 

Select  Varieties: 
Alice  Gray. 
Arethusa. 
Beauty. 

superb. 


Bicolor. 

Bumons    de    Willi 

(Van  Houte's). 
Caryophylloides. 
Constance. 
Delicata. 
Dwarf-pencilled. 
Enchantress. 
Exactum. 
Gem. 
Gigantea. 
Grandis. 
Highciare. 
Hildida. 
Hope  (Smith's). 
Illuminata. 
Kentish  Beauty. 

Bride. 

Lady  Sale. 
Magician. 
Magna  Charta. 


Magna  rosea. 

Magnet. 

Massengii. 

Medora. 

Ne       plus       ultra 
(Pearson's). 

Nixenii         (Harri- 
son's). 

Ornatissima. 

Othello. 

Ovid. 

Pet  (Ivery's). 

Picta. 

Prince  Albert. 

Psyche. 

Punctata  (Mil- 

ler's). 

Reliance. 

Rook's  Nest. 

Rosea  alba. 

Splutherii. 

Striata  superb. 

Unique. 

superb. 


Variegata 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — Flow- 
ers flat,  circular,  free  from  indenta- 
tions, and  firm  of"'texture.  Colour, 
bright  and  well-determined.  Flowers 
numerous. 

Propagation  by  Seed Sow  in  March 

in  a  gentle  hot-bed,  and  plant  out  at  the 
end  of  May,  like  the  half-hardy  annuals; 
or  sow  on  an  open  compartment,  when 
the  spring  is  farther  advanced. 

By  Cuttings. — May  be  struck  almost 
at  any  time,  but  a  good  time  is  "  early 
in  September.  The  cuttings  should  be 
put  into  sixties,  and  placed  in  the  front 
of  a  hot-bed  until  they  have  struck  root, 
■which  will  be  in  about  three  or  four 
weeks,  at  which  time  they  may  be  re- 
moved to  a  cold  pit,  or  to  the  front  of  a 
green-house. 

"  Early  in  February  they  should  be 
shifted  into  forty-eights,  in  a  mixture  of 
sandy  peat,  leaf-mould,  and  loam,  and 
repotted  as  fast  as  the  pots  become  full 


of  roots,  using  an  inch  and  a  half  of 
rubbly  charcoal,  to  act  as  drainage,  at 
the  bottom  of  each  pot.  During  the 
time  they  are  growing  in  pots  they 
should  be  watered  two  or  three  times  a 
week  with  liquid  manure  ;  and  the  latter 
end  of  May  they  may  be  turned  out  into 
the  flower  garden." — Gard.  Chron. 

Winter  Protection  is  best  afforded 
them  in  a  cold  pit,  frame,  or  green- 
house. By  a  little  attention,  and  judi- 
cious watering,  &c.,  they  will  begin  to 
bloom  early  in  the  spring. 

PEYROUSIA.  Eight  species.  Green- 
house and  half-hardy  bulbs.  Off'sets. 
Sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould.  Like  Ixia, 
they  will  usually  thrive  in  alight-soiled, 
sheltered,  south  border. 

PHACA.  Fourteen  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous,  except  P.  canescens,  re- 
quiring a  green-house.  P.  glabra  is  a 
hardy  deciduous  trailer.  Seed.  Com- 
mon soil. 

PHACELIA.  Six  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  or  annuals.  Division  or 
seed.     Common  soil. 

PHACOSPERMA  peruviana.  Stove 
herbaceous.     Seed.     Peat  and  loam. 

PHAIUS.  Five  species.  Stove 
epiphytes  and  orchids.  Of  the  former 
P.  albus  is  most  desirable.  It  is  propa- 
gated from  young  shoots.  Peat  and 
potsherds.  The  other  species  are  in- 
creased by  division  of  the  roots.  Peat 
and  sandy  loam. 

P  H  A  L  ^lii  N  A  vanaria.  A  moth, 
abounding  usually  in  June  and  July,  is 
thus  described  by  Mr.  Curtis:  — 

"  The  horns  of  the  male  are  pecti- 
nated ;  the  wings  are  of  an  ash  colour 
and  freckled  ;  the  upper  have  four 
brown  marks  on  the  superior  margin, 
the  second  crossing  the  centre  of  the 
wing. 

"  The  larva  is  a  looper,  having  only 
ten  legs.  It  infects  the  red  currant  and 
gooseberry  bushes,  feeding  upon  the 
leaves,  and  is  found  in  May.  It  is  about 
an  inch  long,  bluish  green,  with  two 
white  dorsal  and  two  yellow  lateral 
lines.  It  is  dotted  with  little  black 
tubercles,  which  produce  short  black 
hairs.  It  changes  late  in  May  to  a 
chestnut-coloured  chrysalis,  in  a  slight 
web,  on  the  surface  of  the  earth." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

PHALiEONOPSIS  amabilis.  Stove 
epiphyte.  Side  shoots.  Wood  and 
moss. 

PHALANGIUM.   Five  species.     All 


PH  A 


455 


PHY 


herbaceous ;  P.  longifolium,  green- 
house ;  P.  glaucum,  and  P.  repalense, 
half-hardy;  the  otliers  hardy.  Division 
and  seed.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PHALEROCARPUS  serphyllifolia. 
Hardy  evergreen  creeper.  Cuttings. 
Moist  bog. 

PHALOCALLISp/i/mSea.  Half-hardy 
bulb.  Seed.  Probably  in  a  light  soil, 
under  a  south  wall. 


the  end  of  March,  in  pots  filled  with\ 
light  sandy  soil,  and    placed   on  a  mo- 
derate hot-bed,  or  in  a  cucumber  or  a 
melon    frame.     In    this   situation   they 
will    soon   germinate;    and   before   the 
first  rough  leaf  appears  they  should  be 
potted  otf,  three  or  four  together  in  a 
large  sixty   pot,  placing    the    plants  at 
equal  distances  round  the  side.     When 
potted,  they  should   be  returned  to  the 
PHARBITIS.      Twelve  species,  j  frame,  and   kept  close  for  a  f(!w  days, 
Twiners,  chiefly  annual.  P.  carulescens  1  to  recover  from  the  eftVcts  of  their  re- 
is  a  hardy  evergreen;  and  P.  uar/a,  a    moval  ;    after    which    they    should    be 
stove    evergreen    twiner.     The    others  '  gradually  hardened  off,  by  giving  them 


are  hardy  and  green-house,  except  P 
Z/sp/da,  requiring  a  stove.  Seed.  Sandy 
loam  and  leaf-mould. 

PHASKOLUS.  Thirty  species.  An- 
nual twiners,  chiefly  hardy  ;  a  few  are 
deciduous  perennials.  Seed.  Light 
rich  loam.     See  Kidney  Bean. 

PllEASANT'S-EYK.  Adonis  au- 
tumnalis. 


plenty  of  air  during  the  day  in  fine 
weather.  Finally,  about  the  beginning 
of  May,  they  should  be  removed  to  a 
cold  pit  or  frame,  where  they  can  be 
fully  exposed  during  the  day,  covering 
them  with  the  lights  only  at  night,  and 
in  bad  or  cold  weather.  About  the  end 
of  May,  when  all  danger  of  late  spring 
frost  is  over,  they  may  be  planted    in 


PHEIjALIUM.    Six  species.    Green-    the  open  border.     The  soil  into  which 


house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings, 
Peat,  sand,  and  loam. 

PlilLADELPHUS.  Fourteen  spe- 
cies. Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.  Layers 
and  suckers.     Common  soil. 

VniLl^F.KYlS.  grandijiora.  Green- 
house evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PillLLYREA.  Ten  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  and 
layers.     Common  soil. 

"PHILOTHECA  australis.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat  and  sandy  loom. 

PHILYDRUM  lanuginosum.  Green- 
house biennial.     Seed.    Loam  and  peat. 

P  H  L  0  G  O  C  A  N  T  H  U  S  curviflo- 
rus.  Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Light  rich  loam. 

PHLOGOPHORA  meticulosa.  Angle 
shades  moth.  This  is  a  night  moth, 
appearing  from  May  to  October.  The 
caterpillar  is  green,  spotted  with  white. 
Upper  wings  of  the   moth,  rosy  white 


they  are  transferred  should  be  either 
a  light  rich  sandy  soil  or  peat,  with 
which  a  little  well-rotted  <liing  has 
been  mixed.  The  plants  will  require 
to  have  a  little  water  once  or  twice 
after  they  arc  planted,  especially  if  the 
weather  is  dry  at  the  time;  but  it  is 
advisable  not  to  water  them  after  they 
are  once  well  established.  The  chief 
causes  of  failure  are,  sowing  the  seeds 
too  soon,  or  allowing  the  plants  to  get 
very  dry,  or  pot-bound,  before  they  are 
planted  out.  If  once  they  become 
stunted,  they  will  never  make  good 
plants;  and  the  same  may  be  said  of 
those  which  have  been  kept  in  too 
warm  a  place." — Card.  Chron.  It  may 
be  liad  in  perfection  from  seed  sown  on 
a  rich  border,  latter  end  of  spring,  and 
cultivated  without  transplanting. 

PIKENIX.  Date  Palm.  Eight  spe- 
cies. Stove  palms.  Seed.  Rich  clayey 
loam. 

P  H  0^  N  0  C  O  M  A  prclifern.    Stove 


The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  Brassica    evergreen  shrub.     Cuttings.     Peat  and 
tribe. 

PHLOMIS.  Twenty-four  species. 
Hardy  and  half-hardy  evergreens  and 
herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings.  Light 
rich  loam. 

PHLOX.  Forty-eight  species.  Hardy    hardy  evergreen  tri;es.     Ripe  cuttings, 
herbaceous.       Division     and     cuttings,  j  Loam  and  peat,  and  on  a  south  wall. 
Rich  loam.     P.  Drumniondi   is  one  ofj      PlIYCELf.A.    Eight  species.  Green- 
the  prettiest  of  the  genus,  and  its  cul- t  house  bulbs;   but  they   will  grow  in  a 
ture  is  thus  detailed  by  Dr.  Lindley  : — warm  border  if  protected.     Seed   and 

"The  seeds  should    be  sown  about    offsets.     Loam,  sand,  and  peat. 


sandy  loam. 

PiiOLIDOTA.  Four  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Division  of  bulbs.  Wood 
and  moss. 

PilOTIMA.      Four    species.      Half 


PHY 


456 


PIN 


PHYLICA.  Thirty  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs. 

PHYLLIS  nohla.  Green-house  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  clayey 
loam. 

PHYLLOCLADUS  rhomboida- 
lis.  Green-house  evergreen  tree.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

PHYLLOMA.  Four  species,  all  ever- 
greens. P.  aloiflorum  is  a  stove  tree; 
the  others,  green-house  shrubs.  Suck- 
ers.    Sandy  loam. 

PHYLLOPERTHA  horticola.  The 
garden  beetle.     It  is  thus  described  by 


cies.  Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and 
division.     Common  soil. 

PHYTOLACCA.  Nine  species. 
Chiefly  stove  herbaceous.  P.  decandra 
is  hardy  and  wide  spreading.  Seed  and 
cuttings.     Rich  light  soil. 

PIARANTHUS.  Seven  spe- 
cies. Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings in  the  spring.  Sandy  loam  and 
lime  rubbish. 

PICK-AXE,  should  have  a  handle 
three  feet  and  a  half  long,  made  of 
ash;  and  the  points  or  edges  of  the 
head    should    be  of  well-steeled  iron. 


Mr.  Curtis: — "It  is  about  four  lines  [  There  are  three  varieties  : — 1.  The  pick 
and  a  half  long,  and  three  broad.  Its  with  two  points,  for  loosening  hard  sur- 
elytra,  or  wing  cases,  are  reddish- 1  faces.  2.  The  pick-axe,  for  cutting 
brown,  shining,  and  do  not  reach  quite  |  through    roots    of  trees    when    felling. 

3.  The  mattock,  with  one  pointed  and 
one  flat  edge,  for  loosening  surfaces, 
and  grubbing  up  roots. 

PICOTEE.     See  Carnation. 
PICRIDIUM.    Four  species.     Hardy 
Division   or 


to  the  extremity  of  the  body  ;  the  head 
and  thorax  are  dark  green.     It  appears 
on  the  leaves  of  the  apple  and  pear  in 
June,  feeding  on  the  very  young  fruit. 
When  alarmed  it  feigns  death,  by  fall- 
ing on  its  back,  and  extending  its  legs  !  herbaceous  and  annuals 
in  a  stiffened  manner,  and   in  different ,  seed.     Common  soil, 
directions.     The    female  deposits    her  j      PICTETIA.      Two   species.      Stove 
eggs  in  the  earth,  and   the  larvcB  feed  i  evergreen    shrubs.       Young    cuttings. 


on  the  roots  of  plants 

The  only  method  we  are  acquainted 


Loam  and  peat. 

PIERARDIA   dulcis. 


Stove    ever- 


with  of  lessening  the  numbers  of  these  i  green  tree.    Cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and 


beetles,  is  to  collect  and  destroy  them 
early  in  the  morning,  or  late  in  the 
evening,  when  they  may  be  found  stick- 
ing to  the  plants,  and  they  can  readily 
be  seen  from  their  colour  and  size. 
During  the  day,  and  particularly  if  the 
weather  is  hot,  they  fly  about  with  great 
swiftness,  and  are  not  easily  caught." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

PHYSEMATIUM.  Two  species. 
Stove  herbaceous.  Division.  Peat  and 
loam. 

PHYSIANTHUS  albens.  Stove 
evergreen  climber.  Seed  and  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

PHYSOCLAINA,  Two  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and  division. 
Common  soil. 

PHYSOPIPHON.  Four  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.  Division  of  bulbs. 
Wood  and  moss. 

PHYSOSTEGIA  Seven  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division.  Rich  light 
loam. 

PHYSURUS  pictus.  Stove  shrub. 
Cuttings,     Light  ricli  loam. 

PHYTELEPHAS  macrocarpa. 
Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Seed.  Peat 
and  loam. 

PHYTEUMA.      Twenty-three    spe- 


peat. 

P I  E  R  I  S  Cratcegi.  Hawthorn,  or 
Black-veined  Butterfly.  Is  white,  with 
black  ribs  or  veins  on  the  wings.  It  is 
very  much  like  Pontia  Brassica.  The 
caterpillar  is  dirty  yellow,  hairy,  black- 
headed,  and  a  brown  stripe  down  its 
sides.  Tlie  caterpillars  mould  several 
times,  and  they  are  usually  found  on 
the  apple-tree,  where  both  the  yellow 
eggs  and  caterpillars  may  be  found  in 
June.  The  caterpillars  draw  two  or 
three  leaves  together  with  a  web. 
These  should  be  sedulously  sought  for 
and  destroyed. 

PI  LEA  muscosa.  Stove  evergreen 
trailer.     Cuttings.     Common  soil. 

PIMELEA.  Twenty-eight  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

PIMPERNEL.    Anagallis. 

PINCKNEYA  pubens;  a  beautiful  or 
rather  curious  southern  shrub,  scarcely 
sufficiently  hardy  to  support  the  winters 
of  Pennsylvania.  Cuttings.  Sandy  peat, 
beneath  a  south  wall. 

PIN  E-A  P  P  L  E.  Annnassa.  The 
pine-apple  is  but  little  cultivated  in  the 
United  States,  though  it  is  probable  the 


P  I  N 


457 


PI  N 


increase  of  wealth  and  luxury  among  ;  should  be  placed  in  the  same  kind  of 
us,  may  ere  long  induce  its  culture  un-  earth,  not  damp,  or  they  will  be  liable 
der  glass,  in  common  with  the  grape,  to  be  affected  at  the  base  with  rot  or 
peach,  &c.,  though  the  same  necessity    mildew. 

as  in  England  does  not  exist — our;  "Soil. — The  pine  will  grow  well  in 
proximity  to  the  tropics  enabling  us,  at  any  kind  of  turfy,  rooty,  well-sweetened 
least  on  the  seaboard,  to  obtain  the  pine  pulverized  soil,  from  heath  soil  to  a 
in  tolerable  perfection,  and  at  a  tithe  of  heavy  clayey  loam.     I  make  choice  of 


the  cost  of  producing  it  ourselves;  we, 
however,  insert  the  article  on  this  fruit 
as  it  stood  in  the  original  edition  of  this 
work. 

I  believe  the  most  successful  cultiva- 


a  heathy  turf  when  obtainable,  with  the 
roots  and  its  natural  vegetation  all  with 
it;  never  breaking  it  until  at  the  pot- 
ting bench,  as  the  process  of  potting  is 
soini;  on.      Then   we  break   the  sods, 


tor  of  this  fruit  is  Mr.  Barnes,  gardener  which  are  mostly  chosen  about  two  or 
to  Lady  Rolle, at  Bicton, near  Sidmouth,  three  inches  in  thickness,  in  such  kind 
and  to  that  excellent  horticulturist  I  am  I  of  pieces  as  we  can  thrust  into  the  pots, 
indebted  for  the  following  detail  of  his    putting  in,  as  we  proceed,  some  pieces 


latest  system  of  culture  : — 


of  charcoal,  always  taking  care  to  drain 


Varieties: — We  cultivate  the  Queen  the  pots  carefully,  which  is  one  of  the 
principally  for  fruiting  at  all  seasons.  I  chief  essentials.  Our  drainage  is  prin- 
We  also  grow  a  few  of  the  large  black  cipally  coarse  charcoal,  averaging  one- 
kinds,  which  are  all  of  easy  culture,  fourth  of  Lroken  rubbly  potsherds, 
and  may  be  grown  to  a  very  large  size  which  are  placed  first  round  about  the 
indeed.  We  have  of  late  grown  the  i  bottom  ;  then,  if  it  is  a  seven-inch  pot, 
Queen  Pine  from  six  to  nearly  eight  for  a  sucker,  the  drainage  averages  two 
pounds  in  weight,  and  those  have  been  j  inches  at  least ;  and  if  fifteen  or  eight- 
produced  from  plants  of  only  a  few  een-inch  pots,  which  are  the  largest 
months'  growth.  The  other  varieties  fruiting  pots  I  make  use  of,  the  druin- 
we  cultivate  are — the  Russian  Globe,  age  is  employed  in  a  coarser  state,  and 
English  Globe,  Enville,  Green  Olive  or  about  two  inches  more  of  it,  and  the 
St.  Vincent,  Montserrat,  Black  Ja-  |  soil  too  is  thrust  into  the  pots  rougher — 
maica,  Otaheite,  Brown-leaved  Sugar  brambles,  furze,  bushes,  heath,  and 
Loaf,  and  Black  Antigua,  only  two  or  '  grass  altogether — with  no  other  kind  of 
three  plants  of  each,  and  those  we  are  ;  manure,  besides  an  occasional  lump  or 
about  reducing.  All  these  varieties  are  handful  of  rubbly  charcoal,  merely  to 
of  easy  culture,  and  free  swellers,  ca-  fill  up  some  of  the  crevices.  It  is  not 
pable  of  being  grown  to  a  great  weight.  |  rammed,  that  is  to  say,  not  pounded,  or 
To  equal  a  Queen  of  six  pounds  weight  jammed  together  in  the  same  way  pot- 
they  ought  to  be  from  ten  to  fourteen  ting  is  too  often  done,  but  pushed  down 
pounds  weight  each  fruit,  but  we  only  1  as  we  proceed,  quietly.  Thus  the  soil 
average  them  from  six   to   ten   pounds    is   really  a  whole  body   of  drainage- 


weight. 

"  Propagation. — I  have  practised  in 
my  time  various  methods,  but  my  pre- 
sent mode  is  only  by  suckers.  These 
are  pulled  off  immediately  the  fruit  is 
cut,  and  at  once  potted,  no  matter  what 


there  is  no  obstruction  either  to  the 
atmosphere  or  the  water.  I  have  no 
particular  time  or  season  for  shifting, 
potting,  or  repotting — we  do  all  these 
at  any  season  of  the  year,  whenever  we 
fancy   the    plants    seem    to   require  it. 


season  of  the  year  it  may  be.  Thus,  as  Never  shift  a  plant,  or  repot,  but  twice 
soon  as  a  fruit  is  ripened,  the  plant  is  at  the  most.  If  it  is  a  strong  spring 
lifted  out,  and  another  at  once  planted  sucker,  it  gets  with  me  but  one  potting 
in  its  place.  One  sucker,  or,  perhaps,  from  the  sucker  pot  to  the  fruiting  pot. 
two,  are  occasionally  left,  but  not  often.  I  have  left  otf  altogether  making  use  of 
Those  taken  off  are  at  once  potted.  By  any  kind  of  manure  with  the  earth  be- 
this  practice  a  constant  succession  of  sides  charcoal ;  excepting  to  free-grow- 
plants  is  kept  up,  and  fruit  of  various  ing  plants  occasionally  we  apply  weak 
ages.  I  never  care  •or  the  cromis,  liquid  manure — as  clear  as  wine — al- 
though, if  taken  off  in  due  time,  and  ways  applying  it  in  a  tepid  state,  and  in 
potted  at  once,  in  well  sweetened  dry  the  growing,  warm  part  of  the  season, 
pulverized  earth,  they  will  make  equal- I  To  the  succession  plants  we  apply  it 
iy  good  plants.    Of  course  the  suckers  |  with  the    syringe  or  engine  over    the 


PIN 


458 


PIN 


whole  of  the  foliage  and  surface  of  the 
plunging  materials. 

"  The  Bottom  Heat  is  at  all  times 
kept  very  moderate,  the  surface  loosen- 
ed often  with  a  pointed  stick,  or  two- 
pronged  fork,  so  that  there  is  no  ob- 
struction to  prevent  the  free  circulation 
of  the  atmosphere.  As  to  stating  the 
exact  temperature  in  our  variable  dark 
climate,  it  is  impossible — but  the  right 
side  is  to  aim  at  a  too  low,  instead  of 
overdoing  it ;  the  former  is  the  easiest 
to  be  got  over.  A  small  portion  of 
fermenting  or  plunging  materials,  kept 
in  a  kindly  condition,  is  always  quite 
sufficient  to  command  bottom  heat 
enough.  My  fruiting  plants  have  about 
one  foot  eight  or  nine  inches  of  plung- 
ing materials,  and  stand  on  loose  bricks 
in  it ;  of  course,  as  the  season  and  tem- 
perature of  the  interior  atmosphere 
alter,  so  does  the  bottom  heat,  under 
this  system  ;  I  look  to  nature  for  the 
example.  I  cannot  inform  you  how 
strong,  or  to  what  extent,  the  manure 
water  ought  to  be  applied  to  plants  of 
such  or  such  an  age,  or  size,  or  va- 
riety— so  much  depends  on  a  variety  of 
circumstances  ;  all  I  know  is,  what  to 
apply  to  those  I  have  under  my  own 
charge.  A  pot  or  two  of  good  ale,  or 
a  slice  of  beef  or  bacon  will  do  won- 
ders with  a  hard-working,  strong, 
healthy-constituted  man — which  would 
not  be  likely  in  the  least  to  agree  with 
another  person,  afflicted  with  disease 
or  weakness. 

"  The  Temperature  of  the  Air. — I  at 
all  seasons  regulate  according  to  the 
light  we  receive,  never  tying  it  down  to 
a  certain  degree.  Some  light,  still, 
mild  days,  even  in  late  autumn  or 
winter,  five  degrees  more  can  be  well 
afforded,  with  air,  than  in  a  daric,  cold, 
gloomy,  windy,  or  stormy  day,  could 
safely  be  applied  in  summer.  Suffice 
it  to  say,  I  regulate  the  atmospheric 
interior  air  from  about  5.5°  to  75^,  the 
former  the  minimum  in  short  dark  days, 
and  the  latter  the  maximum  in  long 
light  days;  for  heat  without  light  is 
sure  to  cause,  in  time,  immaturity,  dis- 
ease, and  vermin. 

"  Diseases  and  Vermin. — By  follow- 
ing the  above  directions,  no  such  thing 
will  be  seen  or  known,  and  those  that 
are  already  troubled  with  either,  will, 
by  following  the  above  directions,  get 
very  soon  clear  of  either." 

To  this  mode  of  Pine-growing  made 


easy,  but  little  need  be  added.  Those 
who  are  not  so  successful  in  keeping 
their  pine-apples  free  from  Scale,  and 
other  diseases,  will  find  some  informa- 
tion on  those  points  under  their  respect- 
ive titles  in  other  pages  of  this  volume. 
I  will  only  venture  to  add,  that  I  think 
growing  the  pine-apple  in  beds  is  pre- 
ferable to  growing  it  in  pots  ;  all  Mr. 
Barnes's  directions  being  adapted  to 
that.  I  also  think  Mr.  Barnes's  maxi- 
mum temperature  rather  too  low,  and 
that  during  bright  sunny  weather,  and 
the  long  days  of  summer,  80"  may  be 
used  with  advantage.  In  Bengal,  pine- 
apples grow  in  the  open  air  with  very 
little  cultivation,  and  attain  a  weight  of 
seven  pounds,  in  a  temperature  rang- 
ing between  the  extremes  1203  and  oS^. 

PINE-TREE.     Pinus. 

PINEASTER  BEETLE.  See  Bos- 
trychis. 

PINGUICULA.  Six  species.  Hardy 
and  half-hardy  herbaceous.  Division. 
Shaded,  boggv  soil. 

PINK.     Dianthus. 

Varieties. — These  are  added  to  an- 
nually ;  but  the  following  are  first-rate 
flowers,  sufficient  for  any  amateur  : — 

Acme  (Brown's). 

Alpha  (Garrat's). 

Achates  (Neville's). 

Alfred  (Wallace's). 

Beauty  (Fairbairn's). 

Beauty  (Turner's). 

Conqueror  (Barrett's). 

Defiance  (Norman's). 

Dr.  Edwards  (Ottey's). 

Duke  of  Northumberland  (Head- 
ley's). 

Duke  of  Wellington  (Norman's). 

Eclipse  (Brown's). 

Eclipse  (Bankell's). 

Enchantress  (Neville's). 

Garland  (Brown's). 

Gauntlet  (Dawson's). 

Gem  (Hodge's). 

Great. Britain  (Ward's). 

Henry  (Norman's). 

Henry  (Wallace's). 

Lord  Brougham  (Acres). 

Mary  Anne  (Jelf's). 

Masterpiece  (Turner's). 

Miss  Kate  (Fairbairn's). 

Monitor  (Neville's). 

Ne  plus  Ultra  (Kean's). 

Omega  (Unworth's). 

One  Hundred  and  Thirty-four 
(Brown's). 

One  Hundred  and  Sixty-six  (Hodge's). 


PIN 


459 


PIN 


President  (Creed's.) 

Prince  Alliert  (Leg<;'s). 

Prince  of  Wales  (VVilmer's). 

Queen  of  England  (Hale's). 

lloseana  (Churclrs). 

Triumphant  (Ibbet's). 

Warden  (White's). 

Characteristics  of  Excellence. — Flow- 
er circular  when  viewed  in  front ;  semi- 
globular  in  profile,  and  uniform  in  size 
on  the  same  plant.  Petals  stout,  smooth- 
edged,  each  row  smaller  than  those  be- 
low it.  Colour,  ground  white;  lacing, 
whatever  its  tint,  should  have  a  border 
of  white  beyond  it;  colour  of  the  lower 
limb  of  the  petal  extending  so  as  to  be 
seen  above  the  while  edge  of  the  petals 
above.     Lacing  unbroken. 

Raising  Varieties. — M.  Fries  Movel, 
gives  these  directions: — 

"  Just  before  sunrise  open  carefully 
the  Hower  to  be  operated  on,  and  ab- 
stract the  anthers  with  small  pincers. 
About  eight  or  nine  o'clock  place  the 
ripe  pollen  from  another  flower  upon  its 
stigma,  and  repeat  this  two  or  three 
times  in  the  course  of  the  same  day.  If 
the  act  of  impregnation  has  taken  place, 
the  tlower  will  fade  in  twenty-four  or 
thirty-six  hours;  but  if  not,  the  tlower 
will  remain  in  full  beauty,  in  which 
case,  the  attempt  must  be  repeated. 
This  should  always  be  done  in  fine 
serene  weather,  and  care  should  be 
taken  to  defend  this  impregnated  tlower 
from  rain  and  mists.  Plants  raised  from 
seeds  which  have  been  crossed  always 
bear  the  form  of  the  mother,  but  take 
the  colours  of  the  male  parent.  Fewer 
seeds  arc  produced  by  art  than  by  na- 
ture alone;  and  the  impregnated  flow- 
ers are  less  visited  by  bees  than  others." 
— Gard.  Mag. 

Layering. — Mr.  J.  Mearns,  of  the 
Manchester  Zoological  Gardens,  says 
that  he  thus  conducts  this  operation  :  — 

"  I  do  not  use  a  dibber  to  plant  with, 
but  my  forefinger  ;  I  lay  the  lower  end 
of  my  slip  horizontally  upon  the  surface 
of  the  soil,  and  so  press  it  down  into 
it;  when  from  the  firmness  of  the  soil, 
the  slip  is  compelled  to  clip  round  the 
end  of  the  finger.  With  the  other  hand 
I  turn  up  the  lop  to  its  perpendicular, 
and  press  the  lower  end  down  till  the 
tail  is  about  half  an  inch  beneath  the 
soil ;  I  then  make  the  soil  firm,  and  the 
operation  is  complete.  The  pipings 
are  best  left  with  no  other  attention 
after  planting,  besides  occasional  water- 


ing in  dry  weather,  and  keeping  them 
free  from  weeds  till  the  time  for  plant- 
ing out,  which  may  be  done  at  any  time 
after  the  plants  are  perfectly  rooted  ; 
the  usual  season,  however,  to  plant 
out  for  the  flowering  in  the  highest  per- 
fection is  Septeniber,  and  for  propaga- 
tion all  the  month  of  June,  even  to  the 
middle  of  July." — Gard.  Chron. 

By  Pipings. — In  selecting  the  grass 
(stems)  lor  pipings,  strong  and  short 
jointed  shoots  should  be  chosen.  The 
piping  should  be  cut  off"  with  a  sharp 
knife  immediately  below  the  second  or 
third  joint  from  the  top  of  the  shoot,  and 
it  may  then  be  readdy  disengaged  from 
the  two  leaves  which  surround  its  base, 
and  which  are  commonly  termed  a 
sheath.  Tlie  tips  of  the  leaves  should 
be  shortened  for  the  sake  of  conve- 
nience, otherwise  when  planted  it  will 
be  difficult  to  prevent  the  hand  glass 
from  resting  upon  them,  or  from  dis- 
turbing them  whenever  it  is  removed. 
As  the  pipings  are  prepared,  they  should 
be  put  into  a  basin  or  pan  filled  with 
water  to  prevent  them  from  flagging  be- 
fore tliey  are  planted.  For  this  and 
similar  delicate  operations  the  cool 
hours  of  the  evening  are  most  suitable. 
In  planting  the  pipings  they  should  be 
pressed  firmly  into  the  soil  to  the  depth 
of  about  half  an  inch,  leaving  them 
an  inch  and  a  half  apart  every  way; 
and  after  being  properly  secured,  they 
should  be  gently  watered  through  a  fine 
rose  to  settle  the  mould  closely  round 
the  stems,  and  as  soon  as  the  leaves 
become  thoroughly  dry,  a  bell  glass 
should  be  placed  over  them.  The  glass 
should  be  pressed  lightly  into  the  tnould, 
to  prevent  as  much  as  possible  the  in- 
gress of  air.  In  sunny  days,  the  bed 
should  be  shaded  from  seven  to  eight 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  five  or  six 
in  the  evening  ;  and  if  there  is  any  ap- 
pearance of  damp  amongst  the  pipings, 
the  glasses  should  be  occasionally  taken 
ofl"  to  allow  them  to  dry,  and  all  plants 
so  attacked  should  be  immediately  re- 
moved. It  is  very  probable  that  the 
pipings  will  not  recjuire  to  be  watered 
until  the  greater  part  of  them  have  taken 
root  ;  should  watering,  however,  be  ne- 
cessary, the  leaves  must  be  allowed  to 
become  dry  before  the  glasses  are  re- 
placed. As  soon  as  roots  are  formed 
the  hand  glasses  should  be  slightly 
raised  on  one  side,  and  may  be  gradu- 
ally   withdrawn.     The    young    plants. 


PIN 


460 


P  IP 


after  beinrr  by  degrees  inured  to  the  tied  close  withoutfurther hazard.  When 
sun,  may  be  transplanted  six  inches  >  the  forvvardest  blooms  begin  to  expand, 
aoart  in  an  open  bed  previously  pre-  hoops  should  be  fixed  across  the  bed,  to 
pared  for  the  purpose,  in  which  situa-  support  mats  or  any  other  lighter  mate- 
tion  they  may  remain  until  required  for  rial  that  will  serve  to  protect  the  flow- 
planting  finally  in  the  beds,  where  they  '  ers  either  from  the  rain  or  from  the  rays 
are  to  bloom. — Gard.  Chron.  j  of  the  sun.     They  need  not,  however, 

Soil  and  Manure. — Sandy  turfy  loam,  [  be  shaded  earlier  than  nine  o'clock  in 
such  as  the  top  spit  of  an  old  pasture,  the  morning,  or  later  than  five  or  six  in 
mixed  with  one-fourth  its  bulk  of  old  the  evening;  but  if  there  is  the  least 
cow-dung,  makes  a  soil  very  beneficial  appearance  of  a  wet  night,  they  had 
to  this  flower.  Woollen  rags  mixed  1  better  be  covered  before  leaving  them. 
with  the  soil  are  also  strongly  recom-  ;  Should  the  season  be  dry,  they  will  re- 
mended.  I  quire  regular  watering  between  the 
Bed. — Raise  the  bed  six  inches  above  '  rows;  rain  or  pond  water,  where  pro- 
the  soil  around,  and  formed  like  a  curable,  is  always  to  be  preferred.  A 
pitched  roof,  thus:    The  compost  should    little  clay  or  stiflT  loam  placed   in  the 

form  of  a  margin  round  the  edge  of  the 
Fig.  128.  bed  would  serve  as  a  basin,  and  prevent 

the  water  from  escaping  into  the  path 
or  alley." — Gard.  Chron. 

PIN-PILLAR.  Opuntia  curassavica. 
PINUS.  Kir  Tree.  Sixty-eight  spe- 
cies and  many  varieties.  Seed,  layers, 
be  at  least  a  foot  deep.  Plant  in  rows,  inarching  or  grafting.  Sandy  loam  on 
and  twelve  inches  apart  each  way.  a  dry  subsoil.     See  Conifera. 

After  Culture. — "The  first  thing  to  PIP,  in  floriculture,  is  a  single  corolla 
be  attended  to  will  be  to  thin  out  the  ;  or  flower,  where  several  grow  upon  a 
flower-stems,  in  order  to  throw  more  i  common  stem,  as  in  the  Polyanthus  and 
strength  into  those  which  are  left.  Auricula.  The  pips  thus  growing  to- 
When  the  plants  are  weak  all  the  !  gether  are  described  as  a  Ti'uss. 
stems  should  be  removed  but  one,  and  I  PIPER.  Pepper.  Twenty-seven 
on  a  plant  of  moderate  size  not  more  I  species.  Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
than  three  should  be  retained.  These  I  tings  and  suckers;  loam  and  peat.  On 
again   should    be  looked  over,  and  the    the   culture   of  the   Black   Pepper,   (P. 


lateral  flower-buds  removed  from  them 
leaving  only  the  terminal   bud  and  the 


Tiigrum.)     Dr.    Lindley   observes,    that 
it  grows  luxuriantly  in  many  stoves, 


next  but  one  below  it;   provided  these  i  biit  is  shy  in  ripening  its  fruit.     This  is 
are  perfect  in  form,  all  the  rest  may  be    probably  owing  to  the  uniform  moisture 
pinched  off".     In  tying  up  the  stems  of  which  is  kept  in  these  places.    It  should 
pinks    and    other    plants   of  this    class 
great  judgment  is  required;  in  fact,  de- 
lay is   better   in   this  instance  than  too 
much  haste.     If  tied  too  high  at  first, 
the  stems,  as  they  lengthen,  are   pre- 


be  planted  in  a  large  tub  or  box  well 
drained,  all  the  strong  flower-bearing 
shoots  should  be  supported  with  strong 
stakes,  and  the  small  useless  ones  cut 
away.     When  not  growing  much,  keep 


vented  by  the  ligature  from  growing  it  rather  dry,  and  give  it  a  slight  check, 
erect,  and  become  crooked,  or  perhaps  and  be  careful  not  to  give  it  too  much 
snap  off"  at  the  joints.  They  should,  I  water  after  flowering.  Bottom  heat, 
therefore,  be  looked  to  every  day  particularly  when  growing,  is  indispen- 
where  practicable;   and  if  there  is  the  [sable." — Gard.  Chron. 

PIPERIDGE,  the  Barberry. 

PIPES  for  heating  horticultural  struc- 


least   appearance    of   any   flower-stem 

having  become  cramped  the  tie  should 

immediately  be  cut  loose.     The  safest  }  tures  are  preferably  made  of  cast  iron, 

painted  black.  Earthenware  has  been 
recommended  for  the  purpose,  but  they 
arc  so  much  more  liable  to  breakage 
and  leakage,  as  to  outweigh  any  original 
saving  in  the  cost.  For  draining,  earthen 


way  is  to  secure  the  bush  to  the  flower 

stick,    to    which,  the    stem    should    be 

looselv  tied  so  as  to   allow  it  perfect 

liberty  to  slide  through  as  it  increases 

in  height.     These  ligatures,  when  the 

plants  have  acquired  their  full  growth,  :  pipes  with  a  bore  an  inch  in  diameter 

can   be  easily  removedj  and  the  plants    are  the  best. 


PIP 


461 


PIT 


Table  of  the  quantity  of  pipe,  four  inches  diameter,  which  will  heat  one 
thousand  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute,  any  required  number  of  degrees-  the 
temperature  of  the  pipe  being  200"  Falirenheit. 


Temperature  of 

T 

emperature  at  which  the  room  is  required  to   1 

external  air. 

be  kept. 

Falir.  Scale. 

45" 

50" 

35" 

60° 

65" 

703 

75" 

80" 

85° 

.90° 
409 

10" 

126 

150 

174 

200 

229 

259 

292 

328 

367 

12 

119 

142 

166 

192 

220 

251 

283 

318 

357 

399 

14 

112 

135 

159 

184 

212 

242 

274 

309 

347 

388 

16 

105 

127 

151 

176 

204 

233 

265 

300 

337 

378 

18 

98 

120 

143 

168 

195 

225 

256 

290 

328 

368 

20 

91 

112 

135 

160 

187 

216 

247 

281 

318 

358 

22 

83 

105 

128 

152 

179 

207 

238 

271 

308 

347 

24 

76 

97 

120 

144 

170 

199 

229 

262 

298 

337 

26 

69 

90 

112 

136 

162 

190 

220 

253 

288 

327 

28 

61 

82 

104 

128 

154 

181 

211 

243 

279 

317 

30 

54 

75 

97 

120 

145 

173 

202 

234 

269 

307 

Freezing  point  32 

47 

67 

89 

112 

137 

164 

193 

225 

259 

296 

34 

40 

60 

81 

104 

129 

155 

184 

215 

249 

286 

36 

32 

52 

73 

96 

120 

147 

175 

206 

239 

276 

38 

25 

45 

66 

88 

112 

138 

166 

196 

230 

266 

40 

18 

37 

58 

80 

104 

129 

157 

187 

220 

255 

42 

10 

30 

50 

72 

95 

121 

148 

178 

210 

245 

44 

3 

22 

42 

64 

87 

112 

139 

168 

200 

235 

46 

15 

34 

56 

79 

103 

130 

159 

190 

225 

48 

7 

27 

48  1 

70 

95 

121 

150 

181 

214 

50 

19  1  40 

62 

86 

112 

140 

171 

204 

52 

111  32 

54 

77 

103 

131 

161 

194 

To  ascertain  by  the  above  Table  the  quantity  of  pipe  which  will  heat  one 
thousand  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute: — find,  in  the  first  column,  the  tempera- 
ture corresponding  to  that  of  the  external  air,  and  in  one  of  the  other  columns 
find  the  temperature  of  the  room;  then  in  this  latter  column,  and  on  the  line 
which  corresponds  with  the  external  temperature,  the  required  number  of  feet 
of  pipe  will  be  found.     See  Hot  water  and  Steam. 


PIPE-WORT.     Eriocaulon. 

P1PL\G.  See  Pink  and  Carnation 
for  this  mode  of  propagation. 

PIPTANTHU8  nepalensis.  Hardy 
deciduous  shrub.  Layers  and  cuttings. 
Rich  loam. 

PIPTOCLAINA  supina.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

PIQUERIA  trinervia.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous.    Division.     Light  rich  loam. 

PISCIDIA.  Jamaica  Dogwood. 
Two  species.  Stove  evergreen  trees. 
Cuttings.     Light  loam. 

PISCINARY  is  another  name  for  a 
fish  pond,  which  in  landscape  garden- 
ing comes  under  the  general  terms 
Water  and  Pond,  which  see.  ■ 

PI  ST  A  CHI  A.  Four  species  and 
more  varieties.  Hardy  and  half-hardy 
evergreen  and  deciduous  trees.     Lay- 


ers and  ripe  cuttings ;  light  rich  loam. 
Even  the  hardy  species  of  this  genus 
do  best  against  a  wall. 

P  I  S  T  O  R I  N  I  A  hispanica.  Hardy 
biennial.  Seed.  Light  well-drained  soil. 

PISUM.  Pea.  Seven  species  and 
many  varieties.  Hardy  annual  climbers, 
except  the  herbaceous  perennials,  P. 
americanum  and  P.  maritimum.  Seed. 
Rich  dry  soil.     See  Pea. 

PIT,  in  the  Conservatory,  is  the  body 
of  soil  in  which  the  shrubs,  &c.,  are 
planted  ;  in  the  Stove,  it  is  the  excava- 
tion in  which  is  the  tan,  or  other  mate- 
rial for  plunging  the  pots;  and  for 
Forcing,  it  is  a  structure  having  a  glass 
roof,  and  dift'ering  from  a  forcing  frame 
only  in  being  larger,  and  with  sides 
fixed  to  the  soil.  Pits  for  this  purpose 
were  usually  sunk  in   the   ground;  but 


PIT 


462 


PL  A 


it  has  been  justly  observed,  that  "  sunk-  |  door  in  the  back  wall,  and  the  passage 
en  pits  are  inconvenient  to  ^et  at ;  there  j  along  the  middle,  a  person  can  go  in  at 
is  no  pulling  their  sashes  off  and  on  j  any  time  without  pushing  down  the 
with  ease,  and  ventilation  is  trouble-  sashes,  and  reaching  from  the  back  to 
some.     Then,  again,  in  spite  of  all  that    the  front,  he  can  water  or  do  anything 


can  be  done,  they  will  always  be  damp  ; 
and   although   this  is  advantageous  for 


else  the  plants  may  require. 

'  This    pit    is    extremely    useful    for 


some    purposes,    it    is    destructive    to    raising    seeds,    or    for   growing    small 


green-house  plants  in  long  winters. 
Upon  tlie  whole,  the  inconveniences, 
are  at  least  as  considerable  as  the  ad- 


green-house  plants,  and  keeping  such 
things  as  verbeneas,  petunias,  and  scar- 
let pelargoniums,  for  turning  out  into 


vantages.     We   doubt  whether  sunken  j  the  flower  garden  during  the  summer 
pits  can  often  be  recommended  in  gar-  I  months  ;  or  by  dividing  it  into  two  parts 


dens. 


-Gard.  Chron. 


by  a  partition,  having  a  door  in  it,  one 


Under  the  various  titles  Melon,  Cii-  [  half  may  be  used  for  striking  cuttings, 
cumber.  Pine  Jipple,  ^-c,  descripUons  of  raising  seeds,  or  keeping  plants,  which 
pits  suitable  for  their  cultivation  will  J  have  been  newly  potted  off,  and  the 
be  found.  The  following  outline  is  of  other  filled  with  well  established  plants, 
one  for  various  purposes,  strongly  re- :  requiring  more  light  and  air;  so  that, 
commended    by  Mr.    R.  Fortune,  gar-!  with  a  little  contrivance,  it  is  astonish- 


dener  at  the  Chiswick  Gardens  : 
Fig.  129. 


a,  stages  and  back  and  front  shelf; 
h,  passage  along  the  middle;  c,  pro- 
posed tank  ;  d,  proposed  ventilators. 

The  width  of  tlie  pit  is  nine  feet ; 
and,  as  the  sketch  is  drawn  from  mea- 
surement, any  one  may  easily  ascertain 
the  different  proportions. 

The  two  stages  are  made  of  wood, 
having  cross  bars,  as  seen  atffl,  and  up- 
right bearers  on  each  side  of  b.  The 
small  shelf  in  front  is  supported  by  a 
bracket,  which  also  supports  the  hot 
water  pipes  ;  and  the  back  shelf  might!  dria. 
be  supported  in  the  same  manner,  al- 
though in  this  instance  it  is  formed  out 
of  the  thickness  of  the  back  wall.  The 
only  improvement  in  its  construction, 
is  to  have  a  large  tank  in  some  conve- 
nient place  in  front,  as  at  c,  to  receive 
the  rain  which  falls  on  the  roof;  and  also 
some  wooden  ventilators  in  the  back  and 
front  wall  at  d,  which  could  be  opened 
at  those  times  when  it  is  not  prudent  to 
draw  down  the  sashes.     By  having  the 


ing  how  many  things  the  amateur  may 
do  in  a  small  place  like  this." — Gard. 
Chron. 

PITCAIRNIA.  Seventeen  species. 
Stove  herbaceous.  Seed  and  suckers. 
Moss  potsherds.  They  are  really  epi- 
phytal. 

PITCHER-LEAF.  Nepenthes  phyl- 
lamphora. 

PITCHER-PLANT.  Nepenthes  dis- 
tillatoria. 

PITTOSPORUM.  Eighteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  except 
P.  tobira,  which,  matted,  will  sustain 
the  winter  south  of  Virginia.  Ripe  cut- 
tings.    Peat  and  loam. 

PLADERA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house biennials.  Seed,  and  cultivated 
like  the  Balsam. 

PLAGIOLOBIUM.  Two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PLASTER  OF  PARIS.    See  Gypsum. 

PLANERA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  trees.  Layers  on  grafts  of 
the  elm.     Light  loam,  near  water. 

PLANE  TREE.     Platanus. 

PLANK  PLANT.     Bossiaa  scoloppn- 


PLANTAIN  TREE.     Musa. 

PLANTATION.  The  ornamental 
distribution  of  trees  is  considered  under 
the  titles  Clump,  Wood,  ^-c.  ;  and  here 
will  be  considered  only  a  few  practical 
details  relative  to  the  planting  and  ma- 
nagement of  trees. 

Selection. — Our  guide  in  this  must  be 
the  nature  of  the  soil.  If  chalk  is  a 
principal  constituent  of  this,  the  beech, 
birch,  and  ash  must  be  the  trees  chiefly 


P  L  A 


463 


PL  A 


ailopted  ;  if  clay,  the  oak  ;  if  rich  loam,  plant  for  merely  ornamental  purposes; 
the  elm.  In  moist  situations,  the  akler,  and  It  is  because  all  timber  trees  con- 
sallow,  and  willow;  and  in  mountain,  tain  phospliate  of  lime  in  very  con- 
and  dry  soiled  districts,  all  the  hardy  siderabic  proportions,  that  crushed 
conifera;,  the  bircli  and  the  ash.  Peat,  bones  are  found  to  be  so  excellent  a 
if  well  drained,  wdi  bear  the  Scotch  fir;  fertilizer  for  them  ;  and  hence  one  rea- 
and  the  Spanish  chestnut  will  flourisli  son,  why  it  has  long  been  a  well-known 
on  light  sheltereil  loam.  On  the  poor-  fact,  that  by  burying  dead  animals  un- 
est  and  lightest  soils,  if  well  drained,  !  der  trees  nearly  exhausted  for  want  of 
the  larch  will  establish  itself.  Similar  nourishment,  those  trees  will  almost 
attention  must  be  paid  to  the  soil  in  :  invariably  be  considerably  revived,  and 
locating  the  shrubs.  Rhododendrons  \  send  out  their  shoots  with  unusual  vi- 
delight  in  shade  and  leaf-mould;  and  [  gour  ;  and  how  essential  the  presence 
others  have  their  particular  soils,  of  i  of  phosphate  of  lime  is  to  their  growth, 
which  information  will  be  found  in  other  may  be  judged  of  from  the  fact,  that 
pages,  under  their  appropriate  titles.  '  this  salt  constitutes  45  per  cent,  of  the 
Manures.  —  Trees,  like  all  other  ashes  of  the  oak;  35  in  those  of  the 
plants,  are  benefited  by  being  appro-  hazel;  16.75  of  the  poplar;  23  in  the 
priately  manured;  their  growth  is  thus  hornbeam;  12  per  cent,  in  those  of  the 
accelerated,  and  contrary  to  old  opin-    fir. 

ions,  it  is  found  that  the  wood  of  These  chemical  examinations  natu- 
quickly-growing  trees  is  more  durable,  rally  support  the  conclusion  to  which  I 
and  more  tough  than  that  of  trees  of  have  long  come  in  my  own  experiments, 
the  same  species  which  have  vegetated  that  in  all  plantations  of  timber  trees, 
more  tardily.  Calcareous  matter  is  al-  both  on  the  score  of  profit  and  of  orna- 
ways  required  by  trees;  and  my  brother,  '  ment,  it  is  in  almost  all  situations  de- 
Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson,  has  truly  stated  sirable  to  assist  the  growth  of  the  young 
that  on  the  poor  hungry  heath  lands,  trees  by  a  sinall  addition  of  manure, 
such  as  those  of  Norfolk,  Surrey,  and  1  On  a  large  scale  this  must  be  chiefly 
the  north,  which  contain  hardly  a  trace    confined  to  the  use  of  the  earths,  either 


of  carbonate  of  lime,  they  find  that,  by 
dressing  with  chalk  or  marl,  land  in- 
tended for  planting,  the  growth  of  the 


lime,  chalk,  or  marl,  according  to  their 
respective  local  value  ;  and  for  this 
purpose  a  smaller  proportion  per  acre 


trees  is  very  materially  increased;  and  j  of  any  kind  of  manure  is  of  much  great- 
more  recently,  as  in  the  forest  of  Dama- 1  er  value  than  is  commonly  supposed, 
way  in  Scotland,  the  planters  have  I  I  have  usually, under  every  plant,  mere- 
found  the  greatest  advantage  from  plac-  |  ly  applied  a  small  shovelful  of  tolerably- 
ing  only  a  handful  of  lime  (about  four  rotted  stable  dung,  stirring  it  up  with 
bushels  per  acre  is  sufficient)  in  the  soil  the  mould  ;  and,  as  these  experiments 
under  the  plants.  By  this  means  the  were  principally  made  on  a  poor  hungry 
young  trees,  they  say,  are  forced  for-  gravelly  soil,  nearly  destitute  of  carbon- 
ward  ;  that  is,  they  are  supplied  with  ate  of  lime,  I  have  usually  added  to  the 
the  carbonate  of  lime  at  the  very  period  '  beach  plants,  instead  of  the  farm-yard 
of  their  growth,  when  their  roots,  from  manure,  a  small  quantity  of  chalk, 
want  of  extent  and  vigour,  are  least  j  Trenching. — In  preparing  the  land 
able  to  absorb  from  the  soil  the  portion  for  plantations,  the  same  chemical  ex- 
ofthis  earth  so  essential  for  their  healthy  !  amination  of  the  composition  well  illus- 
growth.  And  it  is  precisely  such  heath  tratcs  the  advantages  derived  by  the 
soils  as  those  to  which  I  have  alluded  !  plant,  from  merely  previously  stirring 
as  being  so  materially  benefited  by  the  I  the  soil  ;  since  it  is  evident  that  when 
application  of  lime,  chalk,  or  marl  the  constituents  of  the  young  trees  are 
(which   also   contains  chalk),   that  are  '  contained  in  it  in  only  very  limited  pro- 


found, when  examined  in  their  natural 
state,  to  be  nearly  destitute  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime. 

It  is  for  the  same  reasons  that,  in 
the  early  state  of  their  growth,  timber 
plantations  are  benefited  so  materially 
by  being  manured  with  organic  mat- 
ters— a  fact  well  known  to  those  who 


portions,  in  such  case  the  more  easily 
their  roots  arc  enabled  to  penetrate  in 
search  of  that  necessary  nourishment, 
the  more  rapid  will  be  their  growth. 

Previous  trenching  of  the  soil  also 
conduces  to  the  healthy  growth  of  trees 
in  more  ways  than  one.  It  renders 
them  less  subject  to  injury  from  want 


PL  A 


464 


PL  A 


of  moisture  in  the  heats  of  summer  ;  i 
the  atmosphere  more  freely  finds  access 
to  their  roots;  and  not  only  yields  its 
watery  vapour  in  the  warmest  weather 
for  their  service,  but  its  gases,  so  es- 
sential to  their  very  existence,  are  also 
in  a  similar  manner  more  readily  ab- 
sorbed. 

Draining. — The  most  neglected,  yet 
most  important,  of  all  the  branches  of 
forest  culture,  is  draining.  This  ought  to 
be  done  thoroughly  before  planting  ;  but 
if  it  has  been  neglected,  may  be  done 
at  any  time,  the  sooner  the  better,  and 
the  effects  will  surprise,  in  a  year  or 
two,  even  the  most  sanguine.  I  have 
seen  larch  plantations,  by  draining  only, 
converted  from  sickly  worthless  trees 
to  thriving  valuable  woodlands. 

Planting. — "Too  little  attention," 
Mr.  C.  Johnson  justly  observes,  "  is 
usually  paid  by  planters  in  the  choice 
of  their  plants,  the  manner  in  which 
they  have  been  reared,  and  in  the  care 
of  their  removal.  Instead  of  attending 
to  the  acquired  habits  of  the  tree,  it  is 
a  very  common  practice  for  the  plants 
to  be  bought  of  some  nurseryman  who 
has  reared  them  in  a  warm  rich  bottom, 
and  then,  as  a  natural  consequence, 
when  the  trees  are  transplanted  to  a 
cold,  poor,  hungry,  exposed  soil,  a 
large  proportion  of  them  are  sure  to 
perish,  or,  if  they  live,  many  become 
stunted  or  stag-headed. 

"  There  are  other  very  common  er- 
rors, of  which  I  have  long  noticed  the 
ill  effects ;  for  instance,  the  want  of 
care  with  which  the  roots  of  the  young 
trees  are  deposited  in  the  earth,  and 
the  unnecessary  length  of  time  which 
is  suffered  to  elapse  between  the  period 
when  the  plant  is  taken  from  the  nur- 
sery and  replanted.  I  have  always 
found  the  good  effect  of  causing  the 
roots  of  the  young  plant  to  be  carefully 
arranged  and  spread  out  before  the 
earth  is  thrown  in  upon  them — the 
usually  heedless  way  in  which  the  roots 
are  thrust  into  the  hole,  and  perhaps 
broken  or  materially  bruised  in  the  act 
of  treading  in  the  earth  upon  them,  is 
of  necessity  prejudicial  to  the  young 
plant;  and  then,  again,  a  still  more 
negligent  practice,  that  of  ploughing 
in  the  young  trees,  is  too  often  adopted 
on  a  large  scale,  by  which  the  plants 
are  still  more  hastily  deposited  in  the 
soil,  and  are  neither  fixed  with  suffi- 
cient firmness  in  the  ground,  nor  even 


placed  in  an  upright  position." — Farm. 
Enc. 

There  is  certainly  no  economy  in  this 
hasty  mode  of  planting  ;  the  trees  perish 
in  great  numbers;  they  linger  for  years 
without  vigour  ;  have  to  be  replaced  at 
a  considerable  expense;  and,  in  the 
mean  time,  the  owners  lose  all  the  ad- 
vantage which  might  have  been  ensured 
from  a  more  skilfully  obtained  rapidity 
of  growth.  In  planting  on  a  large 
scale,  the  same  pains  and  care  should 
be  taken  as  in  inserting  a  shrub  in  the 
parterre. 

Pruning. — If  care  be  taken  to  rub 
off  ill-placed  shoots  in  the  early  stages 
of  a  tree's  growth,  no  after-pruning — 
no  extensive  application  of  the  knife 
and  saw — will  be  required,  except  in 
case  of  casual  ties.  When  a  large  branch 
requires  amputation,  it  is  best  to  leave 
a  stump  projecting  a  full  foot  from  the 
stem.  The  face  of  the  wound  should 
be  towards  the  ground,  and  the  edges 
trimmed  smooth  with  a  very  sharp 
knife. 

PLASHING  is  "  a  mode  of  repairing 
or  modifying  a  hedge  by  bending  down 
a  portion  of  the  shoots,  cutting  them 
half  through  near  the  ground  to  render 
them  more  pliable,  and  twisting  them, 
among  the  upright  stems,  so  as  to  render 
the  whole  more  effective  as  a  fence, 
and  at  the  same  time  preserve  all  the 
branches  alive.  For  this  purpose  the 
branches  to  be  plashed,  or  bent  down, 
must  not  be  cut  more  than  half  through, 
in  order  that  a  sufficient  portion  of  sap 
may  rise  up  from  the  root  to  keep  alive 
the  upper  part  of  the  branches. 

"  Where  hedges  are  properly  formed 
and  kept,  they  can  very  seldom  require 
to  be  plashed." — Farm.  Enc. 

PLATANTHERA.  Thirteen  species. 
Hardy  orchids,  except  the  stove,  P. 
susannce,  and  the  green-house,  P.jiava. 
Seed.     Loam,  peat,  and  chalk. 

PLATANUS.  Plane-Tree.  Two  spe- 
cies and  three  varieties.  P.  orientalis 
does  not  suffer  from  the  disease  which 
has  of  late  years  attacked  one  indige- 
nous species.  Hardy  deciduous  trees. 
Layers,  cuttings,  and  seed.  Common 
light  soil. 

PLATYCARPIUM  orinocense. 
Stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

PLATYCHILUM  celsianum.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 


P  L  A 


465 


PLU 


PLATYLOBIUM.  Six  species. 
Greeii-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Seed. 
Sandy  peat  and  a  little  loam. 

PLATVLOPHUS  trifoUatus.  White 
ash.  Green-house  evergreen  tree.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

PLATYSTKMON.  Two  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seed.     Sandy  loam. 

PLATYSTIGMA  linear e.  Half-hardy 
herbaceous.     Division.     Sandy  loam. 

PLATYSTYLIS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division  and  seed. 
Light  loam. 

PLE.4SURE-GR0UND  is  a  collective 
name  for  that  combination  of  parterres, 
lawns,  shrubberies,  waters,  arbours,  &c. 
yvhich  are  noticed  individually  in  these 
pages.  One  observation  may  be  ap- 
plied to  all — let  congruity  preside  over 
the  whole.  It  is  a  great  fault  to  have 
any  one  of  those  portions  of  the  plea- 
sure ground  in  excess  ;  and  let  the 
whole  be  proportioned  to  the  residence. 
It  is  quite  as  objectionable  to  be  over- 
gardened  as  to  be  over-housed.  Above 
all  things  eschew  what  has  aptly  been 
termed  gingerbread-work.  Nothing  of- 
fends a  person  of  good  taste  so  much 
as  the  divisions  and  sub-divisions  we 
are  sometimes  compelled  to  gaze  on 
"  with  an  approving  smile." 

PL  EC  T  RAN  THUS.  Six  spe- 
cies. The  annual  and  biennial  species 
by  seed  ;  the  shrubs  and  herbaceous  by 
cuttings.  All  in  rich  light  loam.  They 
are  all  tenants  of  either  the  green-house 
or  stove. 

PLECTRITIS  congesta.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seed.     Common  soil. 

PLECTRONIA  corymhosa.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

PLKROMA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandv  loam  and  peat. 

PLETHORA.  See  Extravasated  Sap. 

PLEURANDRA.       Seven     species. 
Green-house    evergreen   shrubs, 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat 

PLEUROTHALLIS.  Twenty-three 
species.  Stove  epiphytes.  Division. 
Wood  and  moss. 

PLOCAMA  pendula.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

PLOUGHMAN'S  SPIKENARD. 
Baccliaris. 

PLUM.     Prunus  domestica. 


the  London  Horticultural  Society  at 
Chiswick.  The  following  limited, 
though  select  number,  we  extract  from 
the  catalogue  of  the  old  Landreth  Nur- 
series.     (See  p.  466.) 

The  descriptions  and  cuts  of  a  few- 
choice  kinds  may  aid  those  about  to 
plant,  in  selecting  with  advantage. 

Fig.  130. 


Washington.  (Bolmar's  Washing- 
ton.) (Fig.  130.)  "  This  is  an  Ameri- 
can seedling,  accidentally  produced  in 
the  city  of  New  York.  Its  great  size 
and  beautiful  appearance,  at  once  intro- 
duced it  into  general  culture  ;  it  must 
be  confessed,  there  are  many  of  greater 
merit,  though  but  few  of  more  prepos- 
sessing aspect. 

"  Skin  yellow,  or  yellowish-green, 
when  fully  matured  dotted  with  red. 
Flesh  yellow,  separating  freely  from 
the  stone.  The  tree  is  of  vigorous 
Ripe  j  growth,  hardy,  and  well  suited  to  our 
climate." — Rural  Reg. 

Columbia.  (Fig.  131.)  "  An  admi- 
rable plum,  well  worthy  of  its  name; 
raised  by  Mr.  Lawrence,  of  Hudson, 
New  York,  who  has  doubly  served  us 
by  producing  another  first  rate  plum, 
'  Lawrence's  Favorite.'  The  Columbia 
is  a  free  bearer,  fruit  of  the  first  class, 
both  as  regards  size  and  quality.  Skin 
purple,  abounding  in  bloom.  Flesh 
orange.      Ripe  at  Philadelphia  close  of 


Varieties. — One  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  are  cultivated  in  the  Gardens  of  August." — Rural  Reg 
30 


PLU 


466  PLU 

— • 

Colour — y  yellow;  b  blue  ;  r  red  ; 


Plums. — Explanation  of  Abbreviations 
p  purple.     Size. — l  large  ;  m  medium. 

*  American  Seedlings  of  acknowledged  merit 


Apricot  plum 
*Bingham's  Egg     . 
*Boimar's  Washington 
*Bleeker's  Red 
Blue  Gage      . 
*Brevoort's  Purple 
*Bleeker's  Gage     . 
Coe's  Golden  Drop 
*Cooper's  Red  American 
*Columbia 
Damson,  Yellow 
Gage,  Yellow 
*Gage,  Scarlet 
*Gage,  Schuyler's 
*Gage,  Prince's  Imperia 
Goliah    . 

*Huling's  Superb  . 
*Jefferson 

Red  Magnum  Bonum 
White  Magnum  Bonum 
Morocco  Plum 
Nectarine  Plum 
Orleans,  Red 
Orleans,  Early 
Prune,  German 
♦VerpLanck's  Purple 


COLOUR. 

FORM. 

N 

y 

round 

L 

y 

oval 

L 

y 

oval 

L 

r 

round 

M 

r 

round 

M 

P 

oval 

L 

y 

round 

L 

y 

oval 

L 

p 

oval 

M 

p 

round 

L 

y 

round 

M 

y 

round 

M 

r 

oval 

M 

y 

round 

L 

g 

oval 

M 

p 

oval 

L 

y 

round 

L 

y 

oval 

L 

r 

oval 

L 

w 

oval 

L 

P 

round 

M 

P 

round 

I, 

r 

round 

L 

P 

round 

L 

p 

oval 

L 

P 

round 

M 

Fig.  131.— (P.  465.) 


August 

August 

September 

August 

August 

September 

August 

September 

September 

August 

September 

September 

September 

August 

August 

August 

August 

September 

August 

August 

August 

August 

August 

August 

September 

August 


CoE's  Golden  Drop,  r/  Hooker,  Lind- 
lay,  and  others. — Coe's  Imperial,  Coe's 
Seedling,  &c.  (Fig.  132.)  "  Mr.  Coe, 
a  market  gardener  of  Norfolk,  England, 
who  raised  this  plum,  has  perpetuated 
his  name  by  association  with  it.  Many 
varieties  have  been  subsequently  pro- 
duced, but  few  of  them  have  as  high 
claims  to  regard,  as  the  Golden  Drop — 
indeed  it  has  been  pronounced  superior 
to  anv  late  plum  cultivated  in  Britain. 

"  The  fruit  is  of  extra  large  size, 
rich,  and  in  the  opinion  of  competent 
judges,  not  inferior  to  the  celebrated 
Green  Gage,  to  approach  which  in 
quality,  is  usually  deemed  high  merit. 
Skin  greenish  yellow,  spotted  on  the 
sunny  side  with  violet  and  crimson. 
Flesh  firm,  adhering  to  the  stone.  The 
tree  is  of  vigorous  habit,  and  has  proved 
well  suited  to  the  middle  States." — 
Rural  Reg. 

Imperial  Gage,  (Prmfc's  Imperial.) 
(Fig.  133.)  "  This  is  a  seedling  from 
the  Green  Gage,  raised  by  the  late  Mr. 
Prince,  of  Flushing,  New  York,  and 
has  received  much  praise.  The  tree  is 
of  robust  habit;  fruit  larger  than  the 
Green  Gage,  and  of  good  quality.  Ken- 


rick  cites  a  single  tree  at  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  the  frnit  of  which,  for  several 
successive  years,  sold  for  i^AO  to  $50. 
Downing  says  it  is  particularly  fitted  for 
light  dry  soils,  and  that  on  heavy  lands 
it  is  often  insipid. 

"  Skin  light  green,  when  fully  ma- 
tured inclining  to  yellow,  with  a  profu- 
sion of  bloom.  Flesh  green,  and  of  a 
sprightly  flavour.  Ripens  at  Philadel- 
phia late  in  August.  It  is  a  liberal 
bearer,  and  may  be  safely  recommended 
as  a  desirable  variety." — Rural  Reg. 

Fig.  134. 


Green  Gage,  of  the  English  and 
American  gardens.  (Fiir.  134.)  There 
is  no  plum  better  known  (and  none 
more  worthy  of  being  known)  than  the 
Green  Gage,  which   derived   its   name 


PLU 


468 


PLU 


from  a  family  of  the  name  of  Gage  who  the  best  plum  known  in  England.  The 
obtained  it  in  France,  where  it  is  popu-  size  is  below  medium.  Skin  green, 
lariy  termed  the  Reine  Claude,  (or  inclining  to  yellow  when  fully  ripe,  and 
Queen  Claude,)  after  the  wife  of  Francis  occasionally  marbled  with  red.  Ripe 
I.  Those  qualified  to  give  an  opinion  j  middle  of  August, 
on   the  subject,  have  declared  it  to  be 


Fig.  135 


.Teffebson.  (Fig.  135.)  This  escel- 
Iciit  variety  is  the  product  of  the  late 
Judge  Buel  of  Albany,  so  long  and  so 
favourably  associated  with  the  "  Culti- 
vator." Mr.  Downing,  whose  opinion 
lias  great  weight  with  us,  says,  if  he 
■were  asked  which  he  thought' the  most 
desirable  and  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
dessert  plums,  he  should  undoubtedly 
give  the  name  of  this  new  variety.  He 
thinks  it,  when  fully  ripe,  nearly  if  not 
quite  equal  in  flavour  to  the  Green  Gage 
— '-it  is  as  large  as  the  Washington, 
more  richly  and  deeply  coloured,  being 
dark  yellow,  uniformly  and  handsomely 
marked  with  a  fine  ruddy  cheek.  It  is 
about  ten  days  or  a  fortnight  later  than 
the  Washington,  ripening  the  last  of  Au- 
gust, when  it  has  the  rare  quality  of  hang- 
ing long  on  the  tree,  gradually  improv- 
ing in  flavour." — "Fruits  of  America.'- 

Magnum  Bonum,  (Yellow  Egg.)  (Fig. 


1 36.)  These  are  the  two  popular  names 
for  a  variety  very  generally  cultivated 
in  France  and  England,  and  known  to 
a  considerable  extent  in  the  gardens  of 
our  sea-board.  It  is  an  attractive  variety, 
and  though  by  no  means  equal  in  point 
of  quality  to  many  less  prepossessing, 
is  nevertheless  in  high  repute.  Skin 
yellow.  Flesh  closely  united  to  the 
stone,  sub-acid  until  dead  ripe,  when 
the  flavour  is  highest.  It  is  an  excel- 
lent preserving  plum — its  large  size 
adding  to  its  merit  in  that  particular. 

Propagation  by  Seed. — This  mode  is 
adopted  for  raising  stocks  and  new 
varieties.  For  the  latter  purpose  cross- 
impregnation  has  been  successively 
pursued,  attention  being  paid  to  the 
suggestions  ofl^ered  under  the  title  Hy- 
bridizing. Sow  in  October,  in  rich 
light  loam,  in  drills  twelve  inches  apart 
and  two  inches  deep,  when   two-year 


PLU 


469 


PLU 


old  buds  may  be  taken  from  them  and    which  would  be  destroyed  by  sliorten- 


inserted  on  older  trees  early,  to  ascer- 


So    that,   after  haviiirr  shortened 


tain  the  value  of  the  fruit.     At  two  years    the  first  and  second  year's  shoots  occa- 
old  they  are    also  fit  to   be   stocks  for    sionally  as  above,  and  thereby  procured 


budding  or  graftin 

Grafting  and  Budding. — The  former 
is  to  be  done  in  July  or  March,  and  the 
latter  in  July  or  August. 

Suckers. — Damsons  and  bullaces  are 
usually  raised  in  this  mode,  without 
grafting  or  budding 


a  proper  set  of  lower  horizontals,  to 
give  the  head  its  first  form,  let  the 
whole  then  be  trained  in  entire,  about 
four,  five,  or  six  inches  asunder;  and, 
according  as  the  trees  shoot  every  sum- 
mer, train  in  a  necessary  supply  of  the 
regular  shoots  to  fill  the  wall,  &c.;  at 


Layers  of  the  young  wood  may  be  the  same  time  retrench  superfluities  and 
made  at  any  time  between  November  irregular  wood — still  at  full  length  ;it 
and  March.  In  twelve  months  they  are  the  above  distance.  For  all  plums  bear 
established,  and  maybe  separated  from  principally  upon  spurs  half  an  inch  or 
the  parent.  |  an  inch  long,  arising   from  the  sides  of 

"  Planting  and  Culture. — The  season  the  branches,  from  one  or  two  to  many 
for  planting  all  the  sorts  of  plum-trees,  years  old.  When  trained,  always  at 
is  anytime  in  open  weather,  from  the  '  full  length;  but,  if  shortened,' they 
fall  of  the   leaf  until  the  approach  ofl  would  throw  out  a  multiplicity  of  nsc- 


vegetation  in  spring 

"  The  trees  of  all  the  varieties  will 
succeed  in  any  common  soil,  and  in  any 
open  exposure.  Those  for  walls  should 
generally  have  an  east  or  southwest 
wall  for  some  of  the  choicest  sorts  ;  and 


less  wood,  and  hardly  any  fruit-spnrs. 

"  The  wall  and  espalier  plum-trees 
should  be  pruned  every  summer  and 
winter. 

"  Standard  plum-trees  may  be  trained 
both  as  full  standards  and  half-stand- 


some  may  also  be  planted  against  a  ;  ards,  budding  or  grafting  the  former 
north  wall,  to  furnish  some  late  fruit; '  six  feet  high,  and  the  latter  only  three 
and  those  for  espaliers  may  be  planted  ,  or  four;  or  both  kinds  may  be  worked 
around    any  of  the   open  quarters,  as    low   in   the   stock,  and   the  first  shoot 


may  also  the  standards. 


trained    to    those    heights    for  a   stem, 


"  Plant  the  wall  and  espalier  trees  then  let  them  branch  away  and  form  a 
eighteen  feet  distance;  though  if  the  head.  These  standards  may  be  planted 
walls,  &c.,  are  rather  low,  twenty  feet  both  in  the  garden  and  orchard,  at  from 
distance  will  be  requisite,  that,  in  de-  •  about  twenty  to  thirty  feet  distance." — 
fault  of  a  proper  height  of  walling,  there  j  Abercrombie. 


may  be  more  scope  to  train  the  branches 
liorizontally.  If  the  trees  thus  planted 
are  quite  young,  being  only  of  one 
year's  shoot  from  the  grafting  or  bud- 
ding, they  should,  in  March,  be  headed 
down  to  four  or  five  eyes,  to  force  out 
lower  horizontals  in  the  ensuing  sum- 
mer, which,  according  as  they  advance 
in  length,  train  them  in  horizontally  at 


Forcing. — To  obtain  an  early  crop, 
in  March  or  April,  trees  planted  in 
large  tubs  are  to  be  preferred  ;  but  for 
the  general  crop,  in  May  or  June,  the 
trees  are  best  planted  in  the  borders  of 
the  stove.     Mr.  Loudon  says  that : — 

"  For  a  crop  to  ripen  in  the  second 
week  in  May,  the  house  must  be  co- 
vered in  early  in  January,  commencing 


full  length,  unless  you  would  forward  a  \  with  a  temperature  of  42^  of  Fahrenheit 

further  supply  of  lower  branches  as  fast  for  the  first  fortnight;  after  which  the 

as  possible,  when  you   may  pinch  the  heat  may  be  gradually  raised  to  .52',  at 

young  shoot,  in   May,  down  to  a  few  which  it  may  continue  until  the  flowers 

eyes.     Each  will  throw  out  several  late-  make  their   appearance.      During  this 

rals    the  same   year,  which  train   also  time  frequent  changes  of  air  must  be 

horizontally   at  full    length    during  the  admitted  to  strengthen  the  bloom  ;  and 

summer's  growth;  and  in  winter  pruning  the  crop  will  be  rendered  more  certain 


cut  not  only  any  fore-right  and  back 
shoots,  but  train  in  all  the  regular  ones 
at  full  length  ;  for  the  branches  of  these 
trees  must  be  shortened  only  occasion- 
ally, to  procure  wood  to  fill  vacancies; 
because  the  branches  always  form  fruit 


by  keeping  the  trees  in  blossom,  as  long 
as  possible,  by  ligJit  shading  where  ne- 
cessary; and  when  the  petals  begin  to 
fall,  gentle  dews  may  be  raised  from  the 
surface  of  the  mould.  As  the  fruit 
forms,  the  thermometer  should  be  raised 


spurs  first  towards  their  extreme  parts,    to  5S'^.     This  must  be  done  gradually, 


PLU 


470 


PO  I 


as  the  consequence  of  a  rapid  rise  may 
be  a  casting  of  the  fruit.  During  the 
progress  of  shooting  great  care  must  he 
taken  against  sudden  variations  of  the 
temperature,  water  very  sparingly  used, 
and  every  check,  by  fumigation,  be 
given  to  the  various  insects,  which  will 
be  particularly  active  at  this  period. 

"  When  the  fruit  is  safely  stoned,  a 
moderate  dressing  of  rotten  manure 
may  be  spread  on  the  surface  of  the 
mould,  the  heat  increased  to  CS*^,  and 
a  more  liberal  supply  of  water  given. 

"  After  the  fruit  has  obtained  a  full 


house  evergreen  shrub.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

PODOSPERMUM.  Nine  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous,  biennial,  and  an- 
nual. The  first  is  increased  by  divi- 
sion, and  all  by  seed.     Common  soil. 

PffiCILOCAMPA  populi.  December 
Moth,  is  found  in  this  month  in  orchards 
sticking  against  the  trunks  of  trees. 
The  wings  are  about  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  broad,  and  of  a  chestnut  brown 
in  colour:  on  the  upper  pair  there  is  a 
pair  of  incurved  bands,  and  a  wavy  one 
near  the  centre  ;  the  wings  have  also  a 


size,  and  approaches  maturity,  air  may  grayish  or  brownish  fringe.  The  lower 
be  freely  admitted,  and  water  should  i  pair  are  brown.  The  caterpillar  is 
be  given  in  less  quantities,  and  finally  !  ashy  gray  at  the  sides,  and  rather  dark- 
discontinued  a  few  days  before  gather- j  er  on    the   back,   and   it  has  four  red 


ing." — Enc.  Gard. 

PLUMBAGO.  Eleven  species. 
Some  hardy  herbaceous,  others  stove 
and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs  and 
climbers.  P.  capensis  produces  a  good 
effect  when  plunged  or  planted  out  on 
a  rich  border  during  summer.  P.  rhom- 
bifolia  is  a  stove  annual  ;  this  is  propa- 


spots  on  each  segment ;  at  first  these 
caterpillars  are  gregarious,  under  a 
silken  tent,  from  which  they  issue  at 
night  to  feed,  but  after  a  little  time  they 
become  solitary.  They  feed  on  various 
kinds  of  fruit  trees  in  the  early  part  of 
the  summer,  and  when  full  grown,  they 
spin  a  silken  case  in  which  they  change 


gated  by  seed,  the  others  by  cuttings,  I  the  pups.     The  December  Moth  is  not 


and  all  in  common  soil 

PLUMIERIA.  Twenty-two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs  and  trees. 
Large  cuttings,  slightly  dried.  Sandy 
ioam,  and  a  little  peat. 

POCOCKIA  cretica.  Hardy  annual. 
Seed.     Common  soil. 

PODALYRIA.  Thirteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  Cut- 
tmgs.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PODANTHE.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  in  spring, 
slightly  dried.  Sandy  loam  and  lime 
rubbish. 

PODANTHUS  mitiqui.  Hardy  ever- 
green shrub.    Cuttings.    Loam  and  peat. 

POD-FERN.     Ellobocarpus. 

POD  0  CARPUS.  Eleven  spe- 
cies. Green-house  and  stove  evergreen 
trees.  P.  chinensis,  P.macrophyllus,  P. 
nurifer,  and  P.  verticillatus,  are  quite 


one  of  the  most  injurious  to  fruit  trees, 
but  still,  in  localities  where  it  is  found 
in  tolerable  abundance,  the  caterpillars 
do  considerable  damage  to  the  leaves. 
Hand  picking  when  the  caterpillars  are 
living  in  society,  is  the  best  means  of 
diminishing  them. — Gard.  Chron. 

POET'S  CASSIA.     Osyris. 

POGONIA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
orchids.     Offsets.     Sandy  peat. 

POGOSTEMON  plectranthoides. 
Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Young  cut- 
tings.     Rich  sandy  loam. 

POINCL\NA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seed  and  cuttings. 
Rich  light  soil. 

POINSETTIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings  of  previ- 
ous year's  shoots,  slightly  dried.  Rich 
sandy  loam.  Of  these  plants  the  most 
beautiful    is    P.   pulcherrina.     On    the 


hardy,  if  grown  in  a  light-soiled  border,    cultivation  of  this  we  have  the   foUow- 
sheltered  from  the  north  and  east,  and    ing  directions  from  Mr.  W.  Tillery,  the 


well   drained.     Cuttings 
and  a  little  peat. 

PODOLEPIS.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed  and  division.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PODOLOBIUM.  Five  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  P. 
scandens  is  a  climber.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandv  loam  and  peat. 


Light  loam,  ,  gardener  at  Welbeck  ; 

"  Raise  the  plants  from  single  eyes, 
(like  vines,)  from  the  hard  ripened  wood 
of  last  year,  and  re-pot  them  in  sandy 
loam  and  leaf-mould  ;  keeping  them  in 
a  cucumber-frame,  and  then  in  a  low 
stove,  as  near  the  glass  as  possible. 
They  do  pretty  near  the  glass  and  not 
drawn,  and  then  put  into  the  stove  in 


PODOPTERUS    riiexicanus.     Green- ,  September,    watering    freely   when    in 


PO  I 


471 


POI 


flower.  Old  plants  that  have  been  cut  |  that  pruning  knives  and  hands  washed 
down,  never  have  the  flora!  leaves  as  in  a  tank  after  they  have  been  em- 
large  as  a  young  plant  raised  from  eyes    ployed  upon  some  of  the  exotics,  will 


or  cuttings  with   one  stem. 

The  following  additional  instructions 


destroy   the    fish    it    contains.     Hippo- 
mane    bigiandulosa,    the   Manchineel, 


are  given  by  Mr.  D.  Beaton,  gardener   the  Tanghin,  Sapium  laurocerasus,  and 


to  Sir  W.  Middleton,  at  Shrubland  :  — 

"  As  an  additional  means  of  improv- 
ing the  size  of  the  flowers,  a  strong 
healthy  plant,  not  less  than  two  years 
old,  should  be  kept  to  propagate  from 
bv  eves.     This  plant  should  be  kept  in 


Cainocladia  dentata,  are  equally  dele- 
terious to  man.  Gardeners  who  have 
merely  rubbed  the  leaves  of  the  latter 
between  their  fingers,  have  had  swol- 
len bodies  and  temporary  blindness. 
Wounds  from  pruning  knives  smeared 


the  stove  all  summer,  encouraged  dur-  with  the  juices  of  such  plants,  are  like 

inc   its  growth  by  all  safe  stimuli,  and  those  from  poisoned  arrows. 

ha've  onfy  two  or  three  of  its  strongest  POISONS.     Soils   containing   obnox- 

shoots  allowed  to  remain.     When  these  ious  ingredients  are  certain  introducers 

shoots   have  nearly  done  growing,  cut  of  disease  and   premature  death.     An 

otr  their  tops,  that'the  plant  may  throw  excess  of  oxide  of  iron,  as  when   the 

all  the  strength  of  its  vital  energies  into  roots  of  the  apple  and  pear  get  into  an 

those  eyes  destined  for  your  next  year's  irony  red  gravelly  subsoil,  always  causes 


plants. 


canker  to  supervene.  In  the  neighbour- 


When  the  young  wood  ripens,  al-  hood  of  copper-smelting  furnaces,  not 
low  the  plant  to  go  gradually  to  rest,  only  are  cattle  subjected  to  swollen 
and  when  you  cease  watering  it,  place  joints  and  other  unusual  diseases,  cans- 
it  in  a  dry  "part  of  the  stove;  should  it  ing  decrepitude  and  death,  but  the 
offer  to  vegetate  too  soon  in  spring,  plants  also  around  are  subject  to  sud- 
reniove  it  to  a  dry  place  in  the  green-  den  visitations,  to  irregular  growths, 
house  to  keep  it  back.  About  the  be-  and  to  unwarned  destruction;  and  a 
ginning  or  middle  of  April  will  be  quite  ,  crop  once  vigorous  will  suddenly  j.vith- 


time  enoush  to  begin  to  propagate  it 
At  that  time  take  the  most  prominent 
eyes  from  the  ripest  portion  of  the 
branches. 

Cut  the  old  plant  down  to  the  form- 


er as  if  swept  over  by  a  blast.  There 
is  no  doubt  of  this  arising  from  the  salts 
of  copper,  which  impregnate  the  soil 
irregularly,  as  the  winds  may  have 
borne  them  sublimed  from  the  furnaces, 


er  year's  wood,  shake  off"  all  the  soil  and  the  experiments  of  Sennebier  have 
from  its  roots,  cut  away  all  decayed  shown  that  of  all  salts  those  of  copper 
roots,  and  shorten  the  strongest  ones;  are  the  most  fatal  to  plants.  That  they 
repot  it  in  as  small  a  pot  as  you  can  put  ,  can  be  poisoned,  and  by  many  of  those 


its  roots  into,  and  place  it  in  bottom 
heat;  treat  it  with  due  care  as  in  the 
former  season,  and  for  the  same  pur- 
pose."—  Gnrd.  Chron. 

Aphelandra  cristata  maybe  managed 
the  same  wav,  and  no  plant  will  more 
amply  repay  the  care  and  attention  be- 
stowed on  it. 

POIRETIA  srandenit.  Stove  ever- 
green climber.  Young  cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 


substances,  narcotic  as  well  as  corro- 
sive, which  are  fiital  to  animals,  has 
been  shown  by  the  experiments  of  M. 
F.  Marcet. 

The  metallic  poisons  being  absorbed, 
are  conveyed  to  the  different  parts  of 
the  plant,  and  alter  or  destroy  its  tissue. 
The  vegetable  poisons,  such  as  opium, 
strychnia,  prussic  acid,  belladonna,  al- 
cotiol,  and  oxalic  acid,  which  act  fatally 
upon   the   nervous   system  of  animals. 


POISON-BULB.     Brunsvigia  toxica-  also  cause  the  death  of  plants. 

ria,  and  Crinum  a.iiaticum.  The  poisonous  substance  is  absorbed 

POISON-NUT.     Strychnos  mix  into  the  plant's  system,  and   proves  in- 

vomica.  jurious    when    merely    applied     to    its 

POISON-OAK.     Rhus  toxicodendron,  liranchfta  or  stem,   almost  as   much   as 

POISONOUS    PLANTS.     Gardeners  if    placed    in    contact   with    the    roots, 

should  be  much  more  careful  than  they  Ulcerations  and  canker  are  exasperated 

usually  are  in  bandlinsi  the  plants  they  if  lime  be   put  upon   the   wounds,  and 

cultivate,  for  many  of  them  have  deadly  when   Dr.  Hales  made  a  golden   rennet 

qualities.    M.  Neumann,  chief  gardener  apple   absorb   a   quart   of  camphorated 

of  the  Paris  Jardin  des  Plantes,   says  spirits    of    wine    through    one    of    its 


PO  I 


472 


POL 


brandies,  one-ha]f  of  the  tree  was  de- 
stroyed.— Princ.  of  Gardening. 

POIVREA.  Six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

POLANISIA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
annuals.  Seed.  Sheltered,  light  rich 
loam. 

POLEMONIUM.  Twelve 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division 
loam. 

POLIANTHES.  Tuberose 
species.  Green-house  bulbs, 
imported.     Sandy  loam  and  leaf-mould. 

POLYANTHUS.  Primula  vulgaris, 
var.  polyantha 


species. 
.     Light 

Two 

Bulbs 


Nicholson's  Ranger. 

Nonsuch. 

King. 


Sir  Sidney  Smith. 
Telegraph  (Head's). 
Turner's  Emperor  Buonaparte. 
Princess. 


Timm's   Defiance    and   Yorkshire   Re- 
gent. 

Characteristics    of    Excellence,    are 
thus  enumerated  by  Dr.  Lindiey  : — 

"  The  pip  of  the  Polyanthus  should 

be   large,    and   the   nearer    the   outline 

approaches    a   circle     the    better  ;     it 

should   be    free  from   any  unevenness, 

A  florist's  flower  much  j  and  lie  perfectly  flat;  the  edge  must  be 


esteemed  in  England ;  in  the  United 
States  but  little  attention  has  been  paid 
to  it. 

Varieties.  —  Mr.    Slater,    florist,    of 
Manchester,  gives  the  following  lists: — 

FIRST   CLASS. 

Barrow's  Dutchess  of  Sutherland. 
Buck's  George  the  P'ourth. 
Bullock's  Lancer. 
Clegg's     Lord     Crewe,    alias     George 

Canning. 
Collier's  Princess  Royal. 
Cox's  Regent. 
Crownshaw's  Invincible. 
Eckersley's  Jolly  Dragoon. 
Gibbon's  Sovereign. 
General  Bolivar. 
Gond's  Independent. 
Hetcher's  Defiance. 
Hilton's  President. 
Hufton's  Earl  Grey,  alias  Clegg's  Lord 

John  Russell. 
Hufton's  Lord  Rancliffe,   alias  Clegg's 

Prince  of  Orange,  and  Clegg's  Golden 

Hero. 
Hufton's  Lord  Lincoln. 
Maude's  Beauty  of  England. 
Nicholson's  Bang  Europe. 
Ollier's  Beauty  of  Over. 
Pearson's  Alexander. 
Saunders's  Cheshire  Favourite. 
Wood's  Espartero. 

SECOND  CLASS. 

Beauty  of  Coven. 
Buckley's  Squire  Starkie. 
Burnard's  Formosa. 
Dew's  Britannia. 
Faulkner's  Black  Prince. 
Fillingham's  Tantarara. 
Queen's  Earl  Fitzvvilliam. 
Hepworth's  Elizabeth. 
Jolly  Sailor. 


smooth,  and  the  divisions  in  the  corolla, 
which  form  it  into  heart-shaped  seg- 
ments, should  reach  the  eye  but  not 
cut  into  it.  The  segments  should  be 
well  rounded,  making  the  divisions  be- 
tween them  small  and  shallow.  The 
tube  must  be  of  a  fine  yellow,  round, 
clearly  defined,  well  filled  with  an- 
thers, and  terminating  in  a  narrow 
ridge  raised  slightly  above  the  surface 
of  the  eye. 

"  The  eye  should  be  of  a  bright  rich 
yellow  colour,  of  a  uniform  width 
round  the  tube.  The  ground  colour 
must  be  entire,  free  from  specks  or 
blemishes,  of  a  dark  or  rich  crimson, 
not  paler  at  the  edges,  and  uniform  in 
every  division.  The  edge  should  form 
a  narrow  well  defined  riin  of  yellow, 
perfectly  regular,  bordering  each  seg- 
ment, and  passing  down  the  centre  of 
each  division  to  the  eye. 

"  It  is  essential  that  the  edge  and 
the  eye  be  of  a  uniform  yellow.  These 
qualities  in  the  pips,  and  the  flowers 
forming  a  compact  truss,  standing  well 
above  the  foliage  on  a  firm  upright 
stem,  will  constitute  perfection  in  the 
polyanthus." — Card.  Cliron. 

Propagation  by  Seed. — Dr.  Lindiey 
says,  "  during  February  sow  in  pots  in 
a  light  and  moderately  rich  soil,  and 
give  the  seed,  when  sown,  a  slight 
covering  of  sifted  soil ;  the  pans  should 
then  be  placed  under  hand-glasses.  It 
is  better  to  raise  them  without  bottom- 
heat,  as  the  young  plants  are  apt  to 
damp  off".  As  soon  as  the  seeds  begin 
to  vegetate,  air  should  be  given  ;  and 
as  they  increase  in  size,  care  must  be 
taken  to  keep  away  slugs.  When  the 
sun  has  much  power,  it  will  be  advisa- 
ble to  remove  the  pans  to  an  east  or 
north  aspect,  to  prevent  them  from  be- 


POL 


473 


PON 


coming  too  dry.     In  August  they  will    should  occasionally  be  sprinkled   over 


be  ready  for  transplanting."  —  Card. 
Chron. 

General  Culture. — This  is  detailed 
by  that  most  successful  floriculturist, 
Dr.  Horner,  of  Hull,  and  from  his  di- 
rections are  taken  the  following  ex- 
tracts : — 

"  Situation  and  Soil. — A  free  and 
pure  air  is  necessary  for  its  vigorous 
growth.     It  should  alway  be  grown  in 


the  foliage  (avoiding  the  flowers)  ;  and 
the  smaller  and  central  pips  should  be 
thinned  out,  that  the  truss  or  umbel  of 
flowers  may  have  a  uniform  and  un- 
crowded  appearance.  When  the  bloom 
is  over,  the  plants  should  be  turned  out 
of  their  pots  into  the  border  from 
whence  they  were  taken  ;  here  they 
must  remain  without  further  care,  ex- 
cept  an   occasional    watering,   till    the 


a  bed  or  open  border,  and  in  one  which    end  of  July,  when  they  should  be  taken 


has  an  eastern  aspect.  It  is  most  im- 
patient of  heat  and  drought,  but  de- 
lights in  a  cool,  or  rather  moist  and 
shaded  locality,  where  it  can  enjoy 
about  two  hours  of  the  morning  sun.  It 
thrives  best  in  a  retentive  soii  from  a 
rich  old  pasture,  to  which  has  been 
added  about  the  sixth  part  of  cow 
manure,  two  or  three  years  old,  and 
the  same  quantity  of  leaf-mould.     The 


up,  the  soil  crumbled  from  their  roots, 
and  those  which  present  two  or  more 
heads  divided  gently  with  the  fingers, 
and  prepared  and  planted  as  before  de- 
scribed."— Card.  Chron. 

P  O  L  Y  B  O  T  R  Y  A.  Three  species. 
Stove  ferns.  Division  and  seed.  Sandy 
peat  and  turf. 

POLYGALA.  Forty-four  species. 
Herbaceous,  shrubby,  and  annual.    All 


natural    soil   of  the  garden    should   be    hardy  or  green-house,  except  the  stove 


dug  out  to  the  depth  of  a  foot,  and  the 
space  filled  up  with  the  above,  three 
months  previously  to  planting  them, 
that  the  bed  may  have  become  settled 
before  it  is  required  for  the  plants. 

"  Planting. — The  proper  time  is  at 
the  end  of  July,  not  later.     Shorten  the  I 


annuals,  P.pnniculata  and  P.  umhellata. 
Division,  cuttings  or  seed.  Sandy  peat 
and  a  little  loam. 

POLYGON ATUM.  Thirteen  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Seed  and  division. 
Light  rich  loam. 

POLYGONUM.    Forty-eight  species. 


main  or  tap-root,  as  it  is  called,  to  i  Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous  or  annual 
wiihin  about  half  an  inch  of  the  leaves,  plants,  some  being  aquatics  and  trailers, 
that  a  few  of  the  vigorous  young  fibrous  A  few  require  the  shelter  of  the  green- 
roots  only  may  he  retained  ;  with  a  house.  Seed  and  division.  Light  rich 
small   trowel   make   a  hole  in  the    soil    loam. 

surticiently  deep  that  the  plant  may  POLYPODIUM.  Sixty-six  species, 
have   the  very  crown  of  the  main  root   Chiefly  stove  ferns.    Division  and  seed. 

Light  loam  and  peat. 

POLYPODY.     Polypodium. 
POLYPTERIS    integrifolia.     Hardy 
annual.     Seed.     Light  rich  loam. 

POLYSPORA  axillaris.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Unripe  cuttings.  Light 
loam  and  peat. 

POLYSTACHYA.      Seven   species. 


covered  at  least  one  inch  with  the  soil 

"  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that ; 
the    polyanthus    should    be    thus   deep  | 
set;  for  the  young   roots  always  ema- 
nate   from    the    very   top    of  the   main 
root,  and  throw  themselves  out  for  the 
most  part,  if  a  somewhat  curved  or  hori- 
zontal method  of  planting  is  adopted. 
ILiving  well  watered  the  bed,  the 


plants  require  no  more  care  whatever,  ]  Stove  epiphytes.     Division.    Wood  and 


except  being  kept  clean.     They  should 
be  lel\  entirely  without  covering  or  pro-  ] 
tection  in  the  winter.  j 

"Blooming,  i^c. —  In  spring,  just 
when  the  pips  are  about  to  expand,  if 
wanted   for  the  purpose   of  exhibition, 


moss. 

POMADERRIS.  Sixteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

POMAX  hirta.  Green-house  ever- 
green shrub.   Cuttings.    Sandy  peat  and 


or  to  ornament  the  stage  or  cool  green-  loam, 

house,  they    may   be  taken   up  with  a  POMBALIA  ;7!//>a.   Stove  herbaceous, 

moderately-sized  ball  of  earth,  and  put  Seed  and  young  cuttings.     Sandy  loam 

into   common    auricula    pots,   for  they  and  peat. 


bear  this  removal  without  the  slightest: 
injury  or  apparent  check.     Water  must 
now    be    supplied    rather    freely,    and 


POMEGRANATE.     Punica. 

POMl'lOX.     See  Gourd. 

P  t)  N  C  E  L  E  T  I  A     sprengeiloides. 


PON 


474 


PON 


Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

PONDS,  are  reservoirs  of  water  dug 
out  of  the  soil,  and  made  retentive  by 
puddling  with  clay  their  bottoms  and 
sides. 

Puddling  is  necessary  in  almost  all 
instances  and  the  mode  of  proceeding 


and  marked  out,  it  will  then  be  neces- 
sary to  form  a  second  or  outer  mark, 
indicating  the  space  required  for  the 
wall  or  side  puddle,  and  about  three 
feet  is  the  proper  space  to  allow  for 
this — the  puddle  requiring  about  two 
feet,  and  the  facing  which  requires  to 
be  laid   upon  the   puddle   ought  to   be 


is  thus  detailed  by  Mr.  Marnock,  in  the  }  about  a  foot  more,  making  together 
United  Gardeners''  Journal.  When  the  t  three  feet.  Ponds  may  be  made  very 
excavacation  is  formed,  or  partially  so,  I  ornamental,  and  for  suitable  suggestions 


the  bottom  puddle  near  the  outer  edge 
is  formed,  and  upon  this  is  raised  the 
upright  or  side  puddle ;  and  as  this 
proceeds  the  ordinary  clay  or  earth  is 
raised  at  the  same  time,  and  by  this 
means  the  upright  puddle  is  retained  in 
its  place  ;  and  ultimately  the  sides,  being 
formed  in  a  sloping  direction,  admit  of 
being  covered  with  gravel  or  sand,  and 
may  be  walked  upon,  or  stakes  may  be 
driven  to  a  considerable  depth  without 
reaching  the  puddle  or  in  any  way  in- 
juring it;  this  can  never  be  the  case  if 


on  this  point,  see  Water. 

PONGAMIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PONTEDERA.  Seven  species. 
Stove  aquatics,  except  the  hardy  P. 
ccErulea.  Division.  Rich  light  loam 
in  water. 

PONTHIEVA.  Two  species.  Stove 
orchids.  Division.  Sundy  loam  and 
peat. 

PONTIA.  A  genus  of  butterflies  of 
which   the   following  one   is   most   ob- 


the  puddle,  as  is  sometimes  done,   be  I  noxious  to  the  gardener:- 


laid  upon  the  sloping  side  of  the  pond 
The  sides  may  slope  rapidly,  or  the  re- 
verse :  if  the  slope  be  considerable, 
sand  or  gravel  to  give  a  clean  appear- 
ance will  be  the  more  likely  to  be  re- 
tained upon  the  facing;  plants  can  be 
more  easily  fixed  and  cultivated;  gold- 
fish also  find  in  these  shallow  gravelly 
parts  under  the  leaves  of  the  plants 
suitable  places  to  deposit  their  spawn, 
and  without  this  they  are  seldom  found 
to  breed.  Ponds  made  in  this  way  may 
be  of  any  convenient  size,  from  a  couple 
of  yards  upwards  to  as  many  acres. 
The  following  is  the  section  of  a  pond 

Fig.  137. 


P.  hrassicie,  the  large  white  cabbage 
butterfly  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Kol- 
lar  : — "  The  wings  are  white  ;  the  up- 
per wings  with  broad  black  tips,  and 
the  female  has  two  black  spots  on  the 
middle.  The  under  side  of  the  under 
wings  is  light  yellow.  Breadth,  when 
expanded,  two  inches.  It  appears  from 
May  to  October.  The  caterpillar  is 
bluish-green,  thinly  haired,  and  sprin- 
kled with  black  dots,  having  a  yellow 
stripe  on  the  back,  and  the  same  on  the 
sides.  These  caterpillars  are  found, 
throughout  the  summer  and  autumn, 
on  all  the  sorts  of  cabbage,  on  horse- 
radish, radishes,  mustard,  and  similar 
plants,  as  well  as  on  water -cresses. 
The  pupae  are  yellowish-green,  with 
black  dots,  with  a  point  on  the  head, 
and  five  on  the  back.  The  best  way  to 
destroy  them  is  picking  off  and  killing 
the  caterpillars,  as  well  as  the  pupa;, 
as  far  as  it  is  possible;  the  latter  are 
found  attached  to  adjacent  trees,  hedges, 
and  walls.  But  care  must  be  taken  not 
to  destroy  those  pupa;  which  have  a 
brown  appearance;  because  they  are 
full  of  the  larva!  of  ichneumons,  and 
other   allied    parasites,   which   are  the 


thus  formed  :  a  indicates  the  surface  of 

the  ground   at  the  edge  of  the  water; 

b,  the  puddle  ;  c,  the  facing  to  preserve    great  scourge  of  these  caterpillars." — 

the  puddle  from  injury  ;  d,  the  water;  \  Kollar. 

P.  rapm 


Small  White  Cabbage  But- 
ordinary  bottom.  When  a  small  pond  i  terfly.  The  following  extracts  are  from 
of  this  kind  is  to  be  made,  and  the  ex-  1  the  same  good  authority  : — "  This  But- 


c,  the  surface  of  the  latter  ;  and  /,  the  ! 

ordinary  bottom.     When  a  small   pond 

of  this  kind  is  to  be  made,  and  the  ex-  1 

tent  of  the  surface  is  determined  upon  i  terfly   resembles  the  foregoing,  but  is 


POP 


475 


POT 


one  half  smaller ;  antl  the  black  tinjie    best ;    Soden's    Early    Oxford;    Fox's 
at  the  points  of  the  nper  wini^s  is  faint- I  Seedling,    perhaps     the     best;     Early 
er,  and  not  visible  on  the  outer  edge.    INIaniy;   Karly  Mule. 
The  time  of  appearance  is  the  same  as;      Earliest  for  general  cultivation  : — 
of  the  former.  Early  Kidney;  Nonsuch  ;  Early  Shaw; 

"  The  caterpillar  is  of  a  dull  green,  Gold  Finder  ;  Taylor's  F'orty-fold. 
with  fine  white  minute  hairs,  a  yellow  |  For  main  crops,  the  varieties  are 
stripe  on  the  back,  and  vellow  spots  on  '  ranged  in  this  class,  according  to  their 
the  sides,  on  a  pale  ground.  In  some  forwardness  in  ripening  : — 
years  it  is  very  injurious  to  the  cabbage  Early  Champion;  Leathercoat  ;  Ox 
and  turnip  plants;  it  also  infests  the  Noble  ;  Red  Nose  Kidney,  very  good  ; 
mignionette,  which  it  strips  entirely  of  Large  Kidney  ;  Irish  Cup  ;  Bread  Fruit, 
its  leaves.  It  is  very  difficult  to  be  dis-  the  best;  Red  Streak,  or  Lancashire 
covered  from  its  colour.  The  pupa  is  I'ink  Eye;  Black  Skin;  Purple;  Red 
yellowish  or  greenish-gray,  with  three  Apple;  Rough  Red. — All  these  are 
yellow  stripes.  Like  the  former  kind,  English  varieties.  At  Philadelphia, 
it  is  found  attached  to  trees,  hedges,"    where    we    write,    but    two    sorts    are 


&c. — KoUar. 
POPLAR.     Populus. 
POPPY.     Papaver. 
POPULUS.    Poplar.   Fifteen  species. 


extensively  grown,  viz.,  Mercer  and 
Foxite;  the  former  has  had  great  popu- 
larity for  both  quality  and  product — 
the  latter,  though  not  productive,  is  the 


evergreen  shrub.    Ripe  cuttings, 
and  peat. 

PORTIIESIA.     See  Bombyx. 

PORTLANDIA.  Two  species, 
evergreen   shrubs.      Cuttings, 
loam  and  peat. 


and  many  varieties.     Hardy  deciduous    best  we  have  ever  seen  grown  in  this 

trees.    Cuttings  and  layers.    Light  loam,  I  country. 

near  flowing  water.  i       Soil  and  Situation. — No  inhabitant  of 

poll \y!Jivoluf)i lis.  Stove  evergreen  the  garden  varies  more  in  quality  in 
twiner.     Seed.     Loam  and  peat.  different  gardens  than  the  potato  ;  for  a 

PORANTUER.\  ericifolia.  Green-  variety  will  have  a  strong  unpleasant 
house  evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings,  flavour  in  one  soil,  that  has  a  sweet 
Sandy  loam  and  peat.  agreeable  one  in  another.     In  a  heavy 

VOKhW.lX  X  hy^rometrira.    Stove    wet  soil,  or  a  rank   black  loam,  though 

Loam    the  crop  is  often  fine  and  abundant,  it 

is   scarcely   ever   palatable.      Silicious 

I  soils,    even     approaching     to     gravel. 

Stove    though    in    these    last    the    tubers    are 

Sandy    usually  corroded  or  scabby,  are  always 

to  be  planted  in  preference  to  the  above. 

PORTUGAL  LAUREL.  Cerasus  lu-  A  dry,  friable,  fresh,  and  moderately 
sitanica.  This  is  a  beautiful  evergreen  rich  soil,  is  unquestionably  the  best  for 
shrub,  not  sufficiently  hardy  to  with- ;  every  variety  of  the  potato  ;  andforthe 
stand  the  winters  of  the  middle  states —  earliest  crop,  it  may  be  with  advantage 
farther  south  it  would  be  highly  useful  more  silicious  than  for  the  main  ones, 
as  a  decoration  to  the  garden  and  lawn  ;  The  black-skinned  and  rough-red, 
during  winter.  thrive   better  than  any  other  in   moist 

PORTULACA.      Purslane.      Fifteen    strong  cold  soils, 
species.    Stove,  green-house,  and  hardv        If    manure    is    necessary,    whatever 
annuals.    Seed.   Light  loam.  P.  g-ranrfi- ,  may  be  the    one  employed,  it   is   better 
flora  is  a  tuberous  perennial,  increased  |  spread   regularly  over  the  surface  pre- 
by  offsets.     See  Purslane.  [  vious  to  digging,  than  put  into  the  holes 

PORTULACARIA     afra.        African    with  the  sets,  or  spread  in   the  trench 
Purslane  Tree.    Green-house  evergreen    vvhen  they  are  so  planted, 
shrub.     Young  cuttings.     Sandy  loam.        Stable  dung  is  perhaps  the  best  of  all 
well  drained.  factitious  manures  ;   sea-weed   is  a  very 

POSOQUERIA.  Two  species.    Stove    beneficial  addition  to  the  soil  ;  and  so 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.    Loam  and    is  salt, 
peat.  I      Coal-ashes  and  sea-sand  are  applied 

POTATO.     Solanum  tuberosum  ]  with   great   benefit   to   retentive    soils. 

Varieties,  for  forcing  or  first  crop,  in    The  situation  must  always  be  open, 
the  open  ground  : — Walnut-leaved  Kid-        Time  and  Modes  of  Propagation. — It 
ney,  earliest ;   Broughton  Dwarf;  Early    is  propagated  in  general   by  the  tubers, 
Warwick;   Ash-leaved   Kidney,  white,  |  though  the  shoots  arising  from  thence. 


POT 


476 


POT 


and  layers  of  the  stalks,  may  be  em- 
ployed. New  varieties  are  raised  from 
seed. 

Planting  in  the  open  ground  must  be 
done  with  reference  to  the  latitude  in 


earth  near  the  fire.  If  the  earth  is  kept 
moist,  the  crown-eye  will  be  in  a  state 
of  vegetation  in  five  or  six  days. 

To  obtain  early  crops,  where  tubers 
are  rapidly  formed,  large  sets  must  be 


which  we  live — in  Pennsylvania,  for  in-    employed.     In   these  one  or  two  eyes 
stance,  those  intended  for  the  earliest  j  at  most  should  be  allowed  to  remain. 


crop  may  be  planted  in  March;  for  a 
succession,  in  April  ;  and  for  the  main 
winter  supply,  in  May.  Formerly  large 
crops  were  produced  from  plantations 
made  in  July,  but  latterly  they  have  not 
succeeded. 

Sets. — The  next  point  for  considera- 


If  the  sets  are  placed  with  their  lead- 
ing buds  upwards,  few  and  very  strong 
early  stems  will  be  produced;  but,  if 
the  position  is  reversed,  many  weak 
and  later  shoots  will  arise,  and  not  only 
the  earliness  but  the  quality  of  the  pro- 
duce be  depreciated.     For  the  earliest 


tion  is  the  preparation  of  the  sets.  Some  crops  there  are  likewise  several  modes 
gardeners  recommend  the  largest  pota-  !  of  assisting  the  forward  vegetation  of 
toes  to  be  planted  whole;  others,  that  I  the  sets.  These  should  be  prepared 
they  be  sliced  into  pieces  containing  by  removing  every  eye  but  one  or  two  ; 
two  or  three  eyes  ;  a  third  set,  to  cut  [  and  being  placed"  in  a  layer  in  a  wojm 
the  large  tubers  directly  in  half;  a  room,  where  air  and  light  can  be  freely 
fourth,  the  employment  of  the  shoots  admitted,  with  a  covering  of  straw, 
only,  which  are  thrown  out  if  potatoes  !  they  soon  emit  shoots,  which  must  be 


are  kept  in  a  warm  damp  situation  ;  and 
a  fifth,  that  merely  the  parings  be  em- 
ployed. Cuttings  of  the  stalks,  five  or 
six  inches  in  length,  or  rooted  suckers, 
will  be  productive,  if  planted  during 
showery  weather,  in  May  or  June  ;  and 
during  this  last  month,  or  early  in  July, 
it  may  be  propagated  by  layers,  which 
are  formed  by  pegging  down  the  young 
stalks  when  about  twelve  inches  long, 
they  being  covered  three  inches  thick 
with  mould  at  a  joint.  These  three 
last   modes    are   practised    more    fro 


strengthened  by  exposure  to  the  air  and 
light  as  much  as  possible,  by  taking  off 
the  cover  without  injuring  them.  Dur- 
ing cold  weather,  and  at  night,  it  must 
always  be  removed  :  the  leaves  soon 
become  green  and  tolerably  hardy.  In 
early  spring  they  are  planted  out,  the 
leaves  being  left  just  above  the  surface, 
and  a  covering  of  litter  afforded  every 
night  until  the  danger  of  frost  is  passed. 
The  only  modification  of  this  plan 
that  is  adopted  in  Cheshire,  where  they 
are  celebrated  for  the  early  production 


curiosity  than  utility,  whilst  at  the  same  j  of  potatoes,  is,  that  they  employ  chaff 
time,  none  of  the  first  five  mentioned  !  or  sand  for  a  covering  instead  of  straw, 
plans  can  be  individually  followed  to  Planting. — In  garden  culture  the 
advantage    without    modification.     For  '  most  preferable  mode  of  inserting  them 


the  main  crops,  it  is  evident  from  ex- 
periment that  moderate  sized  whole 
potatoes  are  the  best,  from  which  all 
but  two  eyes  have  been  removed  ;  but 
especially  having  the  crown,  which  is  a 
congery  of  small  eyes,  first  removed  ; 


is  with  the  dibble,  in  rows;  for  the 
early  crops  twelve  inches  apart  each 
way,  and  for  the  main  ones  eighteen 
inches.  The  sets  should  be  placed  six 
inches  beneath  the  surface.  The  po- 
tato-dibble  is  the  best  instrument  that 


for   from   these  proceed  little  spindled    can  be  employed  ;  the  earth  being  after 


stalks,  which  are  comparatively  worth 
less,  and  injure  the  main  stem. 

For  the  early  crops  almost  the  very 
contrary  to  the  above  is  the  most  ad- 
vantageous to  be  practised.  The  set 
should  have  the  crown-eye,  which  is 
one  growing  in  the  centre  of  the  con 


wards  raked  or  struck  in  with  the  spade, 
and  the  soil  not  trampled  u[)on  but 
planted  as  sufficient  is  dug  for  receiving 
a  row. 

The  compartment  may  be  laid  out 
level  and  undivided  if  the  soil  is  light ; 
but   if  heavy    soil    is    necessarily    em- 


gery  of  small  ones  above  mentioned,  !  ployed,  it  is  best  disposed  in  beds  six 
preserved.  Some  potatoes  have  two  or  eight  feet  wide.  If  the  staple  of  the 
such  eyes,  but  the  generality  only  one.  '  soil  be  good  throughout,  the  alleys  may 
This  is  always  the  most  prompt  to  ve-  ]  be  two  feet  wide  and  dug  deep,  other- 
getate,  and  if  not  known  by  this  de-  wise  they  must  be  made  broader,  and 
scription,  may  be  evinced  by  placing  only  one  spit  taken  out,  the  earth  re- 
iwo  or  three  potatoes  in  a  pan  of  moist  '  moved   being   employed    to   raise   the 


POT 


477 


POT 


beds,  which  should  not  be  more  than    dug  round  the  heap,  and  well  smootli- 
four   parallel    ridges,  and    the  set8  in-    ened  with  the  back  of  the  spade, 
sertcd  along  their  summits.  [      Potatoes  should    not  be  stored  until 

Hoeing. — As  soon  as  the  plants  are  perfectly  dry,  nor  unless  free  from 
well  to  be  distinguished,  they  should  be  earth,  refuse,  and  wounded  tubers.  It 
perfectly  freed  from  weeds;  and  of  the  is  a  good  practice  to  keep  a  hole  open 
early  crops  the  earth  drawn  round  each  on  four  dilTerent  sides  of  the  heap, 
plant,  so  as  to  form  a  cup  as  a  shelter  entirely  through  the  earth  and  straw, 
from  the  cold  winds,  which  are  their  for  a  week  or  two  after  the  heap  is 
chief  enemy  at  that  season.  But  the  formed  ;  for  in  proportion  to  its  size  it 
main  crops  should  not  be  earthed  up,  ajways  ferments,  and  these  orifices 
for  earthing  up  diminishes  the  crop  one  [  allow  the  escape  of  the  vapours  and 
fourth.  Throughout  their  growth  they  '  perfect  the  drying, 
should  be  kept  perfectly  clear  of  weeds.  |      To  raise  Varieties. — A  variety  of  the 

It  is  very  injurious  to  mow  off  the  I  potato  is  generally  considered  to  con- 
tops  of  the  plants,  as  is  sometimes  re-  I  tinue  about  fourteen  years  in  perfection, 
commended.  The  foliage  ought  to  be  after  which  period  it  gradually  loses  its 
kept  as  uninjured  as  possible,  unless,  good  qualities,  becoming  of  inferior 
as  sometimes  occurs  on  fresh  ground,  :  llavour  and  unproductive;  fresh  va- 
tlie  plants  are  of  gigantic  luxuriance,  rieties  must,  therefore,  be  occasionally 
and  even  then  the  stems  should  be  only  i  raised  from  seed.  The  berries,  or  ap- 
moderately  shortened.  It  is,  however,  pies,  of  the  old  stock,  having  hung  in  a 
of  considerable  advantage  to  remove  warm  room  throughout  the  winter,  the 
the  fruit-stalks  and  immature  flowers  as  seed  must  be  obtained  from  them  by 
soon  as  they  appear,  unless  the  stems  washing  away  the  pulp  during  Februarv. 
are  very  luxuriant.  A  potato  plant  This  is  thoroughly  dried  and  kept  until 
continues  to  form  tubers  until  the  i  .'\pril,  and  then  sown  in  drills  about 
flowers  appear,  after  which  it  is  em-  |  half  an  inch  deep  and  six  inches  apart, 
ployed  in  ripening  those  already  formed,    in  a  rich    light    soil.     The    plants    are 

The  very  earliest  crops  will  be  in  weeded,  and  earth  drawn  up  to  their 
production  in  July,  or  perhaps  towards  stems,  when  an  inch  in  height:  as  soon 
the  end  of  June,  and  may  thence  be  as  this  has  increased  to  three  inches 
taken  up  as  wanted  until  October,  at  they  are  moved  into  a  similar  soil,  in 
the  close  of  which  month,  or  during  rows,  sixteen  inches  apart  each  way, 
November,  they  may  be  entirely  dug  up  '  and  during  their  future  growth  earthed 
and  stored.  In  storing,  the  best  mode  |  up  two  or  three  times.  Being  finally 
is  to  place  them  in  layers,  alternately  1  taken  up,  in  the  course  of  October,  they 
with  dry  coal-ashes,  in  a  shed.  But  a  must  be  preserved  until  the  following 
still  belter  plan,  usually,  is  to  allow  spring,  to  be  then  replanted  and  treated 
them  to  remain  where  grown,  moulding  as  for  store  crops, 
the  rows  over  six  inches  deep,  and 
taking  them  up  a  week  before  wanted. 
The  best  instrument  with  which  they 
can  be  dug  up  is  a  three-fiat-pronged 
fork,  each  row  being  cleared  regularly 
away. 

The  tubers  should   be  sorted  at  the 
time  of  taking    them    up ;   for,  as    the 


Some  gardeners  sow  in  a  moderate 
hot-bed,  very  thin,  in  drills  the  same 
depth  as  above,  and  nine  inches  apart. 
Water  is  frequently  and  plentifully 
poured  between  the  rows,  and  earth 
drawn  about  the  stems  of  the  seedlings 
until  they  are  a  few  inches  in  height. 
They  are  then  transplanted  into  rows, 
largest  keep  the  best,  they  alone  should    water  given,  and  earthing  performed  as 


be  stored,  whilst  the  smaller  ones  are 
first  made  use  of.  The  most  common 
mode  of  preserving  them,  throughout 
the  winter,  is  in  heaps  or  clamps  some- 
times called  pyeing.  The  heaps  are 
laid  in  pyramidal  form  on  a  bed  of  straw, 
and  enveloped  with  a  covering,  six  or 
eight  inches  thick,  of  the  same  ma- 
terial, laid  even  as  in  thatching,  and  the 
whole  inclosed  with  earth,  in  a  conical 
form,  a  foot  thick,  taken  from  a  trench 


usual.  The  only  additional  advantage 
of  this  plan  is,  that  as  the  seed  can  be 
sown  earlier,  the  tubers  attain  a  rather 
larger  size  the  first  year. 

It  is  to  be  remarked,  that  the  tubers 
of  every  seedling  should  be  kept  sepa- 
rate, as  scarcely  two  will  be  of  a  similar 
habit  and  quality,  whilst  many  will  be 
comparatively  worthless,  and  but  few 
of  particular  excellence.  If  the  seed 
is  obtained  from  a  red  potato  that  flow- 


POT 


478 


POT 


ered  in  the  neigbourhood  of  a  white- 
tubered  variety,  the  seedlings,  in  all 
probability,  will  in  part  resemble  both 
their  parents  ;  but  seldom  or  never  does 
a  seedling  resemble  exactly  the  original 
stock.  At  all  events,  only  such  should 
be  preserved  as  are  recommended  by 
their  superior  earliness,  size,  flavour,  or 
fertility.  " 

The  early  varieties — if  planted  on 
little  heaps  of  earth,  with  a  stake  in  the 
middle,  and  when  the  plants  are  about 
four  inches  hisrh,  being  secured  to  the 
stakes  with  shreds  and  nails,  and  tlie 
earth  washed  away  from  the  bases  of 
the  stems  by  means  of  a  strong  current 
of  water,  so  that  the  fibrous  roots  only 
enter  the  soil — will  blossom  and  perfect 
seed. 

Forcing. — The  season  for  forcing  is 
from  the  close  of  December  to  the 
middle  of  February,  in  a  hot-bed,  and 
at  the  close  of  this  last  month  on  a 
warm  border,  with  the  temporary  shelter 
of  a  frame.  The  hot-bed  is  only  re- 
quired to  produce  a  moderate  heat. 
The  earth  should  be  six  inches  deep, 
and  the  sets  planted  in  rows  six  or  eight 
apart,  as  the  tubers  are  not  required 
to  be  large.  The  temperature  ought 
never  to  sink  below  Go*^,  nor  rise  above 
80°. 

The  rank  steam  arising  from  ferment- 
ing dung  is  undoubtedly  injurious  to  the 
roots  of  potatoes  ;  and  to  obviate  this 
they  may  be  planted  in  narrow  beds, 
and  the  dung  applied  in  trenches  on 
each  side  ;  or  all  the  earth  from  an  old 
cucumber  or  other  hot-bed  being  re- 
moved, and  an  inch  in  depth  of  tVesh 
being  added,  put  on  the  sets,  and  cover 
them  with  four  inches  of  mould.  At 
the  end  of  five  days  the  sides  of  the  old 
dung  may  be  cut  away  in  an  inward 
slanting  direction,  about  fifteen  inches 
from  the  perpendicular,  and  strong  lin- 
ings of  hot  dung  applied. 

If  the  tubers  are  desired  to  be  brought 
to  maturity  as  speedily  as  possible,  in- 
stead of  being  planted  in  the  earth  of 
the  bed,  each  set  should  be  placed  in  a 
pot  about  six  inches  in  diameter;  but 
the  produce  in  pots  is  smaller.  But 
young  potatoes  may  be  obtained  in  the 
winter,  according  to  the  following  plan, 
without  forcing  :  — 

Plant  some  late  kinds,  unsprouted,  in 
a  dry  rich  border,  in  July,  and  again  in  i 
August,  in  rows  two  feet  apart.     They 
will  produce  new  potatoes  in  October,  I 


and  in  succession  until  April,  if  covered 
with  leaves  or  straw  to  exclude  frost. 
If  old  potatoes  are  placed  in  dry  earth, 
in  a  shed,  during  August,  they  will  emit 
young  tubers  in  December. 

Preparation  of  Sets  for  forcing. — 
They  should  be  of  the  early  varieties. 
To  assist  their  forward  vegetation,  plant 
a  single  potato  in  each  of  the  pots  in- 
tended for  forcing,  during  January. 
Then  place  in  the  ground,  and  protect 
with  litter  from  the  frost.  This  renders 
them  very  excitable  by  heat;  and,  con- 
sequently, when  plunged  in  a  hot-bed, 
they  vegetate  rapidly  and  generate  tu- 
bers. The  seed  potatoes  are  equally 
assisted,  and  with  less  trouble,  if  placed 
in  a  cellar  just  in  contact  with  each 
other,  and  as  soon  as  the  germs  are 
four  inches  long,  are  removed  to  the 
hot-bed. 

Management. — More  than  one  stem 
should  never  be  allowed,  otherwise  the 
tubers  are  small,  and  not  more  nume- 
rous. 

Water  must  be  given  whenever  the 
soil  appears  dry,  and  in  quantity  propor- 
tionate to  the  temperature  of  the  air. 
Linings  must  be  applied  as  the  temper- 
ature declines;  and  air  admitted  as 
freely  as  the  temperature  of  the  atmo- 
sphere will  allow.  Coverings  must  be 
afforded  with  the  same  regard  to  tem- 
perature. 

From  six  to  seven  weeks  usually 
elapse  between  the  time  of  planting  and 
the  fitness  of  the  tubers  for  use.  The 
average  produce  from  a  light  soil  is 
about  five  pounds. 

There  is  another  mode  of  obtaining 
young  potatoes,  during  the  winter, 
which  is  much  practised  on  account  of 
its  facility;  though,  being  produced 
without  foliage,  they  are  not  so  fine  in 
flavour,  are  deficient  in  farina,  and  are 
otherwise  inferior.  Old  potatoes  often 
throw  out  from  their  sides  young  ones, 
early  in  the  spring  ;  and  of  this  habit 
advantage  is  taken  in  obtaining  them 
still  earlier.  Some  full-grown  and  ripe 
tubers,  of  the  ox  noble  variety,  that 
have  no  appearance  of  vegetating,  must 
be  laid  alternately  with  layers  of  per- 
fectly dry,  rich,  vegetable  mould,  four 
inches  deep,  in  pans  or  boxes,  until 
they  are  filled.  These  may  be  placed 
in  a  thoroughly  dry  shed,  or  on  a  shelf 
in  the  kitchen.  If  the  layers  are  con- 
structed in  the  corner  of  a  shed  or  cel- 
lar, the  produce  will  be  equally  good, 


POT 


479 


POT 


though  longer  in  coming  to  perfection,  the  ichor  to  the  tubers.  These  sliould 
No  foliaiie  is  proiliiced,  the  potatoes  be  taken  up  forthwith  and  clamped  as 
soon  are  surrounded  liy  numerous  joung  recommended  by  Dr.  Lindlev,  witii  a 
ones  of  moderate  size.  No  water  must  layer  of  earth  or  sand  alternating  with 
ever  be  admitted  on  any  account.  No-  each  layer  of  potatoes, 
tice  is  to  be  taken  that  between  three  The  disease  seems  to  be  the  natural 
and  four  months  elapse  between  the  resultof  an  excessive  degree  of  wet  and 
ti(ne  of  forming  the  layers  and  the  tit-  cold  at  that  period  of  closing  growth 
ness  of  the  produce  for  use.  Thus  if  when  all  bulbs  and  tubers  require  an 
made  early  in  September,  the  crop  will  increased  degree  of  dryness  and  warmth, 
be  ready  in  the  course  of  December.  If  the  hyacinth,  or  tulip,  or  dahlia  are 
When  they  are  examined,  those  that  submitted  to  similar  unpropitious  con- 
are  lit  may  be  taken  oft',  and  the  old  tingencies,  their  bulbs  or  tubers  simi- 
potaloes  replaced   until  the  remainder  larly  decay. 

are  ready.  I      it  is  not  a  new  disease,  for  to  a  less 

Potato    Murrain.  —  By    the    above  '  extent  it  has  been   frequently  noticed 

name   was    distinguished  a  moist  gan-  ,  before.     The  best  preservative  of  the 

grene   which    attacked    very   generally  tubers  in   such   ungenial   seasons  is  to 

the  potato  crop  of  England  late  in  the  take  them    up,  to  dry  them  perfectly, 

summer  of  the  year    1845.     July  and  and  then   store  them  in  a  dry  shed  in 


August  were  unusually  wet  and  cold 
and  early  in  August  there  were  sharp 
morning  frosts.  Immediately  after,  the 
stems  began  to  decay;  but  the  weather 
continuing  wet,  instead  of  their  decay 
being  dry,  and  attended  with  the  usual 
phenomena  of  their  reduction  to  mere 
woody  fibre,  the  putrefaction  was  moist, 
and  the  smell  attendant  upon  it  precise- 
ly that  evolved  during  the  decay  of  dead 
potato  haulm  partly  under  water.  The 
stem  decayed  whilst  the  fibres  connect- 
ing the  tubers  with  them  were  fresh 
and  juicy  —  the  putrefaction  spread 
along  these,  the  ichor  being  absorbed 
by  their  still  energetic  vessels,  and 
passing  into  the  still  immature  and  un- 
usually juicy  tubers,  imparted  to  them 
the  gangrene;  the  infection  first  being  ap- 
parent at  the  end  nearest  the  connecting 
iibre,  spreading  gradually  throughout 
the  liber  of  the  tuber,  rendering  it  brown 
like  a  decayed  apple,  and  lastly  causing 
the  decay  of  its  interior  portion.  Pre- 
viously to  the  final  decay,  the  increased 
specific  gravity  of  the  potato  was  re- 
markable, amounting  to  one-third  more 


dry  coal  ashes. 

Much  has  been  written  on  this  sub- 
iect,  and  the  newspapers  here  and  in 
Europe  have  been  tilled  with  specula- 
tions as  to  its  duration,  &c.  The  failure 
to  a  considerable  extent  of  the  crop  of 
the  present  year,  (1S46,)  would  indicate 
that  the  disease  is  not  of  such  temporary 
character  as  had  been  hoped  and  pre- 
dicted. If  it  continue  all  the  old  varie- 
ties must  necessarily  be  abandoned,  and 
reliance  placed  on  new  ones,  raised 
from  the  seed  proper;  therefore,  as  a 
matter  of  |)recaution,  we  would  recom- 
mend attention  to  that  object.  They 
are  readily  produced  by  carefully  sow- 
ing the  seed,  and  replanting  the  young 
tubers  in  successive  seasons,  until  they 
attain  full  size.  There  is  reason  to  hope 
such  would  be  free  from  disease,  or  at 
any  rate  less  liable  to  it,  than  the  older 
varieties. 

POTATO  or  UNDER-GROUND 
ONION.  Allium  aggregatum.  This 
s[)ecies  of  Allium  has  received  the 
above    appellations,  on    account  of  its 


than  that  ofa  healthy  tuber— an  increase  :  producing  a  cluster  ot  bulbs  or  offsets, 
caused  by  its  greater  amount  of  water.  "'  number  from  two  to  twelve,  and  even 
When  boiled  it  became  black;  but  when  i  "lOf^,  uniformly  beneath  the  surface  of 


submitted  to  a  dry  heat  of  about  SOO^, 
it  rapidly  lost  moisture,  and  the  pro- 
gress of  the  ulceration  was  retarded,  if 
not  entirely  stopped. 

There  can  be  no  preventive  for  such 
a  disease  as  this — and  the  only  chance 


the  soil.  From  being  first  introduced 
to  public  notice  in  Scotland  by  Captain 
Burns  of  Edinburgh,  it  is  there  also 
known  as  the  Burn  Onion. 

Varieties. — There  evidently  appear  to 
be  two  varieties  of  this  vegetable,  one 


of  saving  the  tubers  is  to  mow  off  all  i  of  which  bears  bulbs  on  the  s^^mmit  of 
the  haulms  close  to  the  ground  the  i  its  stems,  like  the  tree  onion,  and  the 
moment  infection  is  apparent  in  them.  |  other  never  throwing  up  flower  stems 
This  might  prevent  the  circulation  ofiatall.     One  variety  is  much  larger  than 


POT 


480 


POT 


the  other,  and  this  vegetates  again  as 
soon  as  ripe. 

Both  varieties  are  best  propagated 
by  offsets  of  the  root  of  moderate  size, 
for  if  those  are  employed  which  the  one 
variety  produces  on  the  summit  of  its 
stems,  they  seldom  do  more  than  in- 
crease in  size  the  first  year,  but  are  pro- 


Poterium  Sanguisorba.  Small,  or 
Upland  Burnet.  Used  in  cool  tankards, 
soups,  and  salads. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  delights  in  a 
dry,  poor  soil,  abounding  in  calcareous 
matter  ;  any  light  compartment  that  has 
an  open  exposure,  therefore,  may  be 
allotted  to  it,  the   only  beneficial  addi 


lific  the  next ;   this  also  occurs  if  very    tion  that  can  be   applied   being  brick- 
small  offsets  of  the  root  are  employed.    !  layers'  rubbish  or  fragments  of  chalk. 
Planting. —  They   may    be    planted  i  A  small  bed  will  be  sufficient  for  the 
during  October  or  November,  or  as  ear- I  supply  of  a  family. 

]y  in  the  spring  as  the  season  will  allow,  |  Propagation  is  either  by  seed,  or  by 
but  not  later  than  April.  They  are '  slips  and  partings  of  the  roots.  The 
either  to  be  inserted  in  drills,  or  by  '  seed  may  be  sown  towards  the  close  of 
a  blunt  dibble,  eight  inches  apart  each  ,  February,  if  open  weather,  and  thence 
way,  not  buried  entirely,  but  the  top  of  I  until  the  close  of  May;  but  the  best 
the  offset  just  level  with  the  surface,  time  is  in  autumn,  as  soon  as  it  is  ripe; 
Mr.  Maher,  gardener  at  Arundle  Castle,  I  for,  if  kept  until  the  spring,  it  will  often 


merely  places  the  sets  on  the  surface 
covering  them  with  leaf-mould,  rotten 
dung,  or  other  light  compost.  The  beds 
they  are  grown  in  are  better  not  more 
than  four  feet  wide,  for  the  convenience 
of  cultivation. 

Cultivation.  —  The    only    cultivation 
required  is  to  keep  them  clear  of  weeds. 


fail  entirely,  or  lie  in  the  ground  until 
the  same  season  of  the  following  year, 
without  vegetating.  Insert  in  drills, 
six  inches  apart,  thin,  and  not  buried 
more  than  half  an  inch.  The  plants 
must  he  kept  thoroughly  clear  of  weeds 
throughout  their  growth.  When  two 
or  ihrce  inches  high,  thin  to  six  inches 


The  practice  of  earthing  the  mould  over  j  apart,  and  those  removed  place  in  rows 
them  when  the  stems  have  grown  up  is',  at  the  same  distance,  in  a  poor,  shady 
unnatural,  and  by  so  doing  the  bulbs  border,  water  being  given  occasionally 
are  blanched  and  prevented  ripening  i  until  they  have  taken  root,  after  which 
perfectly,  on  which  so  much   depends,  they  will    require  no   further  attention 


their  keeping.  So  far  from  following 
this  plan,  Mr.  Wedgewood,  of  Betley, 
recommends  the  earth  always  to  be 
cleared  away  down  to  the  ring  from 
whence  the  fibres  spring,  as  soon  as 
the  leaves  have  attained  their  full  size 
and  begin  to  be  brown  at  the  top,  so 
that  a  kind  of  basin  is  formed  round  the 
bulb.  As  soon  as  they  vegetate,  they 
intimate  the  number  of  offsetts  that  will 
be  produced,  by  showin 
each. 


until  the  autumn,  when  they  must  be 
removed  to  their  final  station,  in  rows 
a  foot  apart.  When  of  established 
growth,  the  only  attention  requisite  is 
to  cut  down  their  stems  occasionally  in 
summer,  to  promote  the  production  of 
young  shoots,  and  in  autumn  to  have 
the  decayed  stems  and  shoots  cleared 
away. 

If  propagated  by  partings  of  the  roots, 

a  shoot  for  |  the  best  time  for  practising  it  is  in  Sep- 

I  tember  and  October.     They  are  planted 


They  attain  their  full  growth  towards    at  once  where  they  are  to  remain,  and 


the  end  of  July  ;  tor  immediate  use  they 
may  be  taken  up  as  they  ripen,  but  for 
keepiVig,  a  little  before  they  attain  per- 
fect maturity,  which  is  demonstrated  by 
the  same  symptoms  as  were  mentioned 
in  speaking  of  the  onion. 

POTENTILLA.  One  hundred  and 
sixteen  species.  Hardy  herbaceous, 
except  the  green-house  P.  Vnieariloba. 
Seed  and  division.     Light  loam. 

POTERIUM.  Burnet.  Six  species. 
Chiefly  hj^dy  herbaceous  and  shrubby. 
The  latter  are  increased  by  young  cut- 


only  require  occasional  watering  until 
established.  The  other  parts  of  their 
cultivation  are  as  for  those  raised  from 
seed. 

To  obtain  Seed  some  of  the  plants 
must  be  left  ungathered  from,  and  al- 
lowed to  shoot  up  early  in  the  summer; 
they  flower  in  July,  and  ripen  abund- 
ance of  seed  in  the  autumn. 

POT-HERBS.     See  Herhary. 

To  Dry  Pot-Herbs.  —  Though  grow- 
ing plants  can  bear  an  elevated  tem- 
perature without  injury,  a  very  different 


tings,  and    the   others  by  seed.     Lights  effect  is  produced  upon  them  by  even  a 


rich  loam. 


lower  heat  after  they  have  been   sepa- 


POT 


481 


POT 


rated  from  their  roots.  This  has  to  be 
borne  in  mind  in  the  drying  of  pot-herbs, ' 
which,  though  it  is  a  process  very  sim- 
ple and  ver^  important  for  the  winter 
cuisine  that  it  should  be  conducted  cor- 
rectly, is  usually  more  neglected  and 
more  thoughtlessly  practised  than  any 
other  in  the  varied  range  of  the  garden- 
er's duties.  To  demonstrate  this,  v\ill 
only  require  to  have  pointed  out  how  it 
ought  to  be  managed.  The  flavour  of 
almost  every  pot-herb  arises  from  an 
essential  oil  which  it  secretes,  and  this 
being  in  the  greatest  abundance  just 
previously  to  the  opening  of  its  flow- 
ers, that  is  the  time  which  ought  to 
be  selected  for  gathering.  Pot-herbs 
ought  to  be  dried  (juickly,  because  if 
left  exposed  to  winds,  much  of  the  es- 
sential oil  evaporates,  and  mouldiness 
occurring  and  long  continuing  destroys 
it  altogether;  for  nearly  every  plant 
has  its  peculiar  mucor,  (mould,)  the 
food  of  which  is  the  characteristic  oily 
secretion  of  the  plant  on  which  it  vege- 
tates. A  dry  brisk  heat  is  therefore 
desirable  ;  and  as  the  fruit  store-room 
ought  always  to  have  a  stove,  and  is 
untenanted  when  herbs  rocjuire  drying, 


Mr.  Errington  has  in  his  potting-shed 
twenty  bins  containing  as  follows  :  — 

1.  Strong  tenacious  loam. 

2.  Half-rotten  leaf-mould. 

3.  Heath  soil. 

4.  Horse  manure. 

5.  Cow  manure. 

6.  Charcoal  wood-ashes. 

7.  Fine  bone  manure. 

8.  Sharp  sand. 

9.  Burnt  turf  of  No.  1. 

10.  Sphagnum,  well  scalded. 

11.  Heath  soil  of  No.  3,  in  one  inch 

squares. 

12.  Loam    of   No.    1,    in    one    inch 

squares. 

13.  One-inch  mixed  drainage. 

14.  Two-inch  mixed  drainage. 

15.  Mixed  drainage,  small. 

16.  One-inch  bottom-crocks. 

17.  Two-incli  bottom-crocks. 
IS.  Three-inch  bottom-crocks. 

19.  Charcoal,  large  lumps. 

20.  One-inch  boiled  bone  for  bottoms. 
Bin   1.  {Strong    Tenacious  Loam.) — 

This  is  obtained  from  very  old  rest  land, 
on  a  clayey  or  marly  sub-soil  ;  the  more 
rushes  and  old  coarse  grass  it  contains, 
the    better    it  is  for  the   potting-shed  ; 


no  other  place  can  be  more  efficiently    this  is  piled  up  in  a  sharp  ridge  out  of 
employed   for  the   purpose.     The  tem-    doors,  so  as  to  exclude  rain  ;  it  should 


perature  should  be  90'',  for  if  it  exceeds 
this,  the  essential  oils  are  apt  to  burst 
the  integuments  of  the  containing  ves- 
sels and  to  escape.  Forty-eight  hours, 
if  the  heat  is  kept  up  steadily,  are  sufii- 
cient  to  complete  the  process  of  drying. 
The  leaves,  in  which  alone  the  essen- 
tial oils  of  pot-herbs  reside,  should  then 
be  carefully  clipped  with  scissors,  not 
crushed,  from  the  stalks,  and  stored  in 


be  used  for  general  purposes,  when 
from  six  to  twelve  months  old  ;  I  house 
a  smaller  portion  in  the  compost  shed 
after  being  dried  in  the  sun;  and  thif, 
I  use  for  very  particular  purposes,  such 
in  fact  as  rc(juire,  according  to  my  esti- 
mation, lumps  of  turf  in  its  native  state, 
and  for  these  purposes  it  is  chopped  into 
squares  for  bin  12.  This  loam  is  chop- 
ped down  from  a  perpendicular  facing. 


tightly  corked  wide-mouthed  bottles,  (like  cutting  hay,)  when  wanted  for  bin 
Each  will  thus  preserve  its  peculiar  l,and  being  somewhat  mellow,  a  con- 
aroma,  not  only  through  the  winter,  siderable  portion  of  the  mere  soil  falls 
but  for  years,  and  be  infinitely  superior  out  loose  in  the  act  of  chopping.  This 
to  any  specimens  producible  in  the 
forcing  department,  for  these  are  una- 
voidably deficient  in  flavour. — Princ. 
of  Gardening. 

P  O  T  H  O  S  .  Thirty-three  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Division.  Peat  and 
loam. 

POT-MARIGOLD.  Calendula 
officinalis. 

POTTING.  Pots  are  the  first  con- 
sideration, and  these  are  considered 
under  the  title  Flower  Pot. 


is  rejected,  and  the  masses  of  chopped 
turf  alone  fill  bin  1. 

Bin.  2.  {Half-rotten  Leaf-mould.) — 
This  is  generally  slightly  mixed  with 
rotten  dung,  as  it  is  the  worn  out  pit 
linings,  which  have  generally  a  little 
dung  blended  with  the  leaves.  By  ly- 
ing in  the  compost  yard  for  a  few 
months,  the  outside  becomes  mellowed 
down,  and  af\er  shaking  some  of  the 
finest  out  through  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
riddle,  it  is  passed  through  a  sieve  of 


Materials  required. — These  must  not   at  least  one  inch  in  the  mesh,  and  what 
be  sifted,  but   the   pebbles  and    rough  j  comes  through  this  is  put  into  bin  2 


vegetable  fibres  be  allowed  to  remain.: 
31 


Bin  3.  {Heath  Soi/.)— Obtained  from 


POT 


482 


POT 


Delamere  Forest,  in  parts  where  the  !  cover  fresh  sown  seeds,  where  it  is  de- 
heather  is  cut  for  making  besoms.  The  ■  sirable  to  insure  a  permanent  moisture 
upper  surface  of  this  heath  soil  is  com- ;  without  frequent  watering;  it  also  pro- 
posed of  heath  leaves  and  moss,  in  a  duces  a  darkness  favourable  to  germi- 
raw  or  half-decomposed  state,  and  too  |  nation. 

fresh  for  the  purposes  of  potting  ;  but  |  Bin  13.  {One-inch  Drainage  termed 
beneath  this,  and  in  contact  with  the  A'b.  1.)  —  This  is  composed  of  about 
gray  sand,  lies  a  flake  of  vegetable  ,  equal  parts  of  boiled  bone,  charcoal, 
matter  full  of  the  roots  of  heather,  pos- ,  and  pounded  crocks,  in  lumps  averaging 
sessing  little  sand,  and  compressed  by  ,  an  inch  square,  and  intended  to  cover 
the  weight  of  centuries.  This,  when  I  the  rough  crock  placed  over  the  hole  of 
divested  of  the  dirty  sand  under  it,  and  pots,  from  No.  32  to  No.  16  of  the  Lon- 
of  the  mossy  and  raw  matter  on  the  !  don  sizes  inclusive, 
surface,  is  put  in  bin  3,  after  being  Bin  19.  (^Charcoal  in  large  lumps.) — 
half-dried.  This  is  used  to  mix  with  the  potsherds 

Bin  4.  {Horse  Manure,  or  Old  Horse  for  orchidaceous  plants,  and  when  large 
Droppings.) — Obtain  them  before  high  masses  are  wanted  for  very  large  shifts, 
fermentation  takes  place,  and  ridge  Bin  20.  {One-inch  boiled  Bone.)  — 
them  up  in  the  compost  yard ,  three  feet  I  This  is  used  after  the  manner  of  No.  19, 
in  width,  three  feet  in  height,  and  in- }  when  considered  requisite.  To  the 
stantly  roof  them  over  (to  shut  in  the  ;  above  may  be  added  old  tan,  riddled 
gases)  with  double  turves,  each  over- !  particularly  clean;  to  be  intermixed 
lapping  the  other:  in  this  way  a  slight'  with  or  placed  over  the  drainage;  for 
fermentation  takes  place,  which,  being  i  such  it  answers  exceedingly  well,  not- 
arrested,  is  beneficial.  Rain  is  at  all  i  withstanding  the  prejudice  against  it. 
times  excluded  from  this  in  the  compost ;  It  is  very  well  adapted  for  annuals  in 


yard  by  the  roofing. 


pots,  a  single  crock  with  a  handful  or 


Bin  5.    {Cow  Manure.) — This  is  cow    two  of  old  tan  over  it,  provides  a  safe 


droppings  placed  in  a  ridge,  and  roofed, 
similarly  to  the  horse-dung,  but  allowed 
to  remain  to   a  much   greater  age  ;  in 


drainage    for   a    season,  and    withal 
rooting  medium. —  Card.  Chron. 

Care  required. — A  principal  object  to 


fact,  when  placed  in    Bin  No.  5,  it  has  ,  be  aimed  at  in  potting  is  complete  drain- 
the  appearance  of  rich   peat,  being  at!  age,   for  nothing  is  more   injurious  to 


least  two  years  old. 


most  plants  than  stagnant  water  about 


Bin  6.  {Wood  Ashes  and  Charcoal.)  \  their  roots.  The  drainage  is  best  ef- 
— Brush-wood  at  bottom,  covered  with  |  fected  by  filling  one-fourth  the  depth  of 
all  sorts  of  garden  refuse,  viz.  cabbage  !  the  pot  with  the  larger  fragments  of 
stalks,  potato  haulm,  hedge  clippings,  ]  bones  and  charcoal  mixed  in  equal  pro- 
and  in  fact  weeds  and  rubbish  of  all  .  portions;  this  and  the  pebbles,  woody 
kinds,  which,  when  about  half-burned,  fibres,  &c.,  which  are  now  allowed  to 
are  closed  up  with  soils  of  any  kind,  I  remain  in  the  soil,  will  remove  from  it 
and  kept  smouldering  for  days;  when  i  all  superfluous  water.  Dryness  in  the 
the  combustion  is  complete  it  is  sub-  j  centre  of  the  ball  of  earth  is  another 
jected  to  a  riddle  of  an  inch  mesh,  and  i  evil  to  be  avoided.  Though  not  usual- 
what  comes  through  is  housed  in  a  dry  ^  ly  suspected,  it  occurs  more  often  than 
state  in  this  bin,  the  rest  belongs  to  1  excess  of  wet,  and  deprives  the  roots 
bin  19.  '     '     '  .         -  .    . 

Bin  8. 


of  a  large  proportion  of  their  pasturage. 
{Sharp  Sand.) — Coarse  river  I  To  prevent  it,  a  small  rod  of  iron  should 
sand  ;  but  every  potting-shed  should  be  ;  be  thrust  through  the  earth  around  the 
furnished  with  two  kinds,  the  one  very  ,  stem   occasionally,  to  allow  the  water 


coarse  and  the  other  very  fine,  both  as 
sharp  as  they  can  be  obtained  ;  the 
London  propagating  sand  is  an  invalu- 
able article. 

Bin  10.  {Sphagnum,  well  scalded.) — 
This  is  chiefly  for  orchidaceous  plants, 
and  requires  to  be  steeped  in  boiling 
water  for  some  hours  previously  to  be- 
ing transferred  to  this  bin,  in  order  to 
destroy  insects.      It  is  also  useful  to 


poured  upon  the  surface  a  freer  en- 
trance. Mr.  Moore,  to  efl^ect  the  same, 
says — "  Whenever  a  plant  (most  parti- 
cularly a  valuable  specimen  plant)  is 
repotted,  either  in  its  infancy  or  in  its 
maturity,  I  would  introduce  a  few  sticks 
of  charcoal  perpendicularly  into  the 
pot;  these  should  be  long  enough  to 
extend  from  the  bottom  of  the  pot  to 
the  top  of  the  soil ;  about  three  might 


POU 


483 


PRO 


be  placed  at  regular  intervals,  and  they  i 
should  be  as  close  to  the  roots,  and  as  | 
near  to  the  centre  of  the  pots  as  possi- 
ble. Thus  if  a  plant  is  shifted  but 
once,  it  will  be  provided  with  some  chan- 


P.  veris.     Cowslip. 

P.  vulgaris.  Primrose.  Of  this  there 
are  the  following  cultivated  v;irieties: 
Brimstone:  Crimson;  Hose-in-hose ;  Li- 
ne; Purple;  Scotch;  Stemless  White; 


nels  for  moisture,  extending  throughout    White  and    Yellow.      All    the    species 
the  soil,  and  if  it  be  frequently  repotted, :  may  be  cultivated  like  the  Polyanthus. 


the  number  of  these  channels  may  be  I 
increased.     When  these   are  once 


PRINCE,  WILLIAM.     The  name  of 
Prince  is  identified  with  American  hor- 


troduced  into  the  soil  they  are  perma- |  ticulture.  Perhaps  no  man  has  done 
nent ;  for  being  of  material  which  is'  more  to  gratify  the  taste  of  amateurs  of 
not  subject  to  rapid  decay,  they  willj  flowers  and  fruit  than  the  late  William 
serve  at  least  the  lifetime  of  a  plant,  |  Prince,  whose  extensive  grounds  at 
and  by  occasionally  making  use  of  a !  Flushing,  New  York,  were  the  nursery 
simple  siphon,  a  mere  worsted  thread,!  of  almost  every  vegetable  calculated  to 
in  contact  with  moisture,  a  slow,  mo- {  please  the  eye  or  palate.  We  regret 
derate,  and  constant  supply  of  moisture    that  there  is  not  within  our  reach  the 


Five  species.    Stove 
magnispatha  is  an  or- 
Sandy  loam 

Green- 
division. 


may  be  conveyed  at  pleasure  to  and 
through  the  centre  of  the  soil,  and  the 
whole  mass  may  thus  be  kept  regularly 
and  equably  moistened." — Gard.  Chron. 
See  One- Shift  System.  \ 

POUPARTIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat.  j 

POURRETIA 
herbaceous.     P. 
chid.     Seed  and  suckers 
and  peat. 

PRATIA.  Three  species 
house  herbaceous.  Seed  and 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PREMNA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seed  and  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

P  R  E  S  L I A  cervina.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous.    Division.     Moist  soil. 

PRESTONIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PRICKLY  CEDAR.  Cyatkodes  oxy- 
cedrus. 

PRIESTLEYA.  Fourteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PRIMROSE.     Primula  vulgaris. 

PRIMULA.  Forty-nine  species  and 
many    varieties.      Herbaceous   and   all 


data  from  which  to  draft  a  particular 
description  of  the  foundation,  rise  and 
progress  of  the  "  Linnxan  Botanic 
Garden." 

PRINCE'S  FEATHER.  Amaran- 
thus  hypochondriacus. 

PRINOS.  Eleven  species.  Hardy 
deciduous  shrubs,  except  the  stove 
evergreen  P.  montanus  and  P.  lucidus, 
which  is  evergreen  and  hardy.  Cut- 
tings and  layers.  Light  loam  and 
peat. 

PRISMATOCARPUS.  Four  species. 
P.  diffusus  is  a  green-house  evergreen 
shrub  ;  P.  fruticosus  is  a  hardy  ever- 
green shrub ;  the  others  green-house 
herbaceous.  Young  cuttings  and  seed. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PRIVET.     Ligustrum. 

PROCKIA.  three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PROLIFEROUS.  See  Double- 
Flower. 

PROPS  are  the  supports  required  by 
plants  to  sustain  them  in  a  desired 
position.  They  must  vary  in  height 
and  strength  accordantly  with  the  plant 
to  which  they  are  applied,  and  should 
always  be  as  slight  as  is  consistent 
with  efficiency.  Nothing  looks  worse 
hardy  except  the  fringed  green-house  than  a  disproportioned  prop;  indeed  it 
varieties,  P.  prts/ii'/fns,  and  the  species    should  be  concealed  as  much  as  pos- 


P.    verlicitlata.       Division    and   seed 
Loam  and  leaf-mould. 

P.  auricula.     See  Auricula. 

P.  elatior.     0x1  i p. 

P.  pr<enitens  or  sinensis.  Chinese 
Primrose.  This  is  har<ly  if  grown  in  a 
light,  well-drained  soil,  but  its  white 
and  pink  fringed  varieties  require  win- 
tering in  the  green-house. 


sible.  The  props  for  peas  should  bo 
of  the  branches  of  the  hazel  ;  for  run- 
ner kidney  beans,  rods  of  ash.  For 
flowers,  stout  iron  wire  painted  dark 
green  are  to  be  preferred.  Some 
flowers  require  props  of  a  peculiar 
form  ;  but  these  will  be  described 
when  giving  directions  for  their  cul- 
ture.     Whenever   wooden    props    are 


PRO 


484 


PRU 


used,  the  end  thrust  into  the  ground 
should  be  previously  charred  ;  if  this 
precaution  be  taken,  and  when  no 
longer  required,  they  are  stored  in  a 
dry  shed,  they  will  last  for  several 
peasons.  Props  should  be  placed  on 
the  south   sides   of  the  plants,  as  they 


the  operation  should  not  take  place  un- 
til the  fall  of  the  leaf  indicates  that 
vegetation  has  ceased,  yet  if  the  tree 
be  weak,  it  may  be  often  performed 
with  advantage  a  little  earlier;  but 
still  so  late  in  the  autumn  as  to  pre- 
vent  the    protrusion    of   fresh    shoots. 


incline  in  that  direction,  as  being  most    This  reduction  of  the  branches   before 


tlie  tree  has  finished  vegetating,  directs 
Two      species,    a    greater  supply  of  sap    to   those    re- 
— '   -        Seed.  I  maining,   and    stores    up   in  them    the 
I  supply  for  increased   growth  next  sea- 
,^    ^^^^,^^.      Stove  I  son.     If  the  production  of  spurs  is  the 
Cuttings.     Peat  and  1  object  of  pruning  a  branch,  it  should  be 
'  pruned  so  as  to  leave  a  stump  ;  because 
as  the  sap  supplied  to  the   branch  will 
be   concentrated    upon   those   buds   re- 
maining at  its   extremity,  these  will  be 
productive  of  shoots,  though  otherwise 
they  would  have  remained  dormant,  it 
being  the  general  habit  of  plants  first  to 
develop  and    mature   parts  that  are  far- 
thest   from    the    roots.      It  is  thus  the 
filbert  is  induced  to  put  forth  an  abund- 
ance  of  young    bearing  wood,  for  its 
fruit  is  borne  on  the  annual  shoots,  and 
similar  treatment  to  a   less  severe  ex- 
tent  is  practised   upon   wall   fruit." — 
Princ.  of  Gardening. 

The   mystery  of  pruning  consists  in 
being  well  acquainted  with  the  mode  of 


light 

PROSERPINACA 
Half-hardy      annual      aquatics 
Rich  loam  in  water. 

PROSOPIS.      Five    species 
evergreen  tree 
loam. 

PROSTANTHERA.  Seven  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

P  R  O  T  E  A  .  Forty-seven  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings  taken  off  at  a  joint ;  sandy  turfy 
loam,  well  drained.  Water  moderate- 
ly, but  regularly. 

PRUNELLA.  Self-Heal.  Fourteen 
species.  P.  Broumiana  and  P.  ovata 
are  hardy  annuals,  the  others  hardy 
herbaceous.  Seed  or  division.  Light 
rich  loam. 

PRUNING,  as  practised  in  the  gar- 
den, has  for  its  object  the  regulation  of 
the   branches   to   secure    the   due    pro- 


duction    of    blossom    and    maturity    of  the    bearing   of  the    diflierent   sorts    of 

trees,  and  forming  an  early  judgment 
of  the  future  events  of  shoots  and 
branches,  and  many  other  circum- 
stances, for  which  some  principal  rules 
may  be  given  ;  but  there  are  particular 


fruit.  If  carried  to  too  great  an  extent^ 
that  object  is  not  attained,  for  every 
tree  reijuires  a  certain  amount  of  leaf- 
surface  for  the  elaboration  of  its  sap  ; 
and,  therefore,  if  this  be  reduced   too 


allU,     LIICl  eiui  c,  ll     una    uc    Jcuui;cu     luu      may    uc  ^ivcii  ,     uui  liicic;    uic   ^aiiii.uiai 

much,  blossom  buds  are  produced  less    instances  which   cannot    be  judged    of 


abundantly,  for  leaves  are  more  neces 
sary  for  the  health  of  the  plant,  and  by 
a  wise  provision  the  parts  less  requi- 
site for  individual  vigour  are  super- 
seded  by  the  parts  more  needed.     On 


^"    —   —  J — & —    "- 

but  upon  the  spot,  and  depend  chief- 
ly upon  practice  and  observation. — 
Peaches,  nectarines,  apricots,  &c.,  all 
produce  their  fruit  princi|)allv  upon  the 
young  wood  of  a  year  old  ;  that  is,  the 


the  Other  hand,  if  the  branches  are  left  j  shoots  produced  this  year  bear  the  year 


too  thick,  they  overshadow   those   be- 
neath them,  and   so   exclude  the  light. 


following  ;  so  that   in  all  these  trees,  a 
general    supply   of  the    best  shoots  of 


as  to  prevent  that  elaboration  of  the  :  each  year  must  be  everywhere  pre- 
sap,  without  which  no  blossom  buds  1  served  at  regular  distances,  from  the 
are  formed,  but  an  excessive  produc-  i  very  bottom  to  the  extremity  of  the 
tion  of  leaves,  in  the  vain  eff'ort  to  at-  j  tree  on  every  side  ;  but  in  winter  prun- 
tain  by  an  enlarged  surface  that  elabo-  i  ing,    or    general    shortening,     less    or 


ration  which  a  smaller  surface  would 
etfect  in  a  more  intense  light.  The 
appropriate  pruning  is  given  when 
considering  each  species  of  fruit  trees, 
and  here  we  must  confine  ourselves 
to  a  few  general  remarks  :  "  The 
season  for  pruning  must  be  regulated 
in  some  degree  by  the  strength  of  the 
tree ;  for  although,  as   a  general   rule, 


more,  according  to  the  strength  of  the 
different  shoots,  is  necessary,  in  order 
to  promote  their  throwing  out,  more 
effectually,  a  supply  of  young  wood 
the  ensuing  summer,  in  proper  place 
for  training  in  for  the  succeeding  year's 
bearing. 

Vines  also  produce  their  fruit  always 
upon   the   young   wood    shoots  of  the 


PRU 


485 


PRU 


same  year,  arising  from  the  eyes  of  the  )  would  soon  pvisli  again  vigorously  from 
last  year's  wood  only;  and  must,  there-  ,  every  eye,  and  render  the  trees  a  thick- 
fore,  have  a  general  supply  of  the  best  j  et  of  useless  wood.  Therefore,  all 
regular  shoots  of  each  year  trained  in,  i  sorts,  whether  they  require  shortening 
which,  in  winter  pruning,  must  be  ,  in  the  winter  pruning  or  not,  should,  in 
shortened  to  a  few  eyes,  in  order  to  the  summer  dressing,  be  layed  in  at 
force  out  shoots  from  their  lower  parts,  full  length;  but  towards  the  end  of  Au- 
only  properly  situated  to  lay  in  for  bear-  i  gust,  the  extreme  points  may  be  pinch- 
ing the  following  year.  ed  off  with  great  advantage.  The  sap 
Figs  bear  also  only  upon  the  young  is  thus  made  to  complete  the  growth  of 
wood  of  a  year  old,  and  a  general  sup-  |  the  shoot,  and  not  to  increase  its  length  ; 
ply  of  it  is,  therefore,  necessary  every  '  and  it  is  too  late  in  the  season  for  fresh 
year  ;  but  these  shoots  must  at  no  time  shoots  to  be  induced. 
be  shortened,  unless  the  ends  are  dead,  j  Summer  pruning  is  a  most  necessary 
because  they  always  bear  principally  operation.  Young  shoots  require  thin- 
towards  the  extreme  part  of  the  shoots, '  ning  to  preserve  the  beauty  of  the  trees, 
which,  if  shortened,  would  take  the!  and  encourage  the  fruit;  and  the  soon- 
bearing  or  fruitful  parts  away  ;  besides,  er  it  is  performed  the  better.  It  is, 
they  naturally  throw  out  a  sufficient  therefore,  advisable  to  begin  this  work 
supply  of  shoots  every  year  for  future  i  in    May,  or   early   in    June,   removing 


bearing,    without     the    precaution    of 
shortening. 

Apple,  pear,  plum,  and  cherry  trees 
bear  principally  on  spurs,  arising  in  the 
wood  of  from  two  or  three,  to  ten  or 
twenty  years  old,  the  same  branches 
and  spurs  continuing  bearing  a  great 
number  of  years  ;  so  that,  having  once 
procured  a  proper  set  of  branches  in 
the   manner  already  directed  to  form  a 


all  superfluous  growths  and  ill  placed 
shoots,  which  may  be  performed  with 
considerably  more  expedition  and  ex- 
actness than  when  after  the  trees  have 
shot  a  considerable  length.  Where, 
however,  a  tree  is  inclined  to  luxuri- 
ancy,  it  is  proper  to  retain  as  many  of 
the  regular  shoots  as  can  be  commodi- 
ously  trained  in  with  any  regularity,  in 
order   to  divide   and    exhaust  the    too 


spreading  head,  no  farther  supply  of;  abundant  sap.  It  will  be  necessarv  to 
wood  is  wanted  than  some  occasional  review  the  trees  occasionally,  in  order 
shoots  now  and  then  to  supply  the  to  reform  such  branches  or  slmots  as 
place  of  any  worn  out  or  dead  branch,  may  have  started  from  their  places,  or 
The  above-mentioned  spurs  or  fruit- :  taken  a  wrong  direction ;  also  that,  ac- 
buds  are  short  robust  roots  of  from  cordingly  as  any  fresh  irregular  shoots 
about  half  an  inch  to  one  or  two  inches  I  produced  since  the  general  dressing 
long,  arising  naturally,  first  towards  the  may  be  displaced;  and,  likewise,  as 
extreme  parts  of  the  branches  of  two  or  the  already  trained  shoots  advanced 
three   years  old,  and,  as  the  branch  in- i  in    length,    or    project    from    the    wall 


creases  in  length,  the  number  of  fruit- i 
buds  increases  accordingly.  , 

In  pruning  always  cut  quite  close,  ' 
both  in  the  summer  and  winter  prun-  ' 
ing,  which,  in  the  summer  pruning,  if 
attended  to  early,  while  the  shoots  are 
quite  young  and  tender,  they  may  rea- 
dily be  rubbed  off  quite  close  with  the 
thumb;  but  when  the  shoots  become 
older  and  woody,  as  they  will  not  rea- 


or  espalier,  they  should  be  trained  in 
close. 

In  the  winter  pruning,  a  general  re- 
gulation must  be  observed,  both  of  the 
mother  branches,  and  the  supply  of 
young  wood  laid  in  the  preceding  sum- 
mer ;  and  the  proper  time  for  this  work 
is  any  time  in  open  weather,  from  the 
fill  of  the  leaf  in  November,  until 
March;  but  the  sooner  the  better.     In 


dily  break,  it  must  be  done  with  a  knife,  I  performing  this  work,  it  is  jiroper  to 


cutting  them  as  close  as  possible;  and 
all  winter  pruning  must  always  be  per- 
formed with  a  knife.  In  pruning  in 
summer,  the  necessary  supply  of  regu- 
lar shoots  left  for  training  in  should 
never  be  shortened  during  this  season, 
unless  to  particular  shoots,  to  fill  a  va- 


unnail  or  loosen  a  chief  part  of  the 
branches,  particularly  of  peaches,  nec- 
tarines, apricots,  vines,  and  other  trees 
requiring  an  annual  supply  of  young 
wood.  First  look  overall  the  principal 
or  mother  branches,  and  examine  il 
any  are  worn  out,  or  not  furnished  with 


cancy  ;  for,  by  a  general  shortening  in  '  parts  proper   for   bearing  fruit,  and  let 
this  season,  all  the  shoots  so  treated  [  such  branches  be  cut  down  to  the  great 


PRU 


4S6 


PS  Y 


branch  from  which  they  proceed,  or  to 
any  lower  shoot  or  bottom  part,  leaving 
these  to  supply  its  place.  Likewise 
examine  if  any  branches  are  become  too 
long  for  the  allotted  space,  either  at 
sides  or  top,  and  let  them  be  reformed 
accordingly,  by  shortening  them  down 
to  some  lower  shoot  or  branch  proper- 
ly situated  to  supply  the  place,  being 
careful  that  every  branch  terminates 
in  a  young  shoot  for  a  leader,  and  not 
stumped  off  at  the  extremity.  From 
the  principal  or  larger  branches  pass  to 
the  shoots  of  the  year  which  were  train- 
ed up  in  summer,  first  cutting  out  close 
all  foreright  and  other  irregular  shoots 
that  may  have  been  omitted  in  the  sum- 
mer pruning  ;  likewise  all  very  weak  | 
ehoots,  and  those  of  very  luxuriant 
growth,  unless  it  be  necessary  to  keep 
some  to  supply  a  vacant  place.  In  this 
pruning,  as  in  the  summer  dressing,  it 
is  of  importance  to  have  a  strict  eye  to 
the  lower  parts  of  wall-trees,  &c.,  to 
see  if  there  is  any  present  vacancy,  or 
any  that  apparently  will  soon  happen,! 
in  which  cases,  if  any  good  shoot  is 
situated  contiguous,  it  should  be  train- 
ed in,  either  at  full  length,  or  shorten  it 
to  a  few  eyes,  to  force  out  two  or  more 
shoots,  if  they  shall  seem  necessary;  for 
precaution  should  ever  be  observed  in 
taking  care  to  have  betimes  a  sufficient 
stock  of  young  wood  coming  forward  to 
fill  up  any  casual  vacancy,  and  substi- 
tute a  new  set  of  branches  in  place  of 
such  as  are  either  decayed  or  stand  in 
need  of  retrenchment. 

Sometimes  in  wall-trees  and  espaliers 
there  are  many  large  disagreeable  bar- 
ren spurs,  consisting  both  of  old  worn 
out  fruit  spurs,  and  of  clusters  of  stumps 
of  shortened  shoots  projecting  conside- 
rably from  the  branches,  occasioned 
by  unskilful  pruning,  when  retrenching 
the  superabundant  and  irregular  shoots 
which,  instead  of  being  cut  out  close, 
are  stumped  off  to  an  inch  or  two  long. 
At  this  season  of  pruning,  it  is  advisable 
to  reform  them  as  well  as  possible,  by 
cutting  all  the  most  disagreeable  stumps 
close  to  the  branches,  leaving  these  at 
full  length,  especially  if  apples,  pears, 
&c.,  and  reserve  an  occasional  supply 
of  young  wood  in  different  parts,  and 
thus,  in  two  or  three  years,  you  <nay 
reduce  such  trees  to  a  regular  figure, 
and  a  proper  state  of  bearing. 

Too  severe  pruning  is  greatly  preju- 
dicial to  the  health  of  some  sorts  of, 


fruit.  Plums  and  cherries,  in  particu- 
lar, are  often  greatly  damaged  by  a  too 
severe  discipline  of  the  knife,  these 
trees  being  very  liable  to  gum  by  large 
amputations.  It  is,  therefore,  of  import- 
ance to  attend  to  these  trees  well  in  the 
summer  pruning,  to  retrench  all  the 
superfluous  and  irregular  shoots  while 
quite  young,  and  pinch  others  occasion- 
ally where  wood  is  wanted  to  fill  va- 
cancies, so  as  to  require  but  little  prun- 
ing out  of  large  wood  in  winter. — 
Abercromhie. 

PRUNING  APPARATUS.  In  all 
mechanical  operations  success  is  more 
certainly  attained  by  the  use  of  proper 
implements;  though  pruning  or  the  lop- 
ping of  branches  may  be  very  simple, 
yet  there  is  great  advantage  in  execut- 
ing it  with  the  instruments  best  adapted 
to  the  purpose,  most  of  which  are  de- 
scribed in  these  pages,  under  their 
proper  heads. 

PRUNUS.  Plum.  Eight  species  and 
many  varieties.  P.  domestica,  see  Plum, 
All  hardy  deciduous  trees.  Seed,  suck- 
ers, and  grafting  or  budding.  Common 
soil,  well  drained. 

PSIDIUM.  Guava.  Thirteen  spe- 
cies. Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

PSOPHOCARPUS  tetragono- 
bulus.  Annual  stove  twiner.  Seed. 
Light  rich  loam. 

PSORALEA.  Forty-two  species. 
The  green-house  and  stove  evergreens 
are  increased  by  cuttings  ;  the  half- 
hardy  herbaceous,  by  seed  and  cut- 
tings ;  the  biennials,  by  seed.  All  re- 
quire light  loam  and  peat. 

PSYCHOTRIA.  Sixteen  species.  P. 
daphnoides  is  a  green-house  evergreen 
shrub  ;  P.  parasitica  is  a  parasite,  and 
the  others  stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

P  S  Y  L  L  A  .  The  chermes,  nearly 
allied  to  the  aphis.  P.  pyri.  Pear 
chermes,  appears  in  May,  not  unlike  a 
large  aphis,  crimson  coloured,  shaded 
with  black.  Mr.  Kollar  thus  details  its 
habits  : — 

"  As  soon  as  the  fruit  trees  put  out 
buds,  the  winged  chermes  makes  its 
appearance.  When  pairing  is  over,  the 
female  lays  her  eggs  in  great  numbers 
near  each  other  on  the  young  leaves 
and  blossoms,  or  on  the  newly  formed 
fruit  and  shoots.  They  are  of  a  longish 
shape,  and  yellow;  and,  without  a  mag- 
nifying glass,  they  resemble  the  pollen 


PS  Y 


487 


PT  E 


of  flowers.  They  are  called  either  !  birth,  they  cast  their  first  skin,  after 
nymphs  or  larvie  in  this  state  (accord-  j  which  they  appeared  nearly  of  their 
ing  to  the  extent  of  their  develop-  former  shape  and  colour.  The  second 
ment);  and,  like  their  parents,  have  '  changing  of  the  skin  can  sometimes  be 
their  mouth  in  the  breast.  After  a  few  1  scarcely  seen  at  all,  because  the  larva 
days,  they  change  their  skins,  and  be-  I  not  only  puts  out  a  thicker  string  with 
come  darker,  and  somewhat  reddish  on  i  the  tubercle,  but  also  an  immense  num- 
the  breast,  and  rather  resemble  bugs  I  ber  of  very  fine  entangled  threads  or 
than  plant-lice,  having  the  extreme  j  small  hairs,  which  it  turns  upwards 
point  of  the  Ixody  somewhat  broad,  and  |  over  its  back,  and  with  them  entirely 
beset  with  bristles.  After  changing  j  covers  its  body  and  head.  In  sunshine, 
their  skins,  they  leave  the  leaves,  bios-  these  strings  look  transparent,  as  if 
soms,  and  fruit,  and  proceed  more  ;  they  were  made  of  glass,  and  become 
downwards  to  the    bearing   wood   and    of  a   greenish  variable   colour.     Under 


the  shoots  of  last  year,  on  which  they 
fix  themselves  securely,  one  after  the 
other,  in  rows,  and  remain  there  till 
their  last  transformation. 

"  When  the  nymphs  have  moulted 
for  the  last  time,  and  have  attained  their 
full   size,  the   body  swells  out    by  de 


this  screen  the  chermes  are  secured 
from  every  attack  of  other  insects  ;  for 
no  ants,  mites,  or  bugs  can  disturb 
them  in  their  fortification,  or  consume 
them  as  their  prey.  After  changing 
the  second  skin,  the  young  assumed  a 
different   colour    and    form  ;  tliev  now 


grees,  and  becomes  cylindrical.  They  became  light  green  all  over,  the  abdo- 
then  leate  their  associates,  and  before  I  men  was  much  broader  than  the  thorax, 
they  lay  aside  their  nymph-like  cover- 1  and  on  the  side  of  the  latter,  rudiments 
ing,  they   search  out  a  leaf  to   which  j  of  the  wings  were  distinctly  seen.    The 


they  fasten  themselves  firmly,  and  ap 
pear  as  if  thev  were  lifeless.  After  a 
few  minutes  the  skin  splits  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  covering,  and  a  winged  in- 
sect proceeds  from  it.  It  is  of  a  plea- 
sant green  colour,  with  red  eyes,  and 
snow-while  wings.  It  very  much  re- 
sembles its  parents  in  spring,  even  in 
the  colour.  After  a  few  days,  this 
chermes  has  assumed  the  colours  of 
the  perfect  insect ;  the  head,  collar,  and 
thorax,  are  of  an  orange  colour,  and 
only  the  abdomen  retains  its  green  hue. 
It  now  Hies  away  from  the  place  of  its 
birth,  to  enjoy  the  open  air." 

P.  mali.  Apple  Chermes.  For  the 
following  I  am  also  indebted  to  the  too 
much  neglected  work  of  JNI.  Kollar  : — 

"  It  usually  appears  in  June.  In 
September,  the  apple  chermes  pair,  and 
lay  their  eggs.     They  are   white,  and 


third  time  of  changing  the  skin  comes 
on  in  about  eight  days,  sometimes 
sooner  and  sometimes  later,  according 
to  the  weather.  After  this  skin  the 
wing  rudiments  very  distinctly  make 
their  appearance,  and  become  larger 
and  whiter  the  nearer  the  insect  ap- 
proaches to  the  perfect  state.  The 
body  is  also  of  a  light  green,  and  the 
larva;  have  black  eyes,  and  blackish 
antenna;.  At  last  the  time  arrives  when 
the  insect  assumes  the  perfect  state  ; 
when  it  retires  to  a  part  of  a  leaf  which 
it  had  selected,  and  after  having  firmly 
fixed  itself  there,  the  back  splits  open, 
and  the  beautiful  winged  chermes  ap- 
pears from  the  nymph.  The  back  of 
the  thorax  is  of  a  light  green,  the  abdo- 
men is  marked  with  yellow  rings,  and 
the  membranous  wings  with  strongly 
marked   snow-white  veins." 


pointed  at  both  ends,  a  line  and  a  halfl      P.  cratcrf^i  infests  the  camellia.     It 


long,  and  the  fourth  of  a  line  thick, 
and  become  yellow  before  the  young 
escapes.  The  apple  chermes  lays  its 
eggs  in  different  places  of  the  twigs  of 
an  apple-tree  ;  usually,  however,  in  the 
furrows  of  the  knots,  and  sometimes  in 
a  very  regular  manner.  The  larva; 
■were  scarcely  escaped  from  the  egg,  in 
the  open  air,  when  they  hastened  to 
the  nearest  bud,  and  began  to  gnaw  its 
scales,  because  the  bud  was  only  some- 
what swollen,  and    had   not    begun  to 


is  destroyed  by  syringing  with  tobacco 
water,  or  diluted  gas  ammoniacal  liquor, 
until  the  insects  are  dead,  and  then 
syringing  with  water  only. 

P.  ficus  and  P.  ros«,  are  respectively 
on  the  fig  and  rose  trees. 

PTELEA  trifoliata.  Hardy  decidu- 
ous shrub.     Layers.     Light  rich  loam. 

PTELIDIUM  ovntum.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PTEIIIS.    Forty-six  species.    Stove, 


sprout.     On  the  second  day  after  their  )  green-house,  and  hardy  and  herbaceous 


PTE 


488 


PUT 


ferns.    Division  and  seed.    Sandy  loam    short  period,  we  believe,  in  charge  of 

the  Hamilton  collection,  at  the  Wood- 
lands, near  Philadelphia.  His  "Flora 
Septentrionalis,  or  a  systematic  arrange- 
ment and  description  of  the  plants  of 
North  America,"  is  a  standard  work, 
and  evinces  his  thorough  acquaintance 
with  the  subject.  But  little  is  known 
of  Pursh's  personal  history. 

PURSLANE.     Portulaca. 

P.  oleracea.  Green,  or  Garden  Purs- 
lane. 

P.  saliva.     Golden  Purslane. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  light  rich  soil 
is  the  one  in  which  they  thrive  most, 
and  they  must  have  a  warm  situation, 
as  a  south  border.  Sow  in  February 
and  early  in  March,  in  a  moderate  hot- 
Cuttings.  '  bed,  to  remain  where  sown  ;  and  at  the 
close  of  March,  and  once  monthly, 
during  April,  May,  and  the  summer 
months  until  the  end  of  August,  in  the 
open  ground. 

Sow  in  drills  six  inches  apart,  very 
thin,  and  abouthalf  an  inch  deep.  The 
plants  soon  make  their  appearance. 
They  must  be  kept  clear  of  weeds,  and 
thinned  to  six  or  eight  inches  asunder. 
In  dry  weather  water  is  required  mode- 
rately two  or  three  times  a  week. 

In  general,  they  are  ready  forgather- 
ing from  in  six  weeks  after  sowing,  the 
young  shoots  being  made  use  of  from 
two  to  five  inches  in  length,  and  the 
plants  branch  out  again. 

The  hot-bed  crops  require  the  air  to 
be  admitted  as  freely  as  possible,  the 
temperature  ranging  between  50"  and 
75°. 

To  obtain  Seed. — As  a  small  quantity 
will  suffice  for  the  largest  family,  a  few 
of  the  earliest  border-raised  plants  must 
be  left  ungathered  from ;  the  strongest 
and  largest  leaved  being  selected;  they 
blossom  in  June  and  July.  They  must 
be  cut  immediately  the  seed  is  ripe,  laid 
on  a  cloth,  and  when  perfectly  dry, 
thrashed.     The  refuse  is  best  separated 


and  peat 

PTEROCARPUS.  Eight  species.  P. 
scandens  is  a  stove  climber,  and  the 
others  stove  evergreen  trees.  Young 
cuttings.     Rich  light  loam. 

PTEROCEPHALUS.  Four  species. 
P.  dumitorum  is  a  green-house  ever- 
green shrub,  the  others  are  hardy  an- 
nuals; the  first  is  increased  by  cuttings, 
and  all  by  seed.     Light  loam. 

PTERODISCUS  speciosus.  Stove  tu- 
ber. Division.  Rich  sandy  loam.  Pro- 
bably half-hardy. 

PTERONEURON.  Two  species. 
One  herbaceous,  the  other  annual  ; 
both  hardy.     Seed.     Light  loam. 

PTERONIA.    Nine  species.    Green 
house    evergreen    shrubs. 
Loam  and  peat. 

PTEROSPERMUM.  Six  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PTEROSTYLIS.  Twelve  species. 
Green-house  orchids.  Division.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

PTILOSTEPHIUM.  Two  species. 
Hardy  annuals.  Seed,  in  a  hot-bed; 
and  seedlings  planted  in  light  open 
border. 

PUCCOON.     Sanguinaria. 

PUDDLING.     See  Mudding. 

PUERARIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PULMONARIA.  Eight  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous.  Division.  Light 
loam. 

PULTEN.^A.  Fifty  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Half-ripe  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

PUMPKIN.  Cucurbita  pepo.  See 
Gourd. 

PUNICA.  Pomegranate.  Two  spe- 
cies, and  several  varieties.  Half-hardy 
deciduous  shrubs.  All  are  increased 
by  cuttings  and  layers,  and  the  less 
common  by  grafting  on  the  more  com 


mon.     Light    rich  loam.     The  fruit  of  by  means  of  a  very  fine  sieve 


the  common  pomegranate.  P. grana^um, 
ripens  well  against  a  south  wall. 

PUNNET.     See  Basket. 

PURSBIA  tridentata.  Hardy  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Light  well 
drained  loam. 

PUR.SH,  FREDERICK,  was  a  native 
of  Germany,  and  is  distinguished  as  an 
early  classifier  of  our  native  vegetal)les 


PURSLANE-TREE.     Portulacaria. 

PUSCHKINIA  sciUoides.  Half-hardy 
bulb.     Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 

PUTTY  is  a  compound  of  boiled  lin- 
seed oil  and  whiting,  but  as  it  may  be 
bought  in  London  at  half-a-guinea  per 
cwt.,  it  is  scarcely  worth  the  gardener-s 
while  to  make  it.  One  hundred  weight 
is  enough  for  puttying  about  three  hun- 


He    immigrated    to   the   United    States    dred  square  feet  of  glass 

somewhere  about  1800,  and  was  for  a  ,      Old  putty  may  be  softened  by  apply- 


P  YC 


489 


QUI 


ing  to  it  rags  dipped  in  a  saturated  solu- 
tion of  caustic  potash,  leaving  them  on 
for  twelve  hours  ;  or  by  rubbing  a  hot 
iron  along  the  putty. 

If  the  gardener  does  make  putty,  the 
whiting  should  be  well  dried,  and  then 
pounded  and  sifted  till  it  becomes  a  fine 
powder,  and  is  quite  free  from  grit. 
The  whiting,  a  little  warm,  should  be 
gradually   added  to  the   oil,    and   wel 


PYROLIRION  aureiim.  Green-house 
bulb.     Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 

PYRULARIA  pubera.  Half-hardy 
deciduous  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light 
loam. 

PYRUS.  Forty-four  species,  and 
very  numerous  varieties.  Seed,  cuttings, 
and  grafting.  Light  loam,  well  drained. 
See  Apple,  Pear,  and  Service. 

PYXID  ANTHER  A  barbulata.    Half- 


mixed  by  means  of  a  piece  of  stick,  or    hardy   trailer.      Cuttings    and    division. 


a  spatula.  When  it  is  sufficiently  stiff, 
it  should  be  well  worked  with  the  hand 
on  a  table,  and  afterwards  beaten  on  a 
stone  with  a  wooden  mallet,  till  it  be- 
comes a  soft,  smooth,  tenacious  mass. 
A   ball  of  putty,  when  left  some  days. 


Peat,  and  a  little  sandy  loam. 

QUAMOCLIT.  Ten  species.  Herb- 
aceous, and  annual.  Q.  sanguinea  is 
evergreen.  Young  cuttings  or  seed. 
Light  rich  loam. 

QUENOUILLE  is  a  fruit  tree,  with 


becomes  somewhat  hard,  but  may   be    a  central  stem,  and  its  branches  trained 


easily  softened  by  beating. 

PYCXANTHEMUM.    Seven  species 
Hardy    herbaceous.      Division 
with  a  little  light  loam. 


in  horizontal  tiers,  the  lowest  being  the 

ongest,  and  the  others  of  course  gradu- 

Peat,    ally  lessening   in  length  as  they  do  in 

age,  so  that  the  tree,  like  a  spruce  fir, 


PYCNOSTACHIS    carulea.        Stove  '  acquires  a  pyramidal  form. 


annual.     Seed.     Lifiht  rich  loam. 


QUERCUS.     The  Oak.     Forty-eight 


PYRALIS   forficalis.      Cabbage-gar-    species,   and   many    varieties.      Hardy 


den  Pebble  Moth.     Its  appearance  and 
habits  are  thus  detailed   by  M.  Ivollar: 


evergreen  and  deciduous  trees.     Seed, 
and  grafting  for  some  of  the  merely  or- 


— "The  head,  back,  and  upper  wings  namental  kinds.  Deep  clayey  loam  in 
of  the  moth  are  hazel-brown,  and  brown-  valleys.  Q.  rerris.  Bitter  Oak.  Q. 
ishgold;   the  antennas  light  brown  ;  the    robur    or   sessiliflortim.    Common    Oak. 


abdomen  and  under  wings  whitish.    On 
the  upper  wings  are   two  distinct,   and 


Q.  ilex.  Evergreen  Oak. 

QUICKSET,  the   same   as  the  Haw- 


two    faint    deep    rusty-brown    stripes,    thorn,  or  Whitethorn,  Cratcegus  oxya- 


The  first  brood  flies  in  May,  and  the 
second  in  August.  The  caterpillar  is 
found  in  May  and  June,  and  the  second 
generation  in  September  and  October. 
It  has   a  light-brown   head,  and   a  yel- 


cantha.     See  Hedge. 

Ql'IXCE.     Cydonia  vulgaris. 

]'arieties: — Common  ;  Apple-shaped  ; 
Pear-shaped  ;  and  Portugal.  The  last 
is  the  best,  and  very  distinct  from  the 


lowish-green  body,  with  blackish  stripes  others.    C.  sinensis,  the  Chinese  Quince, 

running  lengthwise,  and  blackish  dots  has  been  fruited  in  this  country,  but  it 

having    fine  white   lines   between,   and  requires  a  wall.     The  fruit  is  very  dif- 

white  incisions  and  spiracles.    Its  length  Cerent  from  that  of  either  the  common 

is  about  eight  lines.     When  these  cater-  or  Portugal    quinces;  it  is  cylindrical, 

pillars  are  numerous,  they  do  important  about  six  inches  in  length,  and  exceed- 


damage  to  the  cabbage  tribe,  and  horse- 
radish. 

PYRASTER.     Pyrus  communis  py- 
raster. 


lugly  gritty. 

Method  of  Propagation  and  general 
Culture. — The  trees  may  be  raised  from 
seed  sown   in  autumn,  but  there  is  no 


P  Y  R  E  T  H  RU  M  .  Fifty  species.  '  certainty  of  having  the  same  or  any  good 
Hardy  herbaceous,  and  green-house  fruit  from  seedlings.  But  the  several 
evergreen  shrubs,  except  a  few  hardy  varieties  may  be  propagated  by  cuttings 
annuals,  and  P.  simplicifolium,  which  and  layers  ;  also  by  suckers  from  such 
is  a  stove  evergreen  trailer.  The  shrubs  trees  as  grow  upon  their  own  roots,  and 
are  increased  by  cuttings,  the  herba-  by  grafting  and  budding  upon  their  own 
ceous  by  division,  and   the  annuals  by    or  pear-stocks. 

the        The  propagation  by  cuttings,  layers, 
and    suckers,    may    be    performed    in 


seed.       A  light    rich    loam    suits 
whole. 


PYROLA.     Eight  species.    Hardy    autumn,  winter,  or  early  spring. 


herbaceous.    Division  and  seed.    Shady 
border  of  peat,  with  a  little  light  loam. 


Choose  young  wood    for  the  cuttings 
and  layers.     They   will   be  rooted   by. 


QUI 


490 


RAD 


next  autumn ;  then  transplant  into  nur-  i  varieties  which  answer  best  at  difTerent 


sery  rows  two  feet  asunder;  plant  the 
suckers  also  at  the  same  distance,  and 
train  the  whole  for  the  purposes  intend- 
ed ;  if  for  standards  with  a  stem,  to  any 
desired  height,  from  three  to  six  feet; 
then  encourage  them  to  branch  out  at 
top,  to  form  a  head  ;  and  those  designed 
as  dwarfs  must  be  headed  near  the 
ground,  and  trained  accordingly,  for 
espaliers  or  dwarf  standards. 

When   they   have    formed   tolerable 
heads,  plant  them  out  finally.    Standard 


seasons  of  the  year.  For  the  early 
crops,  use  the  Long  Scarlet  Short  Top  ; 
the  Long  Salmon,  similar  to  the  above, 
but  of  lighter  colour,  and  white  at  the 
point;  the  Scarlet  Turnip  Rooted,  and 
White  Turnip  Rooted  ;  frequent  sow- 
ings are  necessary,  as  all  the  foregoing 
soon  become  pithy  and  shoot  to  seed. 
In  flavour  they  differ  but  little;  dis- 
crimination is  from  fancy.  At  the  same 
time  the  early  kinds  are  sown,  make 
a  sowing   of   the  Yellow  Turnip,  and 


quinces,  designed  as  fruit  trees,  may  be  Summer  White,  which  are  fine  kinds, 
stationed  in  the  garden  or  orchard  and  i  withstand  the  heat,  and  are  firm  and 
some  by  the  sides  of  any  water  in  by  ,  crisp  even  in  hot  weather ;  frequent 
places,  suffering  the  whole  to  take  their  sowings  of  these,  as  well  as  the  White 
own  natural  growth.  And  as  espaliers  i  Spanish  or  Black  Spanish,  as  most  I  iked, 
they  may  be  arranged  with  other  mode- j  should  be  made  during  the  summer 
rate  growing    trees,  about   fifteen    feet  i  months.     The  two  latter  kinds  sown  in 


apart. — Abercrombie. 


the  autumn,  keep  well  throughout  the 


QUINCUNX   is    the    form    resulting  i  winter,  if  secured  from  frost.      In   the 


from  planting  in  rows,  with  one  plant 
opposite  the  centre  of  each  vacancy 
in  the  row  on  each  side  of  it,  as  in  this 
diagram. — 

Fig.  138. 


QUISQUALIS.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

QUIVISIA  heterophylla.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Peat  and 
light  loam. 

RADISH.— "The  Radish  is  originally 
from  the  East  Indies,  but  cultivated  in 
Europe    since    the    sixteenth    century, 


autumn,  any  of  the  early  kinds  may  be 
again  sown  ;  when  about  to  do  so,  al- 
ways observe  to  dig  the  earth  deeply, 
and  pulverize  it  well,  which  tends  to 
produce  fine  shaped  roots."  —  Rural 
Reg. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Leave  in  April  or 
early  May,  some  of  the  most  perfect 
plants  of  a  main  crop.  When  in  full 
vigour  they  must  be  taken  up  with  as 
little  injury  as  possible  to  the  roots  and 
leaves,  and  planted  in  rows  three  feet 
asunder  each  way,  being  inserted  by 
the  dibble,  completely  down  to  the 
leaves.  Water  must  be  applied  until 
they  have  taken  root,  and  occasionally 
throughout  their  growth,  especially 
when  in  flower.  If  practicable,  it  is 
best  to  leave  some  plants  where  raised. 

To  obtain  seeds  of  the  Black  Span- 
ish, some  seeds  must  be  sown  in  March, 
or  some  of  the  winter-standing  crop 
left  or  transplanted  during  that  month. 

The    flowers  open   from  June    until 


Formerly  the  leaves  were  often  boiled  j  August,  and  their  pods  are  of  a  size  fit 
and  stewed  ;  but  now  the  roots  are  |  for  pickling,  as  they  must  be  gathered 
chiefly  employed.  The  young  seedling  whilst  young  and  tender,  during  that 
leaves  are  often   used  with   cress  and    last  month,  or  July.      For  seed,  they 


mustard,  as  small  salad,  and  radish  seed 
pods,  when  of  plump  growth,  but  still 
young  and  green,  are  used  to  increase 
the  variety  of  vegetable  pickles,  and 
are  considered  a  tolerable  substitute  for 
capers. 

"The  well  known  manner  in  which 
this    vegetable    is    cultivated,    renders 


must  be  cut  as  soon  as  they  become  of 
a  brown  hue,  and  well  dried,  otherwise 
it  will  thresh  with  difficulty. 

Two  varieties  must  never  be  raised 
near  each  other,  and  seed  of  the  pre- 
vious year's  raising  should  always  be 
employed. 

Forcing. — A  moderate  hot-bed  is  re- 
any  observations  thereon  unnecessary.  |  quired  for  this  crop,  of  a  length  ac- 
All  that  is  required,  is  to  point  out  the  j  cording  with  that  of  the  frame   to  be 


RAF 


491 


RAM 


employed  ;  the  earth  about  eight  inches  frame  of  boards  being  formed  round  the 

deep,  on  the  surface  of  which  the  seed  bed,  light    and   air    being    admitted  as 

is  to  be  sown  as  soon  as  the  violent  freely  and  as  often  as  possible.  If  seed 
heat  is  abated,  and  an  additional  half-  i  is   sown    within    a    frame   without  any 

inch  sifted  over  it.  bottom  heat,  the  plants  will   be  two  or 

The  seedlings  are  in  general  up   in  three  weeks  forwarder  than  if  sown  in 

less  than  a  week,  and  in  six  they  will  the  open  ground. 

be  ready  to  draw.  Throughout  their  RAFNIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
growth  air  must  be  admitted  as  freely  house  evergreen  shrubs.  R.  irijlora  is 
as  is  allowable.  The  glasses,  however,  a  biennial.  Young  cuttings.  Peat  and 
must  be  closed  on  the  approach  of  even-  loam. 

ing,  and  mats  or  other  covering  put  on  |      RAGGED   ROBIN.       Lychnis    Flos- 

in  proportion  to  the  severity  of  the  sea-  cuculi. 

son.      When  the  earth  appears  at  all  RAGS.     See  Ves;etahle  Manures. 


dry,  a    light   watering  must   be  given 
during  the  noon. 

The  plants   must   not   stand   nearer 
than  two  inches  to   each   other.     The 


RAGWORT.     Othonara. 
RAGWORT.     Senecio  Jacohaa. 
RAILING    is  of  various   forms,  but 
all,  if  made  of  wood,  are  soon  decayed 


temperature  required  is  from  50°  to  '  if  slight,  and  clumsy  and  inelegant  if 
70^;  and  it  must  be  kept  to  this  heat  strong.  Iron  railing  is  at  once  light, 
by  moderate  coatings  as  required.  \  neat,  and  enduring,  and  like  the  follow- 

If  there  be   a  deficiency  of  frames,  I  ing,  may  be  purchased  in  England  for 
hoops  and  mats  may  be  employed,  a  I  about  fifty  cents  per  yard. 

Fig.  139. 


RAKE  (Fig.  140).  ''Garden  Rakes 
vary  in  the  length  and  strength  of  their 
teeth,  as  well  as  in  their  number;  they 
are  used  for  covering  seeds,  raking  off 
weeds  or  cut  grass,  smoothing  and 
pulverizing  surface,  &c.  This  imple- 
ment is  rtow  much  less  in  use  than 
formerly,  when  broadcast  sowing  was 
prevalent.  Now  the  broad  hoe  is  quite 
as  etiicient  in  covering  drill-sown  seed. 

Fig.  140. 


''The  Grass  Lawn  Rake,  (Fig.  141,) 
has  teeth  sharpened  on  both  edges, 
and  is  used  for  raking  the  grass  in  order 


to  cut  off  the  flower  heads  or  buds  of 
daisies,  dandelions,  and  other  plants, 
and  the  uneven  tufts  on  grass  lawns." 
— Rural  Reg. 

Fig.  141, 


RAMONDI A  pj/renaico.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Division.  Light 
soil. 

RAMPION.  Phyteuma  and  Cyphia 
Phyteuma. 

RAMPION.     Campanula  rnpunculus. 

Soil  and  Situation. — The  soil  ought 
to  be  moderately  moist,  but  it  must  be 
light.  A  shady  rich  border  is  most 
favourable.     If  it  is  cloddy  or  subject 


RAN 


492 


RAN 


to  bind  and   crack   in  hot  weather,  the 
plants  will  not  thrive. 

Time  and  Mode  of  Sowing,  during 
March,  April,  and  M.iy,the  plants  from 
sowing  in  the  two  first  months,  soon, 
however,  run  up  to  seed. 

The  insertions  are  to  be  performed  in 
drills  six  inches  apart. 

The  plants  are  to  remain  where  sown  ; 
though  in  case  of  any  deficiency,  those 
which  are  taken  away  in  thinning  the 
crops,  may  be  transplanted  successfully, 
if  removed  to  a  border  similar  to  the 
seed-bed,  and  inserted  with  the  roots 
perpendicular,  and  without  pressing  the 
mould  too  close  about  them.  The  best 
time  for  performing  the  removal  is  of  an  ' 
evening. 

They  are  fit  for  thinning  when  of  six 
or  eight  weeks'  growth,  or  when  about 
two  inches  in  height;  they  must  be  set 
at  a  distance  of  six  inches  apart,  being 
hoed  at  the  time,  and  the  same  opera- 
tion repeated  two  or  three  times. 

The  plants  of  the  sowings  during  the 
two  first-mentioned  months  will  be  fit 
for  use  at  the  close  of  August,  or  early 
in  September,  and  continue  throughout 
the  autumn.  Those  of  the  last  one  will 
continue  good  throughout  the  winter, 
and  until  the  following  April. 

The  soil  throughout  their  growth 
must  be  kept  moist  by  giving  frequent 
but  moderate  waterings  through  the  fine 
rose  of  a  watering-pot,  as  required. 

The  root  for  which  it  is  cultivated, 
either  to  be  sliced  together  with  its 
leaves  in  salads,  or  eaten  as  the  radish, 
as  well  as  to  be  boiled  like  asparagus, 
is  most  palatable  when  drawn  young, 
and  eaten  fresh  from  the  ground. 

To  obtain  Seed.  —  A  few  of  the 
winter-standing  plants  are  left  unmoved. 
These  shoot  up  in  the  spring,  flowering 
in  July  and  August,  and  ripening  abund- 
ance of  seed  in  early  autumn.  Nothing 
more  is  necessary  than  to  gather  it  be- 
fore it  begins  to  scatter,  and  to  lay  it  on 
a  cloth  to  become  perfectly  dry  before 
thrashing. 

RANDIA.  Ten  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.  Partly  ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat,  and  a  strong  moist  heat. 

RANUNCULUS.  One  hundred  and 
two  species,  and  many  varieties.  R. 
asiaticus,  the  Garden  Ranunculus,  is 
a  truly  beautiful  flower,  unfortunately 
not  adapted  to  the  climate  of  the  United 
States. 

Varieties: — Mr.  Jackson,  the  florist 


of  Kingston,  has  published  the  follow- 
ing selection  : — 

CLASS  I. SELFS. 

Q^lil  Noir,  very  fine,  dark  rich  colour  ; 
Naxara  extra,  fine  dark  (one  of  the  best 
of  its  class);  Fete  Nocturne,  rich  pur- 
ple, fine;  Duke  of  Bedford,  large  fine 
formed,  crimson  ;  Giles's  Eliza,  very 
fine,  straw,  extra  form,  super  variety  ; 
Costar's  Apollo,  very  fine  dark,  rather 
coarse  ;  Plaisance,  very  fine,  yellow, 
good  form  ;  Les  Vos,  dark  purple,  very 
fine ;  Rosa  Montana,  superior  bright 
rosy  crimson,  excellent  form;  Tyso's 
Nivis,  fine  white  ;  Costar's  Tippoo  Saib, 
rich  dark  ;  Condorcet,  fine  pure  purple  ; 
Bouquet  Nonpareil,  dark  olive,  very  fine. 

CLASS  II.  ^ 

Flavimorus,  cream,  with  purple  edge, 
very  fine  ;  Tyso's  Victoria,  clear  white, 
with  crimson  edge,  very  fine  ;  Aust's 
Henrietta,  white,  crimson-edged,  good 
shape,  very  fine;  Horatio,  yellow-edged, 
fine  free  bloomer,  not  quite  a  pure 
ground;  Tyso's  Herbert,  yellow,  with 
red  edge,  very  fine  ;  Temeraire,  white, 
red-striped  (one  of  the  best  of  its  class); 
Lightbody's  William  Penn,  white,  with 
purple  edge,  very  fine,  strongly  marked 
ground,  colour  seldom  pure;  Melange 
des  Beautes,  red  and  yellow-striped 
(an  excellent  old  flower,  merits  well 
known) ;  Tyso's  Alexis,  yellow-spotted, 
extra  fine,  good  form  ;  Tyso's  Attractor, 
white,  with  purple  edge,  large,  very 
fine  ;  Kilgour's  Queen  Victoria,  cream, 
crimson-edged,  large,  and  extra  fine  ; 
Costar's  Coronation,  half  pink  mottled, 
very  fine  ;  Grand  Monarque,  yellow- 
edged,  fine  petals,  rather  loose  ;  Aust's 
Nonsuch,  white,  purple-edged,  distinct, 
very  fine;  Tyso's  Felix,  buff",  with  dis- 
tinct spot,  extra  fine  ;  Lightbody's  No 
JNIistake,  cream,  purple-edged,  strong 
marking,  very  fine  ;  Dr.  Franklin,  fine 
clear  white,  with  purple  edge,  very  fine; 
Tyso's  Edgar,  yellow-cofl^ee-edged,  ex- 
cellent form,  extra  fine  ;  Quentin  Dur- 
ward,  yellow-edged,  very  fine  colours, 
rather  thin  ;  Tyso's  Delectus,  yellow, 
red-edged,  very  fine;  Lightbody's  Rob 
Roy,  cream,  crimson  edge,  very  fine; 
Imbert,  yellow,  with  faint-brown  spot, 
very  good  ;  Tyso's  Harmonius,  yellow, 
with  dark  spot,  extra  (one  of  the  best  of 
its  class);  Herald,  white, crimson-edged, 
!  very  fine,  excellent  shape,  high  crown  ; 
'  Tyso's  Creon,  buff",  dark  edging,  very 


RAN 


493 


RAN 


fine;  Glacia,  yellow-mottled,  large  and  must  be  dense  and  distinct;  the  purer 
very  line  ;  Paxos,  white,  vvith  deep  the  white  or  yellow,  and  the  more  con- 
purple  edge,  extra  fine  ;  Biddal-s  Duke  irasted  the  edging  or  spotting  is,  the 
of  Wellington,  yellow,  delicate-edged,  better  the  flower;  in  self's  the  more 
very  fine;    Macrobius,    white  spotted,  brilliant  the   colour  is,  the  more  likely 

very  fine*;  Lightbody's  Endymion,  white,  "-    '^"    .:..-.   u...   ...    i.._   __  .l. 

with  delicate  rose   edging,  very  good  ; 


to   be    attractive ;   but   so   long   as  the 

colour  is  decided,  the  only  advantage 

Tyso's   Premium,   white,   purple   spot,    that  can  be  gained  bycolour  is  novelty. 

The  outside  of  the  petal  should  be  as 
bright  as  the  inside. 

If  shown  in  a  stand,  there  must  not 
be  two  alike  :  all  the  llowers  in  a  row 
should  be  of  one  size,  and  the  back  row 
the  largest." 

Propagation. — By  Seed. — To  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Tyso  we  are  indebted  for  the 
following  directions  : — 

"  Impregnate  the  double  flowers  with 
the  farina  of  the  single  ones.  This  can- 
not be  done  with  effect  in  every  case  ; 
but  whenever  an  old  flower,  with  a 
pericarpium  or  eye,  gather  a  single  or 
semi-double  flower,  and  apply  the  farina 
to  the  eye  of  the  double  (lower. 

"  The  seedlings  will  bear  a  striking 
resemblance  to  the  mother  plant,  as  to 
colour  and  habit  of  growth.     The  seed 


very  fine,  high  crown  ;  Aust's  Queen 
Victoria,  white,  with  delicate  edging, 
very  fine  ;  Saladin,  fine  yellow,  with 
faint  spot;  Sophia,  cream,  with  rose 
edge,  very  good  ;  Tyso's  Vendome, 
cream,  with  dark  purple  edge,  e.iitra 
fine,  rather  spotted  :  Waterstone's 
Epirus,  yellow  -  spotted,  very  fine. — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Character  Sportive. — "  There  is  in 
the  ranunculus  what  is  by  florists  called 
a  sportive  character — that  is,  they  run 
from  their  original  colour.  Some  that 
have  yellow  ground,  delicately  spotted, 
will  come  plain  yellow,  and  some  red 
and  white  striped  will  come  plain  red  ; 
sometimes  the  colours  will  mix,  and 
the  flowers  will  become  dingy." — 
Gard.  Chron. 

"  Sometimes  the  flowers  will  be  as  may  be  sown  at  all  seasons,  from  the 
green  as  the  grass  of  the  plants  from  1st  of  August  to  the  1st  of  March, 
which  they  grow.  Some  of  the  finest  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  October, 
seedlings  are  weak,  and  therefore  die  and  the  beginning  of  January.  Sow  in 
in  a  few  years,  though  for  a  short  time    boxes  eighteen  inches  by  eleven  inches. 


they  had  great  renown.  Such  has  been 
the  case  with  Abbe  St.  Andrew,  Quixos 
Viol  le  Vrai  Noir,  Grand  Berger,  and 
Rose  Incomparable,  and  some  others  of 


and  four  inches  deep,  full  of  loamy 
earth,  and  the  surface  level.  Sow  the 
seeds  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  apart; 
cover  them   as  thinly  as  possible,  and 


later  date.  But  there  are  others  of  water  with  a  fine  rose  ;  but  place  the 
first-rate  character  which  are  remark-  boxes  under  glass,  without  heat.  The 
ably  strong,  and  increase  abundantly,  plants  usually  make  their  appearance 
such   as  Attractor,  Felix,  Saladin,  Ed- ;  in  about  a  month.     Give   air  day  and 


gar,  Eureka,  Victor,  and  many  others. '■ 
—Ihid. 

Characteristics  of  a  Good  Flower. — 
"The   form   of  the  ranunculus   should 


night,  except  in  severe  frost ;  then  cover 
up  with  straw  mats.  With  such  pro- 
tection, the  young  plants  will  endure 
the  severest  seasons.     Clean  the  surface 


be  two-thirds   of  a  ball;  petals,  broad,  of  the  boxes  from  green  moss  in  Feb- 

thick,  free  from   notch  ^r  indentation,  ruary,  and    top    dress    them.     Put  the 

cupping   a  little,  and   0  disposed  that  boxes  in   the   open    ground   up   to  the 

each  cover   the  place  where    the    two  second  week  in  May,  and  water  daily 

under  ones  join  ;  commonly  concealing  until  the  grass  begins  to  wither;   then 

the  anthers,  abundance  of  petals  lying  sufi'er  the  boxes  to  become  quite  dry  ; 

close    over  each  other,  and  forming  a  and  in  the  middle  of  July,  take  them 

compact  flower,  open  enough  to  show  up,  and  preserve  the  roots  in  bags  until 

the    colour    on    their    inside,   but   not  February,  and  then    plant  them  as  the 

enough    to    be   loose;    and    the   under  general  stock.     In  the   following  June 

ones  must   hold  well   in  their  places,  they  flower  in  great  profusion." — Gard. 

forming  a  square,  if  not  a  hollow  back.  Mag. 

The   stem   thick,  strong,   and    elastic;        By  Offsets. — -'Unlike  the    ofisets  of 

but  the  flower  upright,  and  from    one  '  the    hyacinth  and   tulip,  those    of  the 

and  a  half  to  two  inches   in  diameter,  ranunculus  generally  attain   perfection 
The   colour   is  a  matter  of  taste,  but  ]  in  the  season  of  their  formation  on  the 


RAN 


494 


RAN 


parent  plant,  and  are,  therefore,  fit  to  I  will  not  reach  it  at  all,  or  if  they  do, 
be  planted  as  full  grown  tubers  the  their  sudden  transition  into  deep  corn- 
same  season  in  which  they  are  removed.  '  post  is  at  least  unnatural:  it  is  more 
Smaller  ones,  which  are  unfit  to  bloom  '  consonant  with  reason  that  the  food 
the  following  year,  may  be  planted  in  a  !  should  be  generally  and  equally  dis- 
hed prepared,  as  to  be  directed  for  the  '  tributed." — Card.  Chron. 
full  sized  roots."  !      Planting. — "The    bed    being    about 

By  Dividing  the  Tubers. — In  minutely  I  four  feet  in  width,"  adds  Dr.  Horner, 
examining  the  crown  of  a  ranunculus '"  and  any  suitable  length,  and  having 
root,  several  small  protuberances  will  ;  been  neatly  smoothed  over,  the  roots 
be  found,  from  each  of  which  a  shoot  |  should  be  planted  about  five  inches 
will  arise,  and  the  root  may,  therefore,  j  distant  from  each  other  in  rows,  which, 
be  divided  by  a  sharp  knife  into  as  !  again,  should  be  about  six  inches  apart, 
many  parts  as  there  are  protuberances;  If  planted  closer,  as  is  commonly  the 
and  "thus  the  danger  of  losing  any  rare  case,  the  plants  will  grow  comparatively 
variety    is    much    diminished.      These  j  weak,  and  bloom  more  sparingly. 


sections  will  not  bloom  till  the  second 
year." — Hort.  Trans. 

Soil. — Mr.  Hovy  of  Boston,  one  of 
the  best  of  the  American  horticulturists, 
is  quite  right  in  recommending,  as  "  the 
best  soil  tor  the  ranunculus,  a  strong 
rich  mellow  loam  ;  but  good  garden 
loam,  enriched  with  very  old  cow  ma- 
nure, or  leaf-mould,  will  answer — fresh 
mould,  however,  will  insure  a  much 
better  bloom." 

"  A  somewhat  moist  and  cool  situa- 
tion," says  Dr.  Horner,  one  of  the  best 
of  amateur  floriculturists,  "  is  the  most 
suitable.  The  bed,  therefore,  should 
be  so  situated  that  it  receive  but  a  few 
hours  of  the  morning  sun,  and  be  in  the 
lowest  part  of  the  garden.  It  must  not 
be  raised  higher  than  the  surrounding 
walks  ;  should  be  two  feet  in  depth  of 
soil,  and  have  board  instead  of  box 
edging,  that  slugs,  &c.,  which  often  eat 
the  tender  foliage  and  opening  flower- 
buds  of  some  varieties,  may  not  be 
sheltered.  The  only  suitable  soil  is  a 
retentive  loam,  from  the  surface  of  a 
rich  old  pasture,  the  sods  included  ;  to 
which  should  be  added,   and  well    in 


The  situation  of  the  rows  having 
been  marked  out,  holes,  one  and  a  half 
inch  deep,  should  be  dibbled  with  the 
finger,  or  other  instrument,  in  which 
the  roots  should  be  compactly  set,  and 
covered  over  with  soil,  after  the  manner 
of  dibbling  beans,  by  this  means  the 
surrounding  soil  is  not  disturbed,  but 
left  close  and  retentive. 

"  The  next  best  plan  is  drawing  drills 
across  the  beds  in  rows,  setting  the 
roots  therein,  and  then  filling  them  up 
with  the  displaced  soil ;  the  worst  of  all 
plans  being  the  raking  the  bed  evenly 
over,  setting  the  roots  on  it,  and  then 
covering  the  whole  one  and  a  half  inch 
with  loose  soil — yet  this  is  commonly 
practised." — Ibid. 

Choice  of  Roots. — Mr.  Glenny  recom- 
mends "  the  middle  sized,  with  firm 
tubers  and  plump  buds,  as  preferable 
for  planting;  and  care  should  be  taken 
to  place  a  little  sand  under  and  over 
each,  to  guard  them  against  too  much 
moisture." — Gard.  and  Pract.  Florist. 

General  Management. — "  About  the 
beginning  of  April,"  says  Dr.  Horner, 

the   young   plants  will  appear   above 


corporated,  one  third  of  thoroughly-  ground,  when  the  loosened  soil  should 
decayed  cow  manure.  Fresh  manure  ,  be  carefully  yet  firmly  compressed  with 
must  be  avoided,  as  the  roots  will  not ;  the  fingers  abAt  the  roots, 
bloom  where  it  exists,  but  many  will  j  «<  During  the  months  of  April  and 
perish.  All  hot  and  stimulating  com-  May,  should  a  continuance  of  dry 
posts  are  equally  pernicious.  With  the  :  weather  prevail,  water  may  be  cautious- 
enriched    soil  just    recommended,  the    ly  administered  at  intervals  in  an  even- 


bed  should  be  made  at  the  beginning 
of  October,  and  finished  off,  and,  on  no 
account,  disturbed  till  planting  time  ; 
for  it  is  all  important  that  the  soil  be 
compact  and  close  in  which  the  roots 
are  planted. 


ing,  but  only  just  so  much  as  will  pre- 
vent the  soil  of  the  bed  from  cracking; 
or  a  little  moss,  or  old  spent  tanner's 
bark,  &c.,  may  be  neatly  placed  be- 
tween the  rows,  which  will  retain  the 
moisture  in  the  soil.     The   injudicious 


"  The  practice  of  putting  some  inches  and  over  abundant  application  of  water 
of  manure  at  the  bottom  of  the  bed  is  i  is  a  very  common  error,  and  one  of  the 
not  to  be  commended  ;  the  roots  either  j  greatest  evils.    It  not  unfrequently  hap- 


RAN 


495 


RAP 


pens  that  plants,  which  have  looked 
well  for  a  time,  at  length  begin  to  turn 
yellow  in  the  foliage,  and  the  flower 
buds  dwindle  and  go  off. 

"  The  dying  of  the  leaves  in  some  in- 


be   put  into  paper   bags." — Gard.  and 
Prac.  Flor. 

Late  Succession  of  Blooms. — To  ob- 
tain this,  wo  have  ihe  following  direc- 
tions by  Mr.  H.  Groom,  the  well  known 


stances  evidently  depends  on  a  want  of  florist  :- 
vigour,  or  partial  rot  in  the  root ;  and,  1  "  The  beds  are  prepared  in  the  usual 
in  some  few  cases,  it  would  appear  to  manner,  the  ground  immediately  after- 
be  caused  by  large  earthworms,  forming  wards  well  watered  with  lime  water; 
their  wide  tracks  amid  the  roots  of  the  but  to  destroy  the  worms,  which  are 
plants,  nearly  undermining  them  ;  but  otherwise  apt  to  draw  the  roots  from 
in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  it  is  pro- !  their   places;    afterwards    water    with 


duced  by  injudicious  watering. 


1  clear  cow-dung  water,  until  the  foliage 


During  the  expansion  of  the  flower    makes  its  appearance.     The  beds  are 


buds,  and  when  they  are  fully  blown,  a 
stage  and  awning  should  be  erected 
over  the  bed,  as  in  the  case  of  tulips, 
that  rain  and  hot  sun  may  be  excluded  ; 
and   gentle   watering  every  second  or 


then  kept  shaded  from  nine  in  the  morn- 
ing till  five  or  six  in  the  evening,  till  the 
bloom  is  over.  For  a  bloom  all  the  sea- 
son, commence  in  February,  and  plant 
every  fortnight  or  three  weeks;  in  Sep- 


third  evening,  may  be  given,  which  will  '  tember,  plant  in  a  frame,  and  you  will 
keep  the  bed  cool  and  moist,  and  pro-  have  a  bloom  about  January  or  Februa- 
mote  the  size  of  the  flower.     As  much  |  ry." — Hart.  Trans. 


air  should  be  admitted  as  possible,  that 
the  flower-stems  be  not  drawn  and 
weakened." — Gard.  Citron. 

Protection  during  Winter.  —  This 
is  essential  ;  and  the  following  plan, 
adopted  by  Mr.  (ilenny,  is  excellent : — 


Forcing. — Mr.  Bouche  of  Berlin,  a 
florist,  gives  these  directions  : — 

"  Select  tubers  which  have  been  kept 
three  or  four  months,  or  even  a  year, 
over  the  season  of  planting,  these  being 
more  easily  excited   than  those  which 


Let  the  bed  be  made  just  the  size  have  been  only  the  usual  time  out  of  the 
of  a  cucumber  frame;  place  one  of  [  soil,  plant  them  in  pots  about  the  be- 
these  on  the  bed,  and  if  there  is  danger  j  ginning  of  August;  and,  by  bringing 
of  heavy  rains,  or  severe  weather,  put  these  into  the  green-house  at  diflierent 
on  the  sashes.  As  soon  as  heavy  frost  periods,  a  bloom  is  kept  up  from  Octo- 
sets  in,  the  whole  of  the  interior  of  the  ber  to  February." — Gard.  Mag. 
frame  must  be  filled  with  leaves,  and  !  RAPE,  or  COLESEED.  Brassicana- 
the  sashes  replaced,  and  a  few  hoards  ' pus  esculentns.  I  ike  mustard  and  other 
laid  on  to  keep  the  leaves  from  blowing  '■  small  salading,  it  may  be  sown  at  any 
away.  In  this  manner,  the  whole  may  period  of  the  year,  when  in  request, 
remain  until  April,  or  until   all  danger    being   allowed   a  separate    bed.     It  ia 


of  frost  is  over,  when  the  leaves,  frames, 
&c.,  may  be  entirely  removed." — 
Gard.  and  Prac.  Flor. 

Taking  up  the  Roots.  —  Upon  this 
point,  the  same  excellent  authority  di- 
rects this  to  be  done  "  a  fortnight  after 
the  last  flowers  have  faded,  when  the 
foliage  looks  yellowish.  It  is  a  very 
nice  operation,  and  should  not  be  done 


cultivated  as  Mustard,  which  see. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Some  plants  of  a 
sowing  made  about  the  middle  of  July 
must  be  thinned  to  eighteen  inches 
apart;  they  will  survive  the  winter,  and 
flower  in  the  May  and  June  of  the  next 
year.  The  seed,  which  is  produced  in 
great  abundance,  ripens  in  July  and 
August,  and  must  be  cut  as  it  does  so, 


hastily.  The  best  way  is  to  pare  off  ancl  laid  upon  cloths  to  dry,  as  it  is  very 
three  inches  of  the  sod   into  a  sieve,  if  apt  to  shed. 

the  bed  is  composed  of  mixed  sorts,  }  RAPE  (EDIBLE-ROOTED).  This 
and  then,  by  shaking  out  the  earth,  the  name  may  be  applied  to  a  variety  of  the 
roots  will  remain.  rape  mentioned  by  Mr.  Dickson,  one  of 

"When  the  varieties  are  named,  the  vice-presidents  of  the  Horticultural 
they  must  be  taken  up  singly,  and  put  Society.  Its  root  is  white  and  carrot- 
in  a  box  correctly  labeled.  They  must  shaped,  about  the  size  of  the  middle- 
not  be  placed  in  the  sun,  but  may  be  finger.  It  is  much  more  delicate  in 
carried  to  a  dry  room,  where  they  may  flavour  than  the  turnip,  like  which  root 
remain  till  the  earth  is  sufficiently  dry  it  is  cooked,  only  that  it  is  not  peeled 
to  shake  off  easily,  when  they  should  |  but  scraped,  its  skin  being  rntnarkably 


RAP 


496 


R  AS 


thin.  It  has  been  cultivated  for  a  great 
length  of  years  on  the  continent,  and 
for  about  thirty  years  in  this  country  ; 
but  only  by  one  person,  as  far  as  Mr. 
Dickson  is  aware. 

Time  of  Sowing.  It  is  propagated  by 
seed,  which,  for  the  main  crop,  may  be 
sown  from  the  middle  of  July  to  the 
end  of  August,  or  even  later..  These 
will  supply  the  table  until  April  ;  and 
if  wanted  throughout  the  year,  a  little 
may  be  sown  in  the  latter  end  of  Octo- 
ber, the  plants  from  which  vvill  be  fit 
for  use,  if  they  succeed  during  April 
and  May  :  the  last  crop  to  be  inserted 
from  the  middle  of  January  to  the  mid- 
dle of  February,  which  will  come  in  at 
the  end  of  May  and  during  June.  On 
a  north  border,  and  if  the  soil  is  sandy 
and  moist,  it  is  possible  to  have  them 
sweet  and  tender  during  the  whole 
summer,  to  effect  which  the  seed  must 
be  sown  at  the  close  of  March  and  May. 

Cultivation  is  the  same  as  turnips.  In 
dry  weather  the  beds  must  be  watered 
regularly  until  the  plants  have  got  three 
or  four  leaves. 

Soil. — One  great  advantage  attending 
the  cultivation  of  this  vegetable  is,  that 
it  requires  no  manure.  Any  soil  that  is 
poor  and  light,  especially  if  sandy,  is 
suitable  to  it.  In  rich  manured  earth  it 
grows  much  larger,  but  not  so  sweet 
and  good. 

To  obtain  seed. — Mr.  Dickson  recom- 
mends, in  February  or  March,  some  of 
the  finest  roots  to  be  transplanted  to 
two  feet  asunder;  but  it  would  perhaps 
be  a  better  practice  to  leave  them  where 
grown.  The  ground  is  to  be  hoed  re- 
peatedly, and  kept  clear  of  weeds.  The 
seed  must  be  cut  as  soon  as  ripe,  and 
treated  as  directed  for  turnips,  &c. 

RAPHANUS.  Three  species.  Har- 
dy annuals,  except  R.  landra,  which  is 
an  herbaceous  perennial.  Seed.  Rich 
mould.     See  Radish. 

RAPHIOLEPIS.  Four  species. 
Half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

RASPAILIA  microphylla.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings. 
Sandy  peat. 

RASPBERRY.     Rubus  idaus. 

Best  Varieties.  —  Red.  —  Fastolff,  or 
Bee-hive,  Franconia,  Antwerp,  red  ; 
Barnet ;  Cornish;  Double-bearing,  and 
Gennessee. 

Yellow.  —  Antwerp,  yellow;  Cox's 
Honey;  Old  white. 


The  Fastolff  (Fig.  142)  has  been  "  re- 
cently received  from  England,  where 
it  was  raised  or  discovered  near  the 
castle  of  that  name.  It  has  produced 
fruit  at  Philadelphia  the  two  past  sea- 
sons, and  quite  equals  its  transatlantic 
character,  which  is  higher  than  that  of 
any  of  its  tribe.  The  fruit  is  large,  deep 
red,  inclining  to  purple,  well  flavoured, 
and  yielded  longer  than  usual.  Such  was 
the  description  written  before  the  fruit 
of  the  present  year  (1846)  had  matured  ; 
another  season's  observation  has  con- 
firmed it.  The  annexed  drawing,  ac- 
curately copied  from  nature,  has  been 
supplied  by  Doctor  William  D.  Brinckle. 
The  plants  are  yet  scarce,  and  conse- 
quently higher  priced  than  the  old  va- 
rieties ;  but  from  its  adaptation  to  our 
climate,  it  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  speedily 
increased,  and  widely  distributed — so 
valuable  an  acquisition  one  could  desire 
to  see  domesticated  in  every  garden  in 
the  land." — Rural  Reg. 

The  Franconia  was  "  imported  from 
France  some  years  since;  it  is  hardy, 
fruitful,  and  may  be  safely  recommend- 
ed as  in  all  respects  desirable.  This  is, 
perhaps,  taking  all  its  merits  into  ac- 
count, next  in  value  to  the  Fastolff'." 
— Rural  Reg. 

Propagation  by  Seed. — New  varieties 
are  easily  raised  from  seed.  Wash 
away  the  pulp  from  some  of  the  finest 
thoroughly  ripe  fruit,  dry  the  seed,  and 
sow  it  the  same  autumn  in  a  dry  border, 
giving  it  the  shelter  of  a  frame  through 
the  winter.  Trim  and  plant  out  the 
seedlings  to  remain  in  the  autumn  fol- 
lowing, and  they  will  bear  in  the  suc- 
ceeding summer. 

By  Suckers. — These  spring  from  the 
root  annually,  and  grow  from  three  to 
five  feet  in  height  the  same  year,  form- 
ing plants  by  autumn  or  winter  for 
transplanting,  to  bear  fi  uit  the  following 
summer. 

Planting  maybe  done  any  time  from 
October  till  March,  the  earlier  the  bet- 
ter, in  open  weather.  Raise  the  plants 
carefully  with  plenty  of  fibres;  shorten 
any  long  straggling  root;  and  cut  off 
any  naked  woody  part  of  the  root  of 
the  old  stool,  observing  at  the  same 
time,  if  one  or  more  buds  appear  near 
the  root,  they,  being  the  embryo  of 
future  shoots,  must  be  very  carefully 
preserved  ;  and  shorten  each  sucker  at 
top  to  about  three  or  more  feet  long, 
according  to  their  strength  —  they  are 


4D7 
Fig.  142.— vP.  496.) 


1^      h. 


u- 


32 


RASPBERRY. 


R  AS 


49S 


RED 


then  ready  for  planting  :  having  previ- [  Mr.  Mearns  recommends,  "in  May 
ously  to  this  chosen  an  open  spot  of!  the  removal  of  the  young  fruit-bearing 
good  ground  and  trenched  it,  put  in  the  !  shoots  from  the  canes,  leaving  in  some 
plants  as  soon  as  possible,  in  rows  a  I  cases  one  or  two  eyes,  in  others  cutting 
yard  and  a  half  apart,  and  a  yard  asun-  them  clean  off.  Under  either  plan  they 
der  in  the  rows.  If  planted  closer  the  I  soon  show  an  abundance  of  vigorous 
plants,  producing  numerous  suckers  in  '  shoots,  frequently  three  or  four  from 
summer,  grow  so  close  as  to  exclude  each  eye,  which  produce  plenty  of  blos- 
the  due  influence  of  sun  and  air  from  soms  in  the  beginning  of  Julv,  and  on 
the  fruit,  as  well  as  render  it  trouble-  ^  these  a  good  crop  of  fine  raspberries  is 
some  to  gather  the  produce.      If  the  !  borne  in  August." — Hort.  Trans. 


planting  is  performed  late  in  the  spring, 
give  a  good  watering,  and  repeat  it  oc- 
casionally till  the  plants  have  struck 
fresh  root. 

After-Culture.  —  Keep  them  clean 
from  weeds  all  summer  by  broad  hoe- 
ins,  giving   an  annual   dressing  in  au- 


Training. — The  earliest  and  finest 
are  obtained  from  canes  planted  beneath 
a  south  wall,  and  trained  against  it  in 
this  form.  (Fig.  143.)  But  in  the  open 
ground  the  best  mode  of  training  is 
round  small  hoops,  thus.  (Fig.  144.) 
The  worst  form    is  plaiting  the  canes 


tumn,  cutting  down  the  decayed  stems  j  together;  and  training  in  arches  or  other 


that  bore  the  preceding  summer.  Thin 
the  young  succession  bearers;  clear 
away  all  intermediate  suckers  between 
those  of  the  main  stocks ;  and  then 
point  with  a  fork  the  ground  betvveen 
the  rows. 

Previous  to  the  above-mentioned  an- 
nual dressing  of  raspberries,  observe 
that,  as  they  produce  a  fresh  supply  of 
shoots  or  suckers  every  year  for  bear- 
ing the  next,  therefore  the  annual  dress- 
ing be  performed  anytime  from  October 
till  March.  First  proceed  to  clear  out 
all  the  decayed  stems,  being  last  sum- 
mer's bearers,  breaking  them  down 
close  to  the  bottom  ;  then  examine  the 
supply  of  young  shoots  for  next  year's 
bearing.  In  March  select  three  or  four 
of  the  strongest  shoots  on  each  stool, 
cutting  all  the  others  away  close  to  the 
ground  ;  shorten  those  left  according 
to  their  strength,  cutting  them  genera 


compact  forms,  excluding  the  light  and 
warmth  of  the  sun,  is  little  better. 


Forcing. — Raspberries  may  be  forced 
growing  either  in  pots  or  in  the  borders 
of  the  house.  They  may  be  also  plant- 
ed on  the  outside  of  a  pit,  the  bearing 
canes  being  introduced  withinside  and 
ly  a  little  below  the  bend,  at  the  top  of,  trained  to  a  trellis,  whilst  the  present 


the  shoots,  to  about  three  or  four  feet  ^  year's^shoots  are  left  outside. 
in  length,  both  to  render  them  more 
robust,  to  support  themselves  more 
firmly  upright  in  summer,  and  to  pro- 
mote a  stronger  supply  of  laterals  for 
flowering  and  fruiting.  Allow  them  a 
little  rotten  dung  or  leaf-mould  once 
every  other  year,  applying  it  in  the 
spring.     Make  a  plantation  every  four 

or  five  years  in  a  fresh  spot  of  ground  ;    evergreen   shrubs    or   trees 
as,  after  that  period  of  time,  the  plants,  '  Loam,  peat,  and  sand, 
although    they  may  continue    shooting  ^ 

with  tolerable  vigour,  yet  are  apt  to  be 
less  fruitful,  and  the  fruit  smaller,  than 
in  younger  plantations  in  fresh  ground. 
— Abercrombie. 

Autumn    Crop. —  To    obtain    of  the 
Antwerp,   and   other    large    varieties. 


RATABIDA  columnaris,  and  its  va- 
riety. Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division  or  seeds.     Common  soil. 

RATTLESNAKE  FERN.  Botrichium 
virginicum. 

RATTLESNAKE  ROOT.  Folygala 
senega. 

RAUWOLFIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
Cuttings. 


REAUMURIA.  Two  species.  Half- 
hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

RED  BAY.     Laurus  carolinensis. 

RED  CEDAR.   Juniper  us  virgiriiana. 

RED  GUM  TREE.  Eucalyptus  re- 
sinifera. 


RED 


499 


REN 


RED  NIGHTSHADE.  Erica  Hali-  in  tan  and  labour  is  also  very  grest ; 
cacaba.  in   some   places  tan   is  expensive,  and 

RED  SPIDER.     See  Acarus.  \  where   it   is   cheaper,  the   trouble  and 

REEDS.     See  Shelter.  ;  litter  incident  to   its  emiiloyinent,  and 

REEV'ESIAr/i!/7-so(rfea.  Green-house  the  dangers  of  loss  from  fungi  and  in- 
evergreen  shrub.  Ripe  cuttings,  with  sects,  of  which  it  is  the  peculiarly 
the  leaves.  Light  turfy  loam,  or  loam  ;  fertile  foster-parent,  render  it  objec- 
and  peat.  i  tionable   as    a    source    of   heat.       And 

R  EH  M  AN  fs  I  A  chinensis.   Hardy  Whenever  the  tan   has  to  be  renewed, 
herbaceous  perennial,  but  it  succeeds    the  trouble  and  destruction  of  plants  is 
best  in  a  cool  green-bouse.     Cuttings,    always  great. 
Common  soil.  I      "In    my   new    propagating   house," 

REICH  A  RBI  A  hexapetala.  Stove  says  Mr.  Rendle,  "  the  tank  or  cistern 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  soil !  is  placed  in  the  centre,  with  a  walk 
and  a  strong  heat.  I  surrounding    it,   so    as    to    enable    the 

RELHANIA.    Five  species.    Green- ^  propagator  with  greater  ease  to  attend 
house    evergreen     shrubs.       Cuttings.  I  to  the  plants,  &c. 
Loamy  soil. 

RENANTHERA 
Stove  orchids.     Cuttings 


'On  the  outside  of  the  bouse  is  a 
Three  species,  j  fire-shed,  in  which  the  boiler  is  fixed. 
I'eat  mixed  I  The  tank,  made  of  wood,  one  and  a 
vith  broken  potsherds,  moss,  or  wood,  half  or  two  inches  thick,  which  I  find 
RENDLE'S  TANK  SYSTEM.  First'  the  cheapest  material,  (it  also  prevents 
suggested,  I  believe,  by  Mr.  Rendle,  |  the  water  cooling  so  fast  as  it  does 
nurseryman,  of  Plymouth.  I  have  given,  I  either  in  stone  or  iron,)  may  be  lined 
in  the  customary  monthly  calendars,  the  '  with  lead  or  zinc.  Exactly  in  the  cen- 
necessary  intimations  when  the  bark- j  tre  of  the  tank  is  a  partition,  serving 
beds  will  probably  require  stirring,  but '  the  double  purpose  of  causing  the  water 
those  troublesome,  uncertain,  and  dan-!  to  circulate,  (as  well  as  to  support  the 
gerous  operations,  dangerous  to  the  edges  of  the  slates,)  an  aperture  being 
plants,  are  entirely  rendered  needless  '  left  in  the  partition,  of  about  two  inches 
by  Mr.  Rcndlc's  plan.  It  has  been  i  in  breadth,  to  allow  the  water  a  free 
adopted  by  some  of  the  best  practical  j  passage.      The   flow-pipe   enters    near 


gardeners  with  entire  satisfaction. 


the  appendage  of  the  tank,  at  the  mouth 


A  tank  of  iron  or  wood,  twenty  feet  of  which  pi()e  a  ])iece  of  perforated 
long,  five  feet  broad,  and  six  inches,  copper  is  placed,  as  also  at  the  return- 
deep,  is  constructed  in  the  centre  of  pipe,  to  prevent  dirt  and  sediment  from 
the  house,  and  surrounded  by  a  walk,  finding  its  w-ay  into  the  boiler.  After 
except  at  the  end,  where  the  boiler  is  everything  is  properly  fixed,  the  tank 
fixed   for  heating    it.     The  top   of  the    is  filled   with  water,  which,  of  course, 

tank    is    covered    with    large    slabs    of  at  the  same  time  fills  the    boiler 

slate,  cemented  together,  to  prevent  The  tank  is  about  four  inches  deep, 
the  excessive  escape  of  steam.  Around  Across  it,  and  resting  on  its  sides,  are 
this  is  a  frame  sufficiently  high  to  re-    placed  slate  stones  about  an  inch  and  a 


tain  the  bark,  in  which  the  pots  are 
plunged.  The  boiler  and  tank  are 
filled  with  water,  and  this  circulates, 
when  the  fire  is  lighted  under  the 
former,  by  means  of  two  pipes,  one 
from    the    top  of  the    boiler,    and    the 


half  thick,  cut  square  at  the  edges. 
These  are  fistened  to  each  other  bv 
Roman  cement,  or  Aberthaw  lime,  to 
prevent   a   superfluity    of   steam    from 

escaping  into  the  house Around 

the  edges  of  the  slates  a  piece  of  inch 


other  returning  nearer  to  its  bottom,  board,  about  nine  inches  deep,  should 
The  expense  of  piping,  and  danger  of  be  placed  to  enclose  the  sawdust,  sand, 
their  freezing,  is  avoided  ;  the  fire  only    moss,  or  other  plunging  material. 


requires    to    be    kept    lighted    for   two 
hours  at  night,  and  again  for  the  same 


In  the  following  sketch,  for  which, 
as  well  as  for  the  next,  I  am  indebted 


period    in    the    morning;     the    water,    to  Mr.  Rendle,  ^4  is  a  transverse  see- 


when  once  heated,  retaining  its  tem- 
perature for  a  long  time.  In  a  small 
house,  the  apparatus  can  be  constructed 
for  5/.,  and  in  all,  for  less  than  half  the 


tion  of  Rogers's  conical  boiler;  B  is 
the  fireplace  ;  g,  the  tank  :  c,  the  flow- 
pipe;  d,  the  pif)e  by  which  the  water 
returns  to  the  boiler;  e,  is  the  hole  for 


cost  of  hot-water  pipes.     The  saving   the  smoke,  which,  joined  to  aflue, /, 


REQ 


500 


RH  A 


can  be  made  either  to  ascend  the  chim- 
ney at  once,  or  to  pass  round  the  house. 

Fiff.  145. 


The  next  sketch  is  a  Pinery, 
up  with  Mr.  Rendle's  tank. 

Fig.  146. 


fitted 


It  is  described  as  "  a  very  useful  and 
most  desirable  structure  for  the  growth 
of  the  Pine  Apple,  with  a  hollow  wall, 
recommended  by  all  garden  architects 
in  preference  to  a  solid  wall — the  heat 
or  cold  being  not  so  readily  conducted 
as  through  a  solid  mass  of  masonry." 
Mr.  Rendle  might  have  added,  that 
hollow  walls  are  also  much  drier. — 
Rendle's  Treatise  on  the  Tank  Systetn. 
See  Stove,  &c. 

REQVIENIA  obcardata.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Young  cuttings.  Peat, 
loam,  and  sand. 

RESEDA.  Mignonette.  Seventeen 
species.  Chiefly  hardy  annuals,  bien- 
nials, herbaceous  perennials,  and  a  few 
green-house  evergreens.  Cuttings  or 
seeds.  Light  rich  soil.  See  Mignon- 
ette. 


perature,  and  the  least  degree  of  light 
compatible  with  healthy  growth  must 
be  secured  ;  and  to  this  end  plants  for 
succession  are  often  placed  on  the 
north  side  of  a  wall. 

Then  again,  as  in  the  case  o^  rasp- 
berries and  strawberries,  plants  are 
often  cutdown  in  the  spring,  compelling 
them  to  form  fresh  foliage  and  stems, 
and  thus  be  productive  in  the  autumn 
instead  of  the  summer. 

The  vegetation  of  many  bulbs  may 
be  prevented  by  merely  keeping  them 
dry,  and,  indeed,  the  withholding  the 
usual  supply  of  water,  giving  it  only  in 
diminished  quantities,  is  necessary  in 
all  retarding  treatment.  To  secure  the 
entire  quiescence  of  bulbs,  and  of  sucli 
plants  as  will  bear  so  low  a  tempera- 
ture, the  atmosphere  of  the  ice-house 
is  effectual  ;  and  to  this  end  it  should 
have  a  few  shelves  for  the  support  of 
boxes  or  flower  pots.  Banks  o^  earth 
ranging  east  and  west,  and  facing  the 
north  at  a  very  acute  angle,  are  very 
useful  in  retarding  the  early  advance  to 
seed  in  hot  weather,  of  spinach,  let- 
tuces, &c.  Espaliers  ranging  similarly, 
and  shaded  during  the  whole  of  March, 
and  the  two  following  months,  will 
blossom  later  and  more  unfailingly  than 
trees  more  exposed  to  the  sun  in  spring. 
Similar  exclusion  of  heat  and  light  re- 
tards the  ripening  of  picked  fruit,  and 
if  the  air  be  excluded  from  them,  or 
its  oxygen  withdrawn,  fruit  will  remain 
unripened  for  weeks.  To  efl'cct  this, 
put  a  paste  formed  of  lime,  sulphate  of 
iron,  and  water,  at  the  bottom  of  a 
wide-mouthed  glass  bottle,  then  a  layer 
of  large  pebbles  to  keep  the  fruit  from 
the  paste, — then  fill  the  bottle  with 
peaches,  apricots,  or  plums,  gathered 
a  few  days  before  they  are  ripe,  cork 
the  bottle  tight,  and  cover  the  cork 
with  melted  resin.  They  have  been 
thus  kept  for  a  month,  and  summer 
apples  and  pears  for  three  months. 
They  ripen  when  again  exposed  to  the 
air. 

RHAMNUS.  Thirty-eight  species. 
Chiefly  hardy  evergreen,  or  deciduous 
shrubs,  or  trees.  Layers,  seeds.  Com- 
mon soil.     The  few  stove  and   green- 


RETARDING  requires  as  much  skil 
as  forcing,  for  as  the  latter  requires  the  :  house  kinds,  increase  by  cuttings;  and 
application  of  all  that  is  suitable  to  the  •  require  a  light  soil, 
promotion   of  a   plant's    rapid    healthy !      RHAPIS.      Two  species.     Dwarfish 
growth,  so  retarding  requires  the  with-    palms.     Suckers.     Sandy  loam, 
holding  from  it  of  those  contingencies,  i      RHAPONTICA.     Four  species. 
Thus  to  retard  growth,  the  lowest  tein- ,  Hardy   herbaceous  perennials,  except 


RH  E 


601 


RH  0 


R.  pulchra,  ■Khich  is  a  biennial.     Divi-  cies,  and  many  varieties.     Hardy  and 

sion.     Common  soil.  half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs,  except  R. 

R  H  E  E  D  I  A  javanica.     Stove  ever-  rhodora,  which  is  deciduous  and  hardy, 

green  tree.    Ripe  cuttings.    Pe^t,  loa.m,  •  R.  ponticitm,  Common   Rhododendron, 

and  sand.  R.  maximum ;  R.  Caucasicum ;  R.  cam- 

R  HEM  AN  E.I  A  ckinensis.  IWrdy  panulatum  ;  and  R.  Catawbiensis,  are 
shrub.  Cuttings  and  layers.  Rich  light  the  best  hardy  species.  It  is  to  be  re- 
loam,  gretted    that  such    a    noble    evergreen 

RHEUM.      Rhubarb.      Fifteen    spe-  shrub  as  R.  maxiinum  should  be  so  sel- 

cies.       Hardy    fusiform-rooted    peren-  dom  seen  in  our  grounds.     Here  in  the 

nials.     Division  or  seed.     Rich  loamy  United  States,  where   it  is  indigenous, 


soil.     See  Rhubarb. 


it  is  really  less  known  than  in  England, 


RHEXIA.  Four  species.  Hardy  herb-  where  it  forms  one  of  the  main  features 

aceous  perennials.    Division.    Peat  soil,  of  the  undergrowth  in  lawns  and  plea^ 

R  HINOPETALUM     karelini.  sure    grounds, — when    will    Americans 

Hardy  tuberous-rooted  perennial.     Off-  learn  to  estimate  as  they  deserve,  their 

sets.     Light  rich  soil.  own  natural  products!     From  the  above 

RHIPODENDRON  plicatile,  and    its  named  species  have  been  obtained  the 

variety.   Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  following  superior 
Suckers    or     leaves    slightly    planted. 


Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

RHODANTHE    min^lfsii. 


Varieties. — R.  Russellianum,  scarlet ; 
R.    Lowei,    pale    straw;    R.    tigrinum, 
fireen-    pale    rose:    R.  nobleanum,  dark    red  ; 


house  annual.  Dr.  Lindiey  recommends  R.  splendidum,  (Cunningham's,)  white  ; 
that  "  its  seeds  should  be  sown  at  two  |  R.  altaclerence,  scarlet;  R.  multimacu- 
seasons:  the  first  about  the  beginning  latum,  pale  rose,  spotted  ;  R.  arboreum 
of  September;  the  second  about  the  roseum,  bright  rose  ;  R.Victoria,  deep 
end  of  February.  The  soil  the  seeds  red;  R.  venustum,  pink ;  R.  augustum, 
are  sown  in  should  be  rather  strong,  pale  flesh  spotted ;  11.  pulcherrimum, 
but  not  rich,  for  the  first  sowing,  con-  scarlet ;  R.  grandiflorum,  (Cunning- 
sisting  of  a  mixture  of  sandy  loam  and  |  ham'Sjl  pale  flesh;  R.  macranthum, 
leaf-mould.  They  should  be  sown  in  rose;  R.  Knightii,  scarlet ;  and  R.  Car- 
pots  and  placed  in  a  cold  pit  or  frame,  !  narvonianum,  bright  rose, 
if  sown  in  the  autumn,  which  should  be  Hybrids  with  Azalea. — R.  Adonsonii ; 
kept  close  until  the  plants  are  up.  The  R.  Azaleoides;  R.  azaleoides  album  ; 
young  plants  should  be  potted  otf  when  R.  fragrans;  R.  luteum;  and  R.  Gow- 
emall,  for  if  allowed  to  get  large  before  '  erianum. 

potting,  they  never  do  any  good  ;  put  a  Green-house  Species  and  Varieties. — 
single  plant  into  a  small  sixty-pot,  they  '  R.  anthopogon,  purple  ;  R.  arboreum 
must  then  be  returned  to  the  pit  or  cinnamomeum,  reddish  purple ;  R.  lap- 
frame,  and  keptclose  until  they  recover  ponicum,  crimson;  R.  setosuni,  purple, 
the  effects  of  the  shift ;  afterwards  hard-  i  Characteristics  of  Excellence.  — Mr. 
en  by  admitting  air.  Then  when  there  Glenny  gives  the  following  good  crite- 
is  danger  of  frost,  remove  them  to  an  ria  : — "  The  flower  large,  circular,  and 
airy  part  of  the  green-house  for  the  campanulated,  or  hollow  like  a  globular 
winter,  taking  care  that  they  are  not  cup.  The  five  divisions  of  the  petals 
over  watered ;  for  much  depends  on  should  be  concealed  by  means  of  the 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  treated  lapping  over.  The  petal  thick,  smooth- 
during  the  winter,  as  too  much  or  too  edged,  and  stiff.  The  truss,  pyramidal 
little  water  will  destroy  the  healthiest  or  dome-shaped,  standing  clear  of  the 
plants  in  a  short  time.  In  the  spring,  foliage;  the  flower  compact,  touching, 
February,  repot  them  into  a  richer  but  but  not  crowding  each  other;  footstalks 
light  sandy  soil,  and  place  them  in  a  stifle  and  elastic.  The  colour  brilliant, 
warmer  and  moister  situation,  and  pinch  !  the  spots  distinct  and  contrasted,  and 
off'all  the  first  flowers  as  they  appear.     !  stand  well  without    fading.     The  plant 

"  The  spring-sown  plants  may  be  should  be  bushy,  the  foliage  bright, 
treated  like  other  half-hardy  annuals,  clear,  green,  large,  and  disposed  ail 
only  they  must  have  plenty  of  air  to  round  the  branch,  especially  round  the 
keep  them  from  being  drawn  up  weak-  '  flower ;  the  stems  should  be  well  cover- 
]y," — Card.  Chron.  \  ed  with  leaves,  and   the  bloom  should 

RHODODENDRON.    Twentv-six  spe-   be    abundant.       It   should    not   bloom 


RH  0 


502 


RHO 


until  the  middle  of  May,  if  hardy,  for  pots  requires  much  care  ;  the  best  and 
those  flowering  before  the  frosts  have  easiest  way  is  to  plunge  the  pots  to  the 
ceased,  have  the  hioorns  spoiled." —  rim  in  coal  ashes,  and  siill  have  frames 
Gai'd.  and  Prac.  Flor.  over  them  for  the  purpose  of  preserving 

Propagaiion. — By  Seed. — The  same  1  them  trom  excessive  wet,  heat,  and 
good  tloricultural  authority  gives  these  cold.  When  they  have  perfected  a 
excellent  directions: — "  The  seed  ves-  second  growth,  and  are  resting,  shil\ 
sels  must  be  gathered  as   soon  as  ripe, '  them   into   forty-eight    sized    pots,  and 

treat  them  as  before,  and  so  continue 
shifting  from  size  to  size  until  they 
flower." — Gard.  and  Prac.  Flor. — 
Gard.  Chron. 

Raising  Varieties  is  best  done  in 
April  from  forced  plants,  the  two  in- 
tended to  be  bred  from  being  brought 
into  bloom  at  the  same  time.  They 
should  be  widely  different  in  colour, 
or  form,  or  habit,  or  some  peculiarity 
which  may  be  desirable  to  combine  in 
one.  Hybrids  may  be  obtained  by  im- 
'  pregnating  the  Rhododendron  with  pol- 
len from  the  Azalea. 

Grafting. — Mr.  Glenny  gives   these 


and  before  they  burst;  let  them  lie  in 

a  drawer  in  the  stove  or  green-house, 

or  a  sunny  window,  to  burst  and  give 

out  their  seed  :   sow  immediately  ;  and, 

to  sow  thin  enough,  mix  it  with  twenty 

times  its  quantity  of  the  smallest  sand. 

Sow  in  pots  with  good  drainage,  and  the 

following  compost.    One  lialf  rich  loam, 

such  as  the  top  spit  of  an  old  meadow, 

sifted  through  a  coarse  sieve  ;  the  other 

half  the  best  peat  or  bog  earth,  such  as 

is    formed    of  the    half-decayed    fibres 

broken  into  pieces  and  rubbed   through 

the  same  sieve  ;  by  knocking  the  bottom 

of  the  pan  or  pot  on  the  potting  table  or 

bench,  the  compost  will  be  solid  enough    directions : — "  Young  plants  of  the  R. 

without  pressing  ;  level  it  and  sow  very    Ponticum  must  be  potted  and  well  es- 

thinly  ;  then  with  a  fine  sieve,  sift  a  lit-    tablished  before  you  want  to  use  them. 

tie   of  the  compost  on    the  seeds  very    Cut  them  down  within  three  inches  of 

evenly,  and  only  just   enough  to  cover  ;  the  pot,  and  adopt  the  mode  of  saddle 


tliem  ;  over  this  put   a  little   tine   sand, 
not  more  than  one  sixteenth  of  an  inch 


grafting.     See  Grafting. 

"  Let  the  bark  of  the  stock  and  scion 


deep.  Take  a  brush  about  the  texture  ,  touch,  if  possible,  all  over  ;  but  as  the 
and  strength  of  a  clothes  brush,  dip  it  stock  may  be,  and  often  is,  the  largest, 
in  water,  turn  its  hairs  upwards,  point-  i  let  the  bark  fit  perfectly  on  one  side, 
ing  at  the  seeds,  draw  your  hand  along  '  and  fall  short  on  the  other.  The  plants 
the  hairs  towards  you,  and  they  will  i  should  be  placed  after  the  operation  in 
throw  off"  an  almost  imperceptible  show-  a  garden  frame  kept  from  the  air  for  a 
er  of  moisture,  by  means   of  which  the  j  day  or  two,  and  shaded  altogether  from 


whole  surface  can  be  fairly  wetted  with 
out  disturbing  a  seed  or  a  grain  of  the  \ 
compost.  When  the  seedlings  have  i 
four  good  leaves,  prick  out  into  other 
pans  of  the  same  kind  of  compost,  three  j 
inches  apart,  carefully  raising  them  ! 
without  disturbing  the  surface  to  hurt 
the  more  backward  seedlings,  and    the 


the  sun.  Side-grafting  and  inarching 
are  better  modes  of  increase  for  the 
Rhododendron  than  saddle-grafting.  In 
order  to  insure  success,  August  or  Sep- 
tember is  the  best  time  for  budding  or 
grafting  Rhododendrons  in  the  open 
air.  This  plant  being  thin-rinded  does 
best  by  side-grafting,  and  buds  of  it  had 


pan  may  be  put  back  to  its  place,  for  j  also  better  be  inserted  after  the  manner 
the  seeds  will  continue  coming  up  for  a  of  side-grafting,  with  a  portion  of  the 
considerable  time.  When  pricked  out,  soft  wood  retained  behind  the  bud." — 
they  should  be  watered,  and  afterwards  Gard.  Chron. — Gard.  and  Prac.  Flor. 
regularly.  Though  in  the  green-house  [  Grafting  may  be  done  at  almost  any 
keep  them  under  hand-glasses  for  a  few  '  season  of  the  year,  and  even  the  Chinese 
days    until    re-established,  after  which  ;  Azalea  may  be  inarched  upon  them.  In 

summer,  if  a  low  stock  be  employed,  it 
is  sufficient  to  turn  over  it  a  hand-glass; 
but  if  the  grafting  be  in  the  spring  or 
autumn,  to  obtain  success  a  little  bot- 
tom heat  is  necessary. 

Other  Modes  of  Propagation. — Lay- 
ering and  inarching  may  both  be  suc- 
cessfully practised  with  the  Rhododeu- 


they  may  be  removed  to  a  cold  frame, 
or  put  out  of  doors.     Shade   from  the 
mid-day  sun,  weed  regularly,  and  care-  ; 
fully   tend    until    they    have    grown    to 
touch    each    other.     They  should   then 
be  potted  in  sixties  in  the  same  kind  of  j 
soil.     They  have  now  only  to  be  keptj 
from  getting  dry,  which  in  such  small  , 


RHU 


503 


RHU 


(Iron,  but  require  no  particular  direc- 
tions. Cuttings  will  also  sometimes 
succeed,  and  if  a  branch  is  desirably 
removable  let  it  be  cut  off.  The  cut- 
tings should  be  only  half  ripe.  Plant 
in  a  large  sized  pot,  two-thirds  full  of 


the  Tobolsk  ;  Gigantic  ;  Victoria,  (best;) 
and  Bucks  or  Elford. 

Soil  and  Situation. — The  soil  best 
suited  to  these  plants  is  light,  rich, 
deep,  unshaded,  and  moderately  moist. 
\  poor  heavy  or  shallow  soil  never  pro- 


the  compost,  cover  with  a  glass,  fitting  duces  them  in  perfection 

within  the   rim  of  the  pot:   place  in  a  Sou'ing. — It  may  be  propagated  by 

frame,  with  a  trifling  bottom-heat,  or  in  cuttings,   but  the  mode  almost  univer- 

a  common   propagating  house;   or,  for  sally  practised   is   by  seed.     Sow  soon 

want  of  a  better  accommodation,  in  a  after  it  is  ripe,  in  September  or  October, 

greenhouse  or  cold  garden  frame.   The  for  if  kept  out  of  the  ground  until  the 

glass  must  be  wiped  clean  every  morn-  spring,  it  often   continues   dormant  for 

ing,  and  the  sand  kept  moist.     Neglect  twelve  months  :  if  the  danger  of  this, 

of  watering  is  fatal.    When  the  cuttings  however,  is   risked,  sow  early  in  Feb- 

are  struck  they  must  be  treated  as  seed-  ruary   or   March,  in   drills   three    feet 


lings. — Gard.  and  Prac.  Flor. 


apart,  and   an  inch  deep,  tlie  plants  to 


Soil  for  Out-door  Kinds. — A  light  remain  where  raised  ;  for  although  they 
loam,  manured  annually  with  a  mixture  will  bear  removing,  yet  it  always  checks 
of  peat  and  leaf-mould  suits  them  best,  and  somewhat  lessens  their  growth. 
The  subsoil   should  be  retentive,  for  if|  When   they  make  their  appearance  in. 


very  dry  they  will  not  flourish. 
Pruning. — They    require    but 


little 


the   spring,  and  have  been  thoroughly 
cleared  of  weeds,  thin   to  six  or   eight 


pruning,  except  to  remove  superfluous  ,  inches  asunder,  and  let  the  surface  of 
branches,  &c.,  and  this  is  best  done  in  the  ground  about  them  be  loosened 
April.     Mr.  Glenny  says  that  old  plants  \  with  the  hoe.     At  the  close  of  summer. 


which  have  become  bare  at  the  bottor 
are  easily  converted  into  standards  by 
selecting  the  largest  bare  stem,  cutting 
all  the  rest  away,  and  pruning  the  head  I 
into  shape.     If  the  stem  be  growing  out 


when  it  can  be  determined  which  are 
the  strongest  plants,  finally  thin  to  three 
or  four  feet,  or  the  Gigantic  and  Victo- 
ria to  six.  In  autumn  remove  the  de- 
cayed leaves,  and  point  in  a  little  well 


slopingly,  you  have  only  to  dig  up  the  1  putrefied  stable-dung,  and  earth  up  the 


plant  and  place  it  upright. 


stools.     In  the  spring  hoe  the  bed,  and 


Green-house  Culture. — Whilst  grow-  i  as  the  stalks  when  blanched,  are  much 
ing,  that  is  from  about  the  end  of  April    less  harsh  in  taste,  require  less  sugar  to 
to  the  middle  of  June,  keep  them  in  a  ,  be  rendered   palatable,  and  are  greatly 
temperature  of  which   the   extreme  at    ' 
night  and    in  the  day  are  45^  and  GQo. 
Supply  them  liberally  with  water  during  : 
that  time,  and  then  remove  them  to  a 
cool  situation  out  of  doors,  otherwise 
they   will   be  super-luxuriant   and   not 
flower.  t 


improved  in  appearance,  dig  a  trench 
between  the  rows,  and  the  earth  from 
it  place  about  a  foot  thick  over  the  stool. 
This  covering  must  be  removed  when 
the  cutting  ceases,  and  the  plants  allow- 
ed to  grow  at  liberty.  As  the  earth  in 
wet  seasons  is  apt  to  induce  decay,  the 


Forcing. — To  obtain    early  flowers,    covering  may  be  advantageously  formed 
place  some  potted  plants  in  a  very  gen-    of  coal  ashes  or  drift  sand. 


tie  heat  the  last  week  in  December. 


To  obtain  Seed. — Those  plants   pro- 


RHUBARB.   Rheum  rhaponticum,  R.\  dvicc  the  seed    in    greatest  perfection 
hybridum,  R.  undulatum,  and  R.  palma-  I  that  are  not  gathered  from,  but  on  no 


turn.  This  last  is  the  medicinal 
Turkey  Rhubarb  of  the  shops — the  es- 
culent one  or  pie-plant,  as  it  is  familiar- 
ly termed,  has  become  quite  a  common 
inmate  of  our  American  gardens;  its 
early  growth,  affording  facility  for  pies 
and  tarts,  long  before  green  fruit  can  be 


account  must  they  be  subjected  to  the 
process  of  blanching.  Two  year  old 
plants  often  produce  seed,  but  in  their 
third  yearalways.  It  must  be  gathered  as 
soon  as  ripe,  and  great  care  taken  that 
none  is  scattered  over  the  beds,  for  the 
plants  thence  produced  often  spring  up. 


obtained,  and  its  close   resemblance  in    and    greatly   injure    the  old    plants  by 


flavour  to  the  gooseberry,  render  it  al 
most  indispensable 


growing  unobserved  amongst  them. 
Forcing. — Plant  a  single  row  three 


Varieties. — There  are  several  varie-  ■  feet   apart   in    ground    that   has    been 
ties,  of  which  the  most  preferable  are    trenched  two  spades  deep,  and  dressed 


RHU 


504 


RIC 


with  well  putrefied  dung  at  the  time. 
The  forcing  may  commence  in  Decem- 
ber ;  first  cover  either  with  sea-kale  or 
common  garden  pots  (twelves),  but 
chimney  pots  are  still  better,  the  leaf- 
stalks becoming  much  longer  and  finer, 
and  envelope  them  with  fermenting 
dung.  When  well  up,  the  pots  are  re- 
moved, except  when  chimney  pots  are 
used,  and  large  hand-glasses  substi- 
tuted; covering  is  required  every  night, 
and   in    dull  weather  with  thick  mats. 


the  roots  are  placed  on  a  level  with 
each  other,  and  about  an  inch  belowr 
the  surface.  These  being  covered  with 
inverted  pots  of  the  same  size,  may  be 
placed  in  a  vinery  or  hot-bed,  and  on 
the  approach  of  spring,  probably  any 
time  after  January,  any  room  or  cellar 
will  be  sufficiently  warm.  If  copiously 
supplied  with  water,  the  plants  vege- 
tate rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  each 
pot  will  produce  three  successional 
cuttings,  the  first  two  being  the  most 


By  this  mode  the  plants  are  very  liable  plentiful.    As  soon  as  the  third  is  ga- 

to  be  broken,  as  their  leaves  soon  touch  thered,  the  roots  may  be  changed,  and 

the  sides.     A  frame  is  much  less  objec-  those  removed  replajited  in  the  ground, 

tionable,  formed  by  driving  stakes  into  when  they  will  attain  sufficient  strength 

the  ground  on  each  side  of  the  bed,  al-  to  be  forced  again  in  a  year's  time.    If 

ternating  with  the  plants.     These  are  to  not,  it  is  of  little  consequence,  foryear- 

be  three  feet  high  above  ground,  and  the  old  roots  raised  from  cuttings,  or  even 


space  between  the  two  rows  of  stakes 
two  feet  at  the  bottom,  but  approach- 
ing each  other,  and  fastened  by  cross 
pieces,  so  as  to  be  only  fifteen  inches 
apart  at  top.  To  the  sides  and  top  stout 
laths  are  fixed  to  prevent  the  dung  fall 


seed   sown  in  autumn,  are  sufficiently 
strong  for  use." 

Propagation  by  Division. — Mr.  Ro- 
gers, a  successful  cultivator,  says,  that 
"  when  the  rhubarb  is  propagated  by 
the  root,  care  must  be  taken  to  retain  a 


the  accompanying  sketch. 
Fig,  147 


The  dung  may  either  be  fresh,  or 
that  which  has  previously  undergone 
fermentation,  and  placed  all  round  the 
frame  eight  or  ten  inches  thick,  and  the 
top  covered  with  long  litter.  The  tem- 
perature in  the  interior  should  have  a 
range  from  .55°  to  60".  If  it  rises  higher, 
two  or  three  large  holes  made  through 
the  top  soon  corrects  it. 

A  frame  renders  hand-glasses  or  any 
other  coverunnccessary,  requires  much 


ng  upon  the  plants,  as  represented  in  bud  on  the  crown  of  each  offset,  toge- 
ther with  a  small  portion  of  the  root 
itself,  with,  if  possible,  some  fibres  at- 
tached to  it.  These  offsets  may  be  taken 
from  roots  of  three  or  four  years  old, 
without  injury  to  the  plant.  They  may 
be  planted  where  they  are  intended  to 
remain,  at  the  same  distance  and  in  the 
same  manner  as  advised  for  the  seed- 
lings." 

Taking  for  Use. — "  Scrape  away  a 
little  of  the  earth,  then  bend  down  the 
stalk  you  wish  to  remove,  and  slip  it 
off  from  the  crown  without  breaking  it, 
and  without  using  a  knife.  The  stalks 
are  fit  to  gather  when  the  leaves  are 
but  half  expanded,  but  a  larger  produce 
is  obtained  by  letting  them  remain  till 
full  grown." — Gard.and  Pract.  Flor. 

RHUS.  Seventy-seven  species. 
Chiefly  green-house  evergreen  shrubs^ 
some  hardy  deciduous  trees,  shrubs, 
and  climbers,  or  creepers.     The  stove 

less  attention,  and  produces  plants  of  and  green-house  kinds  increase  by  ripe 

excellent   quality.      Rhubarb    may    be    cuttings,  the  hardy  species  by  cuttings 

forced  without  either  pots  or  frame,  by    and    layers.     Common   soil   suits  them 

merely  covering   the  plants  six  inches    all. 

deep  with  light  litter,  care  being  taken 

that  the  plants  are  not  injured. 

Mr.  Knight's  mode  of  forcing  is  to    Cuttings.     Common  soil 

place  "  in  the  winter  as  many  plants  as  |  and  Gooseberry 

necessary  in  large  deep  pots,  each  pot 

receiving  as  many  as  it  can  contain,  and  i  house  herbaceous    perennial 

the  interstices  entirely  filled  up  by  fine  t  Light  rich  soil. 

eandy  loam;  washed  in.     The  tops  of  I 


RIBES.   Forty-four  species  and  many 
varieties.      Hardy    deciduous    shrubs. 
See  Currant 


RICHARDIA  {Bthiopica.    Green- 
Offsets, 


RICHJE  A  fragrans.    Stove  ever- 


RIC 


505 


green  climber.     Cuttings.    Loam,  peat,  | 
and  sand.  [ 

RICINUS.    Eight   species.    Half- i 
liardy  annuals   and    green-house  ever- 
green   shrubs.      Seeds     and    cuttings. 
Rich  soil.     R.  communis  produces  ttie 
Castor  Oil. 

RICOTIA  lunar ia.  Hardy  annual. 
Seeds.     Light  sandy  soil. 

RIDGING  is  digging  the  soil  into 
...  parallel  ridges  in  this  form — so 
AAA  „„  ,„  „^„„,„  ;,  .1,„,„,,„UI„  ,„  .l.„ 


deep.  In  the  first  place  the  ground  is 
measured  out  in  longitudinal  beds  four 
feet  wide  ;  this  done,  the  top  spit  of  the 

,^ _-   ---0--  -  --    bed    c,  is  laid   on   the  bed   g,  and  the 

as  to  expose  it  thoroughly  to  the    second  spit  of  the  bed   c,  is  laid  on  h. 
action  either  of  the  atmosphere   or  of  The  first  or  top  spit  of  the  bed /,  is  then 


frost. 

M.  Schluber  says,  "that  freezing  re- 
duces the  consistency  of  soils  most  re- 
markably, and  that  in  the  case  of  clays 
and  other  adhesive  soils,  the  diminution 
of  this  consistency  amounts  to  at  least 
fifty  per  cent." 

In  hoeing  clay  he  found  it  reduced 
from  S'xty-nine  to  forty-five  of  the  scale 
already  stated,  and  in  the  ordinary 
arable  soil  from  thirty-three  to  twenty. 


laid  on  h,  so  that  the  top  soil  and  sub- 
i  soil  are  kept  on  separate   and  alternate 
i  beds,  and  may   be  mixed,  reversed,  or 
!  returned    as  taken    out,  at  the    will   of 
the  operator.     By  this  method  the  ad- 
vantages  are — much  greater   exposure 
of  surface  to  the  action  of  the  weather; 
the  opportunity  of  incorporating  with 
the    soil    any   desirable    or   obtainable 
manures,  and  at  any  desired  depth  ;  a 
thorough    blending    of  the   soil  to  the 


— .;   "    ^"-j-    •■•■^•^^i^--    ^.^.. — f,    -■     —    --    — 

He  satisfactorily  explains  this  phenome-  depth  of  two  or  three  feet ;  and  it  also 
non,  by  observing  that  the  crystals  of  facilitates  the  operation  of  draining, 
ice  pervading  the  entire  substance  of  where  necessary.  It  is  needless  to  add, 
the  frozen  sod,  necessarily  separate  the  i  that  when  the  first  thrown-out  beds  are 
particfes  of  earth,  rendering  their  points  sufficiently  pulverized,  they  are  levelled 
of  contact  fewer.  down,   and    others   thrown    out  in   the 

Ridging,  however,  should  not  be  con-    same   manner;  g,  h,   i,  represent   the 
fined  to  the  winter,  for  in  summer  the    ridges  thrown  out  and  left  as  rough  as 


extra  exposure  to  the  air  and  heat  is 
highly  promotive  of  vegetation — it  im- 
pregnates the  soil  with  oxygen,  pro- 
motes the  decay  of  stubborn  vegetable 
remains,  and  disturbs  predatory  vermin. 


possible." — Gard.  Chron. 

RIGIDELL.\  flammea.  Stove  tuber- 
ous-rooted perennial.  Offsets  or  seeds. 
Light  rich  soil. 

RINGING   is  a  practice  adopted    for 


, , J  . V, I      .»,»,^.».». , , 

Mr.  Barnes  says,  "  I  keep  all  ground,  ;  the  purpose  of  checking  the  return  of 
as  soon  as  a  crop  is  done  with,  well  the  sap,  and  thereby  confining  a  larger 
trenched,  burying  all- the  refuse  I  pos- ;  supply  to  the  blossom.  It  is  removing 
sibly  can  in  a  green  state,  casting  the  j  an  entire  zone  of  bark,  about  an  inch 
earth  into  rough  ridges,  tumbling  those  I  wide,  around  the  branch  to  be  ren- 
ridges  over  with  a  strong  fork  on  frosty  dered  more  fruitful,  and  taking  care 
mornings  in  winter  and  spring,  and  '  that  the  bark  be  completely  removed 
during  hot  sunny  days  in  summer,  con-  down  to  the  very  wood.  This  was 
tinually  changing  the  crops.  Keeping  designated  the  ring  of  Pomona,  but  it 
the  hoe  at  work  at  all  seasons  in  suit-  certainly  was  not  auspiciously  received 
able  weather,  forking  up  all  odd  cor-  by  that  deity;  for  although  it  renders 
ners  and  spare  ground  without  loss  of  the  part  of  the  branch  superior  to  the 
time.  By  this  management,  I  find  the  wound  more  fruitfiil  for  two  or  three 
ground  is  always  in  good  condition  and  j  seasons,  yet  it  renders  the  branch  un- 
never  tired  by  cropping,  some  judgment  sightly  by  the  swelling  which  occurs 
only  being  exercised  in  applying  such  around  the  upper  lip  of  the  wound,  and 
properties  again  to  the  soil  that  have  |  is  always  followed  by  disease  and  un- 
been  taken  from  it,  or.  that  are  likely  to  fruitfulness.  See  Ligature. 
be  retiuired  by  the  succeeding  crop."  RIPOGONUM.       Two    species. 

An  effectual   mode  of  ridging  is  thus    Green-house      evergreen     climbers. — 


described 
"  Let  a,  b,  c,  d,  represent  a  section 


Young  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat- 
RIVEA   liliafolia.     Stove  evergreen 


of  the  ground  to  be  trenched  two  feet !  twiner.    Cuttings.    Rich.oam  ana  peat. 


RI  V 


506 


ROC 


RIVINA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Seeds  or  cuttings. 
Light  soil. 

ROBINIA.  Seven  species  and  many 
varieties.  All  hardy  deciduous  trees, 
except  R.  guineensis  and  11.  purpwea, 
which  are  stove  evergreens.  Increased 
by  young  cuttings.  Loam,  sand,  and 
peat.  The  hardy  kinds  are  increased 
by  layers  or  grafts,  and  require  only 
common  soil. 

ROCAMBOLE.  Allium  Scorodo- 
prasuiii.  Sometimes  called  Spanish 
Gallic,  has  its  bulbs  or  cloves  growing 
in  a  cluster.  The  stem  bears  many 
bulbs  at  its  summit,  which  as  well  as 
those  of  the  root  are  often  preferred  in 
cooking  to  garlic,  being  of  much  milder 
flavour. 

Time  of  Insertion. — It  is  best  propa- 
gated by  the  root  bulbs,  those  of  the 
stem  being  slower  in  production.  The 
plantation  may  be  made  either  in  Feb- 
ruary, March,  or  early  part  of  April, 
as  well  as  throughout  the  autumn,  in 
drills  or  by  the  dibble,  in  rows  six 
inches  apart  each  way,  and  usually 
two  inches  within  the  ground  ;  though 
the  plants  would  thrive  better  if  grown 
on  the  surface  as  recommended  for 
the  shalot.  In  other  respects  they  are 
cultivated  as  directed  for  Garlic.  A 
very  small  bed  is  sufficient  for  the  sup- 
ply of  the  largest  family. 

ROCHEA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Partly  dried 
cuttings.  Sandy  loam,  peat,  and  brick 
rubbish. 

ROCKET.     Hesperis. 
ROCK  ROSE.     Cisttis  and  Convolvu- 
lus Dorycnium. 

ROCK-WORK.  "  Mere  rocks,  un- 
less they  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  cer- 
tain impressions,  may  surprise,  but 
can  hardly  please;  they  are  too  far 
removed  from  common  life,  too  barren 
and  inhospitable,  rather  desolate  than 
solitary,  and  more  horrid  than  terrible. 
So  austere  a  character  cannot  be  long 
engaging  if  its  rigour  be  not  softened 
by  circumstances,  which  may  belong 
either  to  these  or  to  more  cultivated 
spots;  and  when  the  dreariness  is  ex- 
treme, little  streams  and  waterfalls  are 
of  themselves  insufficient  for  the  pur- 
pose :  an  intermixture  of  vegetation  is 
also  necessary,  and,  on  some  occa- 
sions, even    marks  of  inhabitants   are 


prop 


"  If  such  a  scene  occurs  within  the 


precincts  of  a  park  or  a  garden,  no  ex- 
pense  should   he   spared    to   meliorate 
the    soil,    wherever    any   soil    can    be 
found.        Without      some      vegetation 
among   the    rocks,    they    are    only   an 
object  of  curiosity  or  a  subject  of  won- 
der ;  but  verdure  alone  will  give  some 
relief  to  the   dreariness  of  the  scene, 
and  shrubs   or  bushes,   without    trees, 
are  a  sufficiency  of  wood.    The  thickets 
may  also  be  extended  by  the  creeping 
plants — such  as  pyracantha,  vines,  and 
ivy — to  wind  up  the  sides,  or  cluster  on 
the  tops  of  the  rocks;  and  to  this  vege- 
tation may  be  added  some  symptoms  of 
inhabitants,  but  they  must  be  slight  and 
few  :  the  use  of  them  is  only  to  cheer, 
not  to  destroy  the  solitude  of  the  place; 
and  such  therefore  should  be  chosen  as 
are   sometimes  found   in  situations   re- 
tired   from    public   resort.      A    cottage 
may  be  lonely,  but   it  must  not    here 
seem  ruinous  and  neglected  ;  it  should 
be  tight  and  warm,  with  every  mark  of 
comfort  about  it,  to  which   its  position 
in  some   sheltered   recess   may  greatly 
contribute.     A  cavity  also  in  the  rocks 
rendered  easy  of  access,  improved  to  a 
degree  of  convenience,  and  maintained 
in  a  certain  state  of  preservation,  will 
suggest  similar  ideas  of  protection  from 
the   bitterest  inclemencies  of  the  sky, 
and  even  of  occasional  refreshment  and 
repose.     But  vve   may  venture  still  fur- 
ther.    A  mill  is  of  necessity  often  built 
at  some  distance  from  the  town  it  sup- 
plies ;  and   here  it  would   at  the  same 
time  apply  the  water  to  a  use,  and  in- 
crease   its   agitation.      The   dale    may, 
besides,  be  made    the   haunt   of  those 
animals  —  such    as   goats  —  which    are 
sometimes  wild  and  sometimes  domes- 
tic, and  which,  accidentally  appearing, 
will   divert  the   mind    from  the   sensa- 
tions   natural    to    the    scene,    but    not 
agreeable  if  continued   longer  without 
interruption. 

"  These,  and  such  other  expedients, 
will  approximate  the  severest  retreat 
to  the  habitations  of  men,  and  convert 
the  appearance  of  a  perpetual  banish- 
ment into  that  of  a  temporary  retire- 
ment from  society. 

"  When  rocks  retire  from  the  eye 
down  a  gradual  declivity,  we  can, 
by  raising  the  upper  ground,  deepen 
the  fall,  lengthen  the  perspective,  and 
give  both  height  and  extent  to  those  at 
a  distance.  This  effect  may  be  still 
increased     by     covering     this     upper 


ROC 


507 


ROC 


ground    with    a    thicket,    which    shall  idable,    which    might    otherwise   have 

cease,  or  be   lowered,  as  it  descends,  been  unnoticed.     A  steep,  in  itself  not 

A  thicket,  on  other  occasions,  makes  very    remarkable,    becomes    alarming 

the   rocks   which    rise  out  of  it  seem  when  a  path   is  carried   aslant  up  the 

larger    than   they  are.      If  they   stand  side.     A  rail,  on  the  brow  of  a  pcrpen- 

upon   a   bank    overspread    with   shrubs,  dicular   fall,   shows   that   the    lieii'lit  is 


their  beginning  is  at  the  least  uncer- 
tain, and  the  presumption  is  that  they 
start  from  the  bottom. 

"  Another  use  of  this  brushy  under- 
wood is,  to  conceal  the   fragments  and 


frequented  and  dangerous;  and  a  cor 
mon  foot-bridge,  thrown  over  a  cleft 
between  rocks,  has  a  still  stronger 
effect.  In  all  these  instances  the  im- 
agination   immediately    transports    the 


rubbish    which    have    fallen    from    the    spectator  to  the  spot,  and  suggests  the 


sides    and    the    brow,    and    which    are 
often  unsightly. 

"  Rocks  are  seldom  remarkable   for 
the  elegance  of  their   foVms;  they  are 


dea  of  looking  down  such  a  depth  ;  in 
the  Inst  that  depth  is  a  chasm,  and  the 
situation  is  directly  over  it. 

'If  the  body  of  the  rock  is  intended 


too  vast  and  too  rude  to  pretend  to  to  be  raised  much  above  the  ground 
delicacy;  but  their  shapes  are  often  |  level,  a  quantity  of  soil  and  rulibish 
agreeable,  and  we  can  affect  those  should  be  carried  into  the  centre  of  the 
shapes  to  a  certain  degree — at  least  s[)ace.  This  soil,  besides  serving  to 
we  can  cover  many  blemishes  in  them  support  the  rockwork,  will  also  form  a 
by  conducting  the  growth  of  shrubby  ,  border  for  the  plants  to  grow  in.  Hav- 
and  creeping  plants  about  them.  For  ing  at  hand  plenty  of  large  rough  stones, 
all  these  purposes  mere  underwood  broken  bricks,  or  stony  rubbish  of  any 
suffices  ;  but  for  greater  effects  larger  kind  or  colour,  proceed  with  these  to 
trees  are  requisite.  They  are  worthy  imitate  the  form  of  natural  rock  as 
of  the  scene,  and  not  only  improve-  |  nearly  as  possible.  Rough,  bold,  an- 
ments  but  accessions  to  its  grandeur,  gular  projections,  and  deeply-formed 
We  arc  used  to  rank  them  among  the  chasms,  are  the  principal  features  in 
noblest  objects  of  nature  ;  and  when  natural  scenery  which  please  us  most, 
we  see  that  they  cannot  aspire  to  the  ,  A  rock,  with  a  flat  unbroken  surface, 
midway  of  the  heights  round  them,  the  [  whether  horizontal  or  perpendicular, 
rocks  are  raised  by  the  comparison.  A  presents  too  much  sameness  to  be  pleas- 
single  tree  is,  therefore,  often  prefera-  ing  to  the  eye:  therefore,  in  imitating 
ble  to  a  clump  ;  the  size,  though  really  .  nature,  the  projections  should  be  varied 
less,  is  more  remarkable;  and  clumps  ,  and  bold,  and  unless  raggedness  and 
are,  besides,  generally  exceptionable,  intricacy  form  principal  features  in  its 
in  a  very  wild  spot,  from  the  suspicion  composition,  it  will  lose  much  of  its 
of  art  which  attends  them.  But  a  wood  effect.  If  the  rock-work  be  on  a  large 
is  free  from  that  suspicion  ;  and  its  own  scale,  it  should  not  be  one  continued 
character  of  greatness  recommends  it  to  i  line,  but  broken  at  intervals,  in  one  part 


every  scene  of  magnificence 


lost  beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth, 


"  On  the  same  principle,  all  the  con-  ]  and   again   rising  in  another  part  and 


sideration  which  can  be  should  be  given 
to  the  streams.  No  number  of  little 
rills  are  equal  to  one  broad  river;  and, 
in  the  principal  current,  some  varieties 
may  be  sacrificed  to  importance.  But 
a  degree  of  strength  should  always  be 
preserved.  The  water,  though  it  iieeds 
not  be  furious,  must  not  be  dull  ;  for 
dignity,  when  most  serene,  is  not  lan- 
guid ;  and  space  will  hardly  atone  for 
want  of  animation. 


resuming  its  sinuous  lorm. 

"  So  far  there  is  little  difference  be- 
tween this  and  the  common  method  of 
making  artificial  rock.  When,  how- 
ever, every  stone  has  been  arranged  to 
suit  the  eye,  the  interstices  between 
them  are  to  be  filled  up  with  any  kind 
of  rough  mortar.  Of  course  fissures, 
and  similar  places  intended  for  the 
plants  which  are  to  cover  the  rock, 
must  be  left  open,  so  that  the  roots  may 


"Inhabitants  furnish  frequent  oppor-  penetrate  to  the  soil  beneath  the  stones 
tunities  to  strengthen  the  appearances  j  The  next  operation  is  to  daub  the  whole 
of  force  by  giving  intimations  of  danger,  i  mass  over  with  Roman  cement.  For 
A  house  placed  at  the  edge  of  a  preci-  !  this  purpose  the  latter  should  be  mixed 
pice — any  building  on  the  pinnacle  of  a  |  with  water  until  it  is  of  the  consistence 
crag — makes  that  situation  seem  form-  \  of  thick  paint,  in  which  state  it  may  be 


ROC 


508 


ROO 


applied  to  the  Btones  with  a  large  I  nobilis;  Phlox  ovata;  P.  subulata ;  P. 
painter's  brush.  The  spaces  between  !  nivalis;  Vinca  minor,  florepleno;  Cam- 
the  stones  having  been  filled  with  rough  panula  pumila ;  Gentiana  verna  ;  Dryas 
mortar  prevents  the  cement  from  being  octopetala;  Digitalis  lutea;  Sibthorpia 
wasted.  The  thickness  of  the  latter  on  europsa  ;  Arabis  alpina;  Draba  azoides; 
the  stones  need  not  be  more  than  the  Premanthes  purpurea;  P.  Muralis  ; 
eighth  of  an  inch:  it  will  unite  the  Antennaria  plantaginea  ;  Gnaphalium 
whole  into  one  mass;  and  rock-work,  !  arenanum  ;  Polypodium  vulgare  cam- 
thus  constructed,  is  beyond  all  compa- j  bricum  ;  P.  dryopteris  ;  Onoclea  sensi- 
rison  far  more  natural  than  that  made  |  bills  ;  Asplenium  adiantum  nigrum  ; 
in  the  usual  way.  It  has  none  of  that  ,  Pteris  caudata  ;  Adiantum  Capillus 
disjointed  appearance  which  usually  ac- I  veneris  ;  Aspidium  rigidum;  A.  Lon- 
companies    rock-woA    made    without !  chitis. 

cement.  After  a  few  months' exposure  !  RODRIGUEZIA,  Six  species.  Stove 
to  the  weather,  rock-work  thus  formed  '  orchids.  Division.  Peat  and  wood, 
(if  skillfully  made)  cannot  without  care- {  ROELLIA.  Six  species.  Chiefly 
ful  examination  be  distinguished  from  a  'green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  R.  de- 
ratural  mass;  it  will  soon  cover  all  hut  \currens,  a  half-hardy  annual  ;  R.  mu- 
the  most  prominent  parts.  If  the  ce- j  cosa,  an  herbaceous  perennial.  Seed, 
ment  be  of  a  colour  too  light,  which,  or  young  cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and 
for  some  situations,  may  be  the  case,  a  i  peat. 

little  lamp-black,  or  soot,  may  be  mixed  R.  ciliata  is  a  Cape  plant,  and  re- 
with  it.  Care  must,  however,  be  taken  I  quires  a  green-house  in  this  country, 
that  no  substance  which  may  make  the  !  It  should  be   potted   in  light  rich   soil, 


cement  more  porous  is  used,  otherwise 
it  will  peel  from  the  stones  after  a  hard 
frost.  For  the  benefit  of  those  who 
are  not  accustomed  to  using  cement,  I 
may  mention  that  no  more  should  be 
moistened  at  once  than  can  be  used  in 
a  short  time.  If  the  cement  be  good  it 
will  quickly  harden,  and  will  then  be  in 
a  manner  useless. 

"  In  preserving  cavities  in  the  rock 
for  plants,  care  should  be  taken  that  no 
places  are  left  in  which  the  water  may 
lodge,  or,  in  frosty  weather,  the  ice,  by 
expansion,  would  split  and  peel  off  the 
thin  crust  of  cement,  or  lowest  part  of 


such  as  a  mixture  of  peat,  leaf-mould, 
sand,  and  loam.  Keep  it  rather  dry 
when  it  is  not  growing,  but  give  it  plenty 
of  water  at  other  times. 

RCEPERA..  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings or  seeds.  Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 
R.  aurantiaca  will  flower  in  an  open 
border. 

ROLANDRA  argentea.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

ROLLER.  This  is  best  made  of  cast- 
iron,  and  may  be  had  of  four  different 
sizes,  viz.  with  a  diameter  of  sixteen, 


them,  communicating  with  the  soil  be-  ,  eighteen,    twenty-two,   or   twenty-four 


neath  the  stones,  so  that  the  water  may 
drain  off. 

"  In  making  artificial  rock  for  water- 
falls, or  other  constructions,  where  the 
cement  may  be  constantly  exposed  to 
the  action  of  water,  the  best  water-ce- 
ment should  be  used.  Any  preparation 
that  does  not  quickly  indurate  under 
water,  will,  in  a  short  time,  be  washed 
away,  and  leave  nothing  but  the  bare 
stones." — Whateley. 

Plants  suited  for  Rock-work  are : — 
Rhododendron  ferrugineum;  R.  hirsu- 
tum;  Arctostaphylos  Uva  ursi  ;  Cha- 
moeledron  procumbens  ;  Sedum  rupes- 
tre  ;  S.  Forsterianum  ;  S.  popullfolium  ; 


inches.  The  roller  and  water-engine, 
where  either  the  lawns  or  roads  are 
extensive,  may  be  combined  advan- 
tageously. 

RONDELETIA.  Eleven  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

ROOTS  are  either  annual,  biennial, 
or  perennial,  but  in  all  roots,  and  under 
any  mode  of  management,  the  fibrous 
parts  (radiculjB)  are  strictly  annual ;  they 
decay  as  winter  approaches,  and  are 
produced  with  the  returning  vigour  of 
their  parent  in  the  spring.  Hence  the 
reason  that  plants  are  transplanted  with 
most  success  during  the  season  of  their 


S.  villosum  ;  S.  hexangulare ;  Arbutus  ]  decay  :  for,  as  the  root  almost  exclu- 
phillyres.folia  ;  A.  pilosa  ;  Mahonia  aqui- I  sively  imbibes  nourishment  by  the 
folium;  Ramondia  pyrenaica;  Soldanella  ]  mouths  of  these  fibres,  in  proportion  as 
alpina;    Androsace    villosa  ;    Crydalis  i  they  are  injured  by  the  removal,  so  is 


ROO 


509 


ROO 


the  plant  deprived  of  the  means  of  sup- 
port;  that  snp  which  is  employed  in 
the  formation  of  new  fibres,  would 
have  served  to  increase  the  size  of  other 
parts. 


formed,  these  early  varieties  blossom 
and  bear  seed  as  freely  as  the  latter 
kinds,  a  flict  suggesting  many  experi- 
ments in  the  cultivation  of  shy-blooming 
tuberous-rooted  flowers.     Again,  if  the 


The  quantity  of  root  I  have  always  I  blossoms  of  these  later  varieties  are 
observed  to  increase  with  the  poverty  i  plucked  off  as  they  appear,  the  weight 
of  the  soil  in  which  it  is  growing.  A  \  of  tubers  produced  will  be  very  mate- 
root  always  proceeds  to  that  direction  .  rially  increased. 

where  food  is  most  abundant;  and  from  i  According  to  the  nsual  acceptation 
a  knowledge  of  this  fact,  we  should  be  I  of  the  term,  the  roots  of  plants  do  not 
circumspect  in  our  mode  of  applying  emit  excrements,  yet  it  is  quite  certain 
manures,  according  to  the  crop  and  ob-  that,  in  common  with  all  the  other  parts 
ject  we  have  in  view.  The  soil  in  my  of  a  plant,  they  perspire  matters  difter- 
own  garden  being  shallow,  never  pro- '  ing  in  their  amount  and  composition  in 


duced  a  carrot  or  a  parsnip  of  any  size  ; 
but  almost  every  root  consisted  of  nu- 
merous forks  thickly  coated  with  fibres  ; 
digging  two  spades  deep  produced  no 
material   advantage,   the   gardener   ap- 


every  species.  The  earth  in  contact 
with  the  tubers  of  a  potato  fully  ripe 
contains  mucilage,  and  has  the  peculiar 
odour  of  the  root;  that  in  contact  with 
the  roots  of  peas  is  also  mucilaginous, 


plying  as  usual  manure  to  the  surface  ;  i  and  smells  very  strongly  of  that  vegeta- 
but  by  trenching  as  before,  and  turning  1  ble;  and  the  freshly  upturned  soil  where 
in  a  small  quantity  of  manure  at  the  cabbages  have  been  growing,  always 
bottom,  the  roots  always  spindled  well, ;  smells  offensively. 


grew  clean,  and  had  few  lateral  fibres. 
For  late  crops  of  peas,  which  mildew, 
chiefly  from  a  deficiency  of  moisture  to 
the  root,  it  is  an  object  to  keep  their 
radicuhc  near  the  surface,  for  the  sake 
of  the  light  depositions  of  moisture  in- 
cident to  their  season  of  growth  ;  hence 
it  will  always  be  found  of  benefit  to 
cover  the  earth  over  the   rows,  with  a 


MM.  Sennebier  and  Caradori  found 
that  if  roots  of  the  carrot,  scorzonera, 
and  radish,  are  placed  in  water,  some 
with  only  their  extremities  immersed, 
and  others  with  their  entire  surfaces 
plunged  in  except  the  extremities,  the 
former  imbibe  the  water  rapidly,  and 
the  plants  continue  vegetating,  but  the 
others  imbibe  no  perceptible  quantity, 


little  well-rotted  dung,  and  to  point  it  1  and  speedily  wither.     It  suggests  also 


in  lightly. 


the  reason  why  the  gardener  in  apply- 


If  it  be  desirable  to  prevent  the  roots  I  ing  water  or  manure  to  trees  or  shrubs, 
of  any  plant  travelling  in  a  certain  di-  ,  does  so  at  a  distance  from  their  stems. 


rection,  the  soil  on  that  side  should  be  [ 
excavated,  and  the  cavity  refilled  with 
sand,  or  some  other  unfertile  earth,! 
whilst  the  soil  on  those  sides  of  the 
plant  whither  the  roots  are  desired  to 
tend,  should  be  made  as  fertile  as  is  i 
permissible  with  its  habits.  ' 

It  may   be  accepted    as   a   universal 
maxim,  that  whatever  causes  an  exces- 


A  good  rule,  for  ascertaining  the 
proper  distance  for  such  applications, 
seems  to  be  to  make  tliem  beneath  the 
circumference  of  the  head  of  the  tree  ; 
tor,  as  M.  De  Candolle  observed,  there 
is  usually  a  relation  between  that  and 
the  length  of  the  roots,  so  that  the  rain 
falling  upon  the  foliage  is  poured  off 
most  abundantly  at  the  distance  most 


sive  development  of  root,  prevents  the  j  desirable   for  reaching  the  extremities 
production  of  seed  ;  and  vice  versA,  the  ,  of  the  roots. 

productiod  of  seed,  especially  in  tuber-  This  explains  why  the  fibrous  points 
ous-rooted  plants,  reduces  the  amount  of  roots  are  usually  annually  renewed, 
of  root  developed.  Thus,  frequent  and  the  caudex  (or  main  limb  of  the 
transplanting  the  young  plants  of  the  root)  extended  in  length  ;  by  these 
lettuce,  brocoli,  and  cauliflower,  causes  means  they  each  year  shoot  forth  into 
the  production  of  numerous  fibrous  i  a  fresh  soil,  always  changing  their  di- 
roots,and  is  found  effective  in  prevent-  |  rection  to  where  most  food  is  to  be  ob- 
the  mature  plants  advancing  early  I  tained.    If  the  extremity  of  a  root  is  cut 


to  seed. 


off,  it  ceases  to  increase  in  length,  but 


The  early  varieties  of  the  potato  do  j  enlarges  its  circle  of  extension  by  late- 
not  naturally  produce  seed  ;  but  if  their  i  ral  shoots, 
tubers  are  removed  as  soon  as  they  are  I     The  roots  of  plants,  unless  frozeB, 


ROO 


510 


ROO 


are  constantly  imbibing  nourishment,  with  a  superabundance  of  roots,  the 
and  even  developing  parts;  for  if  the  loss,  in  their  case,  is  not  so  much  felt, 
roots  of  trees  planted  during  the  winter  If  performed  at  all,  it  should  take  place 
be  examined  after  an  interval  of  a  few 
weeks,  they  will  be  found  to  have  emit- 
ted fresh  radicles. 

The  food  they  imbibe  is  slowly  ela- 
borated in  the  vessels  of  the  stem  and 
branches,  and  there  deposited.  In  ge- 
neral, roots  have  no  buds,  and  are, 
therefore,  incapable  of  multiplying  the 
plant    to    which    they    belong.     But    it 


in  the  autumn  ;  for,  at  that  time,  the 
root,  like  the  other  parts  of  a  plant, 
are  comparatively  empty  of  fluid  ;  but 
if  deferred  till  the  spring,  then  the  roots 
are  all  distended  with  fluid,  which  has 
been  collecting  in  them  during  winter; 
and  every  part  taken  away  carries  with 
it  a  portion  of  that  nurture  which  the 
plant  had   been  laying  up  as  the  store 


constantly    happens    in   some    species,    upon  which  to  commence  its  renewed 


that  they  have  the  power  of  forming 
what  are  called  adventitious  buds  ;  and 
in  such  cases,  they  may  be  employed 
for  purposes  of  propagation. 

There  is  no  rule  by  which  the  power 
of  a  plant  to  generate  such  buds  by  its 
roots  can  be  judged  of:  experiment  is 
therefore  necessary,  in  all  cases,  to 
determine  the  point.     When  there  is  a 


growth. 

"It  must  now  be  obvious  that,  al- 
though root-pruning  may  be  prejudicial 
in  transplanting  trees,  it  may  be  of  the 
greatest  service  to  such  established 
trees  as  are  too  prone  to  produce 
branches  and  leaves,  instead  of  flowers 
and  fruit.  In  these  cases,  the  excessive 
vigour  is  at  once   stopped,  by  removal 


difficulty  in  procuring  a  suitable  stock,  '  of  some  of  the  stronger  roots,  and  con- 
pieces  of  the  roots  of  the  plant  to  be  '  sequently,  of  a  part  of  the  superfluous 
multiplied  are  often  taken  as  a  substi-  <  food  to  which  their 'rankness'  is  owing. 
tute,  and  they  answer  the  purpose  per-  \  "  The  operation  has  been  success- 
fectly  well  ;  for  the  circumstance  which  fully  performed  on  the  wall  trees  at 
hinders  the  growth  of  pieces  of  a  root  Oulton,  by  Mr.  Errington,  one  of  our 
into  young  branches,  is  merely  their  |  best  English  gardeners,  and  by  many 
want  of  buds.  If  a  scion  is  grafted  -  others,  and,  I  believe,  has  never  proved 
upon  a  root,  that  deficiency  is  supplied,  I  an  objectionable  practice  under  judi- 
and  the  difference  between  the  internal  1  cious  management.  Its  effect  is,  pro 
organization  of  a  root  and  a  branch  is  ;  tanto,  to  cut  off  the  supply  of  food, 
80  trifling  as  to  oppose  no  obstacle  to  1  and  thus  to  arrest  the  rapid  growth  of 


the  solid  union  of  the  two 

ROOT-PRUNING  has  been  thus  con- 
sidered by  Dr.  Lindley,  in  his  excellent 
Theory  of  Horticulture  : — 

"  In  the  nurseries,  it  is  a  universal 
practice  to  prune  the  roots  of  trans- 
planted trees:    in   gardens,   this   is  as 


the  branches. 

"  Under  all  ordinary  circumstances, 
the  roots  must  necessarily  be  injured 
more  or  less  by  removal :  in  that  case, 
all  the  larger  wounds  should  be  cut  to 
a  clean  smooth  face,  and  not  in  long 
ragged  slivers,  as  is  often  the  case,  and 


seldom  performed—which  is  right.  If  I  which  is  only  substituting  one  kind  of 
a  wounded  or  bruised  root  is  allowed  ;  mutilation  for  another;  but  at  an  angle 
to  remain  upon  a  transplanted  tree,  it  of  about  4.5'^,  or  less, 
is  apt  to  decay,  and  this  disease  may  "  If  the  ends  of  small  roots  are 
spread  to  neighbouring  parts,  which  bruised,  they  generally  die  back  a  little 
would  otherwise  be  healthy:  to  remove  |  way,  and  then  emit  fresh  spongioles; 
the  wounded  parts  of  roots  is,  therefore,  :  but  the  larger  roots,  when  bruised,  lose 
desirable.  But  the  case  is  different  with  the  vitality  of  their  broken  extremity; 
healthy  roots.  We  must  remember  that  their  ragged  tissue  remains  open  to  the 
every  healthy  and  unrautilated  root  uncontrolled  introduction  of  water  ;  de- 
which  is  removed,  is  a  loss  of  nutriment  cays  in  consequence  of  being  in  con- 
to  the  plant,  and  that,  too,  at  a  time  tact  with  an  excess  of  this  fluid;  and 
when  it  is  least  able  to  spare  it;  and  often  becomes  the  seat  of  disease  which 
there  cannot  be  any  advantage  in  the  spreads  to  parts  that  would  be  healthy. 
removal.  The  nursery  practice  is  pro-  i  "  When,  however,  the  wound  is 
bably  intended  to  render  the  operation  '■  made  clean  by  a  skilful  pruner,  the 
of  transplanting  large  numbers  of  plants  vessels  all  contract,  and  prevent  the 
less  troublesome:  and,  as  it  is  chiefly  introduction  of  an  excess  of  water  into 
applied  to  seedlings  and  young  plants    the  interior;  the  wound  heals  by  granu- 


ROP 


511 


ROS 


lations  formed  by  the  living  tissue  ;]  and  others  vary  so  sliglitly  that  a  prac- 
and  the  readiness  with  which  this  takes  ticed  eye  is  scarcely  able  to  detect  the 
place  is  in  proportion  to  the  sniallness  ditTerence.  The  Queen  of  Flowers  had 
of  the  wound.  It  may  be  sometimes  at  no  previous  day  attained  the  cele- 
advantagcous  to  remove  large  parts  of  brity  and  popular  favour  it  now  enjoys, 
the  coarser  roots  of  a  tree,  even  if  and  never  was  it  so  well  worthy  that 
they  are  not  accidentally  wounded  po[)ularity.  Ever  cliarining,  it  is  now 
when  taken  up,  the  object  being  to  doubly  so  from  exhibiting  its  beauty 
compel  tlie  plant  to  throw  out,  in  room  almost  without  intermission,  whilst  very 
of  those  comparatively  inactive  subter- i  many  of  them  yield  powerful   and  de- 


ranean  limbs,  a  supply  of  young  active 
fibres. 

"This  is  a  common  practice  in   the 
nurseries    in  transplanting  young  oaks 


licious  perfume.  Those  who  may  be 
resident  in  remote  positions,  and  whose 
idea  of  the  rose,  pleasing  as  it  may  be, 
is  the  recollection  of  it,  as  it  was  in  by- 


and  other  tap-rooted  trees,  and  is  one  ,  gone  years,  are   far  behind  the    age — 


of  the    means  employed    by  the   Lan- 
cashire growers  of  gooseberries,  in  or- 


notliing,  whether  it  be  artificial,  or  the 
product  of  nature  assisted   by  art,  has 


der  to  increase  the  vigour  of  their  kept  more  steady  pace  with  the  im- 
branches  ;  in  the  last  case,  however,  1  provements  of  our  day. 
the  operation  is  not  confined  to  the  The  following  select  varieties  in  each 
time  when  transplantation  takes  place,  of  the  divisions  into  wliich  by  common 
but  is  practised  annually  upon  digging  consent  this  flower  has  been  divided, 
the  gooseberry  borders.  The  reason  :  are  abstracted  from  the  catalogue  of 
■why  cutting  off  portions  of  the  princi- I  the  old  Landreth  nursery,  and  though 
pal  roots  causes  a  production  of  fibres  '  they  are  now  certainly  among  those 
appears  to  be  this;  the  roots  are  pro- i  most  to  be  desired,  who  can  tell  how 
duced  by  organizable  matter  sent  down- :  soon  many  of  them  may  be  superseded 
wards  from  the  stem;  that  matter,  if  by  more  attractive  varieties?  Whilst 
uninterrupted,  will  flow  along  the  main  speaking  of  varieties  it  may  not  be  out 
branches  of  the  roots,  until  it  reaches  ^  of  place  to  remark  that  great  disap- 
thc  extremities,  adding  largely  to  the ,  pointment  has  been  endured  by  im- 
wood  and  horizontal  growth  of  the  porters  of  roses  from  Europe,  induced 
root,  but  increasing  in  a  very  slight  de-  j  to  order  by  the  enticing  descriptions  in 
gree  the  absorbent  powers:  but  if  a  English  and  continental  works :  a  large 
large  limb  of  the  roots  is  amputated,  niajority,  it  is  believed,  have  fallen  short 
the  powers  of  the  stem  remaining  the  ,  of  their  transatlantic  character,  and 
same,  all  that  descending  organizable  American  florists  have  not  a!  ways  escap- 
matter  which  would  have  been  ex- '  ed  censure  for  distributing  varieties  of 
pended  in  adding  to  the  thickness  of  little  worth,  when  their  only  fault  was 
the  amputated  part,  is  arrested  at  the  reliance  on  the  fidelity  of  European 
lime  of  amputation  ;  and,  unable  to  descriptions, 
pass  further  on,  rapidly  produces  granu- 
lations to  heal  the  wound,  and  imme- 
diately afterward  young  spongioles, 
which  soon  establish  themselves  in  the 
surrounding  soil,  and  become  the  points 
of  new  active  fibres.'- — Theory  of  liort. 

ROPALA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

ROSE.  Roaa.  Seventy-eight  spe- 
cies, and  an  almost  innumerable  num-  ' 
ber  of  varieties,  principally  hardy  de- 
ciduous or  evergreen  shrubs.  To 
attempt  an  enumeration,  much  less  a 
description  of  all  the  varieties  which 
they  profess  to  cultivate  in  Europe, 
would  be  an  unnecessary  waste  of 
space,  for  the  simple  reason  that  many 
of  them  are  unworthy  of  preservation. 


ROSA  INDICA. 

Bengal,  or  Daily  Rose. 

Animated,  rosy  blush. 
Arsenie,  light  rose. 
Augustine  Hersent,  superb  rose. 
Assuerus,  crimson. 
Admiral  Duperre,  dark  rose. 
Belle  Isidore,  crimson. 

"     de  Monza,  dark  rose. 

"     Violet,  violet  purple. 
Bisson,  rosy  blush. 
Burette,  dark  red. 
Camelcon,  rose. 
Cramoisi  superieur,  crimson. 
Cels,  blush. 

Comble  de  Gloirc,  crimson. 
Don  Carlos,  dark  rose. 


ROS  512 


Duchess  of  Kent,  pink. 

Eugene  Beauharnais,  crimson. 

Fabvier,  scarlet. 

Grandral,  crimson. 

Grandida,  rose. 

Hortensia,  light  rose. 

Indica  Alba,  pure  white. 

Jacksonia,  bright  red. 

Louis  Philippe,  crimson. 

Lady  Warrender,  while. 

Lawrencia,  pink. 

Marjolin,  crimson. 

Mrs.  Bosanquet,  large  blush. 

Napoleon,  rose  fine. 

Reine  de  Lombardie,  cherry  red. 

Samson,  light  rose. 

Triomphant,  crimson. 

Vanilla,  dark  rose. 

ROSA  INDICA  ODORATA. 

Tea  scented  Roses. 
Archduchess  Theresa,  white. 
Aurora,  blush. 
Alba,  pure  white. 
Arkinto,  flush  colour. 
Adelaide,  blush. 
Antherose,  blush  white. 
Adam,  rosy  blush. 
Belle  Marguerite,  rosy  purple. 
Bougfere,  light  rose. 
Boutrand,  rosy  blush. 
Bon  Silene,  superb  red. 
Bourbon,  white. 
Barbot,  blush. 
Camellia,  white. 
Caroline,  bright  rose. 
Countess  Albemarle,  straw  colour. 
Due  d'Orleans,  bright  rose. 
Devoniensis,  creamy  yellow. 
Devaux,  blush. 
Delphine  Gaudot,  white. 
D'Arrance  de  Navarre,  light  pink. 
Eliza  Sauvage,pale  sulphur. 

Flon,  buff. 

Flavescens,  yellow. 

Golcondi,  blush  white. 

Goubault,  rosy  blush. 

Gigantesque  de  Lima,  light  yellow. 

Gloria  de  Hardi,  light  rose. 

Hymenee,  white. 

Jaune  Panache,  straw  colour. 

La  Sylphide,  rosy  buff. 

Lilicina,  lilac. 

Lyonnais,  rose. 

La  Pactole,  yellow. 

La  Renomme,  white. 

Madam  Desprez,  white. 

Mansais,  rosy  buff. 

Niphetos,  white. 

Odoratissima,  rich  blush. 


ROS 

Princesse  Maria,  blush. 

««         d'Esterhazy,  light  rose. 
Strombio,  white. 
Triomphe     de     Luxembourg,     rosy 

blush. 
Victoria  Modeste,  blush. 
William  Wallace,  pale  blush. 

KOSA   BOURBONIANA* 

Bourbon  Roses. 
Augustine  Lelieur,  bright  rose. 
Acidalie,  white,  large  and  fine. 
Comte  de  Rambuteau,  violet  purple. 
Ceres,  dark  rose. 
Cytherea ,  rosy  pink,  very  fragrant. 
Comte  d'Eu,  bright  carmine. 
Doctor  Rocques,  purple  crimson. 
Dumont  de  Courset,  deep  purple. 
Du  Petit  Thouars. 
Emilie  Courtier,  rosy  red. 
GloiredeRosamene,  brilliant  crimson. 

"      de  Paris,  bright  red. 
Grand  Capitaine,  brilliant  scarlet. 
Gloire  de  France,  rose, very  fragrant. 
Hermosa,  light  pink. 
Henri  Plantier,  pale  rose. 
Imperatrice  Josephine,  creamy  white. 
Lady  Canning,  deep  rose. 
Madam  Desprez,  rosy  lilac. 
"         Souchet,  blush,  fine. 
"         Lacharme,  blush  white. 
"         Nerard,  light  rose. 
Marechal  de  Villars,  rosy  purple,  fine. 
Ninon  de  I'Enclos,  dark  rose. 
Paul  Joseph,  velvet  crimson. 
Princesse  Clementine,  deep  rosy  pur- 
ple. 
Phoenix,  rose  red. 
Pierre  de  St.  Cyr,  light  rose. 
Queen,  delicate  blush. 
Reine  de  Fontenay,  brilliant  rose. 
Souchet,  deep  crimson. 
Souvenir  de   la  Malmaison,  creamy 

white,  fine. 
Theresita,  bright  carmine. 

REMONTANT,  OR  HYBRID  PERPETUAL 
ROSES. 

Note— In  Europe  these  roses  are  highly 
esteemed;  fiere  their  reputation  as  "per- 
petuals"  has  been  seriously  injured,  in 
consequence  of  their  having  been  n\ 
many  instances,  worked  on  stocks  uii- 
suited  either  to  this  rose,  or  to  our  cU- 
mate. 

Antinous,  dark  crimson. 

Aubernon,  clear  red,  very  fine. 

Augustine  Mouchelet,  clear  bright 
rose. 

Baronne  Provost,  fine  rose  colour. 


ROS 


513 


ROS 


Comte  de  Paris,  dark  crimson. 
Claire  du  Chatelet,  purple  red. 
Clementine  Syringe,  pale  rose. 
Comtesse  Duchatel. 
Crimson  orRosedu  Roi,lightcrimson. 
D'Angers,  delicate  rose. 
Doctor  M.irjolin. 
'  Due  de  Aumale. 
Duchesse  de  Nemours,  pale  rose. 

"         de  Sutherland,  bright  rose. 
Edouard  Jesse,  dark  purple  crimson. 
Isaure,  bright  pink. 
Israel,  salile. 
Insigne  D'Estotells. 
Josephine  Antoinette,  rosy  blush. 
Louis  Bonaparte. 
Lady  Fordwich,  deep  rose. 

"     Alice  Peel,  rosy  carmine. 
La   Reine,  or   Queen,   rose    colour, 

superb. 
Madame  Laffay,  brilliant  rose, 
^larcjuise  Bocella. 
Mrs.  Elliott,  rosy  red. 
Melanie  Cornu,  deep  crimson. 
Newton. 
Palmyre,  blush. 

Princesse  Helene,  large  deep  rose. 
Prince    Albert,   very   dark   crimson, 

fine. 
Prudence  Rocser,  rosy  pink. 
Prince  de  Salm,  dark  crimson. 

"      of  Wales,  rose  carmine. 
Reine    de    la    Guilloti&re,    brilliant 

crimson. 
Desquermus  or  Royal,  large  rose. 
Stanwell,  blush  very  fine. 
Sisley,  large  bright  red. 

NOISETTE  OR  CLUSTER  FLOVTERING  ROSES. 

Those  marked  *  are  dwarfs. 

*Alba,  crea.my  white. 
*Ainiee  Vibert,  pure  white. 
Bengal  Lee,  blush,  fragrant. 
Cadot,  blush  lilac. 
Charles  Tenth,  purple. 
Conque  de  Venus,  white  rose  centre. 
Ccpur  Jaune,  white  yellow  centre. 
Champneyana,  rosy  white. 
♦Couiitesse  de  Grillion,  blush. 
Chromotelle,  large  yellow  fine. 
*Euphrosine,  pale  yellow. 
Fcllenberg,  crimson,  superb. 
♦Gabriel,  blush,  fine. 
Jaune  Desprez,  rosy  yellow, 
♦Julienne  le  Sourd,  rose. 
Julie  dc  Loynes,  white. 
Lamarque,  creamy  white, ^ne. 
La  Biche,  flesh  colour. 
Lady  Byron,  pink, /inf. 
33 


Lutea  or  Smithii,  fine  yellow. 
Landreth's  Carmine,  carmine. 
*La  Nymphe,pale  rose. 
Miss  Simpson,  blush. 
Orloff,  pink,^ne. 
*Ophire,  ycWow ,  fragrant. 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  deep  rose. 
Solfatare,  superb  dark  yellow. 
Vitellina,  white. 

CLIJIBIXG    ROSES. 

These  flower  annually  in  immense 
clusters,  grow  rapidly,  and  are  quite 
hardy. 

fianksia  lutea,  double  yellow. 

"        alba,  white. 
Boursault,  rose  colour. 

"  purpurea,   purple. 

"  blush,  large  blush. 

"  gracilis,  bright  rose. 

Bengalensis    scandens,     large     rosy 

white. 
Felicite  perpetuelle,  blush  white. 
Grevillia.  Greville  produces  immense 
clusters,   of   various   colours   and 
shades,  from  white  to  crimson. 
Multiflora,  pink. 

"  alba,  blush  white. 

Rubifolia,  single  Michigan  or  prairie. 
"         elegans,  double  pink. 
"         purpurea,  double  purple. 
"         Queen,  double  pink. 
"         alba,  double  blush  white. 
Russelliana,  crimson  cottage  rose. 
Sempervirens  plena,  superb  white. 
Triomphe  de  Bolhvyler,  blush  white. 
Laura  Davoust,  white. 

MICROPHYLLA  ROSES. 

Maria  Leonida,  white,  extra  fine. 
Microphylla  rosea,  rose  colour. 

•'  odorata     alba,     creamy 

white. 

MUSK-SCENTED    ROSES. 

Moschata,  white  semi-double. 

"  superba,  pure  white,  very 

double. 
Princesse  de  Nassau,  white  double. 

HARDY  GARDEN  ROSES. 

Miaulis,  rosy  purple. 
Coronation,  purple  crimson. 
Reine  dcs  Roses,  bright  crimson. 
Due  d'Orleans,  dark  rose. 
Painted  damask,  white. 
Brennes,  dark  pink. 
Rivers'  Geo.  IV.,  superb  crimson. 
Hybride  blanche,  white. 


ROS 


514 


ROS 


Heureuse  surprise,  carmine. 
Ranunculus,  purple,  compact. 
La  capricieuse,  purple  crimson. 
Royal  Provins,  superb  pink. 
Uu  Roi,  perpetual,  bright  red. 
Harrisonii,  yellow  Austrian  briar. 
Moss  single,  crimson,  veiy  mossy. 

"     common,  rose. 

"     Luxembourg,  crimson. 

"     white,  perpetual. 

"     crested. 

"     Adelaide. 
York  and  Lancaster,  red  and  white. 
Provins  Belgic,  large  pink. 
Four  Seasons,  pink. 
Moretti,  light  rose. 
Burgundy,  rose,  compact. 
Persian,  this  is  the  finest  yellow  rose 

now  in  cultivation. 
Characteristics  of  Excellence. — Petal  s 


form  the  female  parents.  Among  tlie 
moss,  the  Single  Crimson,  Du  Luxem- 
bourg, and  Eclatante,  occasionally  seed. 
Among  the  briers,  the  Double  Yellow, 
and  Harrisonii.  Among  the  Bourbons, 
the  old  or  de  Lisle,  Augustine  Lelieur, 
Dubourg,  Gloire  de  Rosamfene,  Emile 
Courtier,  and  Bouquet  de  Flore.  Among 
the  Chinese,  Camellia  Blanc,  Fabvicr, 
Therese  Stravins,  Alba,  Belle  Elvire, 
Henri  Cinque,  and  Madame  Bureau. 
Among  the  tea-scented,  Odbrate,  Jaune 
Hamon,  Lyonnais,  Hardy,  Lady  Gran- 
ville, Caroline  Gonbault,  Belle  AUe- 
mande,and  Bardon.  Many  of  the  least 
double  Gallica  roses  also  seed  freely. 
As  the  female  parent  will,  in  many 
cases,  be  but  semi-double,  we  should 
endeavour  to  counteract  the  probable 
results  of  this  by  crossing  with  farina 


thick, broad,  and  smooth  edged;  highly    gathered  from  the  most  double  varieties 


perfumed;  outline  of  flower,  circular  ; 
outer  petals,  curving  slightly  inwards, 
and  imbricated  in  distinct  rows  ;  colour, 
distinct  and  permanent ;  flowers,  uni- 
form in  size,  well  above  the  foliage, 
and  on  foot-stalks  stiff  but  elastic; 
foliage,  bright  green;  habit  of  the 
plant,  shrubby. 

Propagation. — We    give    the    direc- 
tions lor  propagation  by  budding,  graft- 


that  we  can  collect  it  from.  The  plants 
intended  to  seed  should  be  selected  in 
a  good  state  of  growth,  and  never  al- 
lowed to  suffer  from  drought.  When 
the  bloom  is  in  trusses,  the  backward 
flower  buds  should  be  cut  out,  leaving 
not  more  than  six  of  the  plumpest  and 
most  perfect  buds  on  one  flower-stalk." 
— Card.  Chron. 

Those    who    wish  to   raise  seedling 


ing,  cuttings,  &c.,  and  the  general  j  roses  should  not  gather  the  hips  until 
management  of  this  plant,  just  as  it  they  have  been  exposed  to  frost,  for  it 
appears   in  the  English   edition  of  this  j  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  seeds  of  those 


work.  The  American  florist  has  greatly 
simplified  much  therein  described — 
still  it  is  well  to  exhibit  what  is  done 
by  others. 

By  Seed. — Mr.  Paul,  the  eminent 
florist,   recommends    the    following, — 

which,"  he  says,  "  seed   freely,  and 


thus  subjected  to  a  low  temperature 
germinate  with  less  failures.  This  is  a 
lesson  probably  from  nature,  for  it  is 
certain  that  the  hips  of  the  rose  never 
fall  or  shed  their  seed  to  the  ground 
until  they  have  been  frosted. 

Budding. — Preparing    Stocks. — The 


appear  well  suited  for  female  parents.    Boursault  and  De  Lisle  roses  have  been 


First  among  the  hybrid  Chinese  are, 
Athelin  and  Celine;  Ne  plus  Ultra; 
Duke  of  Devonshire  ;  Chatelain  ;  Prin- 
cess Augusta;  Henri  Barbet;  Globe, 
White  Hip  ;  General  AUard,  Aurora, 
and  others.  These  might  be  crossed 
with  some  of  the  freest   blooming  da- '  a  stick,  it    will   allow  a  bud    to   be   in- 


ested  as  the  best  stocks  for  pot- 
culture,  and  if  grown  in  a  rich  shel- 
tered soil,  and  cut  down  for  stooling, 
some  of  the  shoots  of  the  second  year 
may  be  layered  the  same  season.  If 
the  end  of  the  layer  is  tied  carefully  to 


mask,  perpetual,  or  Bourbon  roses,  to 
endeavour  to  obtain  an  increase  of,  and 
an  improvement  among,  the  hardy  au 
tumnal  roses.  The  Ayrshire  and  Sem 
pervirens,    among    which    there 


serted  in  a  few  weeks.  The  tongue 
being  cut  on  the  layer's  upper  side  will 
save  the  shoot  from  breaking.  Mr. 
Reid,  of  Noble  Thorpe,  near  Barnsley, 
from  whom  these  directions  come,  re- 


paucity  of  high-coloured  flowers,  might  commends  a  piece  of  clay  or  a  small 
be  fertilized  with  the  farina  of  some  stone  to  be  inserted  in  the  opening,  to 
dark  varieties  selected  from  those  sec-  ',  prevent  its  adhering  before  roots  are 
tions  which  approach  nearest  to  them  formed.  About  the  end  of  October 
in  natural  character.  Here  Ruga  Splen-  these  early  layers  will  be  rooted,  and 
dens,  and  Leopoldine  d'Orleans,  might ,  may  be  potted.     Only  one  bud  to  be 


ROS 


515 


ROS 


inserted  on  a  stock.  Many  varieties,  as  tion  to  tliese  circumstances  insures  that 
IJourbon,  Noisette, China,  Tea-scented, '  the  sap  is  flowing  freely,  and  avoids  a 
&c.,  if  well  managed,  will  bloom  beau-  rapid  evaporation,  so  often  preventing 
tifully  in  the  spring  and  summer  fol- i  success.  But  budding  may  be  in  spring, 
lowing.  I  if  the  buds   are  extracted  with  a  small 

Mr.  Jos.  Baumann  recommends  the  |  portion  of  wood  adhering  to  them.  For 
seeds  of  the  dog  rose  to  be  sown  in  this  purpose,  scions  are  cut  before  win- 
February,  the  seedlings,  cut  back  to  '  ter,  and  stuck  into  the  ground  till  the 
two  eyes,  potted  in  forty-eights  next  moment  when  in  spring  the  bark  of  the 
autumn  ;  plunged  in  a  border  until  early  '  stock  will  run.  To  prepare  the  bud, 
in  July  ;  to  be  budded  at  the  end  of  we  make  firstly,  a  transverse  cut  into 
August;  headed  down  in  November;  the  wood  a  little  below  an  eye,  which 
potted  in  thirty-twos;  protected  in  a  incision  is  met  by  a  longer  cut  down- 
frame  during  winter ;  started  by  dung  wards,  commencing  at  a  short  distance 
heat  in  January,  and  the  shoots  when  above  the  eye,  care  being  taken  that  a 
three  inches  long  pinched  back  to  one    portion  of  wood  is  removed  with  the 


inch,  this  being  repeated  two  or  three 
times  to  form  a  good  head.  In  autumn, 
prune  and  shift  to  larger  pots,  to  re- 
main for  some  years.  These  stocks 
produce  very  enduring  and  bright  flow- 
ers. Rosa  Banksia,  herberifolia,  brac- 
teata,  and  multiflora,  do  boston  Quatre 
Saisons  stocks. 


bark.  This  bud  is  inserted  into  the 
bark  of  the  stock,  which  is  cut  like 
an  inverted  y,  the  horizontal  edges  of 
this  cut  in  the  stock,  and  of  the  bud, 
must  be  brought  into  the  most  perfect 
contact  with  each  other,  and  then  bound 
with  waterproof  bast,  without,  however, 
applying  grafting  clay.    Eight  days  after 


In  budding  on  the  Boursault,  and  in-  the  insertion  of  the  bud,  the  stock  is 
deed  on  any  other  rose,  an  excellent  pruned  down  to  the  branch,  which  is 
mode  is,  in  April,  to  tongue  a  strong  immediately  above  the  opposite  side, 
shoot,  pass  it  through  a  forty-eight  pot,  and  this  branch  is  stopped  by  being  cut 
until  the  tongue  is  in  the  centre,  and  down  to  two  or  three  eyes;  all  the  side 
then  press  the  pot  full  of  a  mixture  of  wood  is  destroyed,  and  when  the  bud 
rotten  dung  and  sand.  It  may  be  bud- I  has  pushed  its  fifth  leaf,  compel  it  to 
ded  at  the  time,  but  whenever  done,  branch  by  pinching  its  extremity  ;  it  will 
the  shoot  should  be  headed  down  at  the  !  then  flower  in  September  of  the  same 
time  of  budding  to  within  two  eyes  of  year.     You    may  also   bud   the  rose  in 


the  bud. — Gard.  Chron. 


the  spring  without  waiting  till   tlie  bark 


Mr.  Glenny  recommends  the  stocks  !  separates,  by  placing  the  bud  with  some 
to  be  planted  in  a  rich  stiflish  ground,  wood  on  it,  in  a  niche  made  in  the 
two  feet  apart  in  the  row,  and  three  stock,  similar  to  what  would  be  formed 
feet  between  the  rows,  with  a  stake  '  by  taking  an  eye  for  budding  from  it  in 
every  ten  feet,  and  rods  of  sufficient  the  manner  above  described,  and  into 
strength,  reaching  from  one  to  another,  [  which  it  is  fitted  exactly  with  a  slight 
to  secure  them  against  the  effects  of  the  pressure.  It  is  recommended  to  make 
wind.  Plant  no  deeper  than  just  to  the  cut  for  the  niche  where  there  is  al- 
cover  the  crown  of  the  roots.  When  [  ready  a  bud  on  the  stock  ;  when  placed, 
growing  commences  rub  off,  twice  a  the  bud  is  then  bound  with  bast  and 
week,  all  the  buds  that  are  not  wanted,  \  covered  with  mastic. — Gard,  Mag. 
but  let  the  highest  remain,  for  a  stock  Grafting. — "  The  exact  time,"  says 
six  feet  high  often  produces  no  shoots  the  best  treatise  on  the 'Tree  Rose,' 
higher  than  half  its  height.  In  the  first  "  for  removing  the  scions  from  the  pa- 
week  of  July,  the  thorns  should  be  re-  rent  tree,  must  depend  upon  the  season  ; 
moved  from  those  places  on  the  stocks  some  time  during  the  first  three  weeks 
intended  for  budding  roses.  If  they  be  J  in  February  is  the  usual  period.  There 
not  taken  away,  the  operation  is  ren-  does  not  exist  an  actual  necessity  for 
dered  needlessly  troublesome;  and  it  |  cutting  the  scions  until  they  arc  required 
is  best  done  now  as  time  is  thus  allowed  for  use  ;  but  then  it  will  be  more  diffi- 
for  the  bark's  healing.  The  best  time  j  cult  to  select  the  numbers  recjuired  in 
for  budding  the  rose  is  towards  the  end  a  state  fit  for  use,  and  there  is  a  greater 
of  July,  a  dormant  eye  being  employed, '  chance  of  their  going  off,  if  the  weather 
just  after  a  fall  of  rain,  and  when  no  remain  cold,  or  the  sap  be  not  imme- 
strong  dry  wind  is  moving.     An  atten-  ]  diately  supplied.     Scions  cut  when  the 


ROS 


516 


ROS 


sap  is  quite  down,  carry  better  and  are  will  have  a  tendency  to  do,  when  the 
in  every  way  more  hardy.  Let  the  rise  of  the  sap  swells  the  stock,  thereby 
shoot  remain  for  three  weeks  in  an  out-  diminishing  the  juxtaposition  of  their 
liouse,  or  any  other  place,  neither  very  ,  respective  libers,  and  the  whole  be- 
dry  nor  very  damp,  where  neither  wind  I  neath  the  lowest  bud  covered  with 
nor  sun  can  come  in  contact  with  them;  '  grafting  clay,  totally  excluding  air,  sun, 
the  clay  being  damped  with  a  sparing  and  rain.  If  the  clay  crack,  it  must  be 
hand,  if  the  generality  of  the  scions  j  renewed,  not  by  shifting,  but  by  filling 
appear  to  shrink.  During  the  first  week  up  the  crack.  In  about  six  months  the 
in  March  the  head  of  the  stock  (in  which    clay  may  be  removed,  and   the  wound 


covered  with  grafting  wax;  this  latter 
ust   be    omitted." — 


the  sap  should  be  beginning  to  rise) 
to  be  cut  off  horizontally,  a  slit  made  |  on  no  account 
in  it  straight  downwards  of  a  couple  of  Gard.  Chron. 
inches,  or  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with- !  te  j^  Flanders,  cleft-grafting  is  adopt- 
out  injuring  the  sides  of  the  bark.  The  gj^  ^nd  care  taken  that  the  scion  is  of 
scion  is  to  be  taken  in  the  left  hand,  jj^g  game  diameter  as  the  stock,  or  the 
three  buds,  or  two  if  the  stock  be  not  ^igf^  ;„  the  stock  made  sufficiently  near 
large,  being  left  upon  it;  the  lower  ex-  \  o„g  gjjg  of  t^g  cross  section,  that  tiie 
tremity  must  then  be  cut  in  the  shape  jj^rk  of  the  scion  may  fit  the  stock  on 
of  a  wedge,  the  back  being  rather  the  j^otj,  sides.  This  mode  is  adopted  in 
thinnest,  and  the  lowest  bud  about  half  grafting  one  sort  of  garden-rose  upon 
an  inch  above  the  thick  end  of  the  another.  In  grafting  upon  tiie  dog- 
wedge.  In  doing  which,  care  must  be  ^ose  the  same  practice  is  followed,  with 
taken  that  the  bark  be  undisturbed,  and  jj^jg  addition,  that  a  shoulder  is  very 
each  scion  so  placed  that  when  entered  of^gn  made  to  the  scion,  so  as  that  it 
in  the  stock,  all  the  buds  may  poirit  jj^^y  rest  with  greater  firmness  upon 
outward,  or  at  any  rate  be  in  such  posi-  jj^g  stock  ;  such  stocks  being  often  em- 
tion,  that  the  shoots  from  them  may  not  ployed  as  standards,  and  therefore  more 
interfere  with  each  other.     The  end  of  gxposed  to  wind. 


a  budding  knife  or  a  little  wooden  or 
ivory  wedge  may  be  used  to  open  the 
slit  in  the  stock  on  one  side,  and  the 
scion,  with  the  thickest  part  or  front 
outwards,  must  be  placed  in  the  other, 
care  being  taken  that  the  edge  of  the 
inner  bark  or  liber  of  the  scion  touches 
the  edges  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  stock 
all  the  way  down  ;  the  wedge  may  then 
be  removed  and  another  scion  entered 
in  its  place,  the  si 
the  first :  if  the  siz 

half  the  size  of  the  stock,  a  shoulder 
may  be  left  to  the  former,  and  the 
chances  of  success  thereby  increased. 
Any  number  of  scions  may  be  inserted 
in  the  same  stock,  but  from  one  to  four 
at  most  are  all  that  are  desirable  in  the 


"  Mr.  Calvert,    of  Rouen,    observes 

that  it  is  the  general   practice  to   form 

the  wedge  in  a  part  of  the  scion  where 

there  are  no  buds,  but  that  he  adopts  a 

contrary  practice,  and  finds  that  a  bud, 

on  the  wedge  part  of  the  scion,  greatly 

contributes  to  the  success  of  the  graft. 

By  taking  care    to  have   a  bud  on  the 

lower  part  of  the  scion,  Mr.  Calvert  has 

,       even  been   successful  in   grafting  roses 

It  being  kept  open  by    ,      ^j^^  ^j^-     or  splice  method,  which, 

•e  of  the  scion  be  only    ,^<thout  a  bud  on  the  lower  part  of  the 

scion,  very  often  fails;  but,  with  a  bud, 

fails  very  seldom." — Gard.  Mag. 

Cuttings  are  made  to  succeed  by  the 
following  treatment : — 

"  Take    a   cutting    of    a   this-year's 


present  case  to  cover  completely  the  [  shoot,  removing  all  but  one  leaf,  and 
head  of  the  stock,  which  is  apt  to  re-  j  cutting  off  the  upper  part  of  the  shoot 
ceive  much  injury  from  the  weather,  if  above  the  leaf,  and  reducing  its  entire 
not  carefully  attended  to.  The  object  length  to  six  inches.  The  cutting 
of  laying  by  the  scions,  is  that  the  stock  '  should  be  planted  on  the  north  side  of 
may  be  forwardest,  and  be  enabled  to  a  wall,  under  glass  in  a  small  frame,  on 
supply  the  sap  and  force  them  forward  a  newly  prepared  hot-bed,  and  in  a  soil 
at  once,  instead  of  lingering  while  they  of  leaf'-mould,  eight  inches  deep,  well 
perish  from  exposure  and  w  ant  of  nou-  soaked  with  water,  and  covered  over 
rishment.  When  the  shoots  are  on,  the  with  sand.  Water  is  to  be  given,  and 
whole  must  be  tied  up  with  a  bast  liga-  air  abundantly,  for  the  first  four  days, 
ture  to  prevent  the  scions  from  shifting,  ;  lessening  its  admission  daily,  until  root- 
which  from  their  wedge-like  shape  they    ing  is  completed,  which  will  be  in  about 


ROS 


517 


ROS 


three  weeks.  In  the  fourth  week  the  should  cut  both  of  these  into  within  two 
cutting  m;iy  be  potted." — Gnrd.  Chron.  :  eyes  of  the  short  branch   they  started 

By  Suckers. — Roses  send  up  many  j  from  ;  and  this  would  make  each  of 
suckers  annually,  which  may  be  taken  [those  branches  start  out  two  more  ;  and 
up  in  autumn,  winter,  or  early  spring,  !  unless  to  get  the  tree,  or  the  dwarf 
With  some  rootlets  attached;  and  the  '  bush,  into  any  particular  t'orni,  we 
strongest  mav  be  planted  out  finally, '  should  never  omit  cutting  down  shoots, 
and  the  weakest  in  the  nursery  for  a  |  and  often  cut  out  old  lumps  of  wood 
year  or  two  or  longer.  They  will  !  and  branches  to  thin  the  tree,  which 
readily  grow,  and  will,  most  of  them,  I  must  never  get  crowded.  By  the  same 
produce  liowers  the  following  summer,    rule  we  should  always  cut  away  all  the 

When  rose-trees  have  grown  into  j  spindly  shoots.  China  roses,  and  all 
large  bunches,  with  many  suckers,  the  i  constant  bloomers,  which  require  con- 
whole  may  be  taken  up  and  slipped,  or  '  tinued  attention,  should  have  only  the 
divided  into  separate  plants.  The  moss,  1  old  wood  and  the  weak  shoots  cut  away, 
and  some   others,  furnish    suckers  but  !  because    any    violent    prunin;:    would 


sparingly. 
By  Layers.- 


throw  the  plant  out  of  flower  for  a  con- 
-To    obtain    shoots    for  '  siderable  time  ;  while  carefully  remov- 


layering,  a  quantity  of  rose-trees  should  '  ing  the  seed-vessels,  and  taking  away 
be  planted  for  stools,  which,  being  !  weak  wood  to  make  room  for  the 
headed  down  low,  will  throw  out  shoots  '  stronger,  will  keep  them  constantly 
abundantly  near  the  ground,  in  summer,  I  flowering.  This  is  especially  requisite 
for  layering  in  autumn  or  winter  follow-  j  with  climbing  roses,  where  the  favour- 
ing. They  will  be  rooted  by  next  able  aspect,  and  other  circumstances, 
autumn,  and  fit  for  transplantation  in  may  set  the  seed  of  almost  every  bloom. 
nursery  rows  ;  though  sometimes  the  The  swelling  of  their  seed-vessels  will 
moss-rose  and  some  others  require  two  [  take  all  the  nourishment  from  the  shoots 
years  before  they  are  tolerably  well  that  would  otherwise  continue  to  grow 
rooted.  But  of  these  sorts  you  may  '  and  bear  flowers  ;  and  the  seed  will 
also  try  layers  of  the  shoots  of  the  year,  [  often  complete  its  growth  and  ripen 
layered  in  summer,  any  time  in  June.  }  before  there  is  anything  like  a  general 
They  will  probably  root  a  little  the  bloom  again." — Gard.  and  Prnr.  Flor. 
same  season.  The  layers  of  all  the  I  "  A  very  good  time  for  performing 
sorts,  after  being  properly  rooted,  j  the  operation  is  imjnediately  after  the 
should  be  taken  up  in  autumn  and  ]  bloom  is  over  ;  cuttingout  old  exhausted 
planted  in  the  nursery,  to  have  one  or    wood,   shortening  shoots   which    have 


two  years'  growth. — Abercromhie. 


flowered   to  a  good    bud  accompanied 


Soil. — All  the  cultivated  roses,  and  ;  with  a  healthy  leaf,  but  leaving  such 
especially  the  double-flowering  kinds,  j  shoots  as  are  still  in  a  growing  state 
require  a  rich  loamy  soil  inclining  to  untouched  till  October, 
clay  rather  than  sand  ;  and  they  require  j  "  Where  very  large  roses  are  wanted, 
also,  like  most  double  flowers,  plenty  all  the  buds  but  that  on  the  extreme 
of  moisture  when  in  a  growing  stite.       \  point  of  each  shoot  should  be  pinched 

Manures. — The  best  is  a  mixture  of  i  off"  as  soon  as  they  make  their  appear- 
one    part   guano,    three    parts   charred  i  ance,  and  the  plant  liberally  supplied 
turf  and  earth,  and  six  parts  cow-dung,    with  water. 
A  thin  dressing  pointed  in  every  spring.  ]      "To    lessen  evaporation,   and   keep 

Pruning. — Mr.  Glenny  gives  these  up  a  constant  moisture  at  the  root  of 
very  good  and  full  directions: —  'their  roses,  the  Paris  gardeners  gene- 

"  Suppose  we  have  a  standard,  with  rally  mulch  them  with  half-rotten  stnl)!e 
only  one  branch  from  the  bud,  which  is  '  dung  or  partially  rotten  leaves." — Enc. 
always  stronger  and  better  than  if  there    Gard. 

are  two  or  three — the  first  season  we  ;  The  Banksian  Rose  must  be  pruned 
should  cut  that  to  within  two  eyes  of  at  no  other  time,  but  immediately  after 
the  ground,  if  a  rose  on  its  own  root,  or  '  it  has  done  blooming  in  June,  or  early 
within  two  eyes  of  the  stock,  if  it  be  a    in  July. 

budded  one.  These  two  eyes  would,  Planting.  —  "On  removing  trees,"' 
the  very  first  year,  send  out  two  bloom-  !  says  the  author  of  the  Tree  Rose,  "  the 
ing  branches,  which  would  grow  a  con-  j  fresh  shoots  they  have  made,  and  the 
siderable  length.    The  next  season  we  |  appearance  of  those  which  were  left, 


ROS 


518 


ROS 


will  require  attention  in  the  applica- 
tion of  the  knife.  In  pruning  a  large 
root  it  should  be  cut  to  a  lateral;  in 
shortening  a  small  one,  to  a  fibre. 
Where  a  plant  has  been  examined  and 
trimmed  recently,  however,  the  knife 
should  be  sparingly  used. 

"  And  it  may  here  be  well  to  observe, 
that  all  cuts  to  remove  branches,  knots, 
or  roots,  should  be  quite  clean,  slant- 
ing (and  deep  enough  to  the  stem,  viz. 
even  with  it),  and  nothing  left  projecting 
Jest  dead  wood  he  the  consequence, 
and  the  plant  be  eventually  injured. 
All  wounds  should  be  carefully  healed , 
and  dead  wood  should,  in  all  cases,  be 
removed,  and  living  bark  encircle  that 
which  remains." 

The  best  time  for  planting  is  No- 
vember. 

Forcing.  —  For  the  following  very 
successful  mode  of  forcing  roses,  we 
are  indebted  to  R.  A.  Salisbury,  Esq  : — 

"  Take  off  strong  suckers  about  the 
end  of  October  or  beginning  of  No- 
vember, with  all  the  fibres  they  may 
have  formed,  which  can  only  be  well 
done  by  digging  up  the  parent  stock. 
Plant  these  suckers  in  pots  only  about 
four  inches  diameter  at  the  top,  wind- 
ing the  sucker  three,  four,  or  five  times 
round  the  inside  of  the  pot ;  and  prune 
it,  so  as  to  leave  no  more  than  two 
buds,  or  three  at  most,  above  ground. 
Fill  the  pots  with  hazel  loam,  mixed 
with  one-third  equal  parts  charred  turf 
and  vegetable  mould,  pressing  it  firmly 
down  to  keep  the  sucker  from  starting, 
and  plunge  them  to  the  brim  close  to 
one  another  quincunx  fashion,  in  an 
open  bed  fully  exposed  to  the  sun  and 
air. 

"  The  small  size  of  these  pots  makes 
stronger  blossoms,  even  the  first  if  the 
suckers  are  large  ;  and  as  they  are  to 
be  shifted  annually,  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  begin  with  small  pots. 
To  have  a  plentiful  supply  of  blos- 
soms during  tlie  months  of  December, 
January,  February,  March,  April  and 
May,  from  one  hundred  to  three  hun- 
dred suckers  must  be  thus  prepared. 

"  For  the  plants  to  be  forced,  from 
December  to  INIarch,  a  small  frame 
should  be  devoted,  about  twelve  feet 
long,  five  feet  wide,  seven  feet  wide 
behind,  and  only  six  or  eight  inches  in 
front.  This  pitch  admits  the  rays  of 
light,  at  that  period,  to  strike  upon  the 
plants  to  the  greatest  advantage,  a  flue. 


or  tank,  or  pipes,  if  hot  water  be  used, 
running  from  one  end  to  the  other.     If 
the  floor  be  built  thick,  and   the  fire- 
Fig.  149. 


place,  as  well  as  the  chimney-top,  be 
well  closed  up  after  the  heat  has  pene- 
trated the  flue,  the  air  within  will  be 
sufficiently  heated  with  very  little  fuel, 
and  require  no  attendance  at  night,  ex- 
cept in  very  severe  frost.  The  back  of 
this  frame  may  consist  of  wood,  or  a 
narrow  brick,  at  pleasure,  and  should 
have  a  door  in  the  middle,  just  sutfi- 
cieiitly  large  to  admit  the  gardener  to 
creep  in  and  water  the  plants,  by 
reaching  over  them  from  one  side  to 
the  other  without  any  walk  inside. 

"  A  strong  latticed  floor  must  be  fixed 
six  inches  above  the  flue,  on  which  the 
pots  must  be  placed  when  introduced  ; 
and  these  must  have  a  pan  or  receiver 
under  each,  to  prevent  the  heat  of  the 
flue,  which  will  now  and  then  be  smart 
notwithstanding  every  precaution,  from 
striking  directly  on  the  pots  them- 
selves. After  the  month  of  March, 
roses  may  be  advantageously  forced  in 
other  houses  and  situations,  but  hardly 
sooner,  except  on  the  front  flue  of  a 
pine-stove  :  and  a  small  frame  like  this 
is  not  only  built  and  maintained  at  a 
small  cost  ;  but  the  lights  may  be  used 
for  other  crops,  especially  melons,  after 
June. 

"  The  plants  to  be  forced  into  blos- 
som by  Christmai-day  should  be  placed 
in  this  frame  on  the  first  day  of  October, 
lighting  fires  gradually,  so  as  to  keep 
the  temperature,  in  the  daytime,  rather 
increasing  than  decreasing — from  60*'^ 
of  Fahrenheit  to  SO'-' j  but  at  night  30^ 


RO  S 


519 


RO  S 


is  not  too  low.  If  the  plants  meet  with 
one  frosty  night  or  two  in  the  beginning 
of  October,  so  much  the  better  ;  for 
they  will  push  more  vigorously  after 
the  heat  is  applied.  The  first  year 
none  of  the  crops  will  come  in  so  early 
as  afterwards;  and  I  advise  all  the 
young  suckers  to  be  forced  in  succes- 
sion the  first  year,  not  waiting  till  ihey 
have  had  one  year's  growth  in  the  open 
air.  Moreover,  if  the  suckers  are 
strong,  they  will  produce  more  blos- 
soms than  might  be  expected.  The 
second  crop  of  plants  introduced  on  the 
first  of  November  will  blossom  from  the 
middle  of  January  to  mid-February  ;  the 
third  crop,  introduced  December  1st, 
from  mid-February  to  the  middle  of 
March  ;  those  of  the  fourth  crop,  intro- 
duced on  the  first  of  January,  from  the 
middle  of  March  to  the  middle  of  April ; 
those  of  the  fifth  crop,  introduced  on 
the  first  of  February,  from  the  middle 
of  April  to  the  middle  of  May  ;  those  of 
the  sixth  and  last  crop,  introduced  on 
the  first  of  March,  from  the  middle  of 
May  till  the  middle  of  June,  when 
several  varieties  in  the  open  ground  be- 
gin to  blossom. 

'•'  As  soon  as  the  plants  begin  to  push 
their  buds,  whether  any  apliides  ap- 
pear upon  the  young  shoots  or  not,  fill 
the  frame  with  tobacco-smoke  ;  and  do 
not  fail  to  repeat  this  every  third  week 
till  the  flowers  appear;  smoking,  for 
the  last  time,  just  before  any  red  tints 
appear  on  the  earliest  buds.  No  un- 
pleasant smell  of  the  tobacco  will  re- 
main upon  the  plants  after  a  day  or 
two.  The  young  shoots  must  also  be 
carefully  examined  when  half  an  inch 
long,  and  any  grubs  feeding  upon  them 
destroyed. 

"  After  the  blossoms  are  gathered 
the  plants  must  not  be  removed  to  a 
back  shed,  but  kept  in  the  frame,  or 
brought  back  into  it,  if  they  have  been 
taken  into  the  apartments  of  the  owner, 
permitting  them  to  grow  as  they  do  in 
summer,  in  the  open  air,  for  at  least 
two  or  three  months.  They  must  then 
be  placed  in  a  shady  situation,  and  kept 
rather  dry  than  moist,  to  throw  them 
into  a  state  of  rest. 

"  After  the  mouth  of  May,  Mr.  Salis- 
bury prefers  inverting  them,  especially 
the  earlier  crops,  between  two  planks 
raised  upon  tressels,  high  enough  to 
prevent  tiie  branches  from  touching  the 
earth,  as  in  the  amiexed  sketch,  having 


for  twenty-five  years  experienced  the 
utility  of  this  treatment,  and  suspecting 
that  it  strengthens  the  future  blossoms 
by  retaining  sap  in  the  branches,  which 
would  otherwise  descend  to  the  root  or 
form  suckers. 

Fig.  150. 


"  While  the  plants  are  growing  they 
must  be  constantly  supplied  with  moist- 
ure —  water  and  guano,  or  pigeons' 
dung  infused  in  it  a  few  days  before,  in 
the  proportion  of  one  ounce  of  the 
former,  and  of  the  latter  one  ounce  to 
a  gallon  of  water.  Where  pigeons' 
dung  cannot  be  had,  two  ounces  of 
sheep  or  deer's  dung  may  be  substi- 
tuted to  each  gallon  of  water. 

"  It  now  only  remains  to  add,  that  it 
is  most  important  in  forcing  roses  to 
mark  all  the  plants,  so  that  those  intro- 
duced into  tlie  frame  in  October,  the 
first  year,  may  be  introduced  on  the 
same  day,  the  second  and  every  suc- 
ceeding year.  To  secure  this,  paint 
No.  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  upon  the  pots  them- 
selves. No.  1  to  go  in  first,  and  so  on. 

"  Every  year,  about  a  fortnight  be- 
fore the  plants  are  forced,  they  must  be 
shifted  into  larger  pots,  exactly  one 
inch  wider  in  diameter,  and  not  more, 
turning  them  out  without  breaking  the 
ball  or  disturbing  any  of  the  fibres,  and 
filling  the  pots  with  the  same  compost 
of  hazel  loam,  charred  turf,  and  vege- 
table earth.  By  this  method  the  same 
plants  may  be  forced  for  ten  years, 
without  the  inconvenience  of  using  a 
very  large  pot,  as  the  last  season  they 
will  not  want  to  be  removed,  or  may 
be  shifted  into  the  same  pot  again. 

"With  respect  to  pruning,  I  have 
never  been  in  the  habit  of  leaving  more 
than  two  buds  on  each  branch,  and,  as 
the  plants  increase  in  size  and  number 
of  branches,  often  only  one  bud  upon 
the  weaker  branches.  It  is  much  bet- 
ter to  have  from  ten  to  twenty  strong 
blossoms  than  a  larger  number  of  weak 
ones,  and  the  foliaL'o  is  likewise  more 
healthy." — Gard.  Mag. 

Pot-Culture  has  been  more  fully  dis- 


ROS 


520 


ROS 


cussed  by  Messrs.  Paul  and  Son,  the  three  times  during  winter,  and  a  little 
florists  of  Cheshunt,  than  by  any  other  :  newly  slaked  lime  scattered  throughout 
authority ;  and  from  their  observations  j  to  destroy  worms  and   grubs.     This  ia 


I  have  made  these  extracts  : — 

"  Transplanting  and  Potting. — Early 
in  autumn,  immediately  after  rain,  re- 
move both  worked  plants  and  others 
from  the  ground.  Such  as  have  grown 
moderately,  Avith  well   ripened   wood, 


the  soil  used  for  the  moss,  but  for  the 
delicate  varieties,  (Chinese,  &c.,)  it  may 
be  improved  by  the  addition  of  one  part 
leaf-mould  or  well  pulverized  manure." 
Protection. — After  potting,  the  plants 
taken  from   the  ground,  should  be  re- 


should  be  chosen.  The  pots  best  suit-  '  moved  to  a  cold  pit,  syringing  and  shad- 
ed are  numbers  thirty-two,  twenty-four,  ing  if  sunny  weather,  for  a  week  or  ten 
sixteen  and  twelve,  according  to  the  days.  It  will  be  well  if  the  tender  va- 
size  of  the  plant,  and  they  should  be  rieties  can  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
well  drained.  The  soil  should  be  i  pit  during  winter,  at  which  season  they 
pressed  firmly  in  the  pots,  watering  i  require  scarcely  any  water,  otherwise 
freely  afterwards,  through  a  fine  rose,  I  they  should  be  removed  to  the  north 
to  settle  the  soil.  side  of  a  wall  or  fence,  and  a  thatch  of 

"  The  cultivation  of  the  autumnals, '  fern  or  beech  boughs,  with  the  leaves 


on  their  own  roots,  may  be  commenced 
at  any  season,  as  they  are  usually  kept 
growing  in  pots.  If  purchased  in  spring, 
in  sixties,  they  may  be  immediately  shift- 
ed into  forty-eights,  then  plunged,  and 
watered  continually  as  required.  Our 
aim  being  to  get  the  plants  strong,  they 
should  not  be  suffered  to  flower,  but 


on,  formed.  The  hardy  ones  may  be 
removed  from  the  pits  about  a  month 
after  being  potted,  and  plunged  at  once 
in  the  open  ground  where  intended  to 
be  grown  and  flowered. 

Pruning. — About  the  middle  of  No- 
vember pruning  may  be  performed,  in 
order  to  effect  an  early  bloom.       The 


endeavour,  through  the  growing  season,  j  plants  having  been  thinned  out  previ- 
to  bring  them  to  form  only  a  few  vi-  ously,  all  that  is  now  required,  is  the 
gorous  shoots.  To  accomplish  this  it  is  shortening  in  of  the  remaining  shoots, 
advisable  to  rub  out  some  of  the  buds  i  Among  the  hybrid  Chinese,  the  two 
when  first  pushing,  but  keeping  in  view  j  favourite  old  roses,  Brcnnus  and  Ful- 
the  handsome  formation  of  the  plant.  \  gens,  both  vigorous  growers,  frequently 
"The  plantsmay  be  shifted  on  through  occasion  great  disappointment  by  not 
the  season  ;  and  in  the  following  spring    blooming.      The   failure    will  probably 


■we  shall  probably  find  them  in  sixteen 
or  twelve-sized  pots,  preparing  for  a 
vigorous  growth  and  bloom. 

^'Thinning  out.  —  When  potting,  all 
suckers  should  be  cut  from  the  worked 
plants,  and  straggling  shoots  shortened 


be  found  to  arise  from  the  method  of 
pruning. 

These  roses,  and  others  of  like  habit, 
should  be  well  thinned  out,  but  the 
shoots  that  are  left  for  flowering  short- 
ened  but  little.      Others  of  the    same 


back  to  within  a  few  eyes.     Where  too  [class  (hybrid  Chinese),  that  are   weak 


thick,  some  of  the  shoots  may  be  cut 
out  entirely,  from  three  to  ten,  accord- 
ing to  the  age  or  growth  of  the  plant, 
being  in  most  cases  sufiicient.  Thin- 
ning, in  summer,  immediately  after 
flowering,  is  very  beneficial.  The  best 
ripened  shoots  should  be  left,  and  such 
as  stand  in  the  best  position.  These 
may  be  shortened  in  November  and 
March,  some  at  both  periods,  to  obtain 
an  early  and  late  bloom. 

''Soil. — Two  parts  of  fresh  turfy  loam, 
broken  up  but  not  sifted,  two  parts  ma- 
nure (road  gatherings  laid  by  for  a  sea- 
son ,  or  the  remains  of  a  hot-bed  not  too 


growers,  may  be  shortened  in  close, 
such  are  General  Allard  and  Lady  Stuart. 

There  are  also  varieties  of  interme- 
diate growth,  which  may  be  pruned  in 
proportion.  The  classes  Gallica,  Pro- 
vence, and  Moss,  may  be  pruned  closer 
than  the  hybrid  Chinese. 

The  autumnal  roses  there  is  but  little 
fear  of  pruning  out  of  bloom  ;  early  or 
late,  they  are  sure  to  flower.  These, 
when  grown  on  their  own  roots,  should 
be  cut  down  almost  close  to  the  ground, 
to  induce  them  to  throw  up  suckers 
from  beneath,  which  will  grow  much 
stronger    than    shoots     formed     above 


far  decomposed),  and  one  part   burnt  I  ground,  and  flower  beautifully  through 


earth. 


the  summer    and    autumn.     One   point 


"  This  compost  should  be  thrown  up  i  too  should  be  borne  in  mind,  that  roses, 
in  a  heap  in  autumn,  and  turned  two  or  I  when  grown  in  pots,   may  be  pruned 


ROS 


521 


ROS 


closer  than  when  grown  in  the  open    improved    by  being  drawn   from  Iheir 


garden. 


natural    position   of   growth.      Where 


Removal   of    Tender   Varieties.  —  By  the  flowers  do  not  show  themselves  to 

the  end  of  March,  if  room  cannot  be  advantage,  or  the  shoots  become  much 

granted  them  in  pits  or  a  green-house,  crowded,  the  dwarf  standards  may  be 

the    tender  varieties    may    be    brought  improved    in    appearance,    and     really 

from  their  winter  residence  and  plunged  benefited,  by  drawing  the  lower  shoots 

in  an  airy  situation,  and  such  as  were  downwards    towards    the    edge  of  the 

left  unpruned  for  late  flowering,  should  pot,  where  they  may  be  fastened  to  a 

now  be  pruned.     But  if  allowed  to  re-  piece  of  bast  or  wire  made  to  pass  be- 

inain  in  the   pits   through  spring,  they  neath  the   rim;  the  upper  shoots   may 

will    bloom    much    earlier,    in    greater  then  be  drawn  out  to  sticks  ;  or  a  neat 


perfection,  and  with  finer  foliage. 


hoop,  fixed  horizontally  about  the  cen- 


Plunging.  —  Place  the  pots  so  that  tre  of  the  head  of  the  plant,  admits  of 
the  bottoms  rest  on  an  inverted  seed-  a  very  pretty  method  of  arrangement, 
pan  or  flower-pot.  This  secures  drain-  If  the  plant  be  large,  two  or  even  three 
age,  prevents  the  roots  growing  through  hoops  maybe  requisite,  to  which  the 
the  bottom  of  the  pot  into  the  soil,  and  shoots  should  be  drawn  inclined  down- 
is  an  effectual  barrier  to  the  ingress  of  wards  ;  as  they  are,  when  growing, 
worms.  The  pots  may  be  plunged  level  sure  to  rise  sufficiently  upwards, 
with  the  ground,  and  so  far  apart  that  Shading. — When  {he  plants  com- 
the  plants  may  not  touch  each  other  mence  flowering,  it  will  be  necessary 
when  full  grown.  After  plunging,  it  is  to  shade  them  during  the  middle  of  the 
beneficial  to  cover  the  surface  lightly  day  ;  and  the  covering  should  be  mova- 


with  stable  manure. 

Watering. — Water  should  be  given 
abundantly  through  the  growing  and 
blooming   season.     Guano-water   is  an 


ble,  that  they  may  have  the  advantage 
of  slight  rains  and  dews. —  Gard.  and 
Prac.  Flor, 

Diseases.     See  Extravasafed  Sap,  Cy- 


excellent  manure  for  roses  in  pots  ;  it  nips,  Mildew,  Aphis,  and  Ornix. 

should,   however,  be  used   cautiously.  JIOSCOEA.      Five   species.      Stove 

If  the  plants  require  watering  oflener  herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Light 

than  once  a  week,  pure  water  should  turfy  loam. 


be  given  at  the  intervening  periods 

Disbudding,  ^c.  —  When  the  buds 
iirst  push,  if  two  or  three  break  close 
together,  the  weakest,  or  those  taking 
the  least  favourable  direction,  should 
be  rubbed  out.     Such  shoots  as  are  in- 


ROSE.     See  Rosa. 
ROSE  ACACIA.     Robinia  Itispida. 
ROSE   BAY.    EpiloUum  angustifo- 
Hum. 

ROSE  BEETLE.     See  Anisopia. 
ROSEMARY.    Rosmarinus  officina- 


clined  to  grow  rank  without  blooming,    lis 

should  be  stopped  or  taken  out,  if  not        Varieties. — There    are    three    varie- 

wanted  to  form  the  head,  for  they  ap-    ties — the    green,    golden-striped,    and 


propriate  to  themselves  the  sap,  which 
should  be  directed  into  the  flower 
branches,  and  further  render  the  plants 
of  uneven  growth.  When  the  flower- 
buds  are  forming  imperfectly,  they 
should  be  nipped  out;  and  the  size  of 


silver-striped.     The  first  is  in  general 
cultivation. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  thrives  best 
on  a  poor  light  soil  mixed  with  old 
mortar,  or  other  calcareous  matters. 
In   such,  or  when   the  plants  are  self- 


Ihe  early  flowers  may  be  increased   by    raised   on  an   old  wall,  they  will   bear 
removing,  at  an  early  stage,  the  small 
backward  flower-buds. 

Suckers  from  the  stock  should  be  in- 
variably cut  out.  It  will  also  be  found 
beneficial  to  keep  the  surface  of  the 
soil  constantly  in  a  loose  state. 

Tying-up  and  Training. — As  the 
plants  advance  in  growth,  some  will 
require  sticks  to  support   the   flowers, 


our  severest  winters;  but  in  a  rich 
soil  they  lose  much  of  their  aromatic 
nature,  and  perish  in  frost.  For  the 
green  variety,  the  situation  may  be 
open,  but  the  other  two  being  tender, 
require  to  be  planted  beneath  a  south 
wall,  or  in  pots  to  be  allowed  the  shel- 
ter of  a  green-house  in  winter. 

Propagation  is  by  cuttings  and  rooted 


and  keep  the  shoots  apart.  But  those  ,  slips,  during  any  of  the  spring  months, 
which  hold  their  flowers  gracefully  and  or  by  layers  in  the  summer.  But  the 
show  themselves  well  are  not,  perhaps,    finest  plants  are  raised  by  seed,  which. 


ROS 


522 


ROT 


and  by  layers,  is  the  only  mode  of  pro-  derive  different  materials  from  tlie  soil  ; 
pagating  the  gold  and  silver-striped  and  though  the  vegetables  having  the 
varieties.  Sow  in  March  or  early  in  i  smallest  systems  of  leaves,  will  propor- 
April,  in  drills  one  inch  deep  and  six  tionately  most  exhaust  the  soil  of  corn- 
inches  apart.  The  rooted  slips,  and 
the  cuttings  of  the  young  shoots,  must 
be  from  five  to  seven  inches  long,  and 
planted  in  a  shady  border,  in  rows 
eight  or  ten  inches  apart.  Previously 
to  being  inserted,  remove  the  leaves 
from  the  lower  two-thirds  of  their 
length.  Layers  may  be  formed  by  cut- 
ting young  branches  half  through  on 
their    under    side,    and    pegging    them 


mon  nutritive  matter,  yet  particular 
vegetables,  when  their  produce  is  car- 
ried off,  will  require  peculiar  principles 
to  be  supplied  to  the  land  in  which 
they  grow.  Strawberries  and  potatoes 
at  first  produce  luxuriantly  in  virgin 
mould  recently  turned  up  from  pasture, 
but  in  a  few  years  they  degenerate  and 
require  a  fresh  soil;  and  the  organiza- 
tion of  these  plants  is  such  as  to  be 
down  an  inch  or  two  below  the  sur- !  constantly  producing  the  migration  of 
face  ;  they  become  established  plants  their  layers.  Thus  the  strawberry  by 
by  autumn.  Water  must  be  applied  its  long  shoots  is  continually  endea- 
abundantly  at  the  time  of  planting,  vouring  to  occupy  a  new  soil ;  and  the 
and    occasionally  afterwards   until    es-    fibrous  radicles  of  the  potato  produce 


tablished. 


bulbs  at  a  considerable  distance  from 


The  plants  require  no  further  care  the  parent  plant.  The  most  remarkable 
than  to  be  kept  clear  from  weeds,  and  instance  of  the  powers  of  the  plant  to 
in  September  to  be  transplanted  to  re-  ;  exhaust  the  soil  of  certain  principles 
main,  being  performed,  in  preference,  necessary  to  its  growth,  is  found  in 
during  mild  "showery  weather;    but  if  certain    fungi.       Mushrooms    are    said 


not  removed  thus  early  in  the  autumn, 
they  are  best  left  until  the  following 
March.  They  may  be  either  grown 
in  rows  two  feet  apart  each  way,  or 
trained  in  a  fan  form  against  a  wall. 

ROSE  OF  HEAVEN.  Lychnis  Call- 
Rosa. 

ROSE  OF  JERICHO.     Anastatica. 

ROSE  OF  THE  WORLD.  Camel- 
lia japonica  Rosa-mundi. 

ROSE  SNOWBALL  TREE.  Vibur- 
num Opitlus  roseum. 

ROSMARINUS  officinalis.  See 
Rosernary. 

ROTATION  IN  CROPS.  There  are 
three  circumstances  to  be  regarded  in 
regulating  the  order  in  which  crops 
should  follow  each  other: — 1.  Each 
crop  should  be  as  dissimilar  as  possible 
from  its  predecessor.  2.  The  exuviaj 
of  the  preceding  crop  should  not  be 
offensive  to  its  successor,  3.  A  fusi- 
form-rooted crop  should  succeed  a 
fibrous-rooted  crop,  or  vice  versa 


never  to  rise  m  two  successive  seasons 
on  the  same  spot;  and  the  production 
of  the  phenomena  called  fairy-rings, 
has  been  ascribed  by  Dr.  Wollaston,  to 
the  power  of  the  peculiar  fungus  which 
forms  it  to  exhaust  the  soil  of  the  nu- 
triment necessary  for  the  growth  of  the 
species.  The  consequence  is  that  the 
ring  annually  extends,  for  no  seeds 
will  grow  where  their  parents  grew 
before  them,  and  the  interior  part  of  the 
circle  has  been  exhausted  by  preceding 
crops;  but  where  the  fungus  has  died, 
nourishment  is  supplied  for  grass  which 
usually  rises  within  the  circle,  coarse 
and  of  a  dark  green  colour." 

Again,  exhausting  crops  should  never 
be  grown  successively;  and  the  follow- 
ing observations  of  one  of  the  best  of 
modern  gardeners,  the  late  Mr.  G. 
Sinclair,  afford  much  light  npon  this 
point : — 

"  If  we  take  the  weight  of  nutritive 
matter    which  a   plant  affords    from    a 


].  Dissimilarity  in  the  following  crop  |  given  space  of  ground,  the  result  will 
is  desirable,  because,  so  far  as  the  sa-  1  be  found  to  agree  with  the  daily  expe- 
line   constituents  of  the   soil   are  con-  I  rience  in  the  garden  and  the  farm  ;  and 
cerned,  every  tribe  of  plants  in  some  j  the  following  figures  represent  the  pro- 
measure    takes    from    it  distinct   food.  1  portion    in    which  they  stand    to   each 
Sir  H.  Davy  truly  observed   upon  this  ;  other  with  respect  to  the  weight  of  nu- 
point,  that,  "  though  the  general  com-  |  tritive   matter  they  contain,  with  their 
position  of  plants    is    very   analogous,    having  exhausted  the  land : — 
yet  the  specific  differences  in  the  pro-     '•'  Potatoes      ....         63 
ducts  of  many  of  them,  and  other  well        Cabbage       ....         42 
ascertained  facts,  prove  that  they  must       Mangold  wurzel  ...        21 


ROT 


523 


RUB 


Carrots 
Kohl-rabi     . 
Swedisli  turnip    . 
Common  turnip  . 


24 
17 
IG 
14'- 


"  Brassicas  after  raspberries  or  straw- 
berries ;  peas  after  brassicas ;  celery 
after  peas;  celery  after  asparagus; 
beans  and  brocoli  after  celery  ;  carrots 


2.  It  is  important  that  the  exuvia;  of  f'f  parsnips   or   beet  after   brocoli."— 
a  preceding  crop  should  not  be  offen-    Gcrd.  Mas 


sive  to  Its  successor. 


The   writer  of  the    Kitchen  Garden 


Thus,  brassicas  will  not  grow  health-   Calender  in  the  Gardener's  Chronicle  for 


ily  upon   soil   where    the    immediately 
previous  crop  was   of  the  same  tribe  ; 


1S44,  (p.  72,)  says,  "  the  chief  rule  is 
never  to  have  two  crops  of  the   same 


but  if  the  ground  be  pared  and  burnt,  class  directly  following  each  other."' 
they  will  grow  luxuriantly;  and  the  He  adds,  that  -'celery  is  a  good  pre- 
same  occurs  to  ground  exhausted  by  paration  for  carrots,  turnips,  parsnips, 
strawberries:  if  it  be  burned  and  ma-  onions,  and  early  cauliflowers,  or  for 
nured,  strawberries  will  grow  as  vigor-  peas,  with  potatoes  and  winter  greens 
ously  as  upon  fresh  ground,  but  they  or  brocoli  between  the  rows.  Autumn- 
will  not  do  so  if  manure  only  is  applied,  sown  onions,  followed  by  spinach,  let- 
It  has  also  been  observed  that  the  tuce,  &c.,  and  early  cauliflowers  by  au- 
roots  of  plants  placed  in  water  give  out  tumn  onions.  Spring-sown  onions  are 
theircharacteristicflavoursto  theliquid;  well  succeeded  by  cabbages  in  beds, 
but  on  this,  as  evidence  that  they  emit  and  scarlet  runners  between  ;  and  if  the 
excrements,  no  great  reliance  can  be  '  cabbages  remain  through  the  summer 
placed,  for  some  of  the  roots,  during  i  and  next  winter,  the  ground  will  be  for 
removal  from  the  soil,  must  be  wound-  j  celery,  potatoes, and  peas  in  the  spring." 
ed.  The  fict  that  the  roots  of  plants  In  gardens  of  limited  extent  it  is  not  al- 
do  give  out  peculiar  and  varying  mat- j  ways  practicable  to  observe  a  system- 
tcrs  to  tiie  soil  which  sustains  them,iatic  rotation  of  crops,  even  though  it 
aids  to  explain  why  one  rotation  of  crops  i  were  as  important  to  successful  culture 


is  superior  to  another. 


as  some  writers  declare.     For  all  prac- 


3.  As  fusiform-rooted  crops  should  tical  purposes  deep  tillage  will  suffice, 
precede  or  follow  a  fibrous-rooted  crop,  :  and  tliere  can  be  little  doubt  that  if  the 
because  the  one  draws  its  chief  supply  j  land  be  deeply  dug  or  ploughed  after 
of  food  from  a  greater  depth  than  an-  each  crop,  and  the  exhaustion  supplied 
other,    and,   conse(]uently,  exhausts    a    by  manure,  that  the  same  description  of 


diff"erent  portion  of  pasturage  ;  founded 
upon  these  consiilerations,  and  sanc- 
tioned by  practice,  the  following  rota 
tions  are  recommended  : — 


Onions. 

Lettuce. 

Cabbage. 

Carrots. 

Manure. 


Turnips. 

Celery. 

Peas. 

Potatoes. 

Manure. 


Mr.  Kelly,  of  Airthrey  Castle,  Scot- 
land, says,  that  "  on  poor  ground  the 
rotation  he  finds  best  is  celery  ;  second 
season,  caulitlowers  and  red  beet ;  third,  '^^^^^  situation 
onions  ;  fourth,  derman  green,  or  peas. 
By  digging  deep,  and  manuring  abun 


vegetable  growth  may  be  successfully 
produced  for  successive  seasons — in- 
deed the  only  inmate  of  the  garden 
which  we  have  seen  tire  the  land,  as  it  is 
termed,  is  the  pea.  Some  market  gar- 
deners, whether  from  habit,  or  an  idea 
that  particular  localities  answer  better 
for  certain  vegetables,  invariably  use 
them  for  such,  and  year  after  year  the 
same  crop  may  be  seen  growing  there- 
on. 

ROTHIA  trifoliata.     Hardy  trailing 
annual.     Seeds.     Common  soil,  and  a 


ROXBURGH  I  A.     Two  species. 


dantly,  for  celery,  the  ground  islrought  I  ^'°^'^    evergreen    climbers.     Suckers. 

into  such  fine  tilth,  that  the  whole  rola-    Light  turfy  loam. 

lion  is  often  gone  through  without  any        ROYAL  BAY.     Lauriis  nobilia. 


gone  tnrougli  witnout  any 
further  addition,  and  without  failing  in 


ROYEXA.    Eleven  species.    Green- 


any  of  the  crops.     Another  good  rota-  |  'io"s°  evergreen  shrubs.    Ripe  cuttings, 
tion  is  strawberries,  celery,  cauliflow-    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 


ers." — Gard.  Chron. 


ROY  LEA   elesans.     Green-house 


Mr.   Errington,   gardener    at  Oulton  I  evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.    Light  rich 
Park,  Cheshire,   recommends    the   fol-    soil. 


lowing  as  good  successions  : — 


RUBIA.    Five  species.    Hardy  herb- 


RUB 


524 


RUI 


aceous  perennials,  and  half-hardy  ever-  ;  be  separated  into  detached  pieces;  con- 


green  shrubs.  Seeds  or  division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

RUBUS.  [Bramble.]  Seventy-three 
species,  and  some  varieties.  Hardy  de- 
ciduous trailers  and  shrubs,  and  a  few 
green-house  and  stove  evergreens,  as 
well  as  herbaceous  perennials.  Rubus 
IdcEus  is  the  Raspberry.  Suckers  or  cut- 
tings.    Rich  loam. 

RUDBECKIA.  Thirteen  species, 
chiefly  hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
R.  amplesifolia  is  a  hardy  annual.  R. 
radula,  a  biennial.  Division,  seeds, 
and  common  soil.  R.  napifolia  is  a 
green-house  perennial,  succeeding  best 
in  peat  and  loam. 

RUDOLPHIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Suckers.  Light 
turfy  loam. 

RUE,  or  HERB  GRACE.  Rata 
graveolens.  Thrives  best  in  a  poor 
clayey  loam,  mixed  with  calcareous 
rubbish,  in  an  open  situation.  It  is 
propagated  by  slips  and  cuttings,  as  well 
as  from  seeds  ;  the  first  two  modes  be- 
ing usually  practised  as  being  the  most 
easy.  It  may  be  planted  or  sown  at  any 
time  during  the  spring.  The  seed  in 
drills  six  inches  apart,  and  one  deep. 
The  seedlings  are  not  long  in  making 
their  appearance,  and  only  require  to 
be  thinned  to  a  similar  distance  in  the 
rows,  and  kept  free  of  weeds.  The 
rooted  slips,  or  cuttings,  maj'  be  planted 
on  a  poor,  shady  border,  and  watered 
occasionally  until  taken  root. 

In  the  autumn,  the  plants  may  be 
removed    to    their  final    compartment. 


tiguity  is  not  necessary  nor  even  the 
appearance  of  it,  if  the  relation  be  pre- 
served, but  straggling  ruins  have  a  bad 
effect,  when  the  several  parts  are  equal- 
ly considerable. 

There  should  be  one  large  mass,  to 
raise  an  idea  of  greatness,  to  attract  the 
others  about  it,  and  to  be  a  common 
centre  of  union  to  all ;  the  smaller  pieces 
then  mark  the  original  dimensions  of 
one  extensive  structure  ;  and  no  longer 
appear  to  be  the  remains  of  several  little 
buildings. 

All  remains  excite  an  inquiry  into 
the  former  state  of  the  edifice,  and  fix 
the  mind  in  a  contemplation  on  the  use 
it  was  applied  to ;  besides  the  characters 
expressed  by  their  style  and  position, 
they  suggest  ideas  which  would  not 
arise  from  the  buildings,  if  entire. 

The  purposes  of  many  have  ceased  ; 
an  abbey,  or  a  castle,  if  complete,  can 
now  be  no  more  than  a  dwelling  ;  the 
memory  of  the  times,  and  of  the  man- 
ners to  which  they  were  adapted,  is 
preserved  only  in  history  and  in  ruins  ; 
and  certain  sensations  of  regret,  of  ve- 
neration, or  compassion,  attend  the  re- 
collection ;  nor  are  these  confined  to 
the  remains  of  buildings  which  are  now 
in  disuse  ;  those  ofan  old  mansion  raise 
reflections  on  the  domestic  comforts 
once  enjoyed,  and  the  ancient  hospital- 
ity which  reigned  there.  Whatever 
building  we  see  in  decay,  we  naturally 
contrast  its  present  to  its  former  state, 
and  delight  to  ruminate  on  the  compari- 
son.    It   is  true  that  such  effects  pro- 


During  their  after-growth,  they  must  be  I  perly  belong  to  real  ruins ;  but  they  are 


kept  pruned  in  a  shrubby  form,  and 
never  be  allowed  to  produce  seed. 
The  decayed  branches,  &c.,  may  be 
removed  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  and 
the  surface  of  the  bed  stirred. 

RUIN'S,  are  a  class  of  buildings 
beautiful  as  objects,  expressive  as  cha- 
racters, and  peculiarly  calculated  to 
connect  with  their  appendages  into  ele- 
gant groups  :  they  may  be  accommo- 
dated with  ease  to  irregularity  of  ground, 
and  their  disorder  is  improved  by  it; 


produced  in  a  certain  degree  by  those 
which  are  fictitious  ;  the  impressions  are 
not  so  strong,  but  they  are  exactly  sim- 
ilar; and  the  representation,  though  it 
does  not  jiresent  facts  to  the  memory, 
yet  suggests  subjects  to  the  imagination  ; 
but  in  order  to  affect  the  fancy,  the  sup- 
posed original  design  should  be  clear, 
the  use  obvious,  and  the  form  easy  to 
trace  ;  no  fragments  should  be  hazarded 
without  a  precise  meaninjj,  and  an  evi- 
dent connexion  ;   none  should   be  per- 


they  may  be  intimately  blended  with  I  plexed  in  their  construction  or  uncertain 
trees  and  with  thickets,  and  the  inter-  I  as  to  their  application.  Conjectures 
ruption  is  an  advantage;  for  imperfec-  !  about  the  form,  raise  doubts  about  the 
tion  and  obscurity  are  their  properties  ;  !  existence  of  the  ancient  structure  ;  the 
and  to  carry  the  imagination  to  some-  !  mind  must  not  be  allowed  to  hesitate  ; 
thing  greater  than  is  seen,  their  effect.  I  it  must  be  hurried  away  from  examining 
They  may  for  any  of  these  purposes  [  into  the  reality  by  the  exactness  and 


RUI 


SAG 


the  force  of  the  resemblance. — Whate-    but  it  is  ridiculous  and  disgusting  to 

good  taste,  if  complicated  and  elegant 
Stove    forms  are  constructed  of  rude  materials. 
Loam,    Thus  we   have    seen  a  tiower-box,  in- 
tended to  be  Etruscan  in  its  outlines, 


ley. 

R  U  I  Z  I A  .  Two  species 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
peat  and  sand. 

RUN.  A  plant  advancing  to  seed  is  formed  of  split  hazel  stakes — a  comhi- 
Baid  by  gardeners  to  have  "run."  Also,  nation  of  the  rude  and  the  refined,  giv- 
when  the  dark  colouring  of  a  carnation,  ing  rise  to  separate  trains  of  ideas  to- 
or  other  flower,  becomes  confused  or    tally  unassociable. 

clouded  with  its  lighter  ground  colour,        RITTA.     Two   species.     Hardy  and 

half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs.     Cuttings. 
Light  rich  soil.     See  Rue. 

RUYSCIHA  clusitrfolia.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam  and 
vegetable  mould. 

RYANCEA  speciosa.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

RYTIDOPHYLLUM  auricula- 
turn.  Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

SABAL.  Five  species.  Stove  palms. 
Suckers.     Light  loamy  soil. 

SABBATL\.  Five  species.  Hardy 
biennials,  except  S.  paniculata,  an 
herbaceous  perennial.  Seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

SACCO  LABIUM.  Ten  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Peat,  potsherds,  and 
wood . 

SACRED  BEAX.     Xelumbium. 
SAFFRON".     Crocus  saiivus. 
SAGE.     Salvia  officinalis. 
Varieties.  —  The    Common    Green  ; 
Wormwood ;    Green,    with    variegated 
leaves;    Red,  with  variegated   leaves; 
Painted  or  Parti-coloured :  Spanish  or 
Lavender  leaved  ;  and  Red. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  dry  mode- 
ratelv  fertile  soil   is  best  suited  to  their 


they  say  it  is  "  a  run  flower."  Abund- 
ance of  moisture  and  a  rich  soil  promote 
the  development  of  leaves,  and,  con- 
sequently, check  running,  or  producing 
seed.  A  suitably  fertile  soil  also  pre- 
serves the  colours  of  a  flower  pure  and 
distinct — over-fertility  or  poverty  of  soil 
will  equally  cause  the  colours  to  run. 

RUXiNERS  are  young  shoots  issuing 
from  the  collar  or  summit  of  the  root, 
and  creeping  along  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  but  producing  a  new  root  and  leaves 
at  the  extremity,  and  forming  a  new  in- 
dividual, by  the  decay  of  the  connect- 
ing link.  This  takes  place  in  a  great 
variety  of  herbs,  but  particularly  the 
strawberry,  which  is  a  good  example. 

They  afford  very  ready  and  unfailing 
means  of  increasing  the  species  or  va- 
riety, all  the  care  required  being  to  see 
that  the  plantlet  is  well  rooted  before 
the  connecting  string  is  divided. 

RUSCUS.     Butcher-s    Broom.     Five 
species.  Chiefly  hardy  evergreen  shrubs,  j 
Suckers.    Common  soil.  R.androgynus 
is   a   green-house    evergreen   climber. 
Division.     Rich  soil. 

RUSSELL\.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Light  rich 
soil. 

RUST.  A  disease  of  the  berries  of  growth,  \n  a  sheltered  situation. 
the  grape.  It  appears  in  the  form  of  a  Propagation. — By  Cuttings. — These 
rough,  rusty  appearance  of  their  skins,  may  be  either  of  the  preceding  or  same 
which  have,  in  fact,  become  thick  and  In-  year's  growth  ;  if  of  the  first,  plant  in 
durated.  Some  think  it  arises  from  their  April,  but  if  of  the  latter,  not  until  the 
being  handled,  or  the  hair  of  the  head  close  of  May  or  middle  of  June.  The 
touching  them  ;  but  the  disease  is  often  shoots  of  the  same  year  are  usually  em- 
too  general  to  admit  of  this  topical  ployed,  as  they  more  readily  emit  roots, 
explanation.  I  believe  it  to  arise  from  and  assume  a  free  growth.  The  out- 
an  over-heating  of  the  vinery,  however    ward  and  most  robust  shoots  should  be 


unintentional,  whilst   the  grapes  were    chosen,    and    cut    from    five 

young,  and  thus  tending  to  force  them 

to  a  premature  rapidity  of  growth.    Any 

excessive    pressure    upon    the   cuticle, 

whether  from  within   or  from  without, 

causes  its  thickening. 

RUSTIC   STRUCTURES  are  pleas 


0  seven 
inches  in  length.  All  but  the  top 
leaves  being  removed,  insert  by  the 
dibble  almost  down  to  these,  in  rows 
six  inches  apart  each  way,  in  a  shady 
border,  and  during  moist  weather, 
otherwise  water  must  be  given  imme- 


ing  in  recluse  portions  of  the  pleasure  diately,  and  repeated  occasionally,  until 
ground,  if  this  style  be  confined  to  the  they  have  taken  root.  When  the  plants 
formation  of  either  a  seat,  or  a  cottage ;   thus  raised  have  an  appearance  of  spind- 


SAG 


526 


SAL 


ling,  or  run  up  to  flower,  they  are  to  be  j  finest  plants  of  two  years'  growtli  must 
topped  to  induce  laterals.  In  the  au- [  be  left,  not  nearer  to  each  other  than 
tumn,  if  they  have  attained  a  tolerably  j  four  feet,  and  when  the  plants  begin  to 
shrubby  growth,  otherwise  not  until  the  ,  flower,  a  plentiful  watering  given,  and 
succeeding  spring,  remove  to  their  final  repeated  every  other  day  until  the  seed 
stations;  being  taken  up  with  as  little  j  has  attained  its  full  growth.  When 
injury  as  possible  to  the  roots,  and  perfectly  ripe,  the  plants  being  pulled 
planted,  if  in  a  bed  in  rows  two  feet    up,  and   completely  dried,  they  easily 


apart  each  way. 

By  Slips. — When  there  are  rooted 
slips,  they  may  be  taken  off  separately, 
with  their  fibrous  roots  still  pertaining, 
or  the  whole  plant  may  be  taken  up  and 
divided  into  as  many  separate  slips  as 
can  be  furnished  with  roots.  These 
may  be  planted  both  in  spring  and  au- 
tumn, but  the  first  season  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred. Set  out  at  once  where  they  are 
to  remain. 

By  Seed  is  the  most  preferable  mode, 
the    plants    affording    finer    flavoured, 
larger  and  greater  abundance  of  leaves, 
than  those  raised  by  other  modes.    Sow 
in  April,  in  a  bed  of  rich  light  earth,  in 
drills  half  an  inch  deep,  and  six  inches  I  Ascyron. 
apart.     The  plants  soon  make  their  ap-  i      SALADING. 
pearance,  and  when  two  or  three  inches  !  American  Cress, 
high,  thin  to  half  a  foot  apart,  and  those  I  Beet  Root, 
removed  prick  out  at  a  similar  distance.    Borage. 
In  the  autumn  or  succeeding  spring,  as  !  Burnet, 
the  plants  are  strong  or  weak,  remove  ;  Celeriac. 
them  to  their  final  stations.  I  Celery. 

After-Culture. — During  their  future  |  Chervil, 
existence,    keep    constantly    clear   of  j  Corn  Salad, 
weeds.      The    decayed    flower-stalks,  ;  Cress, 
stunted  branches,  &c.,  remove  in  early  t  Dandelion, 
winter  and  spring,  and  the  soil  of  the  '  Endive, 
beds  slightly  turn  over.     All   irregular  •  Finochio. 
growth    may   be   corrected   during  the:  Garden  Rocket, 
spring  and  summer.     When   the  plants  I      SALICORNIA. 

have  continued  two  or  three  years,  a  |  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs  and 
little  dry,  well  putrefied  dung  maybe  j  creepers.  Hardy  annuals  and  half- 
turned  in  during  early  spring  with  con-  i  hardy  perennials.  Seeds  or  division, 
siderable  advantage.     A  due  attention    Common  soil. 

to  the  mode  of  gathering  has  no  small  !  SALISBURIA  adiantifoUa.  Maiden 
influence  in  keeping  the  plants  healthy  I  Hair    Tree.       Hardy    deciduous    tree. 


shed  their  seed  if  struck  on  the  floor. 

S  A  G I T  T  A  R I  A  .  Fifteen  species. 
Hardy,  half-hardy,  stove  and  green- 
house aquatic  perennials.  Division. 
Loamy  soil. 

SAGUS.  Four  species.  Stove  palms. 
Sandy  loam  and  a  strong  moist  heat. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  CROSS.  Ascyrum 
Crux  AndrecE. 

ST.  BARNABY'S  THISTLE.  Cen- 
taurea  solstitialis. 

SAINTFOIN.      Onobrychis. 

ST.  JOHN'S  WORT.     Hypericum. 

ST.  MARTIN'S  FLOWER.  Als- 
trameria  Flos-Martini. 

ST.  PETER'S   WORT.     Hypericum 


See  the  following ; 
Horse  Radish. 
Lettuce. 
Mint. 
Mustard. 
Onions. 
Purslane. 
Radishes. 
Rape. 

Scurvy  Grass. 
Succory. 
Water  Cress. 
Wood  Sorrel. 


Six  species.     Hardy 


and  vigorous.  The  tops  ought  never  to 
be  cropped  too  close,  so  as  to  render 
the  branches  naked  or  stumpy.  This 
should  be  especially  attended  to  in  au- 
tumn and  winter.     During  this  last  sea- 


Layers.  Common  soil.  "  The  Salis- 
buria  is  a  native  of  Japan  and  China, 
and  forms  a  large  tree  in  its  native 
country.  Bunge,  who  accompanied  the 
Russian   mission  to  China,  states,  that 


son,  they  are  less  liable  to  be  injured  i  he  saw  one  with  a  trunk  nearly  forty 
by  severe  frost,  if  kept  with  a  full  re-  |  feet  in  circumference.  Mr.  Loudon 
gularhead.  If  appearance  is  consider-  I  says,  the  tree  grows  with  considerable 
ed,  fresh  plants  must  he  raised  every  [  rapidity  in  the  climate  of  London,  and 
three  or  (bur  years.  P'or  drying,  the  has  attained  the  height  of  forty  or  fifty 
shoots  and  leaves  may  be  gathered  any  feet,  in  as  many  years.  The  longevity 
time  in  summer  before  the  plants  flower,  :  of  the  Salisburia  promises  to  be  great, 
which  they  do  in  July.  as  the  largest  trees  in  England  continue 

To  obtain  Seed. — Two  or  three  of  the  \  to  grow  with  as  much  vigour,  as  when 


SAL 


527 


SAL 


newly  planted.    The  highest  tree  tliere,    flavour  is  that  of  oyster  patties. — Aber- 


planted    in  1767,  was,  in   1S3S,    above 
sixty  feet. 

"  It  was  introduced  into  the  United 
States,  by  Mr.  Hamilton,  in  1784,  and 
the  tree  now  growing  at  the  Woodlands, 
near  Philadelphia,  is,  doubtless,  the 
one  then  imported.  A  specimen  at  the 
Landreth  Nurseries,  when  planted  is 
unknown,  has  attained  the  height  of  50 


cromhie.     Hovey-s  Mag. 

SALTPKTIIE.  See  Salts,— Nitrate 
of  Potash. 

SALTS.  The  day  has  long  passed 
when  it  was  disputed  whether  any  saline 
bodies  are  promotive  of  the  growth  of 
plants.  It  is  now  determined  that  some 
plants  will  not  even  live  without  the 
means  of  procuring  certain  salts.     Bo- 


feet  and  continues  in  fine  health.    There  ,  rage,  the  nettle,  and  parietaria  will  not 
is  also  one  of  considerable  size  in  the    exist  except  where  nitrate  of  potash  is 


Mall,  at  Boston." — Comp.  Florist. 

SALIX.  The  Willow.  One  hundred 
and  eighty-five  species.  Hardy  decidu- 
ous shrubs  and  trees.  Cuttings.  Swampy 
soil. 

SALMEA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Young  cuttings. 
Light  rich  soil. 

SALPIGLOSSIS  sinuata,  and  its  va- 
rieties. Hardy  and  green-house  annuals 
and  biennials.     Seeds.    Peat  and  loam. 

SALSAFY.    Tragopogon  porrifolius. 


in  the  soil ;  turnips,  lucerne,  and  some 
other  plants  will  not  succeed  where 
there  is  no  sulphate  of  lime.  These 
are  facts  that  have  silenced  disputation. 
Still  there  arc  found  persons  who  main- 
tain that  salts  are  not  essential  parts  of 
a  plant's  structure;  they  assert  that 
such  bodies  are  beneficial  to  a  plant  by 
absorbing  moisture  to  the  vicinity  of  its 
roots,  or  by  improving  the  staple  of  the 
soil,  or  by  some  other  secondary  mode. 
This,  however,  is  refuted  by  the  fact 
that  salts  enter  as  intimately  into  the 


Soil. — This  should  be  light  and  mode-    constitution  of  plants  as  do  ])liosphate 


rately  fertile.  At  the  time  of  sowing 
trench  it,  turning  in  a  little  manure  with 
the  bottom  spit  only. 

Sow  in  March  and  April,  in  an  open 
situation  to  remain,  in  shallow  drills, 
nine  inches  asunder,  scatter  the  seeds 


of  lime  into  that  of  bones,  and  carbo- 
nate of  lime  into  that  of  egg-shells. 
They  are  part  of  their  very  fabric,  uni- 
versally present,  unremovable  by  edul- 
coration  however  long  continued,  re- 
maining after  the  longest  washing,  and 


thinly,  and    cover   them   half  an   inch  j  always  to  be  found  in  the  ashes  of  all 


deep.  When  the  plants  are  up  two  or 
three  inches  high,  thin  and  weed  them, 
leaving  them  ten  inches  asunder,  re- 
peating the  weeding  as  may  be  required 
during  the  summer  and  during  very  dry 
weather,    watering    occasionally    very 


and  of  any  of  their  parts,  when  sub- 
jected to  incineration.  Thus  Saussure 
ol)serves  that  the  phosphate  of  lime  is 
universally  present  in  plants. — Sur  la 
Veget,  c.  8.  s.  4. 
The  sap  of  all  trees  contains  acetate 


plentifully,  and  if  half  an  ounce  of  guano  of  potash  ;  Beet-root  contains  malate 
is  added  to  each  gallon  of  water  it  will  and  oxalate  of  potash,  ammonia  and 
be  very  beneficial.  This  is  all  the  cul-  lime;  Rhubarb,  oxalate  of  potash  and 
ture  they  require.  They  will  have  large  j  lime  ;  Horse-radish,  sulphur;  Aspara- 
roots  by  September  or  October;  when  g-us,  super-malates,  chlorides,  acetates, 
you  may  begin  taking  them  up  for  use;  '  and  phosphates  of  potash  and  lime  ; 
and  in  November,  when  the  leaves  be-  Potatoes,  magnesia,  citrates  and  phos- 
gin  to  decay,  a  quantity  may  be  pre-  phates  of  potash  and  lime;  Jerusalem 
served  in  sand  for  use  in  time  of  severe  I  ^r^/c/io/ce,  citrate,  malate,  sulphate, 
frost;  but  those  left  in  the  ground  will  chloride,  and  phosphate  of  potash; 
not  be  injured.  In  spring,  when  those  j  Garlic,  sulphate  of  potash,  magnesia, 
remaining  in  the  ground  begin  to  vege-  !  and  phosphate  of  lime  ;  Geraniums, 
tate,  the  shoots  when  a  few  inches  high  |  tartrate  of  lime,  phosphates  of  lime  and 
may  be  cut  for  use  as  asparagus,  being  magnesia  ;  Peas,  phosphate  of  lime  ; 
excellent  when  quite  young  and  tender.  !  JiTidnei/  Beans,  phosphate  of  lime  and 
Suffer,  however,  ahvays  a  few  plants  to  :  potash  ;  Oranges,  carbonate,  sulphate, 
run  up  to  stalk  every  spring  to  produce  and  muriate  of  potash;  Apples  and 
seed. 


Pears,  malate  of  potash  ;   Grapes,  tar- 
trate of  lime  ;   Capsicums,  citrate,  mu- 
riate, and   phosphate   of  potash ;   Oak, 
into  cakes  and  fry  them  in  butter.    The  i  carbonate    of  potash  ;   and    the   Lilac, 


The  best  mode  of  cooking  the  roots  '  trate  of  lime  ;   Capsicums,  citrate,  mu- 
is  to   boil    and  mash  them,  form  them  ;  riate,  and   phosphate   of  potash  ;   Oak, 


SAL 


528 


SAL 


nitrate  of  potash.  Let  no  one  fancy 
that  the  salts  are  a  very  trivial  propor- 
tion of  the  fabric  of  plants.  In  the 
Capsicum,  they  constitute  one-tenth  of 


narcissus,  ranunculus,  Stc. ;  and  in  the 
fruit  garden  it  has  been  found  beneficial 
to  almost  every  one  of  its  tenants,  espe- 
cially the  cherry  and  apple.     On  lawns 


its  fruit ;  of  carrot  juice,  one-hundredth;  i  and  walks  it  helps  to  drive  away  worms, 


of  Rhubarb,  one-eleventh  ;  of  Potatoes 
one-twentieth;  whilst  of  the  seed  of  the 
Lithospermum  officinale,  they  actually 
constitute  more  than  one-half.  Their 
constituents  are  as  follows. — 

Carbonate  of  lime     .     .     .    43.7 

Silica 16.5 

Vegetable  matter,    phos- 
phate of  lime,  &c.     . 
These  amounts  are  nearly  as  much 
of  earthy  saline  matters  as  exist  in  hu- 
man bones  ;  but  if  we  turn  to  the  mar- 


39.8 


and  to  destroy  moss. 

Ammonia.  —  The  salts  of  ammonia 
are  highly  stimulating,  and  afford  by 
their  ready  decomposition,  abundant 
food  to  plants.  The  dungs  of  animals 
are  fertilizing  exactly  in  proportion  to 
the  amount  of  ammonia  in  them.  The 
only  care  required  is  not  to  apply  them 
too  abundantly.  Half  an  ounce  to  each 
gallon  of  water,  given  at  the  most  twice 
a  week,  is  a  good  recipe  for  all  the  am- 
moniacal  salts.     The  ammoniacal   gas 


row,  it  only  contains  one-twentieth  of  liquor  at  the  rate  of  one  pint  to  two 
saline  matters;  the  blood  only  one- i  gallons  of  water,  is  highly  beneficial  to 
hundredth;  muscle,  only  one-thirty-  spinach  and  grass. — Gard.  Chron. 
fourth  ;  yet  no  one  will  argue  that  these 
saline  constituents,  though  smaller  than 
those  in  vegetables,  are  trivial  and  un- 
important. 

Saline  manures  are  generally  bene- 
ficial, and  often  essential.  An  import- 
ant consideration,  therefore,  is  con- 
tained in  the  answer  to  the  query — so 
often  put.  How  should  saline  manures 
be  applied  ?  Our  answer  is,  that,  when 
practicable,  they  ought  to  be  in  very 
small  quantities  and  frequently,  during 
the  time  of  the  plant's  growth.  No 
plan  can  be  worse  than  soaking  seed  in 


Phosphate  of  Ammonia  has  been  ap- 
plied with  advantage  to  cress. 

Sulphate  of  Ammonia. — This,  and  the 
nitrate  of  ammonia,  have  proved  bene- 
ficial to  potatoes  in  Scotland.  A  writer 
in  the  FloricuUural  Cabinet  says,  that 
having  obtained  a  pailful  of  gas  liquor, 
he  diluted  it  with  water,  and  added 
some  sulphuric  acid,  thus  forming  a 
solution  of  sulphate  of  ammonia,  and 
watered  with  it  in  October,  a  bed  (twen- 
ty feet  long  by  four  feet  two  inches 
wide)  destined  to  be  planted  with  Ra- 
nunculuses.   They  bloomed  very  strong 


a    saline    solution,  for   the  purpose   of.  i'l  this  bed,  some   of  the  flower-stems 


giving  such  salt  to  the  plant  of  which  it 
will  be  the  parent.  It  is  soddeningthe 
embryo  with  a  superfluity  totally  use- 
less to  it,  and  if  it  does  not  injure  the 
germination,  it  will  be  most  probably 
washed  away  before  the  roots  begin  to 
absorb  such  nutriment.  For  the  mode 
in  which  salts  are  beneficial  to  plants, 
see  Manures. 


were  two  feet  high  ;  the  blooms  averag- 
ing between  three  and  four  inches  in 
diameter;  the  roots  also  lifted  large 
and  clean. — Flor.  Cab. 

Chalk  may  be  applied  in  large  quan- 
tities, twenty  or  thirty  tons  per  acre,  to 
render  a  light  siliceous  soil  more  re- 
tentive or  a  heavy  soil  more  open.  Its 
basis,  lime,  enters  into  the  composition 


Common  Salt. — Chloride  of  sodium,  '  of  most  plants  in  some  state  of  combi- 
applied  in  the  spring  at  the  rate  of  |  nation.  It  is  very  far  from  immaterial 
twenty  bushels  per  acre,  has  been  found  where  this  mineral  is  obtained  from  to 
very  beneficial  to  asparagus,  broad  improve  the  staple  of  our  soils.  Those 
beans,  lettuces,  onions,  carrots,  pars-  [  chalks  which  are  merely  carbonate  of 
neps,  potatoes,  and  beets.  Indeed  its  lime,  with  a  trace  of  oxide  of  iron,  are 
properties  are  so  generally  useful,  not  I  unexceptionable  ;  but  there  are  some 
only  as  promoting  fertility,  but  as  de-  i  which  contain  phosphate  of  lime,  and 
stroying  slugs,  8e.c.,  that  it  is  a  good  these  are  very  much  to  be  preferred, 
plan  to    sow  the    whole  garden  every  !  Mr.  Brande  states  the  chalk  of  Brighton 


March  with  this  manure,  at  the  rate 
above  specified.  The  flower  garden  is 
included  in  this  recommendation  ;  for 
some  of  the  best  practical  gardeners 
recommend  it  for  the  stock,  hyacinth, 
amaryllisj   ixia,    anemone,   colchicum, 


to  be  thus  constituted. 
Carbonate  of  lime  . 
magnesia 


98.57 
0.38 

Phosphate  of  lime  .  .  0.11 
Oxides  of  iron  and  manganese  0.14 
Alumina  and  silica    .         .        0.80 


SAL 


529 


SAL 


If  the  chalk  is  to  be  burnt  into  lime 
beforq  it  is  applied,  care  should  be 
taken  that  it  does  not  contain,  like  some 
ofthe  Yorkshire  chalks,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  carbonate  of  magnesia.  Mag- 
nesia remains  long  in  a  caustic  state, 
and  has  been  found  injurious  to  the 
plants  to  which  it  has  been  applied 


is  further  sustained  by  the  experiments 
of  Dr.  Jackson,  the  American  chemist. 
He  found  phosphates  in  peas  and  beans 
of  various  kinds,  in  pumpkin  seeds, 
chestnuts,  potatoes,  raspberries,  and 
turnips.     See  Bones. 

Super-Phosphate  of  Lime. — Chrysan- 
themums  were  much   increased  in    vi- 


Ckloride  of  Lime  gradually  gives  out  gour  when  watered  with  a  solution  of 
a  portion  of  its  chlorine,  and  is  con-  this  salt  in  the  Chiswick  Garden,  at  the 
verted  into  muriate  of  lime,  a  very  de- 
liquescing salt,  which  can  hardly  exist 
in  any  soil,  however  light,  without 
keeping  it  moist ;  and  its  nauseous 
odour  may  be  found  to  keep  off  the 
attacks  ofthe  fly,  and  other  vermin.  A 
solution  containing  one  ounce  in  five 
gallons  of  water,  is  said  to  destroy  the 
aphis  and  the  caterpillar,  if  poured  over 
the  trees  thev  infest. 


end  of  July.  It  is  thought,  if  the  appli- 
cation had  been  made  earlier,  the  be- 
nefit would  have  been  still  more  marked. 
Professor  Lindley  says  this  salt  seems 
to  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  most 
plants,  and  that  it  may  be  applied  in 
different  proportions  without  the  least 
risk  of  injuring  the  plants. —  Card. 
Chron. 

Heaths  appear  to  like  it.     The  best 


Gas  Lime  is  a  hydro-sulphuret  of  lime,    practical  mode  of  obtaining  super-phos- 

^l^_^^^  ^j.  jjjj^g  j.^j.  manure,  is  to  pour 
one  pound  of  sulphuric  acid,  mixed 
with  one  pound  of  water,  upon  each 
two  pounds  of  bone  dust,  allowing  the 
mixture  a  week  to  complete  the  decom- 
position. Sulphate  of  lime  and  super- 
phosphate of  lime  are  the  result.  The 
Duke    of  Richmond    and    others  have 


with  a  little  ammonia.  It  is  an  excel 
lent  manure,  especially  to  cabbages, 
turnips,  cauliflowers,  and  brocoli,  dug 
in  at  the  time  of  planting  or  sowing. 
If  sown  over  the  surface  at  the  time  of 
inserting  the  crop,  at  the  rate  of  twenty 
bushels  per  acre,  it  will  etfectually 
drive  away  the  turnip-fly,  slug,  &c 


Gypsum,  or   Plaster  of  Paris,  is  sul-  ;  tried  this  with  very  great  success  upon 


phate  of  lime,  composed  of 

Sulphuric  acid     ...         43 

Lime 33 

Water  ....         22 

It  has  been    found   very  useful  as  a 

top  dressing   to  lawns,  and  dug  in  for 

turnips  and   potatoes.     Three  hundred 

weight  per  acre  is  abundance 


turnips.  It  being  in  a  liquid  form,  it 
must  be  mixed  with  earth  to  facilitate 
its  application,  or  else  be  applied 
through  the  rose  of  a  watering-pot. 

SALT  TREE.    Halimodendron. 

SALVIA.  See  Clary  and  Sage. 
One    hundred    and   five    species.     The 


Nitrates  of  Potash  (Saltpetre),  and  of  ^  shrubby,  stove,  and  green-house  kinds, 

increase  by  cuttings  ;  the  herbaceous, 
by  division  ;  the  annuals  and  biennials, 
-seeds.  Common  soil  suits  them  all. 
S.  patens  makes  a  splendid  bed.     The 


Soda  (Cubic  Petre),  have  been  found 
beneficial  to  carrots,  cabbages,  and 
lawns.  One  pound  to  a  square  rod  of 
ground   is  a   sufficient   quantity.     Both 


these   nitrates   have  been  found  bene-    Hower-spikes  should   be    cut  off  for  a 


fii:ial  to  potatoes  in  Scotland.  Mr. 
Murray  says  that,  from  1810  down  to 
the  present  time,  he  has  been  in  the 
habit  of  watering  pinks  and  carnations 
with  solutions  of  these  two  nitrates, 
and  the  benefit  has  been  uniform  and 
eminent  in  promoting  their  luxuriance. 
— Gard.  Gaz. 

Tliey  have  also  been  given  in  solu- 


time,  and  the  young  shoots  regularly 
pegged  down  till  they  nearly  cover  the 
bed,  when  the  flowers  will  be  produced 
so  numerously  as  to  form  one  mass  of 
intense  blue. — Gard.  Chron. 

Mr.  Vaux,  of  Ryde,  in  the  Ise  of 
Wight,  says,  that  there  "  it  ripens  seeds 
perfectly  in  the  open  air.  Sow  it  in 
pots  in  autumn  ;   put  the  pots   in  a  cool 


tion  with  great  benefit  to  lettuces,  j  frame  protected  from  frost,  where  they 
celery,  fuchsias,  and  dahlias.  One  may  remain  during  the  winter.  In  the 
pound    to    twelve    gallons    of    water.  1  spring,  place  in  the  green-house  when 


Nitrate  of  Soda  destroys  slugs. 

Phosphate  of  Lime. — The  importance    part  of  May,  bed  them  out ;  they  bloom 
of  bones  and  other  manures  containing    beautifully  during  the  summer  and  au- 
phosphoric  salts  as  a  general  manure,   turan 
34 


the  seedlings  come  up  ;  and  in  the  early 
Vlay,  bed  them  out ;  they  bloom 
lly  during  the  summer  and  au- 
For   beds   they  arc  superior  to 


SAM 


530 


S  A  V 


cuttings,  as  they  grow  dwarf  and  more 
bushy." — Gard.  Chron. 

SAMBUCUS.  Elder.  Seven  spe- 
cies and  many  varieties.  All  hardy. 
The  deciduous  shrubby  kinds  are  in- 
creased by  cuttings ;  the  herbaceous 
perennials,  by  division.  They  will 
grow  in  any  soil.     See  Elder. 

SAMOLUS.  Three  species.  Green- 
house or  hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.  Common  soil,  and  a  rather 
moist  situation. 

SAMPHIRE.  Crithmum  maritimum, 
though  a  native  of  the   sea-shore,  may 


hardy  and  half-hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials and  creepers.  Division,  ^eeds, 
and  also  by  young  cuttings  of  the 
branching  species.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

SARACHA.  Three  species.  Hardy 
trailing  annuals.  S.  viscosa,  a  green- 
house deciduous  shrub,  is  increased  by 
cuttings,  the  others  by  seeds.  Common 
soil. 

SARCANTHUS.  Six  species.  Stove 
orchids.  Cuttings.  Moss,  potsherds, 
and  wood,  and  a  moist  atmosphere. 

SARCOCAPNOS  enneaphylla.    Hardy 


be  cultivated  successfully  in  the  garden.  I  herbaceous    perennial.     Seeds   or    cut- 


So//. — It  requires  a  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil,  and  the  north  side  of  a  wall. 

Propagation. — The  roots  may  be 
planted,  or  the  seed  sown,  in  April; 
the  only  cultivation  required  being  to 
keep  the  plants  free  from  weeds,  and  to 
water  it  about  twice  a  week  with  water 
containing  half  an  ounce  of  guano  and 
one  ounce  of  salt  per  gallon. 

SAMYDA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

SAND  is  one  of  the  agents  most  fre- 
quently employed  by  the  gardener  in 
the  culture  of  potted  plants.  The  kind 
most  suitable  to  his  purpose,  is  either 
silver  sand,  or  drift  river-sand,  both  of 
which  are  silica  nearly  in  a  state  of 
purity.  These  sands  being  very  slow 
conductors  of  heat,  and  affording  a 
ready  escape  for  superfluous  moisture, 
are  admirably  adapted  for  promoting 
the  rooting  of  cuttings,  and  preventing 
the  damping-oft' of  seedlings.  See  Po^- 
ting,  Soil,  and  Damping-^. 

SAND  WOOD.  Bremontiera am- 
moxylon. 

SANGUINARIA.  Two  spe- 
cies. Hardy  tuberous-rooted  peren- 
nials. Division  or  seeds.  Sandy  loam 
or  peat. 

SANGUISORBA.  Burnet.  Eight 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division,  seeds.  Common  soil.  See 
Burnet. 

SANSEVIERA.  Fourteen  species. 
Stove  herbaceous  perennials.  Suckers. 
Sandy  loam.     S.  carnea  is  hardy. 

SANTOLINA.  Five  species.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Common 
soil. 

SANVITALIA  procumbens.      Hardy 

trailing  annual.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

SAPONARIA.     Soapwort.    Thirteen 

species.     Hardy  annuals  and  biennials, 


tmgs.     Common  soil,  rock  work. 

SARCOCAULON.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  leaf-mould,  and  sand. 

SARCOCEPHALUS  esculentus.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

SARCOLOBUS.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Rich 
mould. 

SARCOPHYLLUM  carnosum. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

SARCOSTEMMA.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

SARRACENIA.  Side  Saddle 
Flower.  Five  species.  Half-hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Divisions.  Peat 
and  sphagnum.  They  require  a  close 
damp  atmosphere. 

SASSAFRAS.     Laurus  sassafras. 

SATUREIA.  Savory.  Seven  spe- 
cies. Hardy  and  half-hardy  evergreen 
shrubs,  and  herbaceous  perennials.  S, 
hortensis  is  an  annual.  Division,  slips, 
cuttings,  seeds.  Dry  light  sandy  soil. 
See  Savory. 

SATYRIUM.  Eight  species.  Green- 
house tuberous-rooted  orchids.  Divi- 
sion.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

SAURAU'JA.     Two  species, 
evergreen  shrubs.   Ripe  cuttings, 
and  peat. 

SAUROGLOSSUM    elatum. 
orchid.     Division.     Sandy  peat. 

SAUSSUREA.  Twelve  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
or  seeds.     Common  soil. 

SAUVAGESIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
annuals.     Seeds.     Peat  and  loam. 

SAVORY.     Satureia. 

S.  montana,  winter  or  perennial  sa- 
vory. S.  hortensis,  summer  or  annual 
savory. 


Stove 
Loam 


Stove 


SAW 


531 


SCH 


They  niriy  be  sown  in  the  open 
ground  in  spring.  In  the  latter  end 
of  March  or  in  April,  sow  the  seed  in 
a  light  rich  soil,  moderately  thick,  and 
rake  them  in  evenly;  the  seedlings 
soon  come  up;  give  occasional  weed- 
ing, and  thin  them  moderately,  and  they 
may  either  remain  where  sown,  or  may 
be  transplanted.  Observe,  however,  I 
of  the  Winter  Savory,  that  when  the 
seedlings  are  about  two  or  three  inches  I 
high,  it  is  eligible  to  plant  out  a  quan- 
tity of  the  strongest,  in  moist  weather, 
in  nursery  rows  six  inches  asunder,  to 
remain  till  September  or  spring  follow- 


rough  surface  occasions  decay.  See 
Bill. 

SAW-WORT.     Serratula. 

SAXIFR.4.GA.  Saxifrage.  Ninety- 
two  species,  and  some  varieties.  Chief- 
ly hardy  herbaceous  perennials  ;  a  few 
are  annuals,  and  some  half-hardy. — 
Seeds.     Division.     Light  sandy  soil. 

SCABIOSA.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

SCABIOUS.     Scabiosa. 

SC.y.VA.  Hawk  Fly.  Of  this  genus 
there  are  several  species,  of  which  the 
most  common  are  S.  7ibesii  and  S.  py- 


ing,  then  to  be  transplanted  with  balls    rastri.      Wherever  aphides    are   abun- 


where  they  are  finally  to  remain, 
rows  a  foot  asunder.  But  the  Annual 
or  Summer  Savory  may  either  remain 
where  sown,  thinning  the  plants  to  six 
or  eight  inches'  distance,  or  when  two 
inches  high  may  be  pricked  out  in  beds, 
in  rows  the  above  distance  ;  in  either 
case  the  plants  will  become  useful  in 
June  or  July,  and  until  winter.  Or 
when  designed  to  have  the  Winter  or 
Summer  Savory  remain  where  sown, 
the  seeds  may  be  sown  in  shallow  drills, 


dant,  whether  on  the  cabbage,  hop,  or 
elsewhere,  there  is  a  fleshy  green  mag- 
got. This  is  the  larva  of  a  hawk-fly, 
and  should  be  left  undisturbed,  as  it  is 
a  voracious  destroyer  of  plant  lice. — 
Card.  Chron. 

SC^-EVOLA.  Eight  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennials,  or  stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Turfy 
loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

SCALLION.     See  Ciboule. 

SCARES  are  but  very  ineflicient  pro- 


eithcr  in  beds,  or  along  the  edge  of  any    tections  ;  for  birds  soon  sit  on  the  very 


bed  or  border  by  way  of  an  edging 


branches  which  bear  the   malkin.     To 


By  Slips,  ^-c.—ln  the  spring  or  early  lighten  them  eff"ectually,  it  is  best  to 
part  of  summer,  the  Winter  Savory  may  employ  boys,  for  the  short  time  scaring 
be  increased  plentifully  by  slips  or  cut-  '«  required.  Over  seed  beds  a  net  is 
tings  of  the  young  shoots  or  branches,  'he  best  protection;  but  threads  taut- 
five  or  six  inches  long  ;  plant  them  with  I  fined  across  the  beds,  are  said  to  be 
a  dibble,  in  any  shady  border,  in  rows  equally  efficacious, 
six  inches  asunder,  giving  occasional  SCARLET  POMPONE.  Lilium  pom- 
waterings,  and  they  will  be  well  rooted  ponnim 
by  September,  when  they  may  be  trans- 
planted. 

SAW-DUST  mixed  with  dung  of  any 
sort  speedily  decays,  and  forms  a  very 
valuable  manure.  In  one  instance,  the 
dung  of  four  rabbits  and  their  young 
ones,  saw-dust  in  their  hutches  l)eing 
used  instead  of  straw,  was  the  only 
manure  used  upon  one-quarter  of  an  ,  *"^  Pf  J^"  . 
acre.— Card.  C/iron,  \      ^^»^\^\j 

SAW-FLY.     See  Athalia. 

SAWS  for  garden  pruning  must  have 

a    double  row  of  teeth,  to  obviate   the  green-house,    and     hardy    herbaceous 

tendency  to  nip,  that  the   dampness  of  perennials.     Division    or    seeds.     Peat 

green   wood   and   the   leverage   of   the  and  loam, 

branch   occasions.      One    with    a    very  SCHIZANDRA      coccii 

narrow   blade,  and  one  with   a  handle  house    evergreen    trailer.      Ripe 

six  feet  long,  will  be  found  convenient,  tings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 
The   face  of  the  wound  made  by  a  saw 


SCEPTRANTHES  Dru/nmond/.  Half- 
hardy  tuberous-rooted  perennial.  Off"- 
sets.     Rich  mould. 

SCHELHAMMERA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Peat  and  loam. 

SCHIMIDELIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.     Ripe  cuttings.     Loam 

S.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  tree  and  shrub.  Ripe  cut- 
tings.    Common  soil. 

SCHIZ.'EA.      Five   species.      Stove, 


Green- 
cut- 


SCHIZANTHLS.    Six  species.    Har- 
should  always  be  cut  smooth  with  the    dy  annuals.     Seeds.     Light  soil, 
knife,  otherwise  the  wet  lodging  on  its       SCHIZOMERIA  ovata.    Green-hous 


S  CH 


532 


S  CI 


Stove 
Loam, 


Stove 


Stove 
Loam, 


evergreen  shrub.    Cuttings.    Loam  and 
sandy  peat. 

SCIIIZOPETALON  Walkeri.  Half- 
hardy  annual.  Seeds.  Loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

SCIIOMBURGHIA.  Three  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Division.  A  block  ot 
wood,  or  turfy  heath  mould  and  pot- 
sherds. 

SCHOTIA.  Five  species.  Stove  or 
green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

SCHRADERA      cephalotes. 
evergreen    climber.     Cuttings. 
peat,  and  sand. 

SCHRANKIA.  Two  species 
and  half-hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Young  cuttings  or  division.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

SCHUBERTIA  gravcolens 
evergreen  twiner.  Cuttings, 
peat,  and  sand. 

SCLERA.  A  genus  of  ]Midges.  S. 
Jiyri,  Small  Pear  Midge.  S.  Schmid- 
bergeri,  Large  Pear  Midge.  When  a 
fallen  pear  is  cut  open,  it  is  often  found 
core-eaten,  and  with  a  brown  powder 
marking  the  progress  of  the  assailant. 
This  is  caused  by  the  larva  of  these 
insects.  The  midges  appear  early  in 
July.  M.  Kollar  says,  that  the  small 
pear  midge  has  club-shaped  halteres, 
the  club  dark  brown,  and  the  stem 
whitish.  When  alive,  the  abdomen  is 
of  a  lead  colour,  with  black  wings. 
The  head  and  thorax  are  black,  as  are 
also  the  antennae  ;  the  palpi  are  of  a 
pale  yellow,  the  feet  whitish,  and  the 
tarsi  black. 

The  Large  Pear  Midge  appears 
about  the  same  time  as  the  preceding. 
M.  Kollar  thus  describes  it:  "The 
female  is  little  more  than  a  line  long, 
and  half  a  line  thick,  also  much  larger 
than  the  smaller  pear  midge  ;  the  male  is 
more  slender,  and  somewhat  shorter. 
The  antennffi  are  blackish,  and  not  so 
long  as  the  body.  The  head  is  black 
and  shining,  as  is  also  the  thorax  ;  the 
proboscis  ash-gray,  the  abdomen  of  the 
male  a  deep  black,  that  of  the  female 
browner,  with  black  wings  ;  the  anal 
point,  however,  is  quite  black.  The 
feet  ash-gray,  and  the  tarsi  and  wings 
black.  They  both  survive  the  winter, 
and  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  blossom, 
when  it  opens  in  early  spring.  The 
larva  eats  its  way  into  the  core  of  the 
young  fruit,  and  again  eats  its  way  out 


it  to  bury  itself  in  the  ground,  and  pass 
into  the  chrysalis  form." — Kollar. 

SCILLA.  Scjuill.  Thirty-onespecies, 
and  many  varieties.  All  bulbous  per- 
ennials, and  chiefly  hardy.  S.  hrevi- 
folia  is  a  green-house,  S.  indica  is  a 
stove  species.     Offsets.     Light  soil. 

SCIODAPHYLLUM.  Seven  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  evergreen  trees, 
shrubs,  and  climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

SCION  is  the  portion  of  the  branch 
selected  for  insertion  in  the  stock,  and 
destined  to  become  the  future  plant. 
The  following  directions,  given  by  Mr. 
Loudon,  embrace  all  the  information 
generally  applicable  to  the  subject. 
All  particular  directions  will  be  found 
under  the  title  of  the  plant  to  be  graft- 
ed from  : — 

"  Scions  are  generally  the  shoots  of 
last  summer's  growth,  from  the  outside 
lateral  branches  of  healthy  trees,  be- 
cause in  them  the  shoots  are  not  so 
robust  and  apt  to  run  to  wood  as  in  the 
centre  and  top  of  the  tree,  nor  so  weak 
as  those  which  are  at  its  base,  and  un- 
der the  shade  and  drip  of  the  rest.  An 
exception  to  this  rule  is  to  be  found  in 
the  case  of  debilitated  trees,  where  the 
scions  should  be  taken  from  the  strong- 
est shoots.  The  middle  part  of  each 
shoot  makes  always  the  best  scion;  but 
long  shoots,  and  especially  where  the 
scion  is  of  a  rare  variety,  may  be  cut 
into  several  scions  of  four  or  six  inches 
in  length,  reserving  not  fewer  than  two 
nor  more  than  five  eyes  to  form  the 
future  head  of  the  tree. 

"  Scions  should  be  cut  several  weeks 
before  the  season  for  grafting  arrives; 
the  reason  is  that  grafting  may  most 
successfully  be  performed  by  allowing 
the  stock  to  have  some  advantage  over 
the  graft  in  forwardness  of  vegetation. 
It  is  desirable  that  the  sap  of  the  stock 
should  be  in  brisk  motion  at  the  time 
of  grafting  ;  but  by  this  time  the  buds 
of  the  scion,  if  left  on  the  parent  tree, 
would  be  equally  advanced  ;  whereas, 
the  scions  being  gathered  early,  the 
buds  are  kept  back,  and  ready  only  to 
swell  out  when  placed  on  the  stock. 
Scions  of  pears,  plums,  and  cherries 
are  collected  in  the  end  of  January  or 
beginning  of  February.  They  are  kept 
at  full  length,  sunk  in  dry  earth,  and 
out  of  the  reach  of  frost,  till  wanted, 
which    is    sometimes   from  the   middle 


at  one  side,  when  the  time  arrives  for  i  of  February  to   the   middle  of  March. 


SCI 


533 


SCO 


Scions  of  apples  are  collected  any  time 
in  February,  and  put  on  from  tlie  mid- 
dle to  the  end  of  ^^il^ch.  The  Scions 
are  used  as  gathered." — Enc.  Card. 

It  is  quite  true  that  tlie  scion  "  over- 
rideth  the  stock  ;" — a  peach  scion  pro- 


SCOPARIA  dulcis.  Stove  annual. 
Seeds.     Sandv  loam. 

SCOPOLIA"cf7rn/o/(Va.  Hnrdy  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Division.  Light  dry 
soil. 

SCOPVL \  forficalis,  Garden  Pebble 


duces    its    peculiar   foliage,   fruit,  &c.,    Moth,  is  thus  accurately  described  by 
though  grafted  npon  a  plum  stock  ;  yet   Mr.  Curtis: — "The  perfect  insect  mea- 


the  stock  influences  the  habits  and  pro- 
duce of  the  scion.  Thus  an  apricot  is 
said  to  have  been  worked  on  a  green- 
gage plum,  and  a  quince  upon  the  au- 


sures  rather  more  thin  an  inch  across, 
when  its  wings  are  expanded.  The 
upper  pair  are  hazel-coloured,  with 
four  stripes,  two  of  which  are  distinct, 


tumn  bcrgamot  pear;  the  apricot  be-  and  the  other  faint;  the  under  wings 
came  as  juicy  as  the  green-gage,  and  as  well  as  tlie  body  are  whitish,  and 
far  more  delicate  ;  the  quince  was  much  I  on   the   former,  near  the  centre,  there 


Fig.  151. 


more    tender,    and    less    gritty.       See  ' 

Stocks  and  Grafting. 

SCISSORS  of  vari- 
ous sizes  are  required 
by  the  gardener.  A 
pair  with  very  sharp 
and  pointed  blades  is 
required    for    cutting 


is  a  curved  brown  streak  and  another 
black  on  the  margin.  The  first  brood 
of  cater[)illars  occurs  in  May,  and  the 
second  in  the  autumn;  and  when  very 
numerous  they  do  considerable  injury 
to  cabbages  and  plantations  of  horse- 
radish. The  caterpillar  is  eight  or  ten 
lines  long,  with  the  head  of  a  light 
aw'av    the   anthers   oT   brown  colour,  and  the  body  is  yellowish 


flowers  in  hybrydiz- 
ing.  Stouter  pairs 
are  used  for  removing 
flower  stalks,  when 
the  petals  havefillen 
from  roses,  &c.  Slid- 
ing pruning  scissors 
(Fig.  151)  are  em- 
ployed for  cutting  the 
shoots  ofshrubs;  they 
are  powerful  instru- 
ments for  the  pur- 
pose. See  Shears. 
SCLEROTHAMNUS  micropliyUua. 
Orecn-house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

SCOLOPENDRIUM.  Two  species, 
and  many  varieties.  Ferns.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds  and  di- 
vision.    Rock  work. 

SCOLYMUS.  Three  species.  S. 
maculatus  is  a  hardy  annual,  the  others 
hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
or  seeds.     Common  soil. 


green,  with  black  longitudinal  stripes. 
Almost  the  only  method  of  destroying 
these  caterpillars,  is  to  hand-pick  them, 
which,  from  their  small  size,  will  be 
very  tedious;  if,  however,  a  mat  or 
piece  of  linen  be  laid  under  the  infest- 
ed plants,  they  may  be  shaken  into  it, 
and  thus  a  great  number  be  collected 
in  a  short  time." — Gard.  Chron. 

SCORPION.     Genista  scorpius. 

SCORPION  GRASS.     Myosotis. 

SCORPION  SENNA.  Coronilla 
emerus. 

SCORZONERA.  Seventeen  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.  S.  villosa 
is  a  biennial.     Seeds.    Common  soil. 

S.  hispTnica.  Common  Scorzonora. 
Though  a  perennial,  yet,  for  general 
use,  it  should  be  treated  as  an  annual. 
Sow  annually  in  any  open  light  spot  of 
ground,  the  latter  end  of  March  or  be- 
ginning of  April,  not  earlier,  lest  the 
plants  run  to  seed.  Trench  the  ground, 
and  with  the  bottom  spit  turn  in  a  little 


SCOLYTUS.     A  genns   of  Beetles,    dung;    sow    in    shallow  drills,    twelve 


S.  hamorrfious,  small   Bark   Beetle,  at- 
tacks apple  trees  in  May,  making  fur- 


inches  asunder,  rakiug  the  mould  even- 
ly over  them  half  an  inch  deep.     The 


rows  into  the  inner  bark  and  alburnum,    plants  will   rise  in  two  or  three  weeks, 
where  it  deposits  its  eggs.     The  larva;    When    they    are   a  little    advanced    in 


continue  feeding  there  until  late  in  au- 
tumn. 


growth,  let  them  be  thinned  and  clcan- 
from  weeds   by  hoeing.      Thin  the 


S.  destructor,  elm-destroying  Scoly- |  plants  to  ten  inches'  <iistance;  they 
tus,  does  not  confine  its  ravages  to  the  !  will  grow  freely,  and  their  roots  con- 
elm,  but  often  attacks  fruit  trees,  as  the    tinue  increasing  in  size  till  September, 


plum. — Kollar. 


when  they  will  have  acquired  their  full 


SCO 


534 


SCR 


size,  discoverable  by  their  leaves  be-  two  bodies  in  contact  with  each  other, 
ginning  to  decay.  i  the  greater  is  the  rapidity  with  which 

The  roots  may  either  remain  in  the  the  progress  towards  equilibrium  goes 
ground,  to  be  drawn  as  wanted,  or  on.  This  is  one  reason  why  a  tempera- 
taken  wholly  up  in  autumn  when  their  ture  of  32°,  with  a  brisk  wind  attending 
leaves  decay,  and  preserved  in  sand  all  it,  will  injure  plants  to  a  far  greater 
winter.  extent   than   a  temperature    many   de- 

To  save  seed. — Let  some  of  the  plants  grees  lower,  with  a  still  atmosphere; 
remain  where  sown,  when  they  will  but  it  is  aided  by  the  operation  of  ano- 
shoot  up  in  the  spring,  and  produce  ther  law  of  heat,  viz.,  that  aeriform  bo- 
plenty  of  seed  in  autumn. — Ahercrombie.   dies  convey  it  from  a  cooling   body,  as 

SCOTCH  ASPHODEL.  To-  a  wall  or  a  tree,  by  an  actual  change 
fieldia  alpina,  in  the  situation  of  their   own  particles. 

SCOTCH  LABURNUM.  Cytisus  al-  That  portion  of  the  air  which  is  nearest 
piniis.  to   the  cooling   body  is   expanded,  and 

SCOTTIA.  Three  species.  Green- ;  becoming  specifically  lighter,  ascends, 
house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut-  and  is  replaced  by  a  colder  portion, 
tings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat.  i  This,  in  its,  turn,  becomes  heated  and 

SCREEN.  All  cooling  is  occasioned  dilated,  and  gives  place  to  another 
either  by  the  heat  being  conducted  from  colder  portion.  And  thus  the  process 
a  body  by  a  colder,  which  is  in  contact  goes  on,  until  the  cooling  body  is  re- 
with,  it,  or  by  radiating  from  the  body  i  duced  to  the  same  temperature  as  the 
cooled,  though  circumstancesaccelerate    air. 

or  retard  the  radiation  ;  and  whatever  In  a  still  atmosphere,  this  goes  on 
checks  the  radiation  of  heat  from  a  body  slowly  ;  the  air  in  contact  with  the 
is  a  screen,  and  keeps  it  warmer.  |  wall  and  tree  rises  very  gradually  as  it 

For  example,  a  thermometer,  placed  imLiibes  warmth  from  them  ;  but  if  there 
upon  a  grass  plot,  exposed  to  a  clear  be  a  brisk  wind,  a  constant  current  of 
sky,  fell  to  35'';  but  another  thermo-  air  at  the  lowest  temperature  then  oc- 
ineter,  within  a  few  yards  of  the  pre-  curring,  is  brought  in  constant  contact 
ceding,  but  with  the  radiation  of  the  ,  with  them,  and  the  cooling  is  rapid,  in 
rays  of  heat  from  the  grass  checked  by  accordance  with  the  law  of  equilibrium 
no  other  covering  than  a  cambric  pocket  just  noticed.  A  shelter  of  netting,  or 
handkerchief,  declined  no  lower  than  even  the  sprays  of  evergreens,  are  of 
42'-'.  No  difference  of  result  occurs  the  greatest  service  in  preventing  the 
whether  the  radiating  surface  be  paral-  sweeping  contact  of  cold  air  at  such 
lei  or  perpendicular  to  the  horizon  ;  for  limes.  Snow  is  a  good  shelter;  it  pre- 
when  the  mercury  in  a  thermometer,  vents  heat  radiating  from  plants;  pro- 
hung  against  an  openly  exposed  wall,  tects  them  from  the  chilling  blasts  ;  and 
fell  toSS'', another  thermometer,  against  is  one  of  the  worst  conductors  of  heat, 
the  same  wall,  but  beneath  a  web  of  I  have  never  known  the  surface  of  the 
gauze  stretched  tightly,  at  a  few  inches  earth,  below  a  covering  of  snow,  colder 
distance,  indicated  a  temperature  of  i  than  32'',  even  when  the  temperature 
43°.  I  of  the  air  above  has  been  28°. 

These  results  explain  the  beneficial  '  Strange  as  it  may  appear,  yet  it  is 
operation  of  apparently  such  slight  nevertheless  true,  that  a  screen  is  more 
screens  to  our  wall-fruit  when  in  bios-  beneficial  in  preserving  the  tempera- 
som.  A  sheet  of  canvas  or  of  netting  ture  of  trees,  when  from  three  to  six 
prevents  the  direct  radiation  of  heat  inches  from  them,  than  when  in  imme- 
from  the  wall;  the  cooling  goes  on  diate  contact  with  their  surfaces.  When 
more  slowly,  and  is  not  reduced  to  that  a  woollen  net  was  suspended  four  in- 
of  the  exterior  air  at  night,  before  the  ches  from  the  wall  on  which  a  peach 
return  of  day  begins  to  re-elevate  the  j  tree  was  trained,  the  thermometer  fell 
external  temperature.  very  slowly,  and   the   lowest  degree   it 

The  colder  the  body  surrounding  reached  was  38°;  when  the  same  screen 
another  hotly,  the  more  rapid  the  radia-  was  twelve  inches  off,  it  fell  to  34°; 
tion  from  the  latter;  for  it  is  a  law  of  and  when  drawn  tightly  over  the  tree, 
heat  that  it  has  a  constant  tendency  to  it  barely  kept  above  32^,  the  tempera- 
be  diffused  equally;  and  the  greater  ture  of  the  exterior  air.  When  at 
the   diversity  of  temperature  between  .  twelve  inches  from  the  wall,  it  permit- 


SCR 


535 


SCU 


ted  the  too  free  circulation  of  the  air;  i  den    and    Norway    remaining   covered 
and   when   in    immediate  contact   with    with  snow,  whilst  England  is  some  20^, 


the  polished  bark  of  the  peach,  pcrlKi|)s 
another  law  of  cooling  came  into  ope- 
ration. The  law  is,  that  polished  sur- 
faces radiate  heat  slowest.  Thus,  if 
two  glass  bottles,  equal  in  size  and 
thickness  of  glass,  and  of  the  same 
shape,  be  tilled  with  warm  water,  and 
one  of  the  bottles  be  covered  with  an 
envelope  of  fine  muslin,  this  bottle  will 
give  out  heat  to  the  surrounding  air 
with  much  greater  rapidity  than  the 
other  bottle;  so  that,  in  a  given  time, 
the  bottle  with  the  envelope  will  be 
found  colder  than  the  one  which  has 
no  covering. 

Screens,  such  as  the  preceding,  or 
the    slighter    agents,    sprays    of    ever- 


or  more,  warmer;  and  an  upper  cur- 
rent of  warm  air  is  consequently  flow- 
ing hence  to  those  countries,  whilst  a 
cold  under  current  is  rushing  hither  to 
supply  its  place.  This  wind,  and  its 
consequent  cold  weather,  is  so  regular 
in  its  appearance,  that  in  Ilampsliirc, 
and  some  other  parts  of  England,  the 
peasantry  speak  of  it  as  the  black  thorn 
winter,  that  bush  being  in  blossom  dur- 
ing a  part  of  its  continuance. — Princ. 
ofGnrd. 

Not  only  are  screens  required  for 
out-door  plants,  but  for  those  under 
glass  ;  and  Mr.  Paxtoji  is  quite  right  in 
saying,  that  "  one  of  the  tilings  vvhich 
should    be  constantly  borne    in    mind, 


greens,  placed  before  the  branches  ofj  and  more  especially  in  the  forcing  sea- 
wall-trees or  other  plants,  as  already  son,  is  the  most  etTectual  means  of  keep- 
noticed,  operate  beneficially  in  another  ing  up  the  requisite  temperature  in  the 
way,  checking  the  rapid  passage  of  the  ,  hot-houses  with  least  fuel  ;  and  that,  in 
air  over  them:  such  passage  is  detri-  '  all  cases  where  practicable,  the  use  of 
mental  in  proportion  to  its  rapidity,  for  |  external  coverings,  if  properly  used, 
the  more  rapid  it  is,  the  greater  is  the  \  will  render  strong  fires  in  a  great  niea- 
amount  of  evaporation,  and,  conse- !  sure  unnecessary.  Some  coverings  are 
quently,  of  cold  produced.  Mr.  Daniell  used  at  Chatsworth  constantly  at  night, 
says,  that  "  a  surface  which  exhales  v.hich  makes  frcmi  ten  to  titteen  degrees 
one    hundred    parts  of  moisture  when  ;  dilference  in   the   temperatures   of  the 


the  air  is  calm,  exhales  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  parts  when  exposed  to 
a  moderate  breeze,  and  one  hundred 
and  fifty  parts  when  the  wind  is  high." 
During  all  high  winds,  but  especially 
when  blowing  from  points  varying  be- 
tween the  east  and  the  south,  for  they 
are  the  driest  in  this  country,  the  gar- 


if)uses  where  they  are  appiiod,  and  to 
maintain  which,  without  them,  would 
consume  three  times  the  quantity  of 
fuel  now  necessary." — Gard.  Chron. 

P'or  wall-trees,  now  that  glass  is  be- 
come so  ninch  cheaper,  the  best  of  all 
screens  may  be  employed,  viz.,  glazed 
frames,  of  a  length  extending  from  the 


dener  will  always  find  shelter  is  bene- i  coping  of  the  wall,  to  the  surface  of 
ficial  to  his  plants,  whether  in  blossom,  the  soil,  about  two  feet  from  the  stems 
or  with  fruit  in  its  first  stages  of  growth,  i  of  the  trees. 


for  these  winds  cause  an  evaporation 
much  exceeding  in  amount  the  supply 
of  moisture  afforded  by  the  roots. 

In  March,  such  shelters  are  much 
required,  for  the  winds  are  then  violent 
and  dry  even  to  a  proverb  ;  but  it  is 
during  the  days  of  its  successor,  April, 
that  sets  in  the  only  periodical  wind 
known  in  this  island.  It  comes  intcr- 
mittingly,  and  with  a  variable  force 
from  poi[its  ranging  from  east  to  north- 
east, and  is  one  of  the  most  blight- 
ing winds  we  have.  It  continues  until 
about  the  end  of  the  second  week  in 
May,  though  often  until   its  close  ;   and 


SCREW  I'INR.     Pandanus. 

SCREW  TREE.     Hdicteres. 

SCROPHULARIA.  Figwort.  Seven 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
S.  vcrnalis,  a  biennial.  Seeds.  Light 
soil,  and  a  moist  situation. 

SC  RU  B  B  Y  O  A  K .     Loph  ira  nfricam . 

SCURVY  GRASS.  Cochlear ia  offici- 
nalis. "  This  vegetable  grows  sfionta- 
ncously  on  the  sea  shores  of  England, 
and  is  also  found  in  the  interior.  It  is 
used  like  the  Cress,  and  occasionally 
mixed  with  corn  salad. 

"  Sow  in  autumn  and  manage  as  di- 
rected  for   winter  spinach;   it   is  used 


it  is  a  good  plan  to  have  the  tree,  dur-  during  the  winter  and  spring." — R.  Reg 
ing  the  whole  period,  by  day  as  well  To  obtain  Seed. — A  few  plants  must 
as  by  night,  protected.  This  periodical  be  left  ungathered  from  in  the  spring, 
wind  is  occasioned,  probably,  by  Swe-'  They  will  run  up  to  flower  about  May, 


scu 


536 


SEA 


and  perfect  their  seed  in  the  course  of  dung    must    be   added  ;    but    decayed 


the  two  following  months. 


j  leaves   are    preferable,    and    sea- weed 


SCUTELLARIA.  Twenty-seven    still   more   so.     Common    salt  is  a  very 
species.    Hardy  herbaceous  perennials,    beneficial    application,    either    applied 


»S.  humilis  is  a  half-hardy.  S.  haienen- 
sis,  a  stove  herbaceous  perennial.  .Seeds 
and  division.  Common  soil.  The  shrub- 
by species  increase  by  young  cuttings. 

SCYPHANTHUS  grandiflorus  and 
elegans.  Hardy  twining  annuals.  Seeds. 
Sandy  loam. 

SCYTHE.  This  mowing  implement 
being  confined,  in  the  garden,  to  cut- 
ting the  fine  short  grass  of  lawns,  re- 


dry,  in  the  spring,  in  the  proportion  of 
twenty  or  thirty  bushels  per  acre,  or  by 
occcasional  waterings,  with  a  solution, 
containing  four  ounces  in  the  gallon, 
round  every  stool  during  the  spring. 
The  situation  cannot  be  too  open  and 
free  from  trees. 

Propagation  is  both  from  seed  and 
slips  of  the  root.  The  first  is  the  best 
mode  ;  for,  although   from  slips  it  may 


quires  to  be  much  sharper  than  that  be  obtained  with  greater  certainty,  yet 
used  in  cutting  the  coarser  grasses,  the  plants  arising  from  seed  are  the 
which  stand  up  more  firmly  to  the  strongest  and  longest  lived.  Sow  from 
scythe.  It  is  also  necessary  that  the  October  to  the  commencement  of  April; 
mowers  should  not  score  the  grass,  that  but  the  best  time  for  inserting  it  is 
is,  should  not  leave  the  mark  of  each  during  January  or  February.  Leave 
stroke  of  the  scythe,  which  has  a  very  the  plants  where  raised  ;  and,  to  guard 
unsightly  appearance;  to  prevent  which,  against  failure,  insert  the  seed  in  patch- 
have  the  scythe  laid  out  ratlier  wider,  es  of  six  or  twelve  seeds,  each  six 
an  inch  or  two  beyond  heel  and  toe,  inches  apart,  and  the  patches  two  feet 
especially  for  very  short  grass;  and  in  '  asunder.  If  intended  for  transplanting, 
mowing,  keep  the  point  rather  out,  and  the  seed  may  be  sown  in  drills  twelve 
do  not  draw  that  part  too  fast  toward,  inches  asunder  ;  in  either  case  it  must 
gathering  the  grass  neatly  to  the  left  in  ]  not  be  buried  more  than  two  inches  be- 
a  range;  and  having  mowed  to  the  end  low  the  surface  ;  and  it  is  a  good  prac- 
of  the  swaith,  mow  it  lightly  back  again,  tice,  previous  to  inserting  it,  to  bruise 
to  trim  off  all  scores,  and  other  irregu-  ;  the  outer  coat  of  the  seed,  without  in- 


larities,  unavoidably  left  the  first  time. 
— Abercrombie. 

SEA-BUCKTHORN  Ilippophce. 

SEAFORTHIA  elegans.  Stove  palm. 
Seed.     Turfy  loam  and  sand. 

SEA-HEATH.     Frankenia. 

SEA-HOLLY.     Eryngium. 

SEA-KALE.'    Crambe  Maritima. 

Soil  and  Situation, — A  light  mode- 
rately rich  soil,  on  a  dry  substratum, 
suits  it  best,  though  in  any  dry  soil  it 
will  succeed.  A  bed  may  be  composed 
for  it  of  one-half  drift  sand,  one-third 
rich  loam,  and  one-third  small  gravel. 


jurmg  its  vegetating  power,  as  by  this 
treatment  the  germination  is  accele- 
rated. The  plants  will  in  general 
make  their  appearance  in  four  or  five 
months,  never  sooner  than  six  weeks  ; 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  seed  will 
sometimes  remain  twelve  mouths  be- 
fore it  vegetates. 

The  best  time  for  increasing  it  by 
slips  is  in  March.  Rooted  suckers  may 
be  detached  from  established  plants  ;  or 
their  roots,  which  have  attained  the 
thickness  of  the  third  finger,  be  cut  into 
lengths,  each  having  at  least  two  eyes. 


road  stuff"  or  coal-ashes;  if  the  loam  is  j  The  cuttings  must  be  inserted  in  an  up- 


poor,  a  little  well-rotted  dung  or  de- 
cayed leaves  being  added.  The  soil 
must  be  deep,  so  that  the  roots  can 
penetrate  without  being  immersed  in 
water,  which  invariably  causes  their 
decay.     The  depth  should  not  be  less 


right  position,  two  or  three  inches  be- 
neath the  surface.  It  is  best  to  plant 
two  together,  to  obviate  the  danger  of 
failure,  at  two  feet  apart,  to  remain. 
Some  persons,  from  a  desire  to  save  a 
year,  recommend  yearling  plants  to  be 


than  two  feet  and  a  half;  and  if  not  so  obtained  and  inserted  in  February  or 
naturally,  worked  to  it  by  trenching.  March  ;  but  as  the  shoots  ought  not  to 
If  at  all  tenacious,  this  opportunity  may  be  cut  for  use  the  first  season  after 
be  taken  to  mix  with  itdrift  or  sea-sand,  '  planting,  the  object  is  not  attained,  for 
so  as  to  reduce  it  to  a  friable  texture,  seedlings  may  be  cut  from  the  second 
If  wet  it  must  be  drained,  so  that  water    year. 

never  shall  stand  within  three  feet  of  The  beds  should  be  laid  out  three 
the   surface.     If  poor,   well   putrefied  j  feet  wide,  and  a  two  feet  alley  between 


SEA 


537 


SEA 


every  two,   in  preference  to  the  plan  |  to  cover  over  each  stool  sand  or  ashes 
sometimes    recommended    of   planting;    to  the  depth  of  about  a  foot ;  tlie  shoots, 


three  rows  in  beds  seven  feet  wide.  It' 
the  months  of  June  and  July  prove  dry, 
the  beds  should  be  plentifully  watered. 
The  seedlings  require  no  other  atten- 
tion, during  the  first  summer,  than  to 
be  kept  free  from  weeds,  and  to  be  thin- 
ned to  five  or  si.\  in  each  patch.  When 
their  leaves  have  decayed  and  are  clear- 
ed away,  about  November,  they  must 
be  earthed  over  an  inch  or  two  with  dry 
mould  from  the  alleys,  and  over  this 
about  six  inches  depth  of  long  litter 
spread.  In  the  following  spring  the 
litter  is  to  be  raked  off,  and  a  little  of 
the  most  rotten  dug  into  the  alleys. 
When  the  plants  have  perfectly  made 
their  appearance  they  must  be  thinned, 
leaving  the  strongest  plant,  or,  as  Mr. 
Maher  recommends,  the  three  strong- 
est, at  each  patch,  those  removed  being 
transplanted  at  similar  distances  if  re- 
quired ;  but  it  must  be  remarked,  that 
those  transplanted  never  attain  so  fine 
a  growth,  or  are  so  long  lived.  In  the 
second  winter  the  earthing  must  be  in- 
creased to  five  or  six  inches  deep  over 
the  crowns,  and  the  covering  ol  litter 
performed  as  before.  In  the  third 
spring,  the  litter  being  removed,  and 
some  dug  into  the  alleys,  as  before, 
about  an  inch  depth  of  drift  sand  or 
coal-ashes  must  be  spread  regularly 
over  the  surface.  The  sprouts  may 
now  be  bleached  and  cut  for  use  ;  for,  if 
this  is  commenced  earlier,  the  stools 
are  rendered  much  less  productive  and 
much  shorter  lived.  In  November,  or 
as  soon  as  the  leaves  are  decayed,  the 
beds  being  cleared  of  them,  the  coating 
of  sand  or  ashes  removed,  and  gently 
stirred  with  the  asparagus-fork,  they 
must  be  covered  with  a  mixture  of  three 
parts  earth  from  the  alleys,  and  one  part 
of  thoroughly   decayed   leaves,   to   the 


in  their  passage  through  it,  l)emg  ex- 
cluded from  the  light,  are  effoctually 
bleached.  Dry  clean  straw  may  be 
scattered  loosely  over  the  plants  to 
elTect  the  same  purpose.  But  pots  are 
by  much  to  be  preferred  to  any  of  these 
coverings.  Common  flower-pots,  of 
large  dimensions,  may  be  employed, 
care  being  taken  to  stop  the  liole  at 
the  bottom  with  a  piece  of  tile  and  clay, 
so  as  to  exclude  every  ray  of  light ;  but 
those  suggested  by  Air.  Maher  are  ge- 

Fig.  152. 


nerally  adopted.  They  are  of  earthen- 
ware, twelve  or  eighteen  inches  in 
diameter,  and  twelve  high.  Mr.  Sabine 
improved  upon  them  by  making  the  top 
moveable,  which  prevents  the  trouble 
arising  from  the  escape  of  the  spread- 
ing shoots,  or  the  entire  removal  of  the 
dung  at  the  time  of  forcing.  Frames  of 
wicker  are  sometimes  employed,  being 
covered  with  mats  more  perfectly  to 
exclude  the  liglit.     See  Rhubarb. 

Previously  to  covering  the  stools  with 
the  pots,  &c.,the  manure  laid  on  in  the 
winter  must  be  removed  ;  and  the  ope- 
ration should  commence  at  the  close  of 
February,  or  at  least  a  month  before 
the  shoots  usually  appear,  as  the  sliel- 
ter  of  the  pots  assists  materially  in 
bringing  them  forward.  In  four  or  six 
weeks  after  covering  the  plants  should 
be  examined,  and  as  soon  as  they  ap- 


depth  of  three  or  four  inches.  The  pear  three  or  four  inches  high,  they 
major  part  of  this  is  to  be  removed  in  may  be  cut;  for  if  none  are  taken  until 
the  fi>llowing  spring,  the  beds    forked,  ;  they   attain    a  fuller   growth,  the  crop 


and  the  covering  of  sand  renewed,  this 
routine  of  cultivation  continuing  during 
the  existence  of  the  beds. 

The  above  course  is  the  one  also  pur- 
sued if  the  plants  are  raised  from  ofT- 
sets  or  cuttings,  as   it  is  by   much  the 


comes  in  too  much  at  once.  In  order 
to  prolong  the  season  of  production, 
Mr.  Barton  recommends  plants  to  be 
raised  annually,  so  that  every  year  a 
cutting  may  be  had  from  a  yearling 
crop,  which  come   in    much   later,  and 


best  practice  not  to   commence  cutting    consequently  succeed  in  production  the 


until  they  are  two  years  old. 


old    established    roots.       The    shoots 


B/fUif/ifng:  may  commence  the  second  '  should  be  cut  whilst  young  and  crisp, 
spring  after  sowing.  The  most  simple  not  exceeding  five  or  six  inches  in 
models  that  originally  adopted,  namely, !  height;    the   section   to   be    made  just 


SEA 


538 


SEA 


within  the  ground,  but  not  so  as  to  in-  :  plants  from  cold,  will  cause  them  to  be 
jure  the  crown  of  the  root.  Slipping  i  forwarder  than  the  natural  ground  ones, 
off  the  stalks  is  much  preferable  to  cut-  though  not  so  forward  as  those  under 
ting.  The  plants  may  be  gathered  ;  the  hot  dung  ;  and  by  this  means  it  may 
from  until  the  flower  begins  to  form,  |  be  had  in  perfection  from  Christmas  to 
when  all  covering  must  be  removed.  I 
If,  when  arrived  at  the  state  in  which  j 
brocoli  is  usually  cut,  the  flower  is  em-  ! 
ployed  as  that  vegetable,  it  will  be 
found    an   excellent   substitute.     When 


Whitsuntide. 

It  also   may  be  forced  in    a  hot-bed. 
When  the  heat  moderates,  a  little  light 
mould  being  put  on,  three  or  four  year 
old  plants,  which  have  been  raised  with 
the    cutting    ceases,  all   covering  must  j  as  little  injury  as  possible  to  the  roots, 
be  removed,  and  the  plants  be  allowed  ,  are  to  he   inserted   close   together,  and 


to  grow  at  liberty. 


covered  with  as   much   earth  as  is  used 


To  obtain  Seed. — A  stool,  which  has  for  cucumbers.  The  glasses  must  be 
not  been  cut  from,  or  even  covered  at  covered  close  with  double  matting  to 
all    for   blanching,  must  be  allowed  to    exclude  the  light,  and  additional  cover- 


run  in   spring.     It  flowers  about  June, 
and    produces    abundance    of  seed    on 
every    stem,    which    ripens    about    the  | 
close  of  July,  or  early  in  August. 

Forcing. — To    force    sea-kale,    some  ] 
established  plants,  at  the   end   of  Oc- 


ing  afforded  during  severe  weather. 
Sea-kale,  thus  forced,  will  be  fit  for 
cutting  in  about  three  weeks.  Instead 
of  frames  and  glasses,  any  construc- 
tion of  boards  and  litter  that  will  ex- 
clude   the    light,    would    undoubtedly 


tober  or  early  in  November,  being,  answer  as  well.  A  common  melon 
trimmed  as  directed  above  al  that  sea-  frame  will  contain  as  many  as  are  capa- 
son,  and  the  bed  covered  with  a  mixture  \  ble  of  being  produced  in  two  drills  of 
of  moderately  sifted  light  earth,  and  :  twenty  yards  each,  and  with  only  one- 
sand  or  coal  ashes,  two  or  three  inches    third  the  quantity  of  dung.     To  keep  up 


deep,  each  stool  must  be  covered  with 
a  pot,  set  down  close,  to  keep  out  the 
steam  of  the  dung  ;  or,  bricks  or  planks 
may  be  placed  to  the  height  of  sight  or 
ten  inches  on  each  side  of  the  row  to 
be  forced,  and  covered  with  cross  spars, 
having  a  space  of  about  an  inch  between 


a  regular  succession  until  the  natural 
ground  crop  arrives,  two  three-light 
frames  will  be  sufficient  for  a  large 
family;  the  first  prepared  about  the 
beginning  of  November,  and  the  second 
about  the  last  week  in  December. 
Another   mode   is,    on    each   side   of  a 


them.  The  dung  employed  must  be  three-foot  bed  to  dig  a  trench  two  feet 
well  tempered  and  mixed  for  three  deep,  the  side  of  it  next  the  bed  being 
weeks  before  it  is  required,  or  for  four,  perpendicular,  but  the  outer  side  slop- 
if  mingled  with  leaves,  otherwise  the  ing,  so  as  to  make  it  eighteen  inches 
heat  is  violent,  but  transient.  When  \  wide  at  the  bottom,  but  two  feet  and  a 
thus  prepared,  each  pot  is  covered  ten  half  at  the  top.  These  trenches  being 
inches  thick  all  round,  and  eight  inches;  filled  with   fermenting  dung,  which  of 


at  the  top.  The  heat  must  be  constant- 
ly observed;  if  it  sinks  below  50",  more 
hot  dung  must  be  applied ;  if  above 
60",  some  of  the  covering  should  be 
removed.     Unless  the  weather  is  very 


course  may  be  renewed  if  ever  found 
necessary,  and  frames  put  over  the 
plants,  the  light  is  to  be  completely 
excluded  by  boards,  matting,  &c. 

Unlike  the  generality  of  vegetables, 


severe,  it  is  seldom  necessary  to  renew  the  shoots  of  forced  sea-kale  are  always 
the  heat  by  fresh  linings;  when  the  :  more  crisp  and  delicate  than  those  pro- 
thermometer  indicates  the  necessity,  a  j  duced  naturally.  Those  plants  will  not 
part  only  of  the  exhausted  dung  should  do  for  forcing  a  second  time  which  have 
be  taken  away,  and  the  remainder  mixed  been  forced  in  frames;  consequently  a 
with  that  newly  applied.  In  three  or  small  bed  should  be  sown  every  year 
four  weeks   from   being    first    covered,    for  this  purpose,  so  that  a  succession  of 


the  shoots  will  be  fit  for  cutting,  and 
they  will  continue  to  produce  at  inter- 
vals for  two  or  three  months,  or  until 
the  natural  crops  come  in.  To  have  a 
succession,  some  should  be  covered 
with  mulch,  or  litter  that  is  little  else 


plants  may  be  annually  had,  they  not 
being  used  until  three  years  old.  Some- 
times a  plant  will  send  up  a  flower- 
stalk;  this  must  be  immediately  cut 
away,  it  will  then  be  as  productive  as 
the  others.     But  those  plants  which  are 


than    straw;    this,    by    sheltering    the  1  forced  by  whelming  dung  over  the  pots, 


SEA 


539 


SEN 


are  not  much  detrimentcd  for  the  na- , 
tural  ground  production  of  the  succeed- 
year.     When,  therefore,  they  have 


SEDUM.  Sixty-four  species.  Chiefly 
hardy  herbaceous  perennials;  with  a 
few  annuals  and  biennials.     These  lat- 


done  producing,  all   covering   must  be    ter  grow   well  on  rock  work,  and   in- 


removed,  and  the  ground  dressed. 

SKA-LAVENDER.     Statice, 

SEASIDE  GRAPE.     Coccoloha. 

SEASIDE  LAUREL.  Xylophylla  la- 
tifoUa. 

SEATS  require  to  be  in  unison  with 
the  portion  of  the  pleasure-grounds  in 
which  they  are  placed.  In  shady  re- 
tired spots,  they  may  be  made  of  the 
limbs  of  trees,  (see  Rustic,)  but  near  the 
house,  or  among  the  parterres,  where 


crease  by  seeds.  The  green-house  spe- 
cies increase  by  partly  ripe  cuttings; 
the  rest  by  cuttings  or  division.  Sandy 
loam,  or  loam  and  brick  rubbish.  A 
few  are  evergreen  shrubs  and  creepers, 
SEED  ROOM.  All  that  has  been  said 
relative  to  the  Fruit  lioom,  is  applica- 
ble to  this:  everything  promotive  of 
decay  or  germination  is  to  be  avoided  ; 
and  if  one  relative  direction  more  than 
another  requires  to  be  urged  upon  the 


trimness  is  the  prevailing  characteristic,  gardener,  it  is  comprised  in  these  words 

more  art  is  desirable  to  be  apparent  in  — keep  it  as  dry  as  possible :  the  room 

their  construction.     They  may  be  made  may  be  even  hot,  so  that  it  is  not  damp, 

of  wood,  and  so  constructed  as  to  shut  Mr.  Forsyth  says,  that  "  a   dry   room, 

up,  so  that  the  seat  is  never  wet ;  and  hot  room,  or  something  very  nearly  re- 

if  painted  annually  they  last  for  many  sembling  a  slow  corn-kiln,  is  essentially 


Fig.  153. 


are    soon    dry    even 

after     heavy    rains. 

The  following  (Figs. 

153,  15-1)  are  made 
by  Messrs.  Dean,  King  William  Street, 
London. 

Fig.  154. 


years.  Made  of  iron,  necessary  in  every  garden,  not  only  for 
they  are  more  light  [  seeds,  but  also  for  all  other  articles  re- 
in appearance,  and  if  quiring  drought,  or  liable  to  injury  from 
painted  yearly  will  damp,  such  as  the  nets  and  bunting  for 
notiron-mould dress-  wall-trees  and  the  like;  garden-mats; 
es  which  rest  upon  glazed  lights  in  wet  weather,  or  when 
them.  Being  made  washed  previous  to  painting  ;  and  last, 
of  open  work,  the  though  not  the  least  necessary,  the 
wet  does  not  rest  proper  drying  of  pot-herbs,  a  process 
upon  them,  and  they  seldom,  if  ever  properly  done."" — Gard. 
Chron. 

In  such  a  room  should  be  a  nest  of 
very  shallow  drawers  or  trays,  divided 
into  compartments,  each  holding  a  tin 
box  three  inches  in  diameter,  and  on 
the  lid  of  each  a  label,  inscribed  with 
the  name  of  the  seed.  Such  an  ar- 
rangement not  only  saves  the  seed,  but 
saves  the  gardener's  time,  especially  if 
the  seeds  are  arranged  alphabetically 
in  the  drawers. 

SELAGO.  Eighteen  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Loam,  peat  and  sand. 
SELFHEAL.  Prunella. 
SEMPERVIVUM.  House-leek. 
Thirty  species.  Green-house  evergreen 
shrubs,  annuals,  and  biennials ;  and 
hardy  and  half-hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials. The  green-house  evergreens  in- 
crease by  partly  ripened  cuttings,  and 
require  a  mixture  of  sandy  loam  and 
brick  rubbish.  The  hardy  kinds  increase 
by  offsets,  and  grow  on  rocks  or  walls. 
The  annuals  and  biennials  increase  by 
seed. 

SEN  AC  I  A.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripened  cuttings. 
Light  rich  soil. 


SEA-WEED.     Sec  Green  Manure. 

SEB^TiA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house annuals.  Seeds.  Peat  and  loam 
or  common  soil. 

SECAMONE.    Three  species, 
evergreen  twiners.      Cuttings, 
loam. 

SECURIDACA.    Two  species 
evergreen    twiners.     Cuttings, 
peat,  and  sand. 

SECURIGERA  coronilla.  Hardy  an 
nual.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 


Stove 
Sandy 

Stove 
Loam, 


SEN 


540 


SEP 


SENECILLIS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Light 
rich  soil.  [ 

SENECIO.  Fifty-eight  species.  Har- 
dy lierbaceous  perennials  and   annuals, 


ander,  sow.  —  Corn  Salad,  sow.  — 
Cress  (American),  sow,  b. ;  (Water), 
plant. — Dill,  sow.  —  Earihing-tip,  at- 
tend to. — Endive,  plant;  attend  to; 
blanch,  &c. — Fennel,  plant. — Finochio, 


and  green-hoiiseeverg-reen  shrubs.   The    earth  up. — Herbary  requires  dressing 


latter  increase  by  cuttings,  and  require 
a  light  rich  soil.  The  hardy  kinds  in- 
crease by  division,  the  annuals  and 
biennials  by  seed.  Common  soil  suits 
both  the  last-named  species. 

SENSITIVE  FERN.  Onoclea  Sensi- 
hilis. 

SENSITIVE  PLANT.     Mimosa. 


b. — Hoeing,  attend  to. — Hyssop,  plant. 
— Jerusalem  Artichokes,  take  up  as 
wanted,  e. — Kidney  Beans,  earth  up 
advancing,  b. — Leeks,  plant,  b;  attend 
to  advancing. — Lettuces, sow  for  autumn 
and  spring  planting.  —  Mint,  plant. — 
Mushroom- Beds,  make;  Spawn,  collect. 
Nasturtium-berries,    gather  as    they 


There  are  several  plants,  however,  be-  '  become  fit.  (Potato),  take  up  for  stor- 
sides  the  mimosa  which  give  evidence  ing. — Orach,  sow. — Parsley,  cut  down, 
of  beins  sensitive.  The  Venus  Fly  Trap  — Peas,  hoe,  &c. — Pennyroyal,  plant. 
{Dioncea  mvscipula)  has  jointed  leaves, '  — Pot  Marjoram,  plant.  —  Radishes, 
which  are  furnished  on  their  edges  with  sow,  b. — Rhubarb,  sow. — Sage,  plant. 
a  row  of  strong  prickles.  Flies,  attract-  j  — Savory,  plant. — Seeds,  gather  as  they 
cd  by  honey  which  is  secreted  in  glands  '  ripen. — Small  Salading,  sow. — Sorrel, 
on  their  surface,  venture  to  alight  upon  plant. — Spinach,  sow,  h. — Tansy,  plant, 
them.  No  sooner  do  their  legs  touch, — Tarragon,  plant. — Thyme,  plant. — 
these  parts, than  the  sides  of  the  leaves  Turnips,  sow,  b.  ;  hoe  advancing, 
spring    up,   and   locking   their  rows  of 

prickles  together,  squeeze  the   insects  orchard. 

to  death.  The  well-known  sensitive  '■  Composts,  prepare. — Dress  borders 
plant  {Mimosa  sensitiva),  shrinks  from  ■  by  forking,  so  soon  as  fruit  is  gather- 
the  slightest  touch.  Oxalis  sensitiva  ed. — Gathering  of  Apples  and  Pears  to 
and  Smithia  sensitiva  are  similarly ;  store  commence,  e. —  Grapes,  bag,  to 
irritable,  as  are  the  filaments  of  the  protect  from  wasps,  &c. — Layers  and 
stamens  of  the  berberry.  One  of  this  cuttings  may  still  be  inserted. — Leaves, 
sensitive  tribe,  Hedysarum  gyrans,  has    be  careful  not  to  injure  or  remove  from 


a  spontaneous  motion  ;  its  leaves  are 
frequently  moving  in  various  directions, 
without  order  or  co-operation.  When 
an  insect  inserts  its  proboscis  between 
the  converging  anthers  of  a  dog's  bane 
(Apocynum  androssamifolium),  they 
close  with  a  power  usually  sufficient  to 
detain  the  intruder  until  death. 

SEPT  AS.  Two  species.  Green^ 
house  herbaceous  perennials.  Division. 
Peat,  loam  and  sand. 

SEPTEMBER  is  a  month  of  decay, 
yet  much  has  to  be  done  to  the  living. 

KITCHEN    GARDEN. 


Angelica,  sow 
finish  gathering. — Artichokes,  break 
down. — Balm,  plant. — Beans,  earth  up, 
&c.,  e. — Borage,  sow  ;  thin  advancing 
crops. — Burnet,  plant. — Cabbages,  sow, 
for  autumn  and  spring  plants;  earth 
up  advancing;  (Red),  are  ready  for 
pickling. — Cardoons,  earth  up. —  Car- 
rots, advancing,  thin.  —  Flowers,  sow 
for  plants  to  preserve  under  glass  dur- 
ing winter. — Celery,  earth  up. — Chervil, 
eow.  —  Coleworts,    plant    out.  —  Cori- 


Wall  Trees.  —  Nets,  spread  over  fruit 
trees,  to  protect  from  birds. — Planta- 
tions, intended,  prepare  ground  for,  by 
trenching,  &c. — Planting  may  be  com- 
menced, e.,  in  some  kinds  of  Apricots, 
Peaches,  &c. — Strawberries,  plant  in 
moist  weather  ;  clean  old  beds  ;  pot  for 
forcing. — Stones  of  fruit  save,  to  sow 
for  stocks. — Vines,  remove  straggling 
useless  shoots. — Wall-trees,  generally, 
look  over  and  train  as  required. — 
Wasps,  entrap  in  bottles,  &c. 

FLOWER    GARDEN. 

Aconite    (Winter), 


plant,  e. — Ane- 
Aromatic  pot-herhs,'  mones,  plant  best,  e.;  sow,  b. — An- 
nuals (Hardy),  sow,  b. — Auriculas  not 
shifted  in  August,  now  remove  ;  water 
and  shade  ;  prepare  awning  to  protect, 
in  autumn  and  winter;  sow,  b. — Bulb- 
ous roots,  plant  for  early  blooming,  e.; 
sow,  b. — Carnation  layers  remove,  b. — 
Chrysanthemums,  plant  cuttings,  &c., 
b. — Dress  borders  assiduously. — Edg- 
ings, trim;  plant. — Evergreens,  plant, 
make  layers.  —  Fibrous-rooted  peren- 
nials, propagate  by  slips,  parting  roots. 


S  KR 


541 


SET 


&c. — Forfc  over  vacant  compartments. —    ennials,  annuals,  and   biennials.     The 


Gi'ass,  mow  and  roll;  sow,  b. —  Gravel, 

weed  and  roll. —  Guernsey  Lilies,  poi. — 

Heartsease,  plant  cuttings  ;  trim  old. — 

Hedges,  clip,  e.  —  Mignonette,   sow  in    Green-house   ever<jreen   shrubs 

pots  to  shelter  in  frames. — P(^;>//!g-s  of,  cuttings,   taken   off  at  a  joint. 

Pinks,  &c.,  plant  out   for   blooming. — 

Polyanthuses,     plant.  —  Ranunculuses, 

plant  best,  e.;  sow,  b. — Seedlings,  plant    green  shrub 

out. — .SVerfs,  gather  as  ripe. — Transplant  j  and  sand. 

perenni:i!s,  e. — Tuberous  rooted  plants 


former,   seeds  or  division  ;  the   latter, 

seeds  only.   Common  soil  suits  them  all. 

SERRURIA.       Thirty-four    species. 

Ripe 

Light 

turfy  loam,  with  a  little  sand. 

SERSALISIA   sericea.     Stove    ever- 
Cuttings.     Loam,  peat, 


SERVICE.      Pyrus   Sorbus.      There 
transplant. —  Turf,  lay. —  fFu/fr  annuals    are  three   varieties.     P.  S.  maliforrnis, 
and    other    plants     every    day    in    dry 
weatlier. 


HOT-HOrSE. 

Air,  admit  freely  every  day. — Bark- 
beds,  renew. —  Bulbs,  plant,  b. — Com- 
posts, prepare. — Dress  the  plants  regu- 
larly.— Earth,  give  where  required. — 
Leaves,  wash  ;  remove  decayed,  &c. — 
Pines,  shift,  if  neglected  beforej  b.; 
attend    to   bottom   heat;     water   every 


apple-shaped  ;  P.  S.  pyriformis,  pear- 
shaped  ;  P.  S.  bacciformis,  berry- 
shaped. 

Propagation. — By  Grafting  on  the 
apple,  medlar,  and  hawthorn. 

By  Cuttings.     See  Apple. 

By  Seed. — The  berries  ripen  abund- 
antly in  autumn,  which  is  the  proper 
time  for  sowing  them  when  perfectly 
ripe.     Sow  them  as  soon  after  they  are 


third  dny.-Propagate  b^  offsets,  seeds,    "f^^Z"^  J"^    possible,  selecting  a   spot 

■  ^  •  •    ot  lightish  ground,  and  dividing  it  into 

four-feet-wide  beds,  in  which   sow  the 


slips,  and  suckers. — Shifting  neglected 
before,   complete,    b. — Succulents,    re-  ' 
place    under    glass. —  Watering   gene- 
rally   is    required    two  or    three    times 
weekly.  I 

GREEN-HOUSE. 

Air,  give    very   freely   to  plants  re- 


berries  in  drills  an  inch  deep.  Some  of 
them  will  rise  the  following  spring; 
they,  however,  frequently  remain  till 
the  second  spring  before  they  come  up; 
observing  in  either  case,  that  in  the 
spring  following,  when  the  seedlings 
turned   into  house. — Camellias,   bud. —    are  a  year  old,  they  should  be  planted 


Earth,  give  fresh. —  Geraniums  and 
Myrtles  planted  in  borders,  return  into 
pots,  b. ;  cuttings,  plant,  b.  —  Glass, 
Flues,  ^-c,  repair,  before  the  plants  are 


out  in  nursery  rows,  to  remain  till  they 
acquire  a  proper  size  for  final  trans- 
plantation at  thirty  feet  apart. 

By   Layers.  —  Having    some    of  the 


moved   in. — Oranges   and    Lemons,   re-    trees  while  young  cut  down   near  the 


move  into  house,  e.;  thin  fruit. — Prune 
and  dress  as  the  plants  are  removed. — 
Roses,  pot  for  forcing. — Seedlings  and 
other    young   plants,    if    well     rooted, 


jround,  they  will  throw  out  lower 
shoots,  which  being  layered  in  the 
common  way  in  autumn  and  spring, 
will   readily  emit   roots,  and   be   lit  to 


transplant,  b. — Succulents,  remove  into    transplant  in  nursery  rows  in  one  year. 


house,  b.;  shift  into  larger  pots. — 
Suckers,  layers,  cuttings,  &c.,  may  be 
planted.  —  Tender     plants,     generally 


So/7. — Clayey  loam  well  drained  suits 
it  best. 

Culture. — They  are  best    trained  as 


remove  into  house,  e. —  iVater  is   not    dwarf    standards    or    espaliers.      See 


required  so  freely 

SER.\PIAS.     Three  species.     Stove 
orchids.     Division.     Light  sandy  soil. 

S  E  R  I  N  G  I  A  platyphylla.     Green- 
house   evergreen    shrub. 
Sand,  loam,  and  peat. 

SVAWiSkfatida.     Green-house  ever-    mer  by  seeds 
green    shrub.     Cuttings.     Loam,    peat,    them  all. 
and  sand 


Medlar. 

Gather  the  fruit  in  autumn,  and  treat 
it  like  that  of  the  medlar. 

SESBANIA.    Twelve  species.    Stove 

Cuttings. —  I  annuals,  biennials,  or  evergreen  shrubs. 

The  latter  increase  by  cuttings;  the  for- 

Loam  and  peat  suits 


SESUVIUM.     Four   species.     Stove 
SERPICULA    repens.     Greenhouse  \  annuals    and     herbaceous    perennials, 
herbaceous    creeper.     Division.     Com-  i  Partly  dried  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and 


mon  soil. 

SERRATULA.    Saw-wort.    Twenty- 


peat. 

SETHLA.    indica. 


Stove   evergreea 


nine  species.     Hardy   herbaceous  per-    tree.     Cuttings.     Turfy  loam  and  peat. 


SET 


542 


S  H  A 


SETS  are  the  tubers,  or  portions  of  I  "  The  length  of  these  rolls  at  Sion 
tubers,  employed  for  propngating  tube-  I  House  is  between  fifty  and  sixty  feet, 
rous-rooted  plants.  It  may  be  accepted  ;  but  we  have  no  doubt  they  might  be 
as  a  rule  universally  applicable  to  them,  ]  made  longer,  since  this  depends  on  the 
that  a  moderately-sized  whole  tuber  is  ]  diameter  of  the  pole  or  rod,  a,  and  the 
always  to  be  preferred  to  a  cutting  of  a  \  toughness  of  the  timber  employed,  or 
tuber.  The  latter  are  invariably  morel  its  power  to  resist  torsion.  On  one  end 
subject  to  failure,  but  if  employed,  it  is  '  of  this  rod,  and  not  on  both,  as  is  usual, 
a  good  plan  to  roll  them  in  gypsum  i  a  ratchet  wheel,  6,  is  fixed,  with  a  plate 
powder.      This   checks  the    escape  of!  against  it,  c,  so    as  to    form   a  pulley 


their  sap,  and  is  friendly  to  vegetation 
SEYMERIA.     Two  species.    Hardy 

annuals.     Seeds.     Peaty  soil. 

SHADING  deserves   more  attention 

tlian  it  usually  obtains,  for  there   is  not 
plant  when  in  blossom  that  is  not  pro- 


groove  between,  d,  to  which  a  cord  is 
fastened,  and  about  three  inches  further 
on  the  rod  is  fixed  a  third  iron  wheel, 
about  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  half 
an  inch  thick,  e.  This  last  wheel  runs 
an    iron   groove,  /,  which  extends 


longed   in  beauty  and   vigour   by  being    along  the  end  rafter  or  end  wall  of  the 


shaded    from    the    midday   sun.      Nor 
should  shading  be  attended  to  merely 


roof  to  be  covered. 

"  The  canvas  or  netting  being  sewed 


with  regard  to  blooming  plants;  for  I  together  of  a  sufficient  size  to  cover  the 
they  are  benefited  by  it  during  all  roof,  one  side  of  it  is  nailed  to  a  slip  of 
periods  of  their  growth.  Every  plant !  wood  placed  against  the  back  wall,  that 
transpires  at  a  rate  great  in  proportion  !  is,  along  the  upper  ends  of  the  sashes; 
to   the  elevation   of   the  temperature  :    the  other  side  is  nailed  to  the  rod,  a. 


the  greater  the  transpiration  the  more 
abundant  is  the  absorption  of  moisture; 
and  the  moment  the  roots  fail  in  afford- 
ing a  supply  equivalent  to  the  transpi- 
ration, the  leaves  flag,  or  become  ex- 
hausted of  moisture,  and  if  this  be 
repeated    often,     decay     altogether. 


When  the  canvas  is  rolled  up,  it  is  held 
in  its  place  under  a  coping,  g,  by  a 
ratchet,  h,  and  when  it  is  let  down,  the 
cord,  i,  of  the  roll  is  loosened  with  one 
hand,  and  the  ratchet  cord,  k,  pulled 
with  the  other,  when  the  canvas  un- 
rolls with  its  own  weight.     The  process 


Shades,  properly  managed,  prevent  of  pulling  it  up  again  needs  not  be  de 
this  injurious  exhaustion.  Those  used  j  scribed.  The  most  valuable  part  of 
at  Sion  House  deserve  particular  atten- '  the  plan  is,  that  the  roll  of  canvas, 
tion,  not  only  because  they  are  appli- I  throughout  its  whole  length,  winds  up 
cable  to  hot-houses,  pits,  and  hot-beds  j  and  lets  down  without  a  single  wrinkle, 
of  every  description,  but  because  they  '  notwithstanding  the  pulley-wheel  is 
may  be  rendered  available  in  the  cover-  only  on  one  side.  This  is  owing  to 
ing  of  fruit  walls,  to  exclude  the  frost !  the  weight  of  the  rod,  and  its  equal 
from  the  blossom,  and  the  birds  or  flies  '  diameter  throughout.  By  this  plan  a 
from  ripe  fruit;  and  also  in  the  cover- |  house  100  or  150  feet  long,  might  be 
ing  of  flower  beds,  hay  ricks,  harvested  '  covered  with  two  rolls,  the  two  pulleys 
corn,  temporary   structures    for  public  I  working  at  the  two  ends;  but  if  it  were 


assemblages,  &c 
Fig 


thought  necessary,  the  two  rods  might 
be  joined  in  the  middle,  and  by  a  little 
contrivance,  the  pulley  and  groove 
placed  there,  so  as  to  work  both  of  the 
rolls  at  once  from  the  inside  of  the 
house,  from  the  back  shed,  or  from  the 
front." — Gard.  Mag. 

SHALLOT.     See  Eschalot. 

SHANKING  is  the  technical  term 
for  a  gangrene  which  attacks  the  foot- 
stalks of  grapes  and  the  stems  of  cab- 
bages which  have  vegetated  through 
the  winter.  The  shanking  of  the  grape 
appears  to  be  occasioned  by  the  tem- 
perature of  the  soil  being  too  much 
below  that  in  which  the  branches  are 
vegetating  ;  and,  consequently,  the  sup- 


S  11  A 


543 


S  H  R 
CLUB.      Verbascum 


ply  of  sap   to  the  grapes  is  too  mucli  SHEPHERD'S 

diininislied,  and  tlie   parts   which   thus  Thnpsus. 

fail    of  support   immediately   begin    to  SIIIFTINC.     See  Potting  and   One- 
decay;  this  is  an  effect  always  the  con-  shift  System. 

sequence  of  a  diminished  supply  of  sap,  SHREDS  for  fastening  trees  to  walls 

apparent  either   in   the  leaves,  flower,  are  best  made  of  the  list  or  selvage  torn 

or  fruit.     The  disease,  like  every  other  from   black   or  blue   cloth,  and  maybe 

putrefaction,  does  not  advance  rapidly  obtained  of  any  tailor.     The   smallest 

unless  there  be   much  moisture  in  the  possible  number  of  shreds,  and  the  nar- 

atmosphere.     Shanking  never  appears  rowest  consistent  with  strength  should 

in  the  grape  if  the  roots  of  the  vine  are  be  employed  ;   for  wherever  the  shred 

within    the    house.      Shanking   in    the  envelops  the  branch,  the  wood  beneath 

cabbage  arises    from    a    very    different  is  never  so  well   ripened  as  those  parts 

cause,  viz.,  the  freezing  of  the  stalk  of  exposed  to  the  light  and  air,  which  are 

thecabbage  just  where  it  comes  in  con-  so  essential  to  enable   the   bark  to  as- 

tact  with  the  soil.     The  best  preventive  similate  and  separate  from  the  sap  those 

is  dressing  the  soil  with  salt,  about  five  secretions  which  are  required  for   the 


bushels  per  acre,  late  in  the  autumn 

SHARP  CEDAR.  Acacia  oxycedrus 
and  Juniperus  oxycedrus. 

SHEARS  are  of  various  kinds,  dif- 
fering in  form  according  to  the  purpose 
for  which  they  are  intended.  Hedge- 
shears  for  clipping  hedges  are  the  most 
common. 

Sliding  Pruning  Shears  with  a  move- 
able centre  so  as  to  make  a  drawing 
cut  when  used  as  when  the  pruning 
knife  is  employed.     See  Averruncator 


Fig.  156. 


next  year's  growth.  Shreds  should 
always  be  long  enough  to  permit  the 
ends  to  be  doubled  over,  so  that  the 
nail  may  pass  through  four  thicknesses 
of  the  cloth,  otherwise  theylook  ragged 
and  are  liable  to  tear  away  from  the 
nail.  If  old  shreds  are  re-used,  they 
should  be  previously  boiled  for  a  few 
minutes  to  destroy  any  insect-eggs,  or 
larvae  thev  may  contain. 

SHRIVELLING  of  the  berries  of  the 
grape  in  stoves  arises  from  the  roots  of 
The  drawing  shows  the  !  t'le  vine  not  supplying  a  sufficiency  of 
smaller  size,  used  with  one  sap.  This  occurs  if  the  roots  are  in  a 
cold  heavy  soil,  or  are  vegetating  in  an 
outside  border,  the  temperature  of 
which  is  too  low  compared  with  that  of 
the  stove.  In  the  first  case,  thorough 
draining  and  the  incorporation  of  cal- 
careous   rubbish  ;    and   in   the    second 


hand.  See  Scissors.  The 
large  size,  which  has  wood 
handles,  will,  when  em- 
ployed with  both  hands, 
cut  through  a  bough  full 
three    inches    in    circum 


ference,  with  the  greatest    case,  protection  to  the  border  and  stem. 


ease. 

Verge  Shears  are  merely 
the  hedge  shears  set  near- 
ly at  a  right  angle  on  long 
handles    tor  the  conveni- 
ence  of  the   gardener   in 
clipping  the  sides  of  box 
edging,  and  the   verge  of 
grass  plots. 
Turf  Shears  are  set  also  at  an  angle, 
but  in  a  different  direction  for  cutting 
the  tops  of  edgings,  and  grass  growing 
in  corners  unapproachable  by  the  scythe. 
SHEEP  LAUREL.     Kalmiaangusti- 
folia. 

SHELLS.     See  Animal  Matters. 
SHELTER.     See  Screen. 
SHEPHERD! A 


will  remove  the  evil. 

SHRUBBERY  is  a  garden,  or  portion 
of  a  garden,  devoted  to  the  cultivation 
of  shrubs.  It  is  not  necessary,  as  Mr. 
Glenny  observes,  "  That  there  sliould 
be  any  flowers  or  borders  to  constitute 
a  shrubbery,  but  there  should  be  great 
taste  in  forming  clumps,  and  grouping 
the  various  foliages  and  stylesof growth. 
The  groundwork  in  such  a  garden  con- 
sists of  gravel  walks  and  lawn.  If  flow- 
ers be  intermixed,  or,  which  is  very 
generally  adopte<l,  there  be  a  space  lefl 
all  round  the  clumps  to  grow  flowers 
in,  it  becomes  a  dressed  or  pleasure 
ground,  rather  than  a  shrubbery. — 
Though  any  part  of  a  ground  in  which 
shrubs  form  the  principal  feature,  is 
Two  species. ;  still    called  a    shrubbery. —  Gard.   and 


Hardy  deciduous  trees.     Layers.     Peat    Prac.  F/or 

and  loam,  or  common  soil.  I      SHRUBS  are  trees  ofa  dvirarf growth, 

SHEPHERD'S  BEARD.  Ar nopog on.  \noi  exceeding  in   height  twelve  or  fif- 


SHU 


544 


SLI 


teen  feet,  unless  they  are  climbers,  and  |  dicaulis  a  perennial.    Seeds, 
having,  if  permitted,  branches  and   fo-  '  soil. 


Common 


liage  clothing  the  entire  length  of  their 
stems. 

SHUTERIA  hicolor.  Stove  ever- 
green twiner.    Seeds.     Rich  light  loam 

SHUTTLECOCK 
punicca. 

SIBBALDIA.  Four  species  and 
some  varieties.  Hardy  herbaceous  pe- 
rennials, or  evergreen  trailers.  Divi- 
sion.    Loam,  peat  and  sand. 

SIBERL\N  CRAB.  Pyrus  pruni- 
folia 


SINNIXGIA.  Six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat  and 
loam. 

SIPHOCAMPHYLUS.  Four 
Peripetera  j  species.  Stove  and  hardy  evergreen 
i  shrubs.     Cuttings.     Light  sandy  soil. 

SIREX  gigas.  This  fly  pierces  the 
fir,  and  other  growing  timber,  deposit- 
ing its  eggs  in  the  alburnum.  M.  Kol- 
lar  says  that : — 

"In  the  seventh  week  after  the  eggs 
are  laid,  the   maggot  has   attained   its 


SIBERIAN  PEA  TREE.  Cara-  full  size,  and  then  generally  buries  it 
gana.  self  six  inches  deep  in  the  wood,  where 

SIBTHORPIA  europcea.  Hardy  ^  it  is  transformed  in  a  cavity  into  a  pupa, 
herbaceous  creeper.  Division.  Peaty  '  covered  with  a  thin  transparent  skin, 
soil,  and  a  moist  situation.  It  remains  in  this  state  a  longtime  ;  and 

SIDA.  Sixteen  species.  Hardy  an-  examples  are  given  of  the  perfect  insect 
nuals,  biennials,  and  herbaceous  pe-  ^  only  making  its  appearance  when  the 
rennials;  and  stove  evergreen  shrubs,  wood  has  been  cut  up  for  useful  pur- 
Seeds.     Rich  soil.     The  shrubby  kinds  ^  pos 


are  also  increased  by  cuttings 

SIDERITIS.  Eighteen  species. 
Hardy  annuals  and  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, and  hardy,  half-hardy  and  green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings, 
seeds,  and  division.     Dry  sand  or  chalk. 

SIDERODENDRON  triflorum. 
Stove  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings,  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

SIDESADDLE  FLOWER.  Sarra- 
cenia. 

SIEGESBECKIA.  Six  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

SIEVE,     fiee  Measures. 

SIEVERSIA.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds  or  divi- 
sion.    Light  soil. 

SILENE.  Catch  Fly.  One  hundred 
and  fifty-one  species.  Chiefly  hardy 
annuals,  biennials,  and  herbaceous  pe- 


PINE. 


S-" 

SIR    JOSEPH    BANKS' 

Araucaria  imbricata. 

SISYMBRIUM  millffoUum.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light 
soil. 

SISYRINCHIUM.  Twenty-seven 
species.  Hardy,  half-hardy,  green- 
house and  stove  herbnceous  perennials. 
Seed,  or  offsets.     Light  soil. 

SIUM.  Two  species.  Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennials.  Division  or  seeds. 
Moist  soil. 

SKIP-JACK.     See  Elater. 

SKIRRET.     Siwn  Sisarjim. 

Propagation. — By  Seed. — Sow  at  the 
end  of  March,  or  early  in  April,  in 
drills  one  inch  deep,  and  twelve  inches 
apart.  The  seedlings  will  be  up  in 
five  weeks.  Weed  and  thin  to  twelve 
inches  apart.     In  autumn,  they  will  be 


rennials.    Seeds,    Light  rich  soil.    The  ;  fit  for  use  like  parsnops 


shrubby  kinds  increase  by  young  cut- 
tings also.  A  few  are  green-house  bi- 
ennials. 

SILK  COTTON  TREE,     Bombax. 

SILK  TREE.     Acacia  Jul ibriss in. 


By  Offsets. — Old  roots  throw  ofT  these 
in  the  spring,  when  they  may  be  slip- 
ped off,  and  planted  in  rows  a  foot 
apart  each  way. 

Soil. — A  light  loam  is  best,  trenched, 


SELPHIUM.    Three  species.    Hardy    with  a  little  manure  dug  in  with   the 
herbaceous  perennials.    Division.  Com-    bottom  spit, 
mon  soil.  To  save   Seed,  let  a  few  of  the  old 

SILVER  TREE.  Leucadendron  se-  roots  run  up  in  spring;  they  will  flower 
riceum.  in  July,  and  ripen  their  seed  in  the  au- 

SIMABA.     Two    species.     Stove    tumn. 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Turfy        SKULL-CAP.     Scutellaria. 
loam  and  peat.  SLIPPER  PLANT.     Pcdilanthes. 

SINAPIS.  Mustard.  Six  species.  |  SLIPPER  WORT.  See  Calceolaria. 
Chifly  hardy  annuals.  S.  frutescens  is  |  SLIPS  are  employed  for  increasing 
a  green-house  evergreen  shrub.     S.  me-   the  number  of  an  established  variety  or 


S  LO 


545 


SNA 


species.    In  the  woody  kinds,  the  youna; :  green  trees.    Ripe  cuttings.    Loam  and 
shoots  are  slipped  off  from  the  sides  of  pent. 


the  branches,  &c.,  with  tlie  thuinh  and 
finger,  instead  of  cutting  them  off'  with 


.«;L0E  tree.     Prunus  spinosa. 
SLUGS  are  of  many  species,  and  the 


a  knife,  but  is  more  commonly  practised  smaller  are  much  more  injurious  to  the 
to  the  lower  ligneous  plants,  such  as  gardener  than  those  of  a  larger  size, 
sage,  southernwood,  rosemary,  rue,  and  ,  because  they  are  much  less  discernible, 
lavender.  The  best  season  of  the  year  '  and  their  ravages  being  more  gradual, 
for  effecting  the  work  is  generally  in  ;  are  not  at  once  detected.  They  are 
spring  and  beginning  of  summer,  though  I  effectually  destroyed  by  either  salt  or 
many  sorts  will   grow  if  planted  at  al-  {  lime  ;   and   to   secure  its   contact  with 


most  any  time  of  the  year. 


their    bodies,  it   is    best  first  to  water 


Select  the  young  shoots,  chiefly  of  the  soil  where  they  harbour  with  lime 
but  one  year's  growth,  and  in  many  '  water,  in  the  evening,  wlien  they  are 
sorts  the  shoots  of  the  year  will  grow  coming  out  to  feed,  sprinkling  the  sur- 
the   most  readily,  even  if  ]ilanted   the    face  also  with  dry  lime  ;   and  at  the  end 


summer  they  are  produced,  especially 
the  hard  wooded  kinds  ;  but  in  the  more 
soft  wooded  plants,  the  slips  will  also 
often  readily  grow  when  a  year  or  two 
old,  being  careful  always  to  choose  the 
most  robust  shoots,  situated  on  the  out- 


of  a  week,  applying  a  surface  dressing 
of  salt,  at  the  rate  of  five  bushels  per 
acre.  If  cabbage  leaves  are  spread 
upon  the  surface  of  land  infested  by 
slugs,  they  will  resort  to  their  under 
sides,  and   thus  they  may  be  trapped  ; 


ward  part  of  the  plants,  Trom  three  to  but  lime  and  salt  are  most  efficacious, 
six,  or  eight,  or  ten  inches  long,  slip-  Lime-water  may  be  poured  over  wall- 
ping  them  off  close  to  the  branches,  trees  infested  with  them,  and  they  may 
Clear  off  the  lower  leaves,  then  plant  i  be  syringed  with  it  as  well  as  with 
them  two  parts  in  the  ground,  giving  '  water  in  which  gas  liquor  has  been 
occasional  shade  and  water,  if  in  sum-  j  mixed,  about  half  a  pint  to  a  gallon. 
mer,  till  properly  rooted  ;  and  towards  If  lime  be  sprinkled  along  the  top,  and 
autumn  transpjant  them  where  they  are    at  the  base   of  the   wall,   renewing   it 


to  remam. 

Many  shrubby  plants  growing  into 
]nrge  branches  from  the  root,  such  as 
roses,  spicas,  and  raspberries,  may  be 
slipped  quite  to  the  bottom,  into  sepa- 
rate plants,  each  furnished  with  roots, 
and  may  be  planted  either  in  nursery 
rows,  or  at  once  where  they  are  to  re- 
main. 


weekly,  the  slugs  cannot  get  to  the 
trees. 

S.MALL  CARDAMOM.  Amomiim 
cardnmomum. 

S.M.'VLL  LUPINE.     Lupimis  naiius. 

S^LVLL  MON'ARDA.  Fycnanthc- 
mum  monardella. 

SMALL  PALM.     Sahal  Palmetto. 

SMALL    PEPPERMINT.      TInjmm 


Herbaceous   plants    may   be  slipped  i  P/pcrp/Za.  • 
into    many  separate    plants,  and    it    is  J      SMEATHMANNIA  tef/g-a^a.    Stove 
effected   by   slipping  off  the  increased    evergreen  shrub.  Half-ripened  cuttings. 


suckers,  or  offsets  of  the  root ;  some 
sorts,  by  the  offsets  from  the  sides  of 
the  heads  of  the  plants  ;  and  some  few 
sorts  by  slips  of  their  stocks  or  branches. 
Slipping  should  generally  be  per- 
formed in  the  spring,  or  early  part  of 
autumn,  which  may  be  effected  cither 
by  slipping  the  outside  offsets  with 
roots,  as  the  plants  stand  in  the  ground, 
or,  to  perform  it  more  effectually,  you 
may  take  the  whole  plants  up,  and  slip 
them  into    several    separate  parts,  each 


Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

SMILACINA.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Light 
soil. 

SMITHIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
trailing  annuals.  Seeds.  Peat,  sand, 
and  loam. 

SNAILS.     See  Slugs. 

These  marauders  are  said  to  be  very 
fond  of  bran,  and  that  they  are  readily 
trapped  if  this  be  put  in  heaps  under 
dower  pots,  with  one  side  pro[)pcd   up 


slip    being    furnished    also    with    roots,    to  admit   them.     The  common  garden 
planting  them,  if  small,  in  nursery  rows  ,  snail.  Helix  hortensis,  is   thus   noticed 


a  year,  to  gain  strength  ;  or  such  as  are 
strong,  may  be  pla?itod  at  once  in  the 
borders,  &c. — Altercromhi';. 


by  Mr.  Curtis:  — 

"Snails   arc  said    to   be  hermaphro- 
dites, and,  consptjuently,  they  are   all 


SLOANE.\.  Two  species.  Stoveever-i  capable  of  laying  eggs;  and  there  have 
35 


SNA 


546 


SOI 


been  found  eighty  in  one  heap.  They 
are  globular,  whitish,  shining,  and  not 
larger  than  swan-shot.  If  kept  in  a 
damp  place,  they  readily  hatch,  at 
once  becoming  little,  thin,  transparent, 
and  nearly  colourless  shells.  In  a  short 
time,  they  increase  to  twice  the  size, 
even  when  they  have  had  nothing  to 
feed  upon.     They  are   then  of  a  dark. 


SNAKE  GOURD.     Trichosanthes. 

SNAKE  ROOT.  Aristolochia  ser- 
pent aria. 

SNAPDRAGON.  Antirrhinum  and 
Silene  antirrhina. 

SNAP  TREE.     Judicia  hysopifolia. 

SNEEZEWORT.  Achillea  Ptarmica. 

SNOW  is  one  of  the  gardener's  best 
shelters,  and  should  never  be  removed 


ochreous  colour,  with  three  imperfect '  from  his  out-door  crops.  It  prevents 
rings,  composed  of  brownish  dots  and  '  heat  from  radiating  from  tliem;  pro- 
streaks,  and  a  transverse  line  of  the  :  tects  them  from  freezing,  drying  blasts  ; 
same  colour  next  the  pale  lip  or  mar-  |  and,  being  a  bad  conductor  of  heat, 
gin ;  and  these  spots  seem  to  vary  as  thus  prevents  its  escape  from  them, 
the  animal  withdraws  or  extends  itself,  ,  I  have  never  known  the  surface  of  the 
owing  to  the  dark  tints  shining  through  i  earth,  below  a  covering  of  snow,  colder 


the  semi-transparent  shell. 


than  32°,  even  when   the  temperature 


As  the  snail  grows,  it  has  the  faculty    of  the  air  above  has  been  28°. — John- 


of  enlarging  the  shell,  from  its  own  se 
cretions  ;  and,  when  full  grown,  it  is  as 
large  as  a  small  plum.  It  is  convo- 
luted obliquely,  striated  of  an  ochreous 
colour,  variegated  with  pitchy  spots, 
giving  it  a  marbled  appearance,  and 
forming  two  or  three  transverse  bands  ; 
the  lip  is  ochreous,  the  margin  slightly 
reflexed,  the  under  side  is  smooth  and 
white,  with  a  pinkish  tint. 

"  There  are  various  ways  of  reducing 
the  numbers  of  this  pest — the  simplest 
is,  by  searching  amongst  the  leaves  of 
wall-fruit  in  April,  when  the  snails  first 
leave  their  winter  quarters,  to  satisfy 
their  long  abstinence,  and  they  con- 
tinue feeding  until  August  or  Septem- 
ber. 

"  To  protect  seedling  plants,  a  thick 
dusting  of  lime  and  soot  round  the 
stem  will  keep  the  snails  away  in  dry 
weather. 

"  In  August,  the  eggs  may  be   found 


son''s  Principles  of  Gardening 

SNOWBALL  TREE.  Viburnum 
Opulus. 

SNOWBERRY.     Chiococca. 

SNOWDROP.  Anemone  sylvesti'is, 
and  Galanthus. 

SNOWDROP  TREE.     Halesia. 

SNOWFLAKE.     Leucojum. 

SOAP-BOILERS' ASHES.  'S.Ge  Ashes. 

SOAPWORT.     Saponaria. 

SOBOLEWSKIA  lithophila.  Hardy 
annual.     Seed.     Common  soil. 

SOIL.  However  varying  in  the  pro- 
portions, yet  every  soil  is  composed  of 
silica,  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  oxide 
of  iron,  salts,  and  animal  and  vegetable 
remains.  The  most  important  conside- 
ration is,  what  proportions  those  are 
which  constitute  a  fertile  soil  ? 

The  beau  ideal  of  a  fertile  soil  is  one 
which  contains  such  a  proportion  of  de- 
composing matter  and  of  moisture  as  to 


at  the  roots  of  pot-herbs,  in  the  cavities  '  keep  the  crop  growing  upon  it  always 
of  muck  heaps,  at  the  rotten    foot  ofl  supplied   with   food    in   a  state   fit   tor 


paling,  &c.  These  should  be  diligently 
sought  for  and  destroyed;  for  they 
nearly  all  will  hatch. 

"  Salt  and  urine  are  destructive  to 
snails  ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  apply  either 
to  them  with  much  advantage.  Lime, 
soot,  and  wood  ashes  are  excellent 
checks  ;  but  the  first  loses  its  efficacy 
as  soon  as  it  becomes   wet,  and   even 


introsusceptmn,  yet  not  so  superabun- 
dantly as  to  render  the  plants  too 
luxuriant,  if  the  object  in  view  is  the 
production  of  seed  ;  but  for  the  pro- 
duction of  those  plants  whose  foliage 
is  the  part  in  request,  as  spinach,  or  of 
edible  bulbous  roots,  as  onions,  which 
have  a  small  expanse  of  leaves,  so  as 
to  be  almost  entirely  dependent  upon 


the  dews  of  the  evening  will  frequently  I  the  soil  for  nourishment,  there  can 
exhaust  its  caustic  properties.  Cabbage  scarcely  be  an  excess  of  decomposed 
leaves   are  not  an  invariable  decoy  for  i  matter  presented  to  their  roots. 


the  old  snails:  young  ones,  however, 
are  very  fond  of  them,  especially  when 
wet  and  withering." — Card.  Chron. 

SNAIL  FLOWER.    Phaseolus  cara- 
calla. 


Spinach,  on  rich  soils,  will  yield  suc- 
cessive cuttings,  the  same  as  asparagus  ; 
the  latter  especially  demands  abundant 
applications  of  nourishment  to  its  roots, 
since,  like  the  onion,  it  has  little  foliage 


S  0  I 


547 


SO  I 


and  sliglitly  fibrous  roots,  at  the  same    ensis,  gives    as  being  the  most  fertile 

time   that,  like  the  spinach,  it  has   to    for  the  grasses  : — 

afford  repeated  cuttings;  and  thus,  re-        "  Fine  sand,  115;  aluminous  stones, 

quiring  a  repeated  development  of  70  ;  carbonate  of  lime,  23;  decompos- 
ing animal  and  vegetable  matter,  34  ; 
silica,  100;  alumina,  2S ;  oxide  of 
iron,  13;  sulphate  of  lime,  2;  soluble 
vegetable  and  saline  matter,  7  ;  loss,  8  ; 
total  400." 

I  have  already  stated  what  forms    a 
fertile  soil;   it  maybe    added,  that,  to 


parts,  it  needs  abundant  food  in  its  im- 
mediate neighbourhood.  A  soil  with  a 
just  proportion  of  decomposing  matter 
will  be  capable  of  absorbing  moisture, 
during  the  droughts  of  summer,  from 
the  atmosphere;  for  the  most  fertile 
soils  are  always  the  most  absorbent. 
Yet   it    must    not  be   too   retentive   of  constitute  it  eminently  sucli,  its  earthy 


moisture,  which  is  the  case  in  such 
soils  as  contain  too  much  alumina  ; 
neither  must  it  too  easily  part  with 
moisture,  a  fault  which  is  a  character- 
istic of  those  soils  which  contain  an 
e.tcess  of  silica. 

A  subsoil  of  gravel,  mixed  with  clay. 


particles  must  be  in  a  minute  state  of 
division;  the  more  so  the  more  fertile  it 
will  be. 

In  the  above  analysis  185  parts  only 
were  separable  by  sifting  through  a  fine 
sieve;  215  parts  were  impalpable; 
whereas  poorer   soils   will  ofien    have 


is  the  best,  if  not  abounding  in  oxide  !  300  parts  coarse  matter  to  every  100  of 


of  iron  ;  for  clay  alone  retains  the  moist- 
ure, on  the  arable  surface,  in  too  great , 
an  excess;   and   sand   or  chalk,  on  the 
contrary,  carries  it  away   too   rapidly. 
It  is,  however,  evident,  that  to  insure 


finely  pulverized  constituents. 

In  affording  warmth  to  plants  the 
earth  is  of  considerable  importance, 
and  the  power  of  accumulating  and  re- 
taining heat  varies  as  much  in  soils  as 


these  desiderata  in  any  soil,  at  all  sea-    the  proportions    of  their    constituents. 


sons,  IS  impossible;  and  it  is  manifest 
that  a  soil  that  would  do  so  in  one  cli- 
mate would  fail  in  another,  if  the  mean 
annual  temperature  of  them  should  dif- 
fer, as  well  as  the  amount  in  inches  o 


Sir  Hum[)hrey  Davy  found  that  a  rich 
black  mould,  containing  one-fourth  of 
vegetable  matter,  had  its  temperature 
increased  in  an  hour,  from  (Jo^  to  SS^ 
by  exposure  to  the   sunshine,  whilst  ^ 


rain  which  fall  during  the  same  period-  ,  clialk  soil  was  heated  only  to  09'  undef 


Thus,  in  the  western  parts  of  England, 
more  than  twice  as  much  rain  occurs 
as  in  the  most  eastern  counties,  or  in 
the  proportion  of  forty-two  to  nineteen  ; 
a  soil  in  the  cast  of  England,  for  any 
given  crop,  therefore,  may  be  richer 
and  more  tenacious  than  the  soil  re- 
quired for  it  on  the  western  coast. 
Alumina,  or  clay,  imparts  tenacity  to 


similar  circumstances.  Hut  the  firstj 
when  removed  into  the  shade,  cooled 
in  half  an  hour  15*^  ;  whereas  the  latter 
lost  only  4°.  This  explains  why  the 
crops  on  light-colored  tenacious  soils 
are  in  general  so  much  more  backward 
in  spring,  but  are  retained  longer  in 
verdure,  during  autumn,  than  those  on 
black  lisrht  soils.     The  latter   attain  a 


a    soil    when   applied;  silica,  or  sand,  genial   warmth   the  more    readily,   but 

diminishes  that  power  ;  whilst  chal  k  ami  part  from  it  with  c<iual  speed.  Different 

lime  have  an  intermediate  effect.    They  plants    affect   different   soils.        Every 

render    heavy  soils  more  friable,  light  gardener  must  have  observed  that  there 

soils    more    retentive.       These    simple  is   scarcely  a    kitchen  garden   but   has 

facts  are   important;  tw-o  neighbouring  some   particular  crop  which  it  sustains 

gardens,    by    an    interchange    of  soils,  In  luxuriance,  tar  superior  to  any  other 

being  often  rendered  fertile,  which  be-  garden   in   its   neighborhood,  or  to  any 

fore  were   in   the  extremes  of  tenacity  other  crop  that  can  be  grown  on  it.     A 


and  porosity. 


garden    I    once    cultivated    would    not 


From  these  statements  it  is  evident  ,  produce,  without  the  preparation  of  an 
that  no  universal  standard  or  recipe  can  artificial  soil,  the  coniinon  garden-cress 
be  given  for  the  formation  of  a  fertile  {Lepidium  sativum),  whilst  the  raspberry 
soil;  but  a  soil,  the  constituents  of  was  remarkably  luxuriant;  and  we 
which  approach  in  their  proportions  to  '  have  seen  that  the  composition  of  a  soil 
those  of  the  following,  cannot  be  un-  has  a  main  influence  in  these  peculiari- 
productive  in  any  climate.  It  is  a  rich  ties.  It  is  certain  that  a  soil  is  often 
alluvial  soil,  which  Mr.  Sinclair,  in  his  considered  unproductive,  and  the  un- 
iuvaluablc  Ilortus  Gramineus  Wobuni-    productiveness  attributed  to  some  de- 


SOI 


548 


SOL 


plying  the  manure  deep  below  the  sur- 
face. In  another  instance,  some  pars- 
neps  being  of  necessity  sown  in  a  poor 
soil,  having  turned  in  some  manure  by 
trenching    fall    twelve    inches   deep, 


ficiency  in  its  staple,  when,  in  truth,  big  and  others  have  most  illogically 
the  defect  arises  from  erroneous  man- |  concluded,  from  the  smallness  of  the 
agenient.  soluble  extract  contained  in  a  soil,  that 

I  have  before  stated  an  instance  of  it  is  of  small  importance,  forgetting 
tap-rooted  plants  being  produced,  of,  that  as  fast  as  it  is  taken  by  the  roots  of 
superior  size  and  form,  by  means  of  ap-  ,  the  crop,  it  is  generated   again   by  the 

decomposition  of  the  animal  and  vege- 
table remains.  This  is  one  reason  why 
fallowing  is  beneficial  ;  easily  decom- 
posing matters  have  been  exhausted  by 
successive  crops ;  and  by  a  year's  rest, 
would  not  allow  any  to  be  applied  to  and  exposure  to  the  putrefactive  agency 
the  surface,  but,  at  the  time  of  thinning  of  the  air,  the  more  stubborn  and  more 
I  set  half  the  bed  out  at  an  average  of  slowly  decomposing  exuvin  have  time 
twelve  inches'  distance  between  each  to  resolve  into  and  accumulate  soluble 
plant,  the  other  half  at  nine  inches,  compounds  in  the  soil. — Princ.of  Gard. 
When  taken  up  for  storing,  the  whole  ]  SOJA  hispida.  Hardy  annual.  Seed, 
were  alike  perfectly  fusiform  ;  but  those    Common  soil. 

SOLANDRA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Turfy 
loam  and  peat.  S.  grandijlora.  Mr. 
J.  Brown,  gardener  at  Whittlebury 
Lodge,  near  Towcester,  says  that — 

"  After  it  attains  to  the  height  of  from 
three  to  five  feet,  it  must  not  be  shifted, 
but  allowed  to  remain  in  as  small  a  pot 
as  it  will  grow  in  until  the  roots  be- 
come matted  round  the  inside.  Early 
in  autumn  keep  it  in  a  cool  situation, 
and  allow  it  to  become  perfectly  dry, 
when  the  leaves  will   drop  off.     About 


grown  at  twelve  inches  apart  were  the 
finest,  as  four  and  a  half  is  to  three.  If 
manure  had  been  applied  to  the  surface, 
the  fibrous  roots,  I  calculated,  would 
be  multiplied  at  the  expense  of  the 
caudex,  to  its  much  greater  detriment 
than  by  making  the  few  usually  pro- 
duced by  this  root  extend  in  length, 
thus  enlarging  the  circuit  of  their  pas- 
turage. 

Again,  a  more  silicious,  darker  co- 
lored soil  should  be  employed  for  the 
growth  of  an  early  crop,  of  any  given 
plant,  than  is  required  by  the  main  crop  ;    the  beginning  of  November,  introduce 


because  such  soil  will  more  readily 
get  rid  of  the  superfluous  moisture,  and 
earlier  acquire  a  genial  warmth,  two 
great  desiderata  for  vegetation  in  spring. 
On  the  contrary,  in  autumn,  for  a  late 
crop  of  peas,  for  instance,  the  soil 
should  be  more  aluminous,  that  such 
moisture  may  be  retained. 

The  quantity  of  soluble  matter  ob- 
tainable Irom  a  soil,  at  any  one  time, 
is  very  small,  seldom  exceeding  a  one- 
thousandth  part  of  its  weight;  and  even 
pure    vegetable    mould,  the    debris    of 


it  into  heat,  and  force  gently,  supply- 
ing it  plentifully  with  water  wlien  it 
begins  to  grow.  Being  thus  excited  for 
a  short  time,  the  plant  grows  freely, 
and  produces  blossom-buds  on  the 
young  wood,  and  at  the  end  of  each 
shoot;  these  in  January  and  February 
expand.  As  soon  as  it  has  done  flow- 
ering, which  is  generally  in  March,  the 
shoots  are  to  be  cut  back,  and  the 
plant,  being  shifted,  put  into  heat  and 
encouraged  to  grow,  stopping  the  young 
shoots  fre(juently,  to  induce  it  to  throw 


entirely  putrefied  plants,  was  found  by  out  laterals,  and  to  keep  it  dwarfed. 
Saussuro  to  yield  only  one-eleventh  of  By  this  treatment  it  very  often  forms 
soluble  matter.  This  mould  was  too  spurs  similar  to  a  pear  or  apple-tree,  at 
rich  for  horticultural  purposes,  peas  '  the  ends  of  which,  after  allowing  the 
and  beans  grown  in  it  being  too  luxuri- 1  roots  to  become  matted  in  the  pot,giv- 
ant ;  and  they  were  more  productive  in  ing  it  a  rest,  and  keeping  it  dry  and  cool 
a  soil  containing  only  one-twentieth  of  from  August  till  November,  blossoms 
organic  constituents  dissolvable  by  wa-  ,  are  produced  in  abundance,  upon  its 
ter.  Small  in  amount,  however,  as  is  being  put  again  into  heat." — Gard. 
the    soluble    constituents    of  the    most    Chron. 

fertile  soils,  they  are  necessary  for  the  SOLANUM.  One  hundred  and  thirty- 
vigorous  vegetation  of  plants;  tor  when  six  species,  and  some  varieties.  Stove 
a  soil  is  deprived  of  those  constituents  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs  and 
by  frequent  washings  with  boiling  water,  annuals;  hardy  annuals,  deciduous 
it  is  much  less  fertile  than  before.  Lie-    climbers,  herbaceous,  and  a  few  tuber- 


SOL 


549 


SOR 


ous-rooted  perennials.  To  this  latter 
belongs  S.  tuberosum,  the  potato.  The 
annuals  are  increased  by  seeds;  the 
other  species  by  seeds,  cuttings,  or 
tubers.     Light  rich  soil  suits  them  all. 


Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings  taken  off  at  a  joint.  Turfy 
loam  and  sand. 


SOLDANELLA. 


SORRELS.     These  are  Oxalis  Aceto- 

sella.    Wood    Sorrel  ;    Rumex    acetosa, 

Seven  species.    Garden  Sorrel  ;  R.  scutatus,  French  or 


Hardy  or  half-hardy  herbaceous  peren-  '  Roman  Sorrel 


nials.     Seeds    or   division.     Peat    and 
loam.  j 

SOLDEVILLA  setosa.    Hardy  herba- ! 
ceous  perennial.    Seed.    Common  soil. 

SOLDIER-WOOD.     Inga  purpurea.    { 

SOLIDAGO.  Golden  Rod.  Sixty- 
seven  species.  Hardy  herbaceous  pe- 
rennials, except  S.  leucanthemifolia, 
which  is  half-hardy,  and  S.  spuria,  a 
green-house  evergreen.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 


Soil  and  Situation. — They  thrive  best 
in  any  garden  soil  that  tends  to  light- 
ness rather  than  tenacity,  and  is  not 
too  poor.     The  situation  must  be  open. 

Propagation. — The  rumexes  are  pro- 
pagated by  seed,  and  all  of  them  by 
parting  the  roots,  both  which  modes 
may  be  practised  from  tha  middle  of 
February  until  the  same  period  in  May, 
and  by  the  latter  also  in  September 
and.  October.     The    finest    plants   are 


SOLLYA.     Three    species.     Green-    raised  by  seed,  but  those  from  portions 

of  the  roots  are  soonest  in  production. 

The  seed  is  best  sown  in  drills,  six 
or  eight  inches  apart,  and  half  an  inch 
in  depth.  When  two  or  three  inches 
high,  the  seedlings  must  be  thinned  to 
three  or  four  inches  apart,  and  those 
removed,  if  required,  pricked  out  at 
similar  distances.  In  September  or  Oc- 
tober, or  in  the  March  and  April  of  the 
succeeding  year,  they  may  be  removed 
into  their  tinal  stations,  in  rows  twelve 
inches  apart,  each  way,  or,  if  the 
French,  eighteen  inches.  The  only 
attention  they  require  down  to  this 
state  of  their  growth,  is  to  be  kept  clear 
of  weeds,  and  to  have  water  given  in 
moderate  quantities  after  each  removal, 
until  established. 

When  divisions  of  the   root  are  em- 


house    evergreen    climbers.      Cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

SOLOMON'S  SEAL.     Convallaria. 

SOOT  is  the  volatilized  unconsumed 
portion  of  common  coal.  It  is  thus 
constituted : — 

Charcoal     . 

Salts  of  ammonia 

potash  and  soda 


371 
427 
24 
50 
65 
31 
31 


Oxide  of  iron 

Silica 

Alumina    . 

Sulphate  of  lime 

Carbonate  of  magnesia      .  2 

It  is  an  excellent  manure  for  peas, 
onions,  carrots,  and  probably  all  garden 
crops.  An  excellent  liquid  maiiure  is 
soot  mixed  with  rain  water,  in  the  pro- 


portion   of  one  tablespoonful    of  soot 

to  a  quart  of  water,  for  plants  in  pots  ;    ployed,  they  must  be  set  at  once  where 


but  for  asparagus,  peas,  &c.,  six  quarts 
of  soot  to  a  hogshead  of  water.  It 
must  never  be  applied  to  plants  in  a 
state  of  rest.  It  succeeds  admirably 
with  bulbs. — Gard.  Chron. 

S  O  P  II  0  R  A.     Fourteen    species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials  and  deci- 


they  are  to  remain,  at  the  final  dis- 
tances above  mentioned  ;  and  the  same 
attention  paid  in  weeding  and  watering 
them.  Established  plants  must  in  a 
like  manner  be  kept  constantly  free 
from  weeds.  In  summer,  as  thoy  run 
up  to  seed,  the  stalks  must  be  cut  down 


duoustrees;  stove  and  green-house  ever-    as  often  as   is  re(]iiired,  to  encourage 


green  shrubs  and  trees.  The  latter  in- 
crease by  cuttings,  the  former  by  divi- 
sion. S.  chinensis  and  S.  japonica, 
hardy  deciduous  trees;  by  layers  or 
seeds.     Light  loamy  soil. 

S  0  P  H  R  O  N  I  f  I  S.  Three  species. 
Stove  epiphytes.  Division.  Wood  with 
a  little  moss  on  the  roots. 

SORINDEIA  madagascariensis. 
Stove  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

SOROCEPHALUS.      Seven  species.! 


the  production  of  leaves.  In  autumn 
and  spring,  the  surface  of  the  ground 
should  be  gently  stirred,  and  in  the 
former  season,  a  little  manure,  or  in 
preference,  a  similar  proportion  of  de-. 
cayed  leaves,  turned  in.  Some  garden- 
ers raise  fresh  seedlings  annually,  but 
a  fresh  plantation  is  seldom  necessary 
oflener  than  every  fourth  year  ;  before 
which,  however,  it  must  be  made,  if  the 
plants  dwindle  or  produce  diminutive 
leaves. 


S  OR 


550 


SPA 


To  obtain    Seed. — Some  plants  must  I  evenly,  the  depth  required,  the  earth 


not  be  gathered  from,  and  allowed  to 
run  up  unchecked.  They  flower  in  the 
course  of  June,  July,  and  August,  per- 
fecting their  seed  in  autumn.  Wood- 
sorrel  never  produces  seed.  See  Ox- 
alis. 

SORREL  TREE.  Andromeda  arbor ea. 

SOULANGIA.  Twelve  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

SOURSOP.     A7W7ia  muricala. 

SOUTHERNWOOD.  Artemisia  ar- 
bor ea. 

SOUTH  SEA  TEA.     Ilex  vomitoria. 

S0WERB7EA  juncca.  Green-house 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

SOWING.  See  Germination.  In 
addition  a  few  practical  directions  may 
be  given.  Let  all  sowing  be  done  in 
drills.  For  small  seeds,  such  as  let- 
tuce, cabbage,  &c.,  the  drills  may  be 
sunk  by  pressing  the  handle  of  the  hoe 
into  the  freshly  dug  soil  ;  but  for  larger 
seeds,  as  parsneps,  beet,  and  onions, 
the  drills  must  be  struck  with  the  hoe 


remaining  close  along  the  side  of  the 
drill,  ready  for  turning  in  again  over 
the  seeds ;  but  where  flat  or  shallow 
drills  are  required  for  smaller  seeds,  it 
may  in  many  cases,  be  more  eligible  to 
draw  the  drill  with  the  hoe  flatwise, 
holding  the  edge  in  a  horizontal  position. 

Bedding  in  Sowing. — In  this  method 
the  ground  being  dug  and  formed  in 
four  or  five  feet  wide  beds  with  alleys, 
a  spade  width  or  more  between  bed 
and  bed,  and  the  earth  being  drawn  off 
the  top  of  the  bed  with  a  rake  or  spade, 
half  an  inch  or  an  inch  deep  into  the 
alleys,  the  seed  is  then  sown  all  over 
the  surfiice  of  the  bed,  which  being 
done,  the  earth  in  the  alleys  is  immedi- 
ately drawn  or  cast  over  the  bed,  again 
covering  the  seeds  the  same  depth,  and' 
the  surface  is  raked  smooth. 

The  method  of  bedding  in  sowing  by 
sifting,  is  sometimes  practised  for  very 
small  or  light  seeds  of  a  more  delicate 
nature,  that  require  a  very  light  cover- 
ing of  earth  when  sown,  so  in  order  to 
bury  them  as  shallow  as  possible,  cover 


All   sowing  should  be  performed  in    them  in  by  sifting  fine  earth  over  them 
dry  weather,  more  particularly  all  early    out  of  a  wire  sieve. — Abercrombie. 


sowing  in  winter  and  spring  ;  but  in  hot : 
weather,    in    summer    and    autumn,    it] 


SOY.     See  Soja. 

SPADE.    This  most  important  of  the 


may  often  be  eligible  to  take  advantage  I  gardener's  tools,  varies  in  its  form  and 
of  sowing  immediately  after  a  shower    size. 

or  moderate  rain.  The  Common  Digging  Spade  is  of  the 

The  drills  being  at  some  distance  largest  size,  being  generally  from  four- 
from  one  another,  not  only  admit  the  ■  teen  to  sixteen  inches  long  in  the  plate, 
sun,  air,  and  rain  more  effectually  to  and  nine  or  ten  broad,  narrowing  half 
the  plants,   and    give    them    a   greater    an  inch  to  the  bottom 


scope,  than  such  as  are  sown  broadcast, 
but  admit  more  readily  the  hoe  between 
the  drills  to  cut  down  weeds  and  loosen 
the  soil 


The  Middling  Spade  is  about  a  foot 
long  in  the  plate,  and  seven  or  eight 
inches  broad,  and  is  useful  in  digging 
any  narrow  compartments  and  between 


The  general  method  of  forming  drills    rows    of  small    plants,  also   in   flower 


for  the  reception  of  seeds,  is  with  a 
common  drawing-hoe,  sometimes  with 
a  large  hoe,  and  sometimes  a  middling 
or  small  hoe,  according  to  the  size  of 
the  drill  required,  and  size  and  nature 
of  the  seeds;  drawing  the  drill  some- 
limes  with  the  corner  of  the  hoe,  espe 


beds  and  borders  ;  and  in  stirring  and 
fresh  earthing  the  surface  of  beds  occa- 
sionally, between  close  placed  plants 
of  long  standing;  planting  and  trans- 
planting many  sorts,  both  in  the  ground 
and  in  the  pots. 

The  Small  Spade. — Size  ten  or  twelve 


cially  for  larger  seeds,  and  sometimes  inches  long  in  the  plate,  and  five  or  six 
•with  the  edge  of  the  hoe  flatwise  or  ;  wide.  It  is  convenient  in  pointing-up 
horizontally;  but  large  seeds,  such  as  or  slight  digging,  and  fresh  earthing 
peas,  kidney  beans,  many  of  the  nut  |  the  surface  between  close  rows  of 
kinds,  and  other  large   seeds,  both  of ,  small  plants,  in  beds  and  borders,  &c., 


trees,  shrubs,  and  herbaceous  plants, 
require  a  deep  angular  drill,  <lrawn 
Mith  the  corner  of  the  hoe,  turning  the 
face  or  edge  close  to  the  line,  so  draw 
the  drill  along  with  an  angular  bottom 


where  neither  of  the  two  former  spades 
can  be  readily  introduced  ;  likewise  in 
planting  and  potting  many  sorts  of  small 
plants,  taking  up  small  roots  and  for 
other  light  purposes.      Proper  garden 


SPA 


551 


S  PH 


spades  have  the  plate  wholly  of  iron,  ter  produced  in  the  soil  by  mushrooms, 
not  above  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick  and  by  which  they  are  propapated.  It 
upwards,  growing  gradually  thinner '  is  doubtful  whether  it  arises  from  their 
from  the  middle  downward,  the  tree  or  seed,  or  whether  it  is  a  mass  of  under- 
handle  being  generally  of  ash,   about   ground  runners.     See  Mushroom. 

SPECKLINIA.  Five  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Division.  Wood,  with  a 
little  moss  on  the  roots. 

SPECULARIA.     Six  species,  and  a 
few  varieties.     Hardy  annuals.     Seeds. 
SPERMACOCE.    Five  species.    Har- 
dy annuals  and  stove  annuals  and  bien- 
nials.    Seeds.     Light  soil. 

SPERM AXYRUM  strictum.    Green- 


two  feet  and  a  half  long  and  an  inch 
and  a  half  thick,  with  a  firm  open  han- 
dle at  top,  formed  out  of  the  solid  wood, 
just  big  enough  to  admit  of  taking  ready 
hold,  one  hand  at  top  and  the  other  be- 
low, and  with  an  iron  rivet  through  it 
to  prevent  it  splitting. 

Semicircular  or  Scooped  Spade,  has 
the  plate  made  semicircular  like  a  gar- 
den trowel,  and  is  very  useful  in  taking    house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam 


up  plants  with  balls  of  earth  to  preserve 
them  more  firmly  about  the  roots. — 
Abercrombie. 

Foster  of  Stourbridge,  and   Lyddon 
of  Birmingham,  make  very   improved 
spades,    wearing    with 
throughout. 

SPANISH  BROOM.  Sparcium  jun- 
ceum. 

SPANISH  CRESS.  Lepidiinn  carda- 
mines. 

SPANISH  ELM.  Cordia  Geraschan- 
thus. 

SPANISH  GARLIC.  See  Rocam- 
bole. 

SPANISH  NUT.  Moraa  Sisyrin- 
chium. 

SPANISH  VIPER'S  GRASS.  Scor- 
zonera. 

SPARAXIS.  Ten  species  and  some 
varieties.  Green-house  and  half-hardy 
bulbous  perennials.  Oflsets  or  seeds. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

SPARMANNIA  africana.  Green- 
house evergreen  tree.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

SPARROW  WORT.  Erica  passe- 
rina. 


and  peat. 

SPHACELE.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Light  rich  soil. 

S  P  H  .^  R  A  L  C  E  A.  Eight  species, 
good  edge  i  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs  and  herb- 
aceous perennials;  a  few,  hardy  annu- 
als ;  the  latter  increase  by  seeds,  the 
others  by  cuttings.     Rich  soil. 

SPH.1:R0L0BIUM.  Two  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings.     Loam  and  peat. 

SPH/EROPHYSA  caspica.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Seeds,  common 
soil  ;  it  should  be  watered  sometimes 
with  salted  water. 

SVUJhlROTEMApropinquum.  Stove 
evergreen  climber.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat  and  loam. 

SPH.EROSTIGMA.  Three  species. 
Hardy  annuals  and  biennials.  Seeds. 
Common  soil. 

SPHAGNUM  is  a  white  spongy  moss, 
found  only  in  bogs,  and  used  for  grow- 
ing orchidaceous  plants,  or  covering 
the  drainage  in  flower  pots. 

S  P  H  E  N  O  G  Y  N  E.  Ten  species. 
Green-house    evergreen    shrubs,     and 


SPARTIUM.    Broom.   Two  species,  j  green-house    and    hardy   annuals;    the 
and    two   varieties.      Hardy  deciduous    latter  increase  by  seeds,  the  former  by 


shrub 
soil. 

SPATALANTHUS  speciosus.  Har- 
dy bulbous  perennial.  Otfsets.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

SPATALLA.    Nine  species.    Green 


Seeds   or  cuttings.     Common  j  cuttings.     Loam  and  peat 

1  SPHINX.  S.  ti pill  if  or  mis.  Currant 
Sphinx  is  thus  mentioned  by  Mr.  Cur- 
tis: 

'<  Towards  the  end   of  May,  and  in 
June,  we   see  the  beautiful  little  cur- 
house   evergreen  shrubs.     Seeds,  ripe  •  rant  sphinx  sporting  in  the  morning  and 


cuttings.     Light  sandy  loam. 


noonday  sun,  about  the   flowers  of  the 


SPATHODEA.  Eight  species.  Persian'  Lilac,  the  Common  Syrmga, 
Stove  evergreen  trees,  shrubs,  and  and  other  plants;  at  this  time  the  fe- 
climbers.     Cuttings.     Loam  and  peat.    '  males  also  resort  to  the  currant  trees  to 

SPATHOGLOTTIS  fortunatus.  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  crevices  of  the 
Green-house  tuber.  Division.  Sandy  twigs,  and  as  soon  as  the  larva  emerges 
loam.  I  from  its  tiny  shell,  it  penetrates  to  the 

SPAWN  is  the  white  filamentous  mat-    centre  to  feed  upon  the  pith,  proceed- 


SPI 


552 


SPO 


ing  downward  until  it  has  arrived  at 
its  full  growth;  it  then  changes  to  a 
pupa  serrated  with  transverse  short 
spines,  which  enable  it  to  ascend  to  an 
opening  previously  prepared  by  tiie 
larva,  from  which  the  sphinx  escapes, 
leaving  the  pupa  case  half  protruding 
from  the  branch. 


cold  weather  give  a  light  covering  of 
straw,  cedar  brush,  or  anything  that 
will  lay  lightly,  and  partially  protect 
it;  otherwise  the  finest  and  most  suc- 
culent leaves  become  discoloured  by 
the  frost." — Rural  Reg. 

To  obtain   Seed. — A  sowing  of  each 
variety   may  be   made   in  February   or 


"  The  caterpillar  is  fleshy  and  whitish,    March,  according  to   the   openness  of 


with  an  obscure  dorsal  line:  the  head 
and  four  horny  spots  upon  the  first 
thoracic  segment  are  bright  brown;  it 
has  six  pectoral,  eight  abdominal,  and 
two  anal  feet,  which  are  of  a  similar 
colour,  and  a  few  fine  longish  hairs  are 
scattered  over  its  body.  The  moth  is 
of  a  brilliant  chalybeon  black,  inclining 
to  purple,  which  is  beautifully  contrast- 
ed with  the  golden  wings  encircling  its 
body  when  glittering  in  the  sunshine. 
The  black  currants  appear  to  be  the 
most  subject  to  these  attacks  of  the 
currant  sphinx  caterpillar,  and  the  first 
indication  of  its  presence  is  the  wither- 
ing of  the  leaves  and  branches."  — 
Gard.  Chron. 

SPIDER  OPHRYS.  Ojihrys 
aranifern. 

SPIDER  WORT.     Tradescantia. 

SPIELMANNIA  africana.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light 
rich  soil. 

SPIGELIA  anthelmia,  a  stove  an- 
nual, and  S.  marilandica,  a  hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Seeds  and  cuttings 
Loam  and  peat. 

SPINACH.     Spinacea  oleracea. 


the  season,  or  of  the  round-leaved  va- 
riety some  plants  of  a  regular  crop  may 
be  allowed  to  run  up  in  April  or  May  ; 
and  of  the  triangular-leaved,  some 
plants  of  the  winter  standing  crops  may 
be  suffered  to  remain.  Keep  them  clear 
of  weeds.  Spinach  is  dioecious,  and 
many  ignorant  persons,  perceiving 
some  of  the  plants  to  have  no  appear- 
ance of  bearing  seed,  advise  these  to 
be  pulled  up,  but  these  are  the  male- 
bearing  plants,  without  which  the 
others  would  be  unfruitful.  If,  how- 
ever, they  are  very  numerous,  some  of 
them  may  be  removed  with  benefit  to 
those  that  remain,  care  being  taken  that 
some  are  left  in  every  part  of  the  bed. 
When  the  seed  is  set  the  male  plants 
may  be  entirely  removed,  which  allows 
more  room  for  the  fruitful.  When  the 
seed  is  ripe,  which  is  known  by  its  be- 
ginning to  shed,  in  July  or  August,  the 
plants  ought  to  be  pulled  up  and  laid  to 
dry  thoroughly  on  a  cloth,  previously 
to  its  being  beaten  out  and  stored. 

SPIR^A.  Forty-one  species  and 
many  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
shrubs  or  herbaceous  perennials,  a  few 


"  The   Spinage  or  Spinach  has   been  i  are  tuberous-rooted.     Layers  or  young 
long  cultivated,  and  is  supposed  to  have  j  cuttings,  and  the  herbaceous  species  by 


come  originally  from  Western  Asia.  Its 
use  is  well  known. 

"  The  principal  varieties  are  the  round 
eeeded  Savoy-leaved  and  Prickly-seed- 
ed. The  former  is  best  for  spring  and 
summer  use,  the  latter  is  preferred 
for  autumn  sowing,  being  considered 
hardier. 

"  It  may  be  sown  broad  cast  or  in 
drills.  When  drilled,  it  is  easier  kept 
clean,  and  more  readily  gathered  for 
use.  The  drills  should  be  twelve  inches 
apart,  the  plants  four  inches  apart  in 
the  rows.  If  sown  thicker,  thin  out 
when  young,  as  wanted  ;  leaving  plants 
at  proper  distances.  For  spring  and 
early  summer  use,  sow  early  in  spring, 
and  occasionally  afterward;  for  the 
early  autumn  supply,  sow  at  close  of 
summer,  and  for  the  main  winter  crops 
about  middle  of  autumn.     Before  very 


division.  Peat  and  loam,  or  common 
soil. 

SPIRALEPIS.  Four  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennials.  S.  squar- 
rosa,  an  evergreen  shrub.  Seeds,  cut- 
tings, and  division.  Sandy  peat  and 
loam. 

SPIRANTHERA  odoratissima.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Half 'ripened  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

SPIRANTHES.  Four  species.  Stove 
green-house  and  half-hardy  orchids.  Di- 
vision.    Peat  and  loam. 

SPIR0NEMA/?-ag-;-(7ns.  Stove  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Division.  Light  rich 
loam. 

SPONGE  TREE.  Acacia  farnesiana. 

SPOT,  a  disease  occurring  on  the 
leaves  of  the  pelargonium,  is  a  dry  gan- 
grene, occasioned  by  an  irregularity  in 
the  supply  of  moisture  and  vicissitudes 


S  P  R 


553 


S  T  A 


of  temperature,  but  especially  if  one  of       STACK  HO  USIA     UnariafoUa. 
the  extremes  is  much  below  the  degree    Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  S.mono- 


of  heat  tiiDsl  favourable  to  the  healthy 
growth  of  that  plant.  The  reason  of 
this  is  very  obvious.  If  a  pelargonium, 
or  any  other  plant,  be  placed  in  a  highly 
stimulating  heat,  and  is  abundantly  sup- 
plied with  root  moisture,  it  immediately 
increases  its  surface  of  leaf  to  elaborate 
and  digest  tlie  largo  amount  of  sap  for- 


yna,  hardy  herbaceous  perennial.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 
-    STADMANMA    uiistralis.      Green- 
house evergreen  tree.     Ripe  cuttings, 
with  the  leaves  on.     Loam  and  peat. 

STAFF  TREE.     Celastrus. 

STALAGMITIS.    Seven  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.    Turfy 


warded  from  the  roots.  If  this  amount ;  loam  and  peat.  They  require  a  stron 
of  sap  is  subsequently  suddenly  re- 
duced, by  lowering  the  temperature 
and  adding  water  to  the  soil  less  freely, 
the  increased  surfice  of  leaf  is  no  longer 
required,  and  it  is  a  law  pervading  all 
the  vegetable  creation  that  the  moment 


heat. 

STANDARD.  A  tree  unsupported  by 
a  wall  or  trellis. 

Full  Standards  are  such  trees  as  are 
trained  with  tall  straight  stems  six  or 
seven  teet  high,  clear  of  branches,  and 


any  of  the  parts  of  a  plant  are  unneces-  are  then  suffered  to  branch  out.  All 
sary  to  it,  that  moment  it  begins  to  de-  '  trees  designed  as  full  standards  should 
cay.  I  placed  a  plant  of  the  Marvel  of  be  trained  accordingly  in  their  minor 
Peru,  or  Heliotrope,  in  a  high  tempera-  state,  by  trimming  all  lower  laterals 
ture  and  abundant  moisture  ;  these  were  gradually  as  the  stems  advance  in  height, 
then  much  reduced,  and  the  leaves  in  j  suffering  the  leader  always  to  remain 
a  few  days  were  completely  decayed  |  entire,  especially  in  all  forest  trees;  or 
round  their  edges,  and  in  spots  upon  if  it  should  happen  to  fork,  taking  off 
their  surfices.  The  extent  of  leaf  was  the  worst,  and  leaving  the  straightest 
accommodated  to  the  amount  of  sap  to  I  shoot  to  run  up,  to  continue  the  pro- 
be elaborated. — Princ.  of  Gard. 

SPREKELI.\  cybister  and  its  varie- ' 
ties.  Stove  bulbous  perennials.  Offsets. 
Sandv  loam. 

SPRENGELIA    incarnata.      Green- 1 
house  evergreen  shrul).    Cuttings.    San- 
dy peat.  I 

SPRUE,  a  market  name  for  the  small- 
est sprouts  of  asparagus. 

SPUR,  is  a  lateral  branch  cut  back, 


longation  of  the  stem;  and  having  thus 
run  them  up  with  clean  stems  six  or 
seven  feet  in  height, to  force  out  laterals 
in  that  part  to  form  a  regular  spreading 
head  of  but  moderate  lieight,  for  the 
greater  convenience  of  gathering  the 
fruit;  but  of  forest  tree  standards  never 
reduce  the  tops,  but  permit  the  leader  to 
remain  ever  entire  to  run  up  in  height, 
for  the  beauty  and  worth  of  such  Con- 
or shortened  to  a  length  of  about  two    sists  in  their  lofty  stature.    All  fruit  trees 


inche 

SPURGE  LAUREL.  Daphne  laure- 
ola. 

SPURLESS  VIOLET.     Erpdion. 

SQUASH.  Cucurbita  melopepo.  See 
Gourd. 

STAAVIA.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat. 

STACHYS.     Thirty  species.    Hardy 


designed  for  full  standards,  are  raised  by 
grafting,  &c.,  on  the  freest  strong  shoot- 
ing stocks,  and  are  trained  with  straight 
clean  stems  full  five  to  six  feet  high, 
either  the  stock  trained  up  to  that  sta- 
ture, and  so  grafted  or  budded  at  the 
desired  height,  or  the  graft  or  bud  is 
trained  up  for  a  stem  to  the  height  afore- 
said, then  suffered  to  send  forth  branch- 
es; observing  in  either  method,  it  is  to 


and  green-house  herbaceous  perennials    be  considered  whether  you  intend  the 


and  evergreen  shrubs,  liardy  annuals 
and  biennials.  The  latter  increase  by 
seeds.  The  perennials  by  division,  and 
the  green-house  species  by  cuttings. 
Common  soil  suits  them  all. 

STACHYTARPHETA.  Nine  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  annuals,  biennials, 
herbaceous  perennials,  and  evergreen 
shrubs.  The  latter  increase  by  cuttings, 
the  former  by  seeds.  Light  rich  mould 
suits  them  all. 


tree  shall  form  a  spreading  open  head 
or  assume  a  more  erect  and  as[)iring 
growth:  in  the  former  case,  if  you  top 
the  leading  shoot  of  the  graft  or  bud,  at 
six  or  seven  feet  from  the  ground,  it  will 
force  out  lateral  shoots  at  that  height, 
and  commence  a  spreading  head  open 
in  the  middle;  sulfering,  however,  the 
whole  afterwards  to  take  their  own 
growth;  and,  in  the  second  instance, 
that  by  permitting  the  leading  shoot  to 


S  T  A 


554 


STE 


remain  entire,  it  will  rise  in  height,  and 
the  whole  head  will  assume  a  more  up- 
right and  lofty  stature.  In  both  methods 
the  heads  will  afterwards  naturally 
branch  out  abundantly,  and  furnish 
themselves  sufficiently  with  bearing 
wood,  producing  fruit  in  two  or  three 
years  from  the  grafting  or  budding;  suf- 
fering them  generally  to  take  their  own 
growth,  without  shortening,  and  very  i 
little  other  pruning,  except  the  regu- 
lating any  great  irregularities. 

Half  Standards  are  trees  trained  with 


a  very  unfounded  idea,  that  by  steeping 
seeds  in  certain  solutions  the  vigour  and 
fecundity  of  the  plants  to  which  they 
give  birth  might  be  promoted.  A  cer- 
tain degree  of  heat,  oxygen  gas,  and 
water,  are  all  the  requisites  for  germi- 
nation,— and  until  this  process  has  com- 
menced, no  liquid  but  water  at  common 
temperatures  will  pass  through  the  in- 
teguments of  a  seed.  So  soon  as  germi- 
nation has  commenced,  this  power  to 
exclude  foreign  fluids  ceases,  but  the 
organs  starting  into  activity — the  radicle 


short  stems  only  three  or  four  feet  high,  and  the  plumule — are  so  delicate,  that 
then  siiifered  to  branch  out  at  that  height  I  the  weakest  saline  solutions  are  too 
to  form  heads;  having  low  heads  the  acrid  and  offensive  for  them.  So  utter- 
fruit  is  more  easily  gathered.  Concave  ly  incapable  are  the  infant  roots  of  im- 
dwarfshave  the  middle  hollow,  and  the  hibing  such  solutions,  that  at  first  they 
branches  all  round  in  a  cup  form.    Hori-    are  absolutely  dependent,  themselves, 


zontal  dwarfs,  having  tlie  branches  ex- 
tended all  round  in  a  flat  or  horizontal 
position,  but  the  concave  dwarf  is  in 
most  esteem. — Abercrombie. 

STAN  HOPE  A.  Eleven  species. 
Stove  orchids.  Division.  Peat  and  pot- 
sherds. 

ST A'NLF.Y A  pinnatifida.  Hardy  her- 
baceous perennial.  Division  or  seeds. 
Vegetable  mould. 

STAPELIA.  Thirty-three  species. 
Green-house  and  stove  evergreen  shrubi 


for  their  very  existence  upon  the  seed- 
leaves,  and  if  these  are  removed  the 
plant  either  makes  no  further  advance, 
or  altogether  perishes.  IMany  years 
since  I  tried  various  menstrua  to  facili- 
tate the  germination  of  seeds,  but,  with 
the  exception  of  those  which  promoted 
the  decomposition  of  water,  and  the 
consequent  more  abundant  evolution  of 
oxygen,  I  found  none  of  any  efficiency. 
As  to  keeping  the  seeds  in  saline  solu- 
tions  until    they   germinated,  I  never, 


partly  dried  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and    certainly,  carried  the  experiments  so  far 

as  that,  and  I  shall  be  most  astonished 
if  any  other  effect  than  injury  or  death 
to  the  plant  is  the  consequence.  Such 
has  been  the  result  in  the  Horticultural 
Society's  gardens,  where  the  seeds  of 
Centaurea  calci-  Lupinus  Hartwegii  were  made  to  ger- 
minate in  a  weak  solution  of  phosphate 
of  ammonia. — Johnson's  Gardeners'  Al- 
manack. 

STENACTIS  speciosa.     Hardy  herb- 
aceous perennial.      Division  or  seeds. 


brick  or  lime  rubbish. 

STAR  APPLE.     ChrysaphyUum. 

STARFISH.     Stapelia  asterias. 

STAR  OF  BETHLEHEM.  Ornitho 
galum . 

STAR  THISTLE 
trapa. 

STARVVORT.     Aster. 

STATICE.  Sea  Lavender.  Sixty- 
four  species.  The  hardy  herbaceous 
perennials  increase  by  division  or  seeds 


The  green-ho.use  and  half-hardy  species    Common  soi 


by  cuttings.     Annuals  and  biennials  by 
seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 


STEXANTHERA  pinifolia.     Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.   Cuttings.   Very 


S.  Arbor ea,  a  green-house  evergreen    sandy  peat  and  loam. 


shrub. 


STEXIA  pallida.      Stove    epiphyte. 


"  When  practicable,  this  plant  should    Division.     Wood,  with  a  little  moss  on 
be  turned  out  in  the  border  of  a  con-    the  roots. 

servatory.    It  may,  however,  be  grown  :      STEXOCARPUS    saUgnus.      Green- 
to  great  perfection  in  a  pot,  if  the  roots    house  evergreen  shrub.     Ripe  cuttings. 

Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

S  T  E  X  0  C  H  I  L  U  S.  Five  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

STENOMESSOX.  Three  species. 
Stove  or  green-house  bulbous  peren- 
nials.    Offsets.     Sandy  loam. 

STEPHANIA  cleomoides.  Stove  ever- 


are  allowed  plenty  of  room. 

"The  soil  should  consist  of  equal 
parts  of  turfy  loam  and  peat,  or  vegeta- 
ble mould." — Gard.  Chron. 

STAUROCANTHUS  aphyllus.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings  or 
seeds.     Peat  and  loam. 

STEEPING.   See  Germination.   It  is 


STE 


555 


S  T  0 


green  shrub.     Young  cuttings 
peat,  and  sand. 

STEPHANOTIS  fiorihunda.      Stove 
climber.     Cuttings.     Light  rich  loam. 

STEPTOCARPUS  rexii.     Mr.  M'ln- 
tyrc,  of  Hillsborough,  gives  the  follow 


Loam,  Hardy  bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  Rich 
loam. 

STEVENLl.     Two  species.     Hardy 
innual  and  biennial.    Seeds.     Common 


STEVIA.  Thirty-one  species.  Hardy, 
directions    for   the   culture   of  this  half-hardy,  or  green-house  herbaceous 

perennials.  Cuttings,  divisions  and 
seeds.     Peat  and  loam. 

STEWARTIA  virsrinica.    Hardv  de- 


green-house  evergreen  : — 

The   seed   should   be  sown   in  the 


month  of  April,  in  pans,  in  a  mixture  of  ; 

peat  and  loam  ;  then  place  the  pans  in   ciduous  tree.     Layers  or  ripe  cuttings. 

a  hot-bed,  frame  or_pit,_until  the  plants  Peat  and  loam. 

STIFTL\  insi^nis.  Green-house  de- 
Cuttings.     Loam   and 


are  fit  for  potting  off.     The  seed  should 

be  sown  very  thin;  if  not,  the   greater  ciduous   shrub. 

portion  of  the  plants  will  rot  off  for  want  peat. 

of  air  and  room  to  their  stalks,  as  they       S TIGMAPHYLLON.     Four  species. 

grow  with  their  foliage   prostrate.     As  Stove    evergreen    twiners.       Cuttings. 

soon  as  the  plants  are  large  enough  for  Peat  and  sandy  loam. 

potting  off,  fill  a  quantity  of  pots  with  a 


mixture  of  leaf-mould,  loam,  and  sand  ; 
place  a  plant  in  each  pot,  and  give  a 
little  water. 

"Afterwards  remove  them  into  the 
frame  or  pit;  when  they  have  got  es- 
tablished in  their  pots,  they  may  be 
removed  to  a  cold  frame  or  green- 
house. 

"  In  June,  they  may  be  placed  in  the 
open  air,  and  regularly  watered  during 
the  summer. 

"  Towards  the  end  of  October,  re- 
move them  to  a  frame,  to  protect  them 
from  frost.  In  May  or  June  Ibllowing 
they  may  be  planted  out  where  recjuired. 
As  soon  as  frost  is  apprehendecl,  take 
up  the  plants,  with  a  ball  of  earth  at- 
tached to  the  roots,  repot  them  and 
place  them  in  a  green-house  or  frame, 
till  again  required.'' — Gard.  Chron. 

S  T  E  R  C  U  L  I  A.  Eighteen  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Ripe 
cuttings,  with  the  leaves  left  on.  Light 
turfy  or  peaty  loam. 

STER1GM.\.  Two  species.  Hardy 
biennials.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

STERILE  is  a  term  applied  to  unpro- 
ductive land  and  flowers.  For  some 
observations  on  the  first,  see  Barren. 
Sterile  (lowers  are  the  male  flowers  on 
monocicious  and  dioecious  plants.  They 
occur  on  the  cucumber,  melon,  gourd, 
asparagus,  &c.     They  must  not  be  de 


STILAGO.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  SandyJoam 
and  peat. 

STITCHWORT.     Stellaria. 

SiTQ'a  ]^i\.  pinnata.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings. 
Light  rich  soil. 

STOCK.  Mathiola.  This  genus  was, 
until  lately,  united  with  the  wall-flower, 
under  the  generic  name  Cheiranthus. 
Some  of  the  following  are  species,  but 
others  only  very  distinct  varieties, 

M.  acaulis.  (Stemless  Stock.)  Hardy 
annual.     Red.     Flowers  in  June. 

M.  alpina.  (Alpine  Stock.)  Hardy 
evergreen.     Yellow.     May. 

M. annua.  (Ten-week  Stock.)  Hardy 
annual.  Various  colours.  August. 
Many  varieties. 

M.  coronopifolia.  Hardy  biennial. 
Purple.     June. 

M.fenestralis.  Hardy  biennial.  Pur- 
ple.    July. 

M.  glabrata.  Half-hardy  evergreen. 
White.     August. 

M.  grcEca.  Hardy  annual.  White. 
August. 

M.  helvetica.  (Swiss  Stock.)  Hardy 
evergreen.     Yellow.     June. 

M.  incana.  (Brompton  and  Twick- 
enham Stock.)  Hardy  evergreen  shrub. 
Crimson.     August.     Many  varieties. 

M.   livida.     Hardy   annual.     Purple. 


stroyed,  for  without  the  pollen  produced    July, 
by  their  stamens,  the  fertile  or  female        M.  longipetala.    Hardy  annual.   Red. 
blossoms    will    not    produce    fruit.      If  .Tune 
plants  are  grown  in  too  high  a  tempera- 
ture, there    is   reason   to    believe   they 
produce  an   excess  of  these  sterile  or 
male  blossoms. 

S  T  E  R  N  B  E  R  G  I  A.  Four  species. 


M.maritima.  (Virginia Stock.)  Hardy 
annual.     Red  and  white.     June. 

M.  mutabilis.  (Changeable  Stock.) 
Green-house  evergreen.  Yellow  and 
purple.     May. 


S  T  0 


556 


S  T  0 


M.  odoratissima.  Green-house  ever- 
green.    Crimson.     June. 

M.  oxyr.eras.  Hardy  annual.  Crim- 
son.    July. 

M.  parvijlora.  Hardy  annual.  Pur- 
ple.    July. 

M.  purpurea.  Half-hardy  evergreen. 
Purple.     August. 

M.  sicula.  Hardy  biennial.  Lilac. 
July. 

M.  simplicicauUs.  Hardy  biennial. 
Purple  or  white.     July. 

M.  sinuata.  Hardy  biennial.  Red. 
July. 

M.  tartarica.  Hardy  biennial.  Red. 
or  yellow.     July. 

M.  tenella.  (Five-leaved  Stock.) 
Hardy  annual.     Brown.     July. 

M.  tortuosa.  Green-house  evergreen. 
Purple.     July. 

M.  tricuspidata.  Hardy  annual.  Pur- 
ple.    July. 

M.  tristis,  M.  varia.  (Night-smell- 
ing or  Dark-flowered  Stock.)  Green- 
house evergreen.     Crimson.     June. 

Souring  Annuals. — Best  time,  end  of 
August,  in  pans  filled  with  a  soil  of 
equal  parts  peat  and  loam,  and  placed 
in  a  cold  frame;  water  frequently; 
when  they  have  got  six  leaves  prick 
singly  into  pots  three  inches  and  a  half 
diameter,  in  same  kind  of  soil.  Keep 
in  frames  through  the  winter,  and  shel- 
ter from  frost.  Remove  without  dis- 
turbing the  roots  into  beds  and  borders, 
at  the  end  of  May. 

Spring  sowings  in  May,  June,  and 
July,  will  succeed  the  autumn  sown  ; 
if  sown  in  a  hot-bed  during  April,  they 
will  be  nearly  as  forward  as  the  autumn 
sown,  but  not  bloom  so  strong. 

Sou-ing  Biennials.  —  This  may  be 
done  in  any  moderately  rich  border  in 
June;  to  be  transplanted  where  they 
are  to  remain,  when  of  a  moderate 
size.  j 

Cuttings  may  be  planted  in  May,  of 
any  very  good   double  variety,  cutting  ' 
them  off  with  a  portion  of  the   stern's 
bark,  in  a  shady  border,  watering,  and 
covering  with  a  hand-glass  until    esta- 
blished.    Select    robust   shoots  of  the 
same  year's  growth  ;  strip  off  the  leaves 
from  the  bottom  half  of  their  length. 
Water    frequently,  and   by   September  ' 
they  will   form  dwarf  bushy  plants.     I 
know   of  no   means  of  promoting  the  , 
production   of  double    flowers,   except' 
applying   abundance  of  liquid   manure 
so  soon  as  the  flower  buds  appear.    The 


weakest  seedlings  are  most  likely  to 
produce  double  flowers. 

STOCK-GILLIFLOVVER.  SeeWall- 
'  flower. 

I  STOCKS  are  young  trees  or  shrubs 
raised  from  seed,  suckers,  layers,  and 
cuttings,  for  the  reception  of  buds  or 
grafts  from  other  trees  or  shrubs  of  a 
kindred  species. 

Although  the  sap  increases  in  specific 
gravity,  and,  consequently,  obtains  most 
accession  of  solid  matter  during  its  pro- 
gress up  the  stem,  yet  the  matter  thus 
obtained  is  not  of  paramount  import- 
ance, nor  absolutely  controlling  the 
subsequent  changes  to  be  effected  ;  for, 
in  such  case,  the  green-gage  would  be 
altered  by  its  plum  stock,  and  the  non- 
pareil by  its  crab  stem.  So  far  from 
this  being  the  case,  the  old  gardener's 
maxim,  '  the  graft  overruleth  the  stock 
quite,'  is  consonant  with  truth,  though 
it  is  to  be  taken  with  some  reservation. 
The  graft  prevails,  and  retains  its  quali- 
ties, yet  the  stock  has  the  power  of  in- 
fluencing its  productiveness,  as  well  as 
the  quality  of  the  fruit.  Thus,  a  tree 
having  an  expansive  foliage,  and  robust 
growth,  indicative  of  large  sap  vessels, 
and  vigorous  circulation,  should  never 
be  grafted  upon  a  stock  oppositely  cha- 
racterized, for  the  supply  of  sap  will 
not  be  sufficient.  Illustrations  are  af- 
forded by  the  codlin  never  succeeding 
so  well  on  a  crab,  nor  a  bigoureau  on  a 
wild  cherry,  as  they  do  on  freer  grow- 
ing stocks.  Indeed  I  have  no  doubt 
that  every  tree  and  shrub  succeeds 
best,  is  most  productive,  and  freest 
from  disease,  if  it  be  supplied  with  sap 
from  roots,  and  through  a  stem,  of  its 
own  particular  kind.  This  is  evident 
to  common  sense  ;  nor  would  any  fruit 
scion  be  grafted  upon  a  stock  of  another 
species  or  variety,  if  it  were  not  that 
such  stocks  are  most  easily  obtainable. 
For  example,  our  choicest  cherries  are, 
for  the  reason  assigned,  grafted  or  bud- 
ded upon  the  wild  cherry;  and  every 
one  must  have  noticed  the  frequently- 
occurring  consequence,  an  enlarge- 
ment, appearing  like  a  wen,  encircling 
the  tree  just  above  where  the  graft  and 
the  stock  joined,  the  growth  of  the 
former  having  far  outstripped  that  of  the 
latter.  If  a  tree  could  be  nourished 
from  its  own  roots,  from  organs  as- 
signed by  its  Creator,  as  those  best 
suited  to  supply  the  most  appropriate 
quantity  and  quality  of  sap,  there  can 


STO 


557 


STO 


be  no  doubt  that  it  would  be  productive  hours  ;  a  birch  tree,  a  quantity  equal  to 

of  benefit;  and  this  desideratum  seems  its    own   weight,   duriii;r    the    bleeding 

to  be  secured  by  the  plan  suggested  by  season;  and  a  moderate  sized  maple, 

M.  Aibrett  in   the  instances  of  apples  about   two   hundred   pints,   during  the 


and  pears  ;  and  I  see  no  reason  forbid- 
ding its  adoption  to  any  other  grafted 
tree.    He  recommends  the  grafts  always 


same  period. 

The  habit  of  the  stock,    also,   is  of 
much  more  importance  than  is  usually 


to  be  inserted   close   to  the  surface  of  considered.     If  it  grows  more  rapidly. 


the  ground,  or  they  might  be  even 
rather  below  the  surface,  by  scooping 
out  the  earth  around  the  stems  of  the 


or  has  larger  sap  vessels  than  the  scion 
or  bud,  an  enlargement  occurs  below 
these;   but  if  they  grow    more  rapidly 


stocks.     When  planted  out,  the  lowest    than  the  stock,  an  enlargement  takes 
extremity  of  the  graft  should  be  about    place  just  above  the  point  of  union.    In 


four  inches  below  the  surface. 


either  case,  the  tree  is  usually  rendered 


After  two  or  three  years,  at  the  close  temporarily  more   prolific;    but   in  the 

of  June,  the   soil   should   be  removed,  case  where  the  stock  grows  more  slow- 

and  just  above  the  junction  of  the  graft  ly,  the  productiveness  is  often  of  very 

and  stock,  with  a  gouge,  one  fourth  of  short  duration,  the  supply  of  sap  annu- 

the  bark  removed  by  four  cuts  on  op-  ally  becoming  less  and  less  sufficient  to 


posite  sides  of  the  stem. 


sustain  the  enlarged  production  of  blos- 


The  cuts  being  deep  enough  to  re-  som  and  leaves.     This  very  frequently 

move  the  inner  bark,  and   the  wounds  occurs   in   the  freer  growing  cherries, 

covered    immediately    with    rich    soil,  when  inserted   upon   the  wild  species; 

formed    of  one    part   putrescent   cow-  and  still   more  frequently  to  the  peach 

dung,  and   two   parts   maiden   loam,  if  and    apricot    upon  stocks  of  the  slow 

kept  constantly  moist  with  water,  and  growing  plums.     It  is  highly  important, 

occasionally  with   liquid  manure,  roots  therefore,  to  employ  stocks,  the  growth 


will  usually  be  speedily  emitted,  espe- 
cially if  the  place  where  a  bud  once 
was  formed  be  thus  kept  moist  beneath 
the  soil. 

But  the  stock  has  some  other  influ- 


of  which  is  as  nearly  similar  as  may  be 
to  the  parent  of  the  buds  or  scion. 

The  earlier  vegetation  of  the  stock 
than  of  the  bud  or  graft  is  also  import- 
ant ;  for,  if  these  are  earliest  in  develop- 


ence  over  the  sap,  besides  limiting  the  ment,  they  are  apt  to  be  exhausted  and 
quantity  supplied  to  the  scion,  an  in-  die  before  the  flow  of  sap  has  enabled 
fluence  not  only  arising  from  the  size  of  granulation  and  union  between  the  faces 
its  vessels,  but  upon  its  susceptibility  to  of  the  wounds,  at  the  junction,  to  occur, 
heat.  It  has  a  further  influence  over  Mr.  Knight-s  observations  upon  this 
the  scion,  by  the  sap  becoming  more  point  are  the  results  of  experience,  and 
rich,  indicated  by  its  acquiring  a  great-  are  so  consonant  with  the  suggestions 
r;  specific  gravity  in  some  stocks  than  of  science,  that  I  will  quote  them  in  his 
in  others,  during  its  upward  progress,  own  words,  without  comment : — 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  sap  of  a  "  The  practice  of  grafting  the  pear 
black  cluster  vine  stock,  on  which  a  on  the  quince  stock,  and  the  peach  and 
black  Hamburgh  had  been  grafted,  was,  apricot  on  the  plum,  when  extensive 
when  obtained  six  inches  from  the  growth  and  durability  are  wanted,  is 
ground,  1003;  and  at  five  feet  from  the  wrong;  but  it  is  eligible  whenever  it 
ground,  1006  ;  but  the  same  black  Ham-  is  wished  to  diminish  the  vigour  and 
burgh,  growing  upon  its  own  roots,  growth  of  the  tree,  and  where  its  dura- 
had  specific  gravities  at  corresponding  bility  is  not   thought   important.     The 


heights  of  1004  and  1009. 


last  remark  applies  chiefly  to  the  Moor- 


This  increase  is  of  great  importance    park  a{)ricot,the  abricot  prchc,  or  abri- 
to  a  tree's  growth,  when   the  quantity    cot  de  Nancy,  of  the  French. 


of  sap  passing  annually  through  its  ves- 


When    great    difficulty    occurs    in 


sels  is  considered.     The  exact  amount  making  a  tree,  whether   fructiferous   or 

of  this  it  is,  perhaps,  impossible  to  dis-  ornamental,  of  any  species   or   variety, 

cover;  but  its  extent  may  be  appreciated  produce    blossoms,    or   in    making    its 

bv  the  quantity  of  moisture  their  roots  blossoms   set   when  produced,   success 

are  known   to  imbibe,  and   by  llic  facts  probably   will    be   obtained    by  budding 

that  a  small  vine  branch  has  poured  out  or  grafting  upon  a  stock  nearly  enough 

sixteen    ounces  of  sap  in  twenty-four  allied  to  the  graft  to  preserve  it  alive 


STO 


558 


STO 


for  a  few  years,  "out  not  permanently.  [  but  I  have  ample  reason  to  believe  that 
The  pear  tree  affords  a  stock  of  tliis  this  opinion  is  wholly  erroneous,  and 
kind  to  the  apple,  and  I  have  had  a  this  kind  of  hardiness  in  the  root  alone 
heavy  crop  from  a  graft  inserted  in  a  j  never  can  be  a  quality  of  any  value  in 
tall  pear  stock,  only  twenty  months  ,  a  stock,  for  the  branches  of  every  spe- 
previously,  when  every  blossom  of  the  ,  cies  of  tree  are  much  more  easily  de- 
same  variety  of  fruit  in  the  orchard  was    stroyed  by  frost  than  its  roots. 


destroyed  by  frost.     The  fruit  thus  ob 


Many    believe    also    that  a    peach 


tained  was  perfect  externally,  and  pos- I  tree,  when  grafted  upon  its  native 
sessed  all  its  ordinary  qualities;  but  :  stock,  very  soon  perishes;  but  my  ex- 
the  cores  were  black,  without  seed  ;  perience  does  not  further  support  this 
and  every  blossom  would  have  fallen  ,  conclusion  than  that  it  [)roves  seedling 
abortively,  if  growing  upon  its  native  peach  trees,  when  growing  in  a  very 
stock.  The  graft  perished  the  winter :  rich  soil,  to  be  greatly  injured,  and 
following.  often  killed,  by  the  excessive  use  of  the 

"  My  own  experience  induces  me  to  '  pruning-knife     upon      their    branches, 
think   very  highly  of  the  excellence  of!  when  these  are  confined  to  too  narrow 


the  apricot  stock  for  the  peach  or 
nectarine ;  but  whenever  that  or  the 
plum  stock  is  employed,!  am  confident 
the  bud  cannot  be  inserted  too  near  the 
ground,  if  vigorous  and  durable  trees 
are  required. 

"  The  form  and  habit  which  a  peach 
tree,  of  any  given   variety,  is  disposed 


limits.  I  think  the  stock,  in  this  in- 
stance, can  only  act  injuriously  by  sup- 
plying more  nutriment  than  can  be 
expended  ;  for  the  root  which  nature 
gives  to  each  seedling  plant  must  be 
well,  if  not  best,  calculated  for  its  sup- 
port; and  the  chief  general  conclusions 
which    experience   has   enabled   me  to 


to  assume,  is  very  much  influenced  by  !  draw  safely  are,  that  a  stock  of  species 


the  kind  of  stock  on  which  it  is  budded 
If  upon  a  plum  or  apricot  stock,  its 
stem  will  increase  in  size  considerably 
as  its  base  approaches  the  stock,  and  it 
will  be  much  disposed  to  emit  many 
lateral  shoots,  as  always  occurs  in 
trees  whose  stems  taper  considerably 
upwards  ;    consequently,  such    a    tree 


or  genus  different  from  that  of  the  fruit 
to  be  grafted  upon  it,  can  be  used  rare- 
ly with  advantage,  unless  where  the 
object  of  the  planter  is  to  restrain  and 
debilitate ;  and  where  stocks  of  the 
same  species  with  the  bud  or  graft  are 
used,  it  will  be  found  advantageous, 
generally,  to   select    such   as  approxi- 


will  be  more  disposed  to  spread  itself '  mate  in  their  habits  and  slate  of  change, 
horizontally,  than  to  ascend  to  the  top  '  or  improvement  from  cultivation,  those 
of  the  wall,  even  when  a  single  stem  is  I  of  the  variety  of  fruit  which  they  are 
sufiered  to  stand  perpendicularly.  On  intended  to  support." 
the  contrary,  where  a  peach  is  budded  I  The  only  situation  in  which  I  can 
upon  a  stock  of  some  cultivated  variety  '  believe  that  the  stock  of  another  spe- 
of  its  own  species,  the  stock  and  the  j  cies  can  be  advantageously  employed, 
budded  stem  remain  very  nearly  of  the  '  is  where  the  soil  happens  to  be  un- 
same  size  at  the  point  of  junction,  as  '  friendly  to  the  species  from  which  the 
well  as  above  and  below.  No  obstacle  '  bud  or  scion  is  taken.  This  is  justified 
is  presented  to  the  ascent  or  descent  by  my  observing  that,  in  a  garden  so 
of  the  sap,  which  appears  to  rise  more  low  lying  as  to  be  very  subject  to  an 
abundantly  to  the  summit  of  the  tree.  |  overflow  of  water,  the  only  pear  trees 
It  appears,  also,  to  flow  more  freely  j  which  were  at  all  productive  were  those 
into  the  slender  branches,  which  have  grafted  upon  quince  stocks,  and  the 
been  the  bearing  wood  of  preceding  quince  is  well  known  to  endure  water 
years;  and  these  extend,  consequently,  much  better  than  either  the  apple  or 
very  widely  compared  with  the  bulk  oft  pear. — Princ.  of  Card. 


the  stock  and  large  branches. 


Stocks  for  general   use  may  be  used 


When  a  stock  of  the  same  species  for  grafting  or  budding,  when  from  the 
with  the  graft  or  bud,  but  of  a  variety  size  of  a  good  goosequill  to  half  an 
far  less  changed  by  cultivation,  is  em-  inch,  or  not  more  than  an  inch  in  the 
ployed,  its  effects  are  very  nearly  allied  part  where  the  graft  or  bud  is  to  be  in- 
to those  produced  by  a  stock  of  another  serted.  Stocks  of  two  or  three  inches, 
species  or  genus.  Some  think  the  stock  ,  or  more,  diameter,  either  the  stems  or 
influences  the  hardiness  of  the  scion  ;  branches,  are  also  occasionally  grafted 


STO 


559 


STO 


or  budded  with    success,  but  are  not 
proper  for  general  practice. 

Crab  Stocks  are  all  such  as  are  raised 
from  seeds,  &c.,  of  any  wild  ungrafted 
trees,  particularly  if  the  fruit-tree  kind, 
such  as  the  wild  crab-apple  of  the 
woods  and   hedges,  wild  pears,  plums. 


described  under  the  name  of  that  tribe, 
as  Pine  Apple,  Orchidaceous  Plants, 
Peach,  &c. 

Before  giving  a  plan  of  each  general 
kind,  a  few  observations  may  be  pre- 
fixed applicable  to  all. 

Glass. — This  should  be   of  the  best 


wild  cherry,  and  of  such  other  trees  as    manufacture,  for  just  in   proportion  to 


have  not  been  grafted  or  budded. 
Free  Stocks  are  such  as   are   raised 


its  goodness  of  quality  is  the  freedom 
with    which    the    rays    of    light    pass 


from  the   seed,  layers,  &c.,  of  any  of  through,  and   a   plant   performs  its  di- 


the  cultivated  varieties  of  fruit-trees, 
and  others.  j 

Paradise  or  Doucin  stocks  are  raised 
from  layers  or  suckers,  from  a  dwarf 
variety  of  apple,  the  roots  of  which  are 
produced  nearer  to  the  surface  than 
those  from  crab  stocks. 

The  French   Paradise  stock    is  dis- 


gestive  and  assimilating  processes  the 
nearer  to  the  vigour  with  which  it  effects 
them  in  a  state  of  nature,  just  in  pro- 
portion as  the  light  it  basks  in  is  similar 
to  that  of  its  native  habitant.  But  this 
is  not  the  only  reason  why  good  glass 
should  be  employed  in  our  garden 
structures  ;  for  whilst  panes  of  common 


tinguished  from  all  others  by  its  very  [  crown  glass  readily  break  from  frost  or 
dwarf  growth,  clear  chestnut-coloured  •  the  slightest  twist  of  the  wood-work, 
shoots,  and    small   fibrous  roots,  which    good  sheet  glass  will  remain  uninjured 


spread  naar  the  surface. 

The  English  Paradise  may  be  either 
referred  to  as  the  Doucin  of  the  French 
or  the  Dutch  Paradise;  for  in  English 
nurseries,  trees   propagated  on    either 


by  much  greater  violence  and  by  the 
fiercest  hailstorms.  Some  injury  from 
the  last,  however,  will  always  arise, 
and  this  leads  me  to  observe,  that  no  one 
having  green-houses  or   stoves  should 


are  said  to  be  on  paradise  stocks.  Of  fail  to  have  them  insured  by  the  "  Hail- 
these  two,  the  Doucin  has  the  darkest  storm  Insurance  Company."  Good 
shoots.  Their  effects  on  the  growth  of  glass  is  of  little  value  unless  kept  clean, 
the  trees  worked  upon  them  are  sinii-  !  and  for  this  purpose  it  should  be 
lar,  being  intermediate  between  the  cleansed  on  both  sides  twice  annually, 
very  dwarf  habit  induced  by  the  French  early  in  February  and  October,  and  on 
Paradise,  and  the  luxuriant  growth  in-  " 
duced  by  the  crab  or  free  stocks. — 
Card.  Chron.  See  Scion,  Grafting, 
and  Budding. 

S  T  (E  B  E  .  Four  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 


the  outside  only  in  June. 

The  angle  formed  by  the  glass  roof 
of  the  hnt-house  is  of  very  considerable 
importance,  because  rays  of  light  are 
refiectcd  in  proportion  to  the  obli(iuity 
with  which  they  fall  upon  any  given 
surface  :  those  which  fall  upon  it  per- 
STOKESI.A.     cyanea.      Green-house  \  pendicularly  from  the    source  of  light 


Seeds  or   divi-    pass  through  with  very  slight  diminu- 
tion, but  those  falling  upon  it  in  a  slant- 
ing or  oblique  direction  are  reduced  in 
number  in   proportion  to  the  obliquity 
STOFPINti;  is  pinching  or  nipping  off  |  of  that  direction.     To  ascertain  how  a 


herbaceous  perennial 
sion.     Common  soil. 

STONECROP.     Sediim. 

STONE  PINE.     Pinus  Pinea 


the  extremity  of  a  branch  to  prevent  its 
further  extension  in  length.  It  is  fre- 
quently done  either  to  promote  its 
robustness,  or  to  promote  the  produc- 
tion of  laterals. 

STOR.W.     Styrax. 

STORK\S  BILL.     Pelargonium. 

STOVES,  as  they  are  usually  called 
in  England,  or  hot-houses,  as  distinct- 
ive from  green-houses,  are  variously 
constructed  in  accordance  with  the  ha- 
bits of  the    plants    for  which   they   are 


lass  roof  may  be  constructed,  so  as  to 
receive  the  greatest  number  of  rays  of 
'  light  from  the  sun  perpendicularly,  or 
near  to  perpendicularity,  at  any  given 
time  of  the  year,  it  is  necessary  to  know 
the  latitude  of  the  place  where  the  hot- 
house is  erected,  and  the  sun's  declina- 
tion at  the  period  when  most  light  is 
required.  The  latter  information  may 
be  obtained  from  most  almanacks,  and 
if  it  be  subtracted  from  the  latitude,  the 
remainder  will    be  the    angle    desired. 


intended.     Those  especially  adapted  to    If  London  be  the  place,  and  May  the 
one  tribe  of  plants  will  be  particularly  ;  6th  the  lime  about  when  the  most  light 


S  T  0 


560 


S  TO 


is  desired,  the  latitude  being  51°  31%  |      Mr.  Seymour,  gardener  to  tlie  Count- 
and  the  sun's  declension  then  16°  36^  j  ess  of  Bridgewater,  at  Ashridge  Pari<, 


nortli,  therefore  the  roof  ought  to  slope 
at  an  angle  of  34"-'  55'. 

Fig.  157. 


has  these   sensible   remarks    upon   the 
subject:  — 

"  There  ought  to  be  three  or  four 
sizes  of  panes  used  in  horticultural  struc- 
tures ;  suppose,  for  example,  the  largest 
size  for  vineries,  peach,  and  fig-houses  ; 
the  next  for  pits  for  growing  pines, 
melons,  and  cucumbers;  a  third  size 
for  frames;  and  the  smallest  for  hand- 
glasses. If  the  sizes  are  so  arranged, 
they  will  be  found  economical  by  the 
saving  of  glass.  When  there  is  a  gene- 
ral repair  going  on  with  the  hot-houses, 
the  glazier  ought  to  begin  with  that  in 
which  tlie  largest  sized  panes  are  first, 
and  work  down  to  the  smallest,  and  not, 
as  is  freejuently  the  case,  cut  a  large 
piece  of  glass  away  to  replace  a  small 
one.  In  my  opinion,  there  are  no  better 
sized  panes  for  hot-houses  than  seven 
inches  wide,  by  four  and  a  half  deep  ; 
for  pits,  by  three  inches  deep  ;  lor 
frames,  five  and  a  half  by  two  and  a 
half  inches  deep,  &:c.,  with  a  lap  of  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch.  The  glass  should  be 
clear,  stout,  and  selected  as  flat  as  pos- 
sible, so  that  the  panes  may  lie  perfectly 
level  one  upon  the  other,  and  so  cut 
being  vertical.  The  asterisk  d  points  that  they  may  not  fit  too  tightly  against 
out  its  position  at  the  equinoxes,  and  Ej  the  ribs,  (which  is  frequently  practised 
its  position  at  midwinter.  If  the  best  by  some  glaziers,)  but  room'should  be 
glass  be  employed,  it  is  an  excellent  i  left  for  the  ribs  to  swell  and  expand, 
plan  to  have  it  put  double  in  each  sash.    Before  a  light  is  glazed,  all  the  panes 


In  latitude  52°,  Mr.  Knight  found 
from  lengthened  experiments,  that  the 
best  angle  is  about  34°,  considering  the 
services  of  a  hot-house  through  the  year, 
and  to  illustrate  this,  he  gave  the  pre- 
ceding diagram.  About  the  middle  of 
IMay,  the  elevation  of  the  sun  at  noon 
corresponds  nearly  with  the  asterisk 
A  ;  in  the  beginning  of  June  and  early 
in  July  it  will  be  vertical  at  b,  and  at 
midsummer  at  c.  only  six  degrees  from 


an  interval  of  half  an  inch  being  left 
between  the  two  panes,  and  a  small 
hole  at  the  corner  of  the  inner  one  to 
prevent  the  glass  being  broken  by  the 
expansion  or  contraction  of  the  air  be- 
tween.    This  confined  air  is  one  of  the 


should  be  laid  in  loose,  to  see  that  they 
fit  easy  and  are  quite  level,  as  well  as 
range  one  with  the  other;  when  that  is 
done,  the  panes  must  be  taken  out  and 
some  well  worked  putty  laid  in  the  re- 
bate, the  panes  must  then  be  replaced 


worst  possible  conductors  of  heat,  keep- I  and  pressed  firmly  down,  and  the  bot- 
ing  the  house  from  being  rapidly  cooled  torn  frame  bedded  in  the  puttv,  so  as 
during  the  coldest  weather,  and  thus  is  not  to  leave  a  vacancy.  When  the  glass 
effected  a  very  great  economy  of  fuel,  is  bedded  in  the  putty  along  the  astra- 
■whilst  little  or  no  interruption  is  caused  gals,  the  usual  way  is  to  '  front  puttv' 
to    the    entrance    of   light. — Princ.    of   the  whole   at    once  ;  but  at  Kew,   the 


Gard. 

Glazing,  or  the  mode  in  which  the 
glass  is  inserted  in  the  frames,  is  a  very 
important  consideration  ;  for  if  done 
imperfectly,  moisture  from  rain,  dew, 
or  vapour  condensed  within  the  house 
penetrates  between  the  rebate  of  the 


lights  are  put  by  after  the  glass  is  bed- 
ded till  the  bedding  putty  is  dry.  The 
astragal  then  gets  a  coat  of  paint,  and 
also  a  strip  of  the  glass,  the  depth  of 
the  bedding  on  the  astragal,  and  when 
this  is  dry  the  front  putty  is  put  on. 
The  coat  of  paint  on  the  glass  will  cause 


frame-work  and  the  glass,  or  between  the  front  putty  to  adhere  to  the  glass, 
the  laps  of  the  panes  themselves,  and  and  it  will  remain  sound  many  years 
«»-„„„j;„„  ;„  .i,„  „„t  „(•  c :.,_  ..^c^:\      i »i .    i •»    ■  .  -.i 


expanding  in  the  act  of  freezing  unfail 
ingly  cracks  them.     Again,  if  the  p: 
fit  tightly  into  the  rebates,  any  sue 
expansion  causes  a  similar  fracture 


_-,- ^ _ ^  longer  than  when  it  is  put  on  without 

ingly  cracks  them.  Again,  if  the  panes  ,  this  precaution.  This  is  a  capital  con- 
fit  tightly  into  the  rebates,  any  sudden  trivance  for  lights  that  slide  up  and 
«.,^o,.„;  „„„  „  „;™;i„.  r.„„. —         ,  down  J  but  for  lights  that  are  fixed,  the 


S  TO 


561 


S  T  0 


best  way  is  to  hnve  no  front  putty  at  all.  j  most  important  property,  when  we  con- 
Instead  of  overlapping  the  panes  as  is  '•  sider  that  the  healthy  action  of  plants 
done  in  the  ordinary  way,  I  cause  the  is  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of  light 
glazier  to  cut  each  with  a  perfectly  \vhich  reaches  them.  The  disadvan- 
straight  edge,  and  then  to  place  them  ,  tages  of  such  roofs  are,  that  they  ra- 
one  before  the  other,  so  that  they  shall  I  pidly  heat,  and  as  quickly  cool  down; 
all  fit  exactly.  When  the  light  is  com- >  they  are  therefore  liable  to  sudden 
pleted,  the  surface  of  the  glass  is  per-  changes  of  temperature,  which  can 
fectly  level,  and  there  are  no  interstices    only  be  guarded  against  by  great  atten- 


in  which  the  dust,  &c.,  can  accumulate, 
or  for  the  oeposit  of  moisture.  By  this 
means  one  cause  of  considerable  break- 
age in  frosty  weather  is  entirely  avoided; 
and  if  a  pane  of  glass  is  accidentally  i 


tion,  w'hich  is  expensive,  and  by  a  large 
consumption  of  fuel.  We  should  say 
use  iron,  if  you  prefer  success  and 
beautiful  form  to  cost,  and  can  rely 
upon  the  attention  of  your  people,  but 


broken,  as  each  pane  is  independent  of  employ  wood  if  you  are  obliged  to  study 


Fig.  158. 


the  others,  the  fracture  does  not  extend 
beyond  the  single  pane.  The  whole  is 
very  firm  and  compact,  and  the  glass  is 
not  liable  to  shake  out,  as  frequently 
occurs  in  opening  and  shutting  sashes." 
— Gard.  Chron. 

If  lapping  be  permit- 
ted, its  width  should  not 
exceed  one-eighth  of  an 
inch,  and  the  panes 
should  be  acutely  rhom- 
boid, to  throw  the  con- 
densed vapour  down  to 
the  lower  corner,  and 
induce  it  to  trickle  down 
the  bars  instead  of  drop- 
ping. It  is  very  doubt- 
ful whether  it  reduces 
the  amount  of  moisture 
taken  between  the  laps 
by  capillary  attraction. 

FlufS  are  best  built  of 
bricks      set      on      their 
edges,  and  the  top  form- 
ed   of    a    shallow    iron 
trough   for  the  purpose 
of   holding    water,    and 
thus    keeping     the     air 
moist    as   required.     At 
night,  for  retaining  heat, 
pantiles  may  be  placed 
along  within  the  trough  ; 
the  best  form  is  the  an- 
nexed. 
Roof. — The   framework   of  this  may 
be  of  iron  or   of  wood,  and  the  com- 
parative   merits   of  the    two  materials 
are  thus  fairly  stated  by  Dr.  Lindley  : — 
"  The   advantages  of  iron    roofs  for 
hot-houses  are,  that  they  are  more  dur- 
able than  wood,  and  allow  a  far  greater 
quantity  of  light  to  pass  through  them 
than  wooden  roofs,  the  difference  being 
as    seven    to     twenty-eight,    or    even 
thirtv,   in  favor  of  iron,  and   this  is  a 
'36 


Fig.  159. 


I  1 


economy." — Gard.  Chron. 

Heating. — Flues  for  imparting  heat 
to  hot-houses  are  for  the  most  part  su- 
perseded by  either  tanks  or  hot-water 
pipes;  but  where  retained,  the  top 
should  be  formed  of  iron  plates,  these 
admitting  the  heat  most  readily  into  the 
house,  and  consequently  requiring  a 
less  consumption  of  fuel.  If  it  be  de- 
sirable to  have  covering  for  the  flues 
that  will  retain  the  heat  longer,  as 
when  the  fires  are  made  up  at  night, 
this  may  be  readily  accomplished  by 
putting  a  row  of  the  thick  sijuare  pav- 
ing tiles  on  the  top  of  the  whole  length 
of  the  flue,  an  hour  or  two  before  the 
houses  are  finally  closed. 

The  power  of  retaining  heat,  or  in 
other  words  of  cooling  slowly  and  gra- 
dually, which  renders  the  covering  of 
paving  tiles  desirable,  renders  the  tank 
system  of  heating  by  hot-water  still 
more  efficient.  It  is  a  scientific  opera- 
tion throughout,  and  will  be  best  appre- 
ciated by  a  reference  to  Mr.  Rendle's 
diagram  and  description  at  page  500. 

It  is  a  law  of  tluids  that  their  hottest 
portions  rise  to  the  surface  of  the  con- 
taining vessel,  and  the  coldest  portions 
as  invariably  subside  to  the  lowest  sur- 
face, because  heat  makes  them  expand, 
and  consequently  diminishes  their  spe- 
cific gravity;  and  the  abstraction  of 
heat  makes  them  contract,  and  as  conse- 
quently increase  that  gravity.  When 
the  boiler  and  tank  are  filled  with 
water,  as  well  as  their  connecting  pipes, 
and  a  fire  is  lighted,  the  hottest  portfons 
rise  to  the  top,  flow  along  the  surface, 
and  getting  cool,  sink  to  its  bottom,  and 
passing  downward  enter  again  at  the 
lower  part,  to  be  once  more  heated  and 
pass  through  the  same  circulatory  sys- 
tem. A  very  small  boiler  will  speedily 
raise  the  heat  of  the   water,  in  a  very 


STO 


562 


STO 


large  tank,  to  180°;  and  if  this  heat  be  I  Now  in  the  house,  the  dimensions  of 
imparted  late  in  the  evening,  it  will  which  are  above  given,  if  the  lowest 
retain  its  heat  but  little  diminished  until  |  temperature  in  the  night  be  fixed  at  50^, 
the  morning.  The  smoke,  by  means  of  and  IC^  are  allowed  for  winds,  and  the 
a  flue,  may  be  made  to  impart  heat  to  external  air  is  supposed  to  be  at  zero  or 
the  house,  by  passing  through  it,  or  0  of  Fahrenheit,  then  1175  multiplied 
may  at  once  enter  the  chimney  or  pipe  I  by  60*^,  and  the  product  divided  by  2-1 , 
attached  to  the  summit  of  the  boiler.      '  the  difference  between  200  and  CO,  will 

Hot  water  in  a  tank  is  superior  to  the  i  give  us  the  quotient  236  =  to  the  sur- 
same  source  of  heat  in  pipes,  because  '  face  of  pipe  required.  Now  the  house 
it  is  not  liable  to  freeze  ;  and  it  is  pre-  ;  being  thirty  feet  long,  five  pipes  of  that 
ferable  to  steam,  because  its  heating  length,  and  five  inches  in  diameter, 
power  continues  until  the  whole  mass  :  will  be  about  the  proper  quantity, 
of  water  is  cooled  down  to  the  tempe-  |  If  hot  water  be  employed  instead  of 
rature  of  the  hou&e,  whereas  steam  .  steam,  the  following  proportions  and 
ceases  to  be  generated  as  a  source  of,  information,  obtained  from  Mr.  Rendle, 
heat  the  moment  the  temperature  falls  j  may  be  adopted  confidently  as  guides, 
below  212^.  If  steam  be  employed,  J  In  a  span  roof  propagating  house,  forty 
Mr.  Tredgold  has  given  the  following  j  feet  long,  thirteen  feet  broad,  seven 
rules  for  calculating  the  surface  of  I  feet  high  in  the  centre,  and  four  feet 
pipe,  the  size  of  the  boiler,  the  quan-  high  at  the  two  fronts,  having  a  super- 
tity  of  fuel,  and  the  quantity  of  ventila-  ficial  surface  of  glass  amounting  to 
tion,  required  for  a  house  thirty  feet  538  square  feet,  Mr.  Rendle  has  a  tank 
long,  twelve  feet  wide,  with  the  glass  eighty-three  feet  long,  running  round 
roof  eight  feet,  length  of  the  rafters  three  sides  of  the  house,  four  feet  wide 
fourteen  feet,  height  of  the  back  wall  i  and  about  eight  inches  deep,  and  con- 
fifieen  feet.  The  surfiice  of  glass  in  ]  sequently  capable  of  containing  nearly 
this  house  will  be  seven  hundred  and  j  300  cubic  feet  of  hot  water,  though  only 
twenty  feet  superficial,  viz.,  five  hun-lhalf  that  quantity  is  used.  This  is 
dred  and  forty  feet  in  the  front  and  roof, '  closely  approaching  to  the  size  pointed 
and  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  the  i  out,  according  to  Mr.  Tredgold's  for- 
ends.  Now,  half  the  vertical  height,  i  mula.  The  mean  temperature  of  a  hot- 
seven  feet  six  inches,  multiplied  by  the  j  water  tank,  will  never  be  much  above 
length  in  feet,  and  added  to  one  and  a  i  100^,  so  that  for  the  sized  house  men- 
half  time  the  area  of  glass  in  feet,  is  tioned  by  that  skillful  engineer,  the 
equal  to  the  cubic  feet  of  air  to  be  [  divisor  must  be  2- 1  times  the  difference 
warmed  in  each  minute  when  there  are  i  between  100'^  and  60°,  which  gives  as 
no  double  doors.  i  the  quotient  335  cubic  feet. 

That  is,  7.5  X  30+U  X  720=1305  1  The  tank  in  Mr.  Rendle's  propagating 
cubic  feet.  But  in  a  house  with  wooden  house,  is  built  lined  with  Roman  ce- 
bars  and  raflers,  about  one-tenth  of  this  ment,  and  if  the  temperature  at  the 
space  will  be  occupied  with  woodwork,  !  time  of  lighting  the  fire  be  903,thetein- 
which  is  so  slow  a  conductor  of  heat,  ;  perature  of  the  atmosphere  of  the  house 
that  it  will  not  suffer  a  sensible  quan-  67^,  and  the  temperature  out  of  doors 
tity  to  escape,  therefore  130  feet  may  '  50'^,  the  quantity  of  small  coal  or 
be  deducted,  leaving  the  quantity  to  be  I  breeze  required  to  raise  the  tempera- 
warmed  per  minute  =  1175  cubic  feet,    j  ture  of  the  water  to  125^',  is  28  pounds. 

To  ascertain  the  surface  of  pipe  re-  :  In  twelve  hours,  the  water  cools  after 
quired  to  warm  any  given  quantity  of  the    fire    has   been    extinguished,   from 
air,  multiply  the  cubic  feet  of  air  to  be  i  125^  to  93°. 
heated   per  minute,   by   the   difference        When  steam  is  employed,  tlie  space 


between  the  temperature  the  house 
to  be  kept  at,  and  that  of  the  external 
air  in  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  thermo- 


for  steam   in  the  boiler  is  easily  tbund 
by  multiplying  the   length   of  the  pipe 
feet,  by  the   quantity  of  steam 


meter,  and  divide  the   product  by  2-1,  i  foot  in  length  of  the  pipe. 

the  difference   between   200,  which  is  |  Decimal  parts  of  a 

the  temperature  of  the  steam  pipes,  and       „"  "J,""^;" '^!!!kL"         cuIjic  foot  ot'sieara 


tlie  temperature  of  the  house:  the  quo- 
tient will  be  the  surface  of  cast  iron 
pipe  required. 


in  each  footof  pipe. 
.     0.0545 
.     0.1225 


STO 


563 


STO 


2    .  . 

.  .  0.21S5 

2i       .     . 

.  .  0.34 

3    .  . 

.  .  0.49 

4    .  . 

.  .  0.S73 

6    .  . 

.  .  1.063 

6    .  . 

.  .  1.964 

7    .  . 

.  .  2.67 

8    .  . 

.  .  3.49 

9    .  . 

.  .  4.42 

10    .  . 

.  .  5.45 

gardener  usually  suspects;  for  if  the 
sulphurous  acid  amounts  to  no  more 
than  one  cubic  foot  in  ten  thousand  of 
the  air  in  a  hot-house,  it  will  destroy 
most  of  its  inhabitants  in  two  days'. 
To  avoid  such  destruction,  for  the  com- 
fort of  visitors,  and  above  all  for  the 
sake  of  the  plants'  vigour,  air  should  be 
admitted  as  freely  as  the  temperature 
will  permit.  The  foul  warm  air  can 
In  the  above  noticed  house,  the  be  easily  allowed  to  escape  throusih 
length  of  pipe  five  inches  in  diameter,  ventilators  in  the  most  elevated  parts 
is  150  feet;  and  these  multiplied  by  of  the  roof,  and  fresh  warm  atr  can  be 
1.363  =:20. 5  cubic  feet  of  steam,  and  as  readily  supplied  through  pipes  made 
as  the  pipe  will  condense  the  steam  of  to  enter  near  the  flooring  of  the  house 
about  one  cubic  foot  and  one-third  of  after  passing  through  hot  water,  or 
water  per  hour,  therefore  the  boiler  other  source  of  heat, 
should  be  capable  of  evaporating  H  I  am  quite  aware  that  Mr.  Knight 
cubic  feet  of  water  per  hour,  to  allow  has  stated  that  he  paid  little  attention 
for  unavoidable  loss.  In  the  extreme  to  ventilation,  and  that  plants  will  be 
case  of  the  thermometer  being  at  zero,  vigorous  for  a  time  in  VVardian  cases; 
the  consumption  of  coals  to  keep  up  but  this  does  not  prove  that  their  Creator 
this  evaporation  will  be  12|  pounds  per  made  a  mistake  when  he  placed  vege- 
hour.  ,  tables  in  the  open  air. 

These  calculations  are  all  founded  Plants  confined  in  houses  or  other 
upon  the  supposition  that  the  condensed  close  structures  may  be  made  to  grow 
water  is  returned  to  the  boiler  whilst  in  spite  of  such  continement ;  but  all 
hot;  but  if  this  cannot  be  eff'ected,  e.\perience  proves  that  other  favourable 
then  one-twelfth  more  fuel  will  be  re-  circumstances,  such  as  heat,  light,  and 
quired.  The  boiler  for  the  supply  moisture  being  equal,  those  plants  are 
either  of  steam  or  hot-water,  should  be    most  vigorous  and  healthy  which  have 


covered  with  the  best  available  non-con- 
ductor of  heat,  and  this  is  either  char- 
coal or  sand. 

A  case  of  brickwork,  with  pulverized 
charcoal,  between  this  and  the  boiler, 
is    to    be    preferred    to    any  other.     A 


the  most  liberal  supply  of  air. 

There  have  been  many  modes  sug- 
gested for  self-acting  ventilators,  de- 
scriptions of  which  may  be  found  in 
Loudon's  Encyclopadia  of  Gardening, 
and    the    Transactions   of   the   London 


boiler  having  a  surface  of  seventy  feet  Horticultural  Society;  but  there  are 
exposed  to  the  air,  in  a  temperature  of  none  that  can  supersede  the  gardener's 
32^,  requires  an  extra  bushel  of  coals  personal  care,  tlirected  by  the  ther- 
to  be  consumed  per  day,  to  compensate  uiometer  and  experience, 
for  the  heat  radiated  and  conducted  The  practice  of  all  ventilation  is 
from  that  surface  ;  and  the  smaller  the  founded  on  the  principle  that  the  hot- 
boiler,  the  greater  is  the  proportionate  test  air  rises  to  the  highest  part  of  the 
waste.  The  surface  of  the  pipes  should  house,  and  if  there  allowed  to  escape, 
be  painted  black,  because  a  surface  of  colder  air  will  come  in  below,  if  al- 
this  colour  gives  out  more  heat  in  a  lowed,  to  supply  its  place.  To  pre- 
given  time  than  any  other. — Prin.  of  vent  the  hot  air  escaping  too  rapidly, 
Gardening.  the  ventilators  should  be  fitted  wiih 
Ventilation. — The  accumulation  of  doors  or  caps,  capable  of  regulating  the 
gaseous  matters,  such  as  sulphurous  size  of  the  orifice  ;  and  the  openings 
acid  and  ammonia,  and  the  consumption  admitting  fresh  and  colder  from  with- 
of  carbonic  acid,  render  ventilation  out,  should  have  similar  regulators, 
essential  to  the  health  of  plants  in  fore-  and  be  made  by  means  of  pipes  passing 
inp-pits  and  hot-houses.  They  cannot  through  the  bark-bed,  tank  of  hot  water, 
inhale  air  overloaded  with  these  con-  or  other  source  of  heat,  so  that  the 
laminations,  without  being  speedily  in-  reduction  of  temperature  be  not  too 
jured,    and    the    proportions    of    those  rapid. 

gases  which   rapidly   cause  disease,  or  '      Some    guide    in    constructing   venti- 

even  death,    are   much    less    than    the  lators  proportioned  to  the  size  of  the 


STO 


564 

-♦ 


STO 


house  to  be  ventikted,  will  be  found  commonly  surrounded  by  a  tbin  brick 
Tn  Mr  Hood's  following  table  of  the  wall  :  but  planks  of  stone  or  plates  of 
quant  y  of  air,  in  cubic  feet,  discharged  slate  or  cast-.ron,  are  to  be  preferred, 
ner  mLte  hrough  a  ventilator,  of  The  roof,  when  necessary,  may  be  sup- 
per  minuie,   uirouf,!!   <t ^nrtcrl  hv  iron  columns  from  the  middle 


which  the  area  is  one  square  foot. 


Difference  between  temperature 

of  room  and  external  air. 

5° 

10° 

15° 

20° 

25° 

30° 

in 

116  164^  200 

235 

260  284 

15 

142  202  245 

284 

318  348 

9,0 

164  232 1  285 

330 

368  404 

95 

184  260  318 

368 

410  450 

30 

201,  284  347 

403 

450  493 

35 

218  306  376 

436 

486  521  1 

40 

235  329  403  465  518  570 

45 

248  348  427  493  551,  60o 

50 

260  367  450  518  579  635 

ported  by  iron  columns  from  the  middle 
of  the  pit,  a. 

"  Shelves  may  be  placed  against  the 
back  wall,  b,  and  occasionally  a  nar- 
row-leaved creeper  run  up  the  roof,  c. 
We  may  add,  that  houses  of  this  de- 
scription are  generally  placed  east  and 
west  acainst  walls,  on  account  of  the 
shelter^thereby  obtained  during  winter, 
when  a  high  degree  of  heat  is  kept  up 
within,  while  the  cold  is  excessive  with- 
out."— Enc.  of  Gard. 

But  the  tank  system  is  far  superior  to 
the  foregoing;  and  the  following  de- 
tail, given  by  the  Rev.  John  Huyshe,  is 
so  full  of  information  upon  the  point, 
that  I  extract  it  entire  from  the  Gar- 
dener^ s  Chronicle: — 


The  foregoing  table  shows  the  dis- 
charge, through  a  ventilator  of  any 
height,  and  for  any  difference  of  tempe- 
rature. Thus,  suppose  the  height  of 
the  ventilator  from  the  floor  of  the  room 
to  the  extreme  point  of  discharge  to  be 
thirty  feet,  and  the  difference  between 
the  temperature  of  the  room  and  of  the 
external  air  to  be  15°,  then  the  dis- 
charge through  a  ventilator  one  foot 
square,  will  be  347  cubic  feet  per  mi- 
nute. If  the  height  be  forty  feet,  and 
the  difference  of  temperature  20°,  then 
the  discharge  will  be  465  cubic  feet  per 
minute. 

Bark  or  Moist  Stove. — Mr.  Loudon 
gives  the  following  design  and  descrip- 
tion of  a  moist  stove,  warmed  on  the 
old  plan  of  deriving  heat  by  the  com- 
bined agency  of  bark  and  flues.  In- 
stead of  a   stage   in   the   centre  it  has 


"A  is  the  boiler,  its  top  level  with 

the   floor  of  the  house,  the    fireplace 

being   in   a   back  shed.     The  boiler  is 

small  and  conical;  b  1  and  b  2  are  the 

_  tanks;  0  is  a  trap-door  opening  into  the 

stead  of  a   stage   in   the   centre  it   has  ^^^j      ^^   ^jl   ^|^g   j^^^gg  ^^jt^  gjgam  at 

a  pit,  which  may  be  from  two  and  a  halt  i^^^^^        ^^^    arrows    indicate    the 


to  four  feet  deep,  according  as  bark  or 
leaves  are  to  be  used,  the  latter  mate- 
rial requiring  the  greatest  depth.     It  is 

Fig.  160. 


pleasure.  The  arrows  indicate  the 
course  of  the  water  through  the  tanks 
and  pipes.  The  two  pipes,  though 
drawn  side  by  side,  are  really  one 
above  the  other;  the  return  pipe  being, 
of  course,  the  lower.  Above  these 
pipes  is  a  stone   shelf.      Tank   b   1   is 

,made  of  oak  ;  the  other,  b   2,  of  elm. 

I  The  wood  of  each  is  two  inches  and  a 
half  in   thickness;    and   they  stand  on 

I  oak  blocks,  three  inches  thick,  to  raise 
them   from    the    floor.     This   tends    to 

;  prevent  their  decay,  and  promotes  a 
freer  circulation  of'hot  air.     The  bot- 

i  torn  boards  are  placed  the  lengthway 


STO 


565 


STO 


of  the  tank.  The  bottom,  as  well  as 
the  sides  of  the  tanks,  are  bolted  to- 
gether by  iron  bars,  five-eighths  of  an 
inch  in  thickness,  passed  through  the 
wood,  and  screwed  up  as  tightly  as 
possible.  Each  tank  is  divided  by  an 
inch  and  a  half  elm  board,  and  is  co- 
vered with  common  roofing-slates  — 
those  that  are  generally  called  '  Prin- 
cesses,' twenty-four  inches  long  and 
fourteen  wide;  the  edges  not  cut 
square,  but  used  just  as  purchased, 
and  the  joints  stopped  merely  with 
wetted  clay :  there  is  no  fear  of  too 
much  steam  escaping  into  the  house. 

"  As  the  divisions  of  tank  b  were 
fifteen  inches  wide,  a  small  strip  of  oak 
is  nailed  on  the  inside  of  the  tank,  of 
sufficient  thickness  to  allow  the  slates, 
which  were  fourteen  inches  wide,  to 
reach  across.  Round  the  edges  of  the 
tanks  is  an  inch  board,  eleven  inches 
deep;  and  the  plunging  material  is  fine 
sand.  The  slates  carry  the  weight  of 
this  sand,  though  eleven  inches  deep, 
with  ease,  not  one  of  them  having 
cracked. 

"  In  a  considerable  part  of  tank  b  1 , 
rich  mould  is  put  instead  of  the  sand, 
in  which  pines  are  planted  without  any 
pots,  after  the  French  mode.  The  tank 
holds  twenty-two  hogsheads  ;  and  the 
boiler,  though  a  small  one,  is  fully  able 
to  heat  this  quantity.  The  water,  heat- 
ed to  114"-'  or  11 5"^  of.  Fahrenheit,  is 
high  enough  to  keep  the  house  at  a 
temperature  of  VO''  at  night;  and  a  mo- 
derate fire,  kept  up  for  five  or  sis  hours 


in  the  twenty-four,  is  abundantly  suffi- 
cient."— Gard.  Chron. 

Dry  Stove. — Formerly  this  was  heat- 
ed by  flues  only,  a  stage  for  plants  oc- 
cupying the  place  of  the  bark-pit  in  the 
moist  stove.  But  modern  science  has 
suggested  the  far  better  mode  of  heat- 
ing by  either  steam  or  hot  water.  Of 
these  two  the  latter  is  by  far  the  most 
prelerable.  The  following  is  the  plan 
adopted  at  Elcot,  and  has  never  been 
much  improved  : — 

"  Brick  flues  are  subject,  from  their 
numerous  joints  and  the  mortar  crack- 
ing, to  give  out  at  times  a  sulphureous 
gas,  which  is  injurious  to  plants;  and 
even  with  two  fireplaces  in  a  house 
forty  or  fifty  feet  long,  it  is  impossible 
to  keep  up  an  equal  temperature  in  the 
whole  length.  The  houses  get  over- 
heated in  the  neighbourhood  of  tho 
fireplace;  and  it  is  difficult  to  maintain 
a  proper  warmth  at  the  extremities  of 
the  flues. 

"  Steam  may  do  very  well  on  a  large 
scale,  and  where  there  is  constant  at- 
tention to  the  fire,  both  day  and  night; 
but  the  objections  are,  the  great  ex- 
pense of  a  steam-boiler  and  the  appa- 
ratus belonging  to  it,  the  frequent 
repairs  that  are  required,  and  the 
necessary  attention  to  the  fire,  which 
is  as  great  upon  a  small  scale  as  upon 
a  large  one.  Besides  this,  there  is  a 
greater  risk  of  explosion  in  a  hot-house 
steam-boiler  than  in  that  of  a  steam- 
engine  ;  for  steam-engines  generally 
have    persons    properly    instructed    to 


STO 


566 


STO 


manage  them  ;  but  gardeners,  or  their  j  to  the  ends  of  the  house  along  the  sidea 
assistants,  cannot  be  so  competent.  j  of  the  flues,  where  they  unite  to  cast- 

"  The  heating  with  hot  water  has  |  iron  reservoirs  at  each  end  of  the  iiouse, 
none  of  the  objections  I  have  men- i  g  g",  which  reservoirs  are  each  three 
tioned  as  belonging  to  flues  and  steam.  1  feet  six  inches  long,  one  foot  six  inches 
The  apparatus  is  simple,  and  not  liable  I  wide,  and  one  foot  eight  inches  deep, 
to  get  out  of  order.  The  boiler  has  1  having  iron  covers.  These  reservoirs 
only  a  loose  wooden  cover,  and  no  |  arefilled  with  water thatcommunicates, 
safety-valves   are   required.      The  fuel  I  by  means  of  the   pipes,  with  the  water 


consumed  is  very  moderate,  and  when 
once  the  water  is  heated,  very  little  at- 
tention is  wanted ;  for  it  retains  its 
heat  for  many  hours  after  the  fire  has 
gone  out. 

"  The  house  is  forty  feet  long  and 
ten  feet  wide  inside,  heated  by  a  boiler, 
a,  placed  in  a  recess  in  the  centre  of 
the  back  wall  ;  the  fireplace  under  the 
wall  is  got  at  from  a  back  shed,  b.  The 
boiler  is  two  feet  six  inches  long,  one 
foot  six  inches  wide,  and  one  foot  eight 
inches  deep.  From  the  end  of  the 
boiler  proceed  horizontally  four  cast- 
iron  pipes  of  three  inches  and  a  half 
diameter  ;  two  of  them  are  joined  to  the 
boiler  just  above  the  bottmm,  and  the 
other  two  directly  above  these,  and 
just  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 
The  house  is  divided  by  glazed  parti- 
tions into  three  compartments,  d,  e,f, 
for  the  convenience  of  forcing  one  part 
without  the  other. 

"  The  middle  compartment  is  two 
lights  in  width,  and  the  other  two  have 
four  lights  each. 

"  The  pipes  from  the  boiler  go  hori- 
zontally to  the  front  of  the  house,  where 
one  upper  and  one  lower   pipe  branch 


n  the  boiler. 

"  When  the  boiler,  pipes,  and  reser- 
voirs are  filled,  and  a  fire  lighted  under 
the  boiler,  the  heated  water,  ascending 
to  the  top  of  the  boiler,  forces  its  way 
along  the  upper  pipes  to  the  reservoir, 
the  cold  water  finding  its  way  back  to 
the  bottom  of  the  boiler  through  the 
under  pipes  ;  and  the  circulation  con- 
tinues regular  as  long  as  there  is  any 
heat  under  the  boiler,  the  hot  water 
flowing  through  the  upper  pipes  to  the 
reservoir,  and,  as  it  cools,  returning 
back  to  the  boiler  through  the  under 
pipes. 

"  I  have  repeatedly,  after  the  water 
has  been  heated, immersed  a  thermome- 
ter in  the  reservoirs  at  the  ends  of  the 
house,  and  have  only  found  a  difference 
of  three  or  four  degrees  between  that 
and  the  water  in  the  boiler.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  make  the  water  boil  ;  and, 
if  the  fire  is  judiciously  managed,  no 
steam  will  be  raised  and  no  water 
wasted.  It  is,  however,  necessary  to 
examine  the  boiler  occasionally,  and  to 
add  water  when  any  has  evaporated. 

"  Valves  might  be  fixed  in  the  boiler, 
pipes,  and  reservoirs,  for  letting  steam 


to    the    east  compartment,    and    other    mto   the    house    if  required  ;    but  that 
two  pipes  to  the  west,  and  are  carried  i  would  induce  the  necessity  of  boiling 

Fig.  163. 


S  T  R 


567 


S  T  R 


the  water;  and  it  has  not  been  done  their  ripeninfr:  —  White  Alpine;  Old 
here,  as  I  find  I  can  produce  all  the  |  Scarlet;  drove  End  Scarlet;  Kcene's 
steam  I  require,  with  little  trouble,  by  1  Seedling ;  Roseberrv ;  Garnstone  Scar- 
wetting  the  pipes  with  a  watering-pot.  j  let;  Myatt's  Eliza  ;  Old  Pine  ;  Myatt's 
"  I  am  persuaded  that  the  advantages  [  British  Queen;  Large  Elat  Hautbois  ; 
of  this  mode  of  heating,  with  its  great  I  American  Scarlet;  Downton  ;  Elton; 
simplicitv,  will  give  satisfaction  to  every  I  Coul's  Late  Scarlet;  and  Turner's 
practical  gardener  who   has  an  oppor- 1  Pine.     The  chief  bearing-time  of  these 

is  from  the  end  of  June  to  the  middle 
of  July ;    but    the   White   Alpine    pro- 


tunity    of  trying    it.     When    once    the 

water    is    heated    and    the    fires   wel 

made,  he    may    retire  to   rest,  certain  j  duces  successive  crops  until  November. 

that  the  pipes  will   not  get  cold  during    I  have  even  gathered  from  them  a  dish 

the  night,  but  retain  a  considerable  heat    late  in  December. 

in  the  morning." — Trans.  Hort.  Soc. 

STRANV.BSIA  glaucescens.  Hardy 
evergreen  tree.  Grafting  or  budding. 
Common  soil. 

STRAPWOOD.     Corrigiola. 

S  T  R  A  T  I  O  T  E  S  aloidcs.  Water 
Soldier.  Hardy  aquatic  perennial. 
Suckers.     Loam  and  peat. 

S  T  R  A  V  A  D  I  U  M.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees.  Layers.  Sandy 
peat. 

STR.\WBERRY.     Fragaria. 

Species  and  Varieties.  —  F.  Virgin- 
iana :  Scarlet  or  Virginia  Strawberry. 
American  Scarlet;  Bishop's  Wick; 
Black  Roseberry ;  Coul's  Late  Scarlet; 
Garnstone  Scarlet ;  Grove  End  Scarlet ; 
Melon  ;  Old  Scarlet ;  Roseberry  ;  South- 
borough  ;  and  Wilmot's  Late  Scarlet. 

F.  Vesca  Nigella:  Black  Strawberry. 
Downton  ;  P21ton  ;  and  Myatt's  Pine. 

F.  Grandiflora :  Pine  Strawberry. — 
Myatt's  British  Queen  ;  Myatt's  Eliza  ; 
Keene's  Seedling;  Old  Caroline,  or 
Pine;  Round  White  Caroline;  and 
Swainstone's  Seedling. 

F.  Chilensis :  Chili  Strawberry. — 
The  Scarlet  Chili,  Yellow  Chili,  and 
Wilmot's  Superb,  are  the  only  varieties 
of  this  class  at  all  deserving  cultivation; 
and  even  these  are  woolly  and  defi- 
cient in  flavour. 

F.  Moschata  :  Hautboy  Strawberry. — 
Black  Hautbois,  Common  Hautbois ; 
Large  Flat;  Prolific,  or  Conical;  and 
Round-fruited  Muscatelle. 

F.  Collina  Viridis :  Green  Strawber- 
ry.— Of  this  class  the  Green  Pine,  or 
Pine-apple,  deserves  culture  ;  its  fruit 
being  solid,  juicy,  and  fine-flavoured. 

F.  Collina  Alba  and  Rubra:  .\lpine, 

or  Monthly,  and   Wood    Strawberry 

American  .\lpine ;  Red  Alpine;  Red 
Wood  (F.  Vesrn  Rubra) ;  White  Alpine  ; 
White  Wood  (F.  V.  Alba). 

The  following  is  a  selection  from  the 
best  of  the  preceding,  in  the  order  of 


Soil  and  Situation. — Any  good  deep 
loamy  soil  will  produce  good  strawber- 
ries. It  should  be  well  trenched  and 
manured  previously  to  planting.  Though 
they  will  succeed  when  partially  shaded 
by  trees,  yet  they  are  best  flavoureil 
when  grown  in  an  open  compartment, 
with  no  other  shade  than  that  from  their 
own  leaves.  If  Alpines  are  planted  on 
south-west,  east,  and  north  borders, 
they  will  give  a  succession  of  fruit  from 
June  till  December. 

"  Reds,  four  feet  wide,  should  be 
marked  out  with  a  foot-alley  between 
each,  which  is  highly  necessary  to  pre- 
vent those  who  gather  the  fruit  from 
treading  between  the  plants  ;  and  lastly, 
the  runners  arc  planted  two  feet  apart. 
A  bed  thus  made~will  last  three  years, 
without  requiring  anything  further,  not 
even  so  mu^  as  a  top-dressing.  My- 
att's pine  w'lTl  grow  profusely  on  light, 
rich,  sandy,  alluvial  soils,  near  the  sea. 
In  such  situations  other  strawberries 
are  apt  to  throw  out  too  many  runners  ; 
and  for  such  Myatt's  plan  is  well  adapt- 
ed."— Gard.  Chron. 

Manures. —  The  best  top-dressing  for 
strawberry  beds  is  a  little  leaf-mould, 
pointed  in  with  a  fork,  early  in  March. 
A  good  addition  also  is  nitrate  of  soda, 
three  ounces  to  each  square  yard, 
sprinkled  over  the  surface  at  the  same 
season.  Bone  dust,  and  charred  turf, 
pointed  in  with  a  fork,  in  October,  have 
also  been  found  highly  beneficial. 

Propagation. — This  is  chiefly  by  run- 
ners; but  the  Alpines  are  best  propa- 
gated by  seed.  All  other  kinds  can 
only  be  obtained  true  by  planting  the 
runners.  The  first  of  these  should  ho 
pegged  down  as  early  as  possible,  and 
all  others  removed  to  promote  the 
quick  rooting  and  strength  of  the  young 
plants. 

"  It  is  a  very  good  plan  to  encourage 
the    earliest   runners   by   letting   them 


STR 


568 


STR 


root  in  small  pots  sunk  in  the  earth;  as    than  can  possibly  be  avoided,  as  they 
soon  as  they  are  well  rooted,  plant  them  ,  are    of  great   importance  towards    the 


in  their  beds." — Gard.  Chron. 


success  of  the  crop.     Before  the  leaves 


"  The  seeds  of  the  true  Alpine  straw-  cover  too  much  of  tlie  surface,  lioe 
berry  may  be  obtained  from  the  Paris  gently  amongst  them  to  destroy  all 
seedsmen.  The  seeds  should  be  sown  weeds,  and  afterwards  cover  the  sur- 
in  a  bed  of  light  rich  soil,  or  in  pans,  face  with  clean  straw.  Take  the  first 
and  the  plants  afterwards  planted  where  produced  runners  from  them,  and  plant 
they  are  to  remain  for  fruiting,  the  soil  them  in  a  nursery  bed  as  in  the  previous 
being  trenched,  and  well  mixed  with  season  ;  and  when  the  fruit  is  all  ga- 
rotlen  dung.  You  may  insure  a  more  thered,  destroy  the  old  plants,  and  the 
abundant  crop  late  in  the  season  by  ground  will  be  then  ready  for  cauli- 
cutting  off  the  blossoms  that  appear  flowers,  or  any  other  crop  required  to 
previously  to  June." — Gard.  Chron.  ,  be  put  out  at  that  time.  Myatt-s  pine 
Planting. — The  best  period  for  mak-  will  do  little  good  by  remaining  a  third 
ing  strawberry  beds  is  from  the  close  of  season  upon  the  same  ground,  however 

well  manured;  and  this  is  generally 
applicable  to  hautboys,  the  Elton  pine, 
Downton,  and  in  fact  to  all  strawber- 
ries."— Gard.  Chron. 

Beds. — "  Never  have  more  than  three 
rows  in  a  bed.  Let  them  be  eighteen 
inches    apart,   and    the    plants    twelve 


July  until  the  middle  of  October — the 
earlier  the  better — but  this  must  be  con- 
trolled by  the  rooting  of  the  runners. 
If  the  planting  be  deferred  until  spring, 
they  never  succeed  so  well,  and  the 
produce  that  year  is  very  small.  Show- 
ery weather  is  the  best  for  planting,  and 
the  less  the  roots  are  disturbed  the  bet-  i  inches  apart  in  the  rows;   or  two  feet 


ter,  which  is  the  chief  reason  why  in- 
ducing the  runners  to  root  in  small  pots 
is  beneficial  ;  they  can  be  turned  out 
of  these  without  any  injury  to  the 
roots.  Myatt's  pines  are  more  difficult 
to  grow  fruitfully  than  other  varieties, 
but  Mr.  Mearns  says  they  will  not  fail 
if  the  following  precai,'tions  are  adopt- 
ed :— 

"  Take  off  the  first  runner  plants  as 


by  eighteen  inches,  according  to  the 
richness  of  the  soil,  and  vigorous 
growth  of  the  variety.  The  pines  re- 
quire more  room  than  the  scarlets. 

"  Strawberries  generally,  but  espe- 
cially Myatt's  pine,  succeed  best  upon  a 
bank  facing  the  south-west. 

'•  The  old  Hautboy  strawberry  bears 
the  male  and  female  flowers  on  differ- 
ent   roots.     The    mode   of  planting   is 


X 


X 


X 


X 


soon  as  they  have  rooted  :iflie  weather  I  this:  mark  the  male  plant,  the  sterile, 
being  showery  is  the  more  suitable  for  and  plant  the  lines  in  quincun.x  thus — 
transplanting.  Get  a  piece  of  well-ex- 
posed rich  ground  ready  for  their  recep- 
tion, according  to  the  quantity  desired, :  the  middle  roots  marked  X  to  be  tlie 
and  let  it  be  divided  into  four-feet  beds.  !  male  plants,  and  the  others  the  female. 
Plant  them  about  four  inches  apart;  If  this  rule  is  observed,  you  will  never 
water  them,  and  shade  them  for  a  few  fail  to  have  abundance  of  fruit.  The 
days  if  the  sun  should  be  powerful,  and  only  time  to  mark  the  males  is  when 
keep  them  clear  from  weeds.  Get  a  I  they  are  in  blossom;  and  every  gar- 
dener should  know  them,  and  keep 
them  apart  in  his  nursery,  to  take  young 
ones  from." — Gard.  Chron. 

Dr.  Lindley  has  these  justly  discri- 
minating observations  on  the  frequent 
renewal  of  the  beds  : — 

"With  regard  to  the  opinion  that  a 
fresh  plantation  of  strawlierries  should 
be  made  every  year,  to  be  destroyed 
after  having   once   born    fruit,  and  that 


piece  of  ground  prepared  for  their  final 
transplanting,  either  in  autumn  or  tiie 
following  spring,  by  trenching  and  ma- 
nuring it.  Plant  them  eighteen  inches 
row  from  row,  and  nine  inches  in  the  ) 
row;  and  if  any  blossoms  appear  the 
first  season  pinch  thern  off,  and  keep 
them  free  from  weeds;  but  it  is  not 
necessary  to  divest  them  of  their  run- 
ners until  the  following  spring,  when  i 
the  beds    are  to   be    cleaned,   and    all    the  finest  crops  can  only  be  obtained  by 


runners  cut  oft';  but  the  soil  should  by 
no  means  be  stirred  between  them  any 
further  than  with  a  Dutch  hoe,  to 
loosen  the  surface  lightly,  and  without 
destroying   more    of  tlie    surface-roots 


this  metliod,  there  are  some  doubts. 
Mr.  Keene,  the  fortunate  raiser  of  the 
seedling  which  bears  his  name,  and  an 
extensive  cultivator,  had  a  tolerable 
crop  the  first  year,  an  excellent  one  the 


STR 


569 


STR 


second,  and  after  the  third  year  he  dc-  After-Culture. — "  Remove  all  runners 

stroyed    the  plantation.     Those  called  not  required    for   planting   as    often   as 

Pine    Stra\vi)erries,    such    as    the    Old  they  appear,  for  their  growth  at  first  is 

Pine,    Keene's    Seedling,    Elton,   &c.,  at  the  evpense  of  the  parent,  and   the 


will  bear  well  in  the  same  situation  for 
many  years,  if  properly  managed. 

"  That  scarlets  are  best  when  the 
plantations  are  frequently  renewed,  is 
generally  admitted  ;  and  there  are  some 


more  beds  are  matted  with  plants,  the 
more  these  will  draw  the  moisture  out 
of  the  soil. 

"  What  would   be  just  sufficient  for 
supplying  the  evaporation  of  a  moderate 


large   varieties   winch  appear  to   have    quantity  of  plants,  would  be  completely 


more  or  less  of  the  Chili  in  their  con- 
stitution, as  jMyatt's  Seedlings,  which 
require  that  runners  be  early  establish- 
ed, for  bearing  in  the  following  season, 
as  the  old  plants  are  apt  to  die  off.  As 
fruit  can  be  obtained  earlier  in  the  sea- 
son from  plants  that  have  not  previously 
borne,  it  is  advisable  to  renew  some 
portion  every  year;  but  the  propriety 
of  annually  destroying  the  whole,  de- 
pends very  much  on  circumstances,  and 
therefore  the  method  cannot  be  recom- 
mended except  in  particular  cases." — 
Card.  Cliron. 

The  surface  of  the  soil  should  be  co- 
vered  with   straw,  or  the   mowings  ol 


exhausted  by  an  excessive  number. 
Stirring  the  soil  so  as  not  to  injure  the 
roots,  mulching  with  grass  or  litter,  or 
paving  with  flat  tiles  or  small  round 
pebbles  and  occasional  waterings,  are 
the  best  means  to  adopt. 

"  In  thin  soil  the  plantations  will  re- 
quire to  be  more  frequently  renewed 
than  where  it  is  deeper,  and  of  a  more 
substantial  quality." — Card.  Ctiron. 

The  spade  should  never  be  permitted 
to  enter  among  strawberries,  except  to 
dig  them  up  when  a  bed  is  to  be  de- 
stroyed ;  the  hoe,  or  at  the  most  point- 
ing with  a  three-pronged  fork,  is  all  the 
surface-stirring    required,    if  the    beds 


grass-plots,  during  the  bearing  season,    were    well  trenched   when    made,   ajid 
to  preserve  moisture  to  the  roots  of  the  ,  have  not  been  trampled  upon. 

I         .  1.1 .K  _    r-  .    :.    <• u  _: '  T  ..  I  ^   n T.,    ..l..„;..     ♦!,„ 


plants,  and  to  keep  the  fruit  from  being 
dirt-splashed. 

To  promote  an  early  produce  of  fruit, 
it  is  also  suggested  by  Mr.  G.  L.  Smartt, 
of  Enfield, — that  "  there  should  be  fixed 
on  each  side  of  the  rows  of  strawber- 
ries, just  before  they  come  into  blossom, 
feather-edged  boards,  at  an  angle  of  50'" 
or  00'^.  This  may  be  effected  by  nail- 
ing two  narrow  slips  of  wood  to  each 
board,  and  pushing  them  into  the  ground 


Late  Crops. — To  obtain  these  of  the 
Alpine,  it  is  correctly  recommended  to 
sow  the  seed  in  pans,  and  place  in  a 
hot-bed  about  February,  or  not  later 
than  the  first  week  in  RIarch.  "  When 
the  plants  are  hardied  off,  plant  out  in 
good  time  in  May;  they  will  bear  a 
plentiful  crop  in  August  and  September 
following,  and  continue  to  bear  until 
stopped  by  the  frost.  The  same  plants 
will  also   bear  earlier  than  the  large 


The  boards  should  be  painted  black,  sorts,  and  continue  on  until  the  crop 
This  plan  makes  two  or  three  weeks  raised  from  seed  (as  above)  succeed, 
difference  in  the  ripening  of  the  fruit ;  \  when  they  can  be  thrown  away.  Large 
but  glass  or  an  oiled  paper  frame  being  stones,  or  tiles,  or  slates,  placed  be- 
placed  on  the  top,  makes  a  greater  dif-  ,  tween  the  plants,  will  keep  the  roots 
fercnce  still,  and  prevents  any  of  the  ,  moist  through  the  summer  months,  and 
fruit  from  being  trod  upon,  or  eaten  by  .  ripen  the  fruit.  Seed  should  always  be 
vermin.  This  plan  at  first  sight  may  saved  from  the  finest  fruit;  to  get  them 
appear  to  be  an  expensive  one,  but  it  is  large  and  plentiful,  waterings  (w  ith  now 
.  111.         •..  .1         1.1 __ .„.N  ...ni     ;.„.,. .^..« 


not  so;  any  old  boards  will  answer  the 
purpose.  I  have  bought  old  feather- 
edgod  boards  at  one  half-penny  per 
foot ;  and  as  they  are  only  used  in  sum- 
mer, they  last  for  many  years.  The 
expense  is  saved  in  the  first  year;  for 
the   wood,  although    painted    on    each 


and  then    manure  water)  will    improve 
the  size  of  the  fruit."— Garrf.  Cliron. 

To  obtain  late  crops  of  other  straw- 
berries, as  of  the  Keene's  Seedling, 
Mr.  W.  Godwin  recommends — "  plants 
which  were  early  in  spring  to  be  plant- 
ed  out  into  a   rich  border,  to  remain 


side  with  a  coat  of  invisible  green,  costs  until  the  last  week  of  September,  when 
only  about  three-halfpence  the  foot,  they  will  throw  up  very  strong  spikes 
while  the  increase  of  fruit  in  quantity,  of  flowers ;  take  up  and  pot  in  the  same 
as  well  as  in  quality,  quite  compen-  ,  soil  in  which  they  were  growing,  and 
sates  for  the  outlay." — Card.  Chron.       \  place  in  a  pine  frame.     They  will  bear 


S  TR 


570 


STR 


fruit  to  near  the  close  of  the  year." —  '  must  be  immediately  pinched  out;  they 
Gard.  Chron.  \  should    have    their   balls   carefully    re- 

Forcing. — On  this  point  we  have  the  iduced,  and  be  repotted  in  larger  pots 
following  directions  from  one  of  the  I  early  in  August,  protecting  them  from 
most  eminent  of  modern  horticulturists,  I  the  late  autumnal  rains,  and  from  frost." 


Mr.  Paxton  :  — 

"  Select  for  this  purpose,  in  the  mid- 
dle of  August,  a  sufficient  number  of  the 
best  runners  from  approved  kinds  to 
have  choice  from,  and  plant  them  six 
inches  apart,  in  beds,  upon  a  strong 
border  in  a  dry  and  sheltered  situation. 
As  soon  as    the  leaves  have  withered,' 


— Gnrd.  Chron. 

"  For  succession,"  Mr.  Paxton  says, 
"  strong  runners  are  taken  up  in  Sep- 
tember, and  planted  about  six  inches 
apart,  in  manured  and  well-prepared 
beds,  four  feet  wide,  in  a  somewhat 
sheltered  situation  ;  there  they  are  al- 
lowed   to   remain    until    the    following 


mulch  them  lightly  with  well-rotted  ma-  July,  during  which  perinrt  they  must  be 
nure,  and  if  very  severe  weather  occur,  kept  very  clean  from  weeds,  have  the 
protect  them  for  the  time  with  fern  or  flowers  and  runners  regularly  pinched 
litter.  They  must  be  kept  the  follow-  off,  and  be  watered  whenever  likely  to 
ing  spring  free  from  weeds  and  runners,  suffer  from  drought.  About  the  middle 
removing  also  any  flowers  as  they  ap-  I  of  July  they  are  potted  in  small  thirty- 
pear.  Towards  the  latter  end  of  May  !  two-sized  pots,  two  plants  in  a  pot, 
or  beginning  of  June,  whenever  dull  or  :  taking  the  greatest  care  that  neither 
rainy  weather  may  occur,  remove  them  i  roots  nor  leaves  are  damaged  in  the 
carefully  into  forty-eight-sized  pots.  It  '  operation,  and  an  important  part  of  it 
is  optional  with  the  grower,  whether  j  is  to  press  the  earth  firmly  about  them  ; 
one,  two,  or  three  plants  are  put  in  one  '  the  soil  used  is  two  parts  loam  to  one 
pot, accordingto  his  object  being  quality  I  of  well-rotted  dung.  Beds  which  will 
or  quantity;  but  we,  desiring  fine  fruit;  hold  five  or  six  rows  of  pots  are  then 
in  preference  to  number,  only  place  one  formed  in  the  following  manner  : — level 
of  the  strongest  or  two  of  the  weaker  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  spread 
in  one  pot,  using  enriched  melon  soil  upon  it  a  layer  of  coal  ashes;  above 
or  turfy  loam.  Place  them,  when  pot-  which  must  be  nailed  firmly  slabs,  or 
ted,  in  a  situation  where  they  can  be  any  rough  boards,  as  wide  as  the-depth 
readily  shaded  for  a  short  time,  and  '  of  the  pots,  which  are  then  to  be  plunged 
receive  regular  supplies  of  water  if  |  to  the  rim  in  spent  bark  or  ashes.  All 
necessary.      About   the    latter    end    of  i  that  they  will  here  require  is  attention  to 


July,    or  early  in   August,    these    pots 
will    be    filled    with     roots,    when    the 
plants  must  be  repotted  into  flat  thirty- 
two-sized   pots,   usually  termed   straw-  i 
berry  pots,  and  at  this  time  plunged  in  | 
old  tan  or  coal  ashes.     The  best  man-  ! 


watering  when  necessary,  and  a  slight 
protection  with  fern,  or  other  light  cover- 
ing, during  severe  frosty  weather.  I  al- 
ways preserve  from  300  to  400  of  the 
latest  forced  plants  of  the  above  descrip- 
tion, and  after  having  carefully  reduced 


ner   of  plunging  them   we   find   to   be,  !  their  balls,  repot  them   in  large  thirty- 


forming  beds  wide  enough  to  contain 
five  rows  of  pots,  when  plunged,  upon 
a  hard  or  gravelly  surface,  to  prevent 
them  rooting  through,  the  sides  sup- 
ported by  slabs  of  the  same  width  as  the 
depth  of  the  pots,  and  filling  them  up 
with  old  tan  or  ashes;  the  plants  re- 
main here  until  wanted  to  take  in,  and 
are  easily  protected  from  severe  frosts. 
It  will  be  found  an  excellent  plan  to 
preserve  the  latest  forced  plants,  which 
are  not  much  exhausted,  for  forcing  the 
first  the  next  season  ;  these,  from  their 
long  period  of  rest,  and  well-ripened 
buds,  are  predisposed  to  break  earlier 
and  stronger  than  the  others  ;  some  of 
them,  if  the  autumn  is  moist,  will  be 
excited,    and   produce   flowers,    which 


two-sized  pots  in  July,  treating  them 
afterwards  precisely  as  the  others.  I 
find  these  by  having  their  buds  formed 
early  (through  the  slight  forcing  they 
have  received),  and  becoming  very 
strong,  are  admirably  adapted  for  the 
first  crop,  and  always  repay  me  for  the 
extra  trouble.  Begin  forcing  with  a 
temperature  of  40*^,  increasing  to  50° 
when  in  bloom,  and  to  55^  when  ripen- 
ing."— Gard.  Chron. 

Mr.  Brown,  gardener  to  Lord  South- 
ampton, at  Whittlebury  Lodge,  near 
Towcester,  says,  that  "  Mr.  Paxton's 
method  of  preparing  strawberry  plants 
for  forcing  is  a  good  one  where  time 
and  trouble  are  of  no  consequence  ;  but 
for  the  last  fifteen  years  he  has  adopted 


S  T  R 


571 


S  T  R 


a    plan   which   answers  well,    and   by  of  the  strawberry,  plant  both  in  spring 

which  good  strong  plants  are  procured  and  early  in  autumn  ;   their  method   is 

in  one^month  from  the  present  year's  to  plant  two  rows  about  twelve  inches 

runners.  apart,  and  the  plants  twelve  inches  from 

"  The  compost  used  is  good  strong  each  other  in  the  rows;  between  every 

loam,  well  mixed  with  rotten  dung  from  two  rows  as  describetl,  they  leave  spaces 

the   hot-bed   linings;  twenty-four-sized  of  two  feet,  which  are,  by  the  growth  of 

pots  are  the  best  for  Keene's  Seedlings,  the   vines,   reduced    to   one   foot,  thus 

and  thirty-twos  for  Grove  End  Scarlets,  making  each  bed  two  feet  wide  with  an 

Thelattervariety  answers  for  early  fore-  alley  of  twelve  inches  between  them; 

ing  better  than'  any  other   sort,  when  when  planted  in  the  spring  they  usually 

strawberries  are  wanted  by  the  end  of  raise   some  dwarf  crop   on    the    same 

>Iarch.  ground,  but  that  had  better  be  omitted 

"Having  filled  the  pots  with  the  com-  — keeping  the  soil  cultivated  and  top- 
post,  thev  are  removed  at  once  to  the  dressed  with  some  well-rotted  manure, 
strawberry  quarters,  and   arranged   on  In  the  autumn,  they  spread  on  the  sur- 


each  side  of  the  rows,  amongst  the  run 
ners.  The  middle  of  July,  when  the 
plants  are  emitting  roots,  is  the  proper 
time  to  begin  the  operation  of  layering; 
having  previously  prepared  a  quantity 
of  pegs,  the  runners  that  are  rooted  into 
the  ground  are  carefully  removed,  and 
their  roots  inserted  in  the  pots,  and  peg 


face,  both  beds  and  alleys,  a  good  coat 
of  coarse  manure,  such  as  will  lie  light- 
ly, the  loose  portion  of  which  may  be 
raked  off  in  the  spring,  when  the  alleys 
are  dug,  and  covered  with  straw,  to  ex- 
clude draught  and  screen  the  trusses  of 
fruit  on  the  edge  of  the  bed  from  con- 
tact with  the  earth.    Exhausted  tanner's 


ged  down.     Put  three  plants  into    the    bark,  or  saw-dust  scattered  among  the 
twenty-four  pots,  and  one  in  the  thirty-    plants,  is  highly  serviceable  in  protect- 


twos  ;  they  immediately  begin  growing, 
being  supported  by  the  mother  plant 


ing  the  fruit  from  grit. 

"  Varieties.     Hudson  or  Scarlet.^ 


and  will  only  require  occasional  water-    This    variety  is    grown    almost    exclu 


ing  in  dry  weather. 


sively  for  the  supply  of  the  Philadelphia 


When  the  plants  are  well  rooted,  market;  it  appears  to  be  distinct  from 
which  is  in  about  one  month,  detach  what  is  known  as  the  old  Hudson,  in 
them  from  the  old  plants,  and  remove    New  York,  which  Downing  describes  as 


to  their  winter  quarters. 


having  a  neck,  whereas  the  Philadelphia 


Beds  are  prepared  for  them  with  a  Hudson  has  none,  (unless  occasionally 

bottom    of   coal    ashes,  and    they    are  spontaneous  seedlings  are   found  with 

plunged  in  old  tan;  each  bed  surrounded  elongated  crowns.)     It  is  undoubtedly 

with  a  stratum  of  coal  ashes  six  inches  one  of  the  best,  though  from  want  of 

wide,  and  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  pots,  skill  in  its  culture  it  is  frequently  unfruit- 

which    prevents  worms   from   working  ful.    The  fruitful  and  barren  flowers  are 

amongst  them." — Gard.  Chron.  on  separate  plants,  and  as  the  barren  are 

Thus  far  we  have  copied  the  English  most  vigorous,  they  are  liable  to  take 

edition  of  this  work.      The  American  nearly   exclusive    possession;    in    such 

reader,  t^hough  he  will  find  that  which  cases  the  inevitable  result  is,  but  little 

will  instruct  in  the  culture  of  this  de-  fruit  is  obtained.     The  proper  method 

licious  fruit,  will  perceive  there  is  too  is  to  carefully  cull  them  when  in  flower, 

much  detail  and  tedious  labour  for  his  (the  experienced  can  detect  them  by  the 


practice. 


foliage  as  well  as  flowers,)  exterminating 


Many  of  the  varieties  named  in  the  the  larger  portion  of  the  male  or  stami- 
preceding  article  are  comparatively  un-  niferous  plants,  as  one  in  ten  suffices  to 
known  in  this  country,  and  others  have  impregnate  the  pistiliferous  or  fruit- 
been  tested,  and  found  wanting.  Our,  bearing  flowers.  Much  has  been  said 
American  Seedlings  have,  on  the  whole,  on  this  subject,  and  most  positive  deni- 
given  most  satisfaction,  and  are  most  als  of  the  fact  here  stated  have  been 
reliable,  whilst  the  eff'orts  now  being  made,  but  after  all  it  is  incontrovertible, 
made  to  produce  varieties  promise,  from  and  remains  a  '  fixed  fact.'  Our  limits 
the  success  already  attained,  to  give  all  will  not  admit  of  embarking  further  in 
that  could  be  desired.  i  the  controversy,  which  has  been  prac- 

"  The  market  gardeners  around  Phi- 1  tically  settled  around  Philadelphia  for 
ladelphia,  who  are  successful  cultivators  [  fifty  years,  by  the  German  truck  women. 


STR 


572 


STR 


who  may  be  seen  in  the  spring,  with 
their  iinsey  petticoats  and  short-gowns, 
busily  engaged  plucking  out  the  '  he 
plants,'  as  they  term  them. 

"  In  France  the  Chili  strawberry  is 
highly  esteemed,  but  as  it  requires  for- 
eign fertilization,  they  mix  with  it  other 
varieties,  and  adopt  artificial  methods 
of  impregnation.  Duchesne  has  suc- 
ceeded by  cutting  off  the  half-closed,  or 
rather  half-opened  umbils  of  staminife- 
rous  flowers,  with  foot-stalks  from  one 
to  three  inches  long,  which  being  placed 
in    phials   filled   with  water,  were  dis- 


the  weather,  in  which  the  scanty  pollen 
is  all  available,  and  also  to  impregnation 
from  seedlings,  which  are,  more  or  less, 
in  all  beds  of  one  year's  standing,  and 
some  of  w  hich,  proceeding  from  the  old 
Hovey,  have  strong  erect  stamens,  not 
unlike  the  Hudson  males,  with  this  dif- 
ference, however,  the  pistil  is  fruitful 
and  the  fruit  perfect. 

"Ross's  Phcenix. — This  variety  has 
been  much  praised  in  New  York.  It  was 
produced  by  Mr.  Alexander  Ross,  of 
Hudson,  in  that  state,  and  from  its 
character  for  hardiness  and  product  (if 


tributed  among  the  Chili  plants;  the  next  I  true),  would  speedily  attain  popularity 
day  the  blossoms  opened  and  the  im-  i  and  general  culture — unfortunately  for 
pregnation  was  successfully  completed. '  its  reputation  it  has  suffered  greatly  by 


"Many  experiments  with  like  re- 
sults, have  been  practised  by  others,  and 
what  in  some  of  the  periodicals  is  called 
'Longworth's  theory,'  is  nothing  more 
than  that  of  the  Philadelphia  truck-wo- 
men, from  one  of  whom  that  gentleman, 
as  he  says,  received  the  hint. 

"  Methven  Scarlet,  also  termed 
Keene's  seedling  (erroneously),  is  a  very 
large  variety,  sometimes  exceeding  five 
inches  in  circumference;  it  is  but  indif- 
ferently flavoured,  but  much  admired 
for  preserving.  The  flowers  of  this  va- 
riety are  pistilate  (female),  though  sta- 
mens are  also  present,  generally  in  an 
imperfect  state,  hence  it  fruits  more 
surely  in  company  with  those  which  have 
strong  staminate  flowers,  as  for  instance 
the  Iowa,  or  the  males  of  the  Hudson. 

"  HovEY's  Seedling  (Fig.  164)  was 
raised  from  the  seed  by  the  Messrs. 
Hovey,  of  Boston,  some  years  since, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  straw- 
berries among  us.  It  is  of  vigorous 
growth,  withstands  the  winter  equal 
to  any  other,  produces  fruit  of  an 
enormous  size,  and  exquisite  flavour; 
too  much  cannot  be  said  in  its  praise. 
Mode  of  cultivation  same  as  others;  it 
does    not,    however,    always    produce 


the  past  season's  drought,  whilst  other 
varieties  have  sustained  themselves  un- 
injured. We  must  have  further  confir- 
mation of  its  value,  before  recommend- 
ing it  for  enlarged  culture. 

"Gushing. — (Fig.  165.)  This  is  one  of 
a  multitude  of  seedling  strawberries, 
raised  by  that  indefatigable  amateur  cul- 
tivator. Dr.  Wm.  C.  Brinckle,  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
the  drawing.  Fig.  165,  and  many  other 
favours.  He  thus  describes  it  in  an  arti- 
cle communicated  to  the  Farmers'  Cabi- 
net, vol.  xi..  No.  1. 

" '  Cushing,  so  named  as  a  compli- 
ment to  J.  P.  Cushing,  Esq.,  of  Boston, 
to  whom  I  am  under  a  thousand  obliga- 
tions— produced  from  a  seed  of  a  berry 
of  No,  72,  A.,  [Dr.  B.'s  private  cata- 
logue,] the  anthers  not  having  been 
extracted;  planted  May  31st,  1845; 
fruited  in  1846,  one  year  from  the  seed  ; 
flower  large,  with  perfect  anthers;  leaf 
large  and  roundish,  like  that  of  Keene's 
Seedling  and  Ross's  Phcenix  ;  differing, 
however,  from  these  two  varieties,  in 
having  a  hairy  leaf  stem,  and  when  full 
grown,  the  leaf  is  slightly  twisted  ;  fruit 
very  large,  round,  some  of  the  berries 
with  a  short  neck,  light  scarlet  colour; 


fruit  when  planted  alone,  from  a  defi-  j  seed  inserted  in  slight  depressions;  fine 
ciency  of  pollen  in  the  anthers,  and  in  an  flavour,  and  very  productive.  This  plant 
unfavourable  state  of  the  weather,  fails  was  exhibited  at  one  of  the  meetings  of 
to  produce  fruit  at  all :  the  better  plan,!  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society 
therefore,  is  to  mix  with  it  some  other  i  this  summer,  with  26  fine  berries  on  it, 
variety,  as  directed  for  the  Methven  |  several  of  them  four  and  aquarter  inches 
scarlet,  or  grow  others  in  immediate  i  in  circumference.  Not  long  since,  Mr. 
contiguity,  where  the  flies  and  air  can  i  Longworth,  of  Cincinnati,  offered  one 
affect  the  impregnation.  It  is  true,  fine  ;  hundred  dollars  for  a  strawberry  with 
crops  from  this  variety  are  sometimes  |  perfect  anthers  that  will  bear  a  full  crop 
produced  where  no  other  variety  is  [  of  fruit  as  large  as  Hovey's  Seedling, 
within  a  considerable  distance,  but  it  is  ,  Such  a  strawberry  is,  I  think,  the  Cush- 
attributable  to  most  favourable  states  of  |  ing.' 


573 

* ■ 

Fig.  164.— (P.  572.) 


p|^,;:::^-0  0^^^" 


574 


r^ 


S  T  R 


575 


sue 


"  If  Dr.  Brinckle's  opinion  should  be 
coiitirmed  by  further  observation,  he 
will  have  contributed  an  invaluable  va- 
riety of  this  delicious  fruit." — Rural 
Register. 
STRAWBERRY  BLITE.    Blitum. 

STRAWBERRY  SPINACH.  Blitum. 

STRAWBERRY   TREE.      Arbutus. 

STRELITZIA.  Eight  species.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennials.  Suckers.  Turfy 
loam. 

STREPTANTHERA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets.    Loam  and  peat. 

STREPTANTHUS.  Two  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

STREPTIUM  asperum.  Stove  herb- 
aceous perennial.  Cuttings.  Loam  and 
peat. 

STREPTOCARPUS  rexii.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Rich 
soil  and  vegetable  mould. 

STREPTOPUS.  Eive  species.  Herb- 
aceous perennials;  all  hardy  except  S. 
simplex,  which  belongs  to  the  green- 
house. Seeds  or  division.  Light  soil. 
STROBILANTHES  Sabiniaria.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Light  rich 
soil. 

STROPANTHUS.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  San- 
dy loam  and  peat. 

STRIMARLA.  Ten  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  San- 
dy loam. 

STRUTHIOLA.  Fifteen  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Sandy 
peat. 

STRUTHIOPTERIS.  Two  species. 
Ferns.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division.     Loam  and  peat. 

STRYCHNOS.  Six  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  S.  colubrina  is  a 
climber.  Half-ripe  cuttini^s  and  seeds. 
Loam  and  sandy  peat.  I^ux  vomica  is 
one  of  the  species. 

STYLIDIUM.  Nine  species.  Green- 
house herbaceous  perennials  or  ever- 
green shrubs.  The  latter  increases  by 
cuttings,  a  few  of  the  herbaceous  by 
division,  but  chiefly  by  seeds.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat  suit  them  all. 

STYPANDRA.  Five  species.  Green- 


deciduous  shrubs.  S.  officinale  produces 
the  balsam  of  storax.  Layers.  Light 
soil. 

SUCCORY,  CHICORY,  or  WILD 
ENDIVE.  Cichorium  iiitybus.  Although 
this  hardy  perennial  plant  is  much  used 
on  the  Continent  in  salads,  yet  it  has 
never  been  employed  to  any  extent  for 
that  purpose  in  Britain. 

Soil  and  Situation. — Like  endive,  for 
the  main  crops  it  requires  a  rich  light 
soil,  and  for  the  earlier  sowings  a  moist- 
er  one,  in  every  instance  having  an  open 
situation  allotted  to  it. 

Solving  must  be  annually;  for,  al- 
though it  is  a  perennial ,  yet,  after  being 
cut  from  two  or  three  times,  the  radical 
leaves  become  bitter  and  worthless. 
INIr.  Oldaker  says,  it  should  be  sown  at 
the  end  of  June,  or  early  in  July  ;  but 
L'Quintinye  recommends  it  to  be  per- 
formed in  the  beginning  of  March;  and 
it  may  be  performed,  for  successive 
crops,  between  the  two  periods  men- 
tioned by  the  above  writers,  in  the  same 
manner  as  endive,  and  also  like  that 
salad  herb  in  small  portions  at  a  time, 
the  earliest  sowings  being  very  liable  to 
run  to  seed.  Sow  moderately  thick,  in 
the  same  manner  as  endive,  the  direc- 
tions for  cultivating  which  are  equally 
applicable  in  every  other  particular. 

Cultivation. — When  the  plants  begin 
to  cover  the  ground,  they  are  thinned  to 
nine  inches  apart ;  and  those  removed 
planted  out  at  similar  distances.  They 
require  to  be  kept  very  clear  of  weeds  ; 
and  if  the  leaves  grow  very  luxuriant, 
and  shade  the  roots  much,  they  must 
be  cutoff  within  an  inch  of  the  ground. 
Those  grown  from  sowings  antecedent 
to  June,  when  of  nearly  full  growth, 
which  they  arrive  at  in  about  four 
months  from  the  insertion  of  the  seed, 
must  have  all  their  leaves  trimmed 
away,  so  as  not  to  injure  their  hearts, 
and  then  covered  over  thick  with  sand, 
ashes,  or  long  litier.  By  this  treatment, 
those  fresh  leaves  which  are  produced 
become  etiolated  and  crisp,  losing  their 
bitterness.  Those  wliich  arise  from  the 
sowings  of  June  and  July,  must,  at  the 
end  of  September,  or  early  in  October, 


house  herbaceous  perennials.     S./ru-    be  raised,  and  planted  very  close,  by  the 


tescens  an  evergreen  shrub. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 


Division. 


dibble,  in  pots  or  boxes,  having  their 
leaves  trimmed  as  before  directed,  and 


STYPHELIA.  Eight  species.  Green-    their  roots  shortened  previous  to  plant- 


house  evergreen    shrubs.     Young   cut- 
tings.    Sandy  peat  and  sandy  loam. 


ing.     Water  must  be  given  moderately 
in  dry  weather,  until  they  are  establish- 


STYRAX.     Four  species.     Hardy    ed,  and  shelter,  if  frosts   occur,  by  a 


sue 


576 


sue 


light  covering  of  litter.  Wlicn  well 
rooted  they  may  be  removed  into  the 
cellar,  or  other  place,  where  the  light 
can  be  completely  excluded  from  them, 
to  blanch  for  use  as  wanted,  which 
change  will  be  effected  in  six  or  seven 
days.  Succory  will  bear  a  temperature 
of  GO',  but  thrives  better  in  a  rather 
lower  one. 

If  the  roots  are  vigorous,  they  will 
bear  cutting  from  two  or  three  times, 
after  winch  they  are  unproductive. 

To  obtain  Seed,  a  few  plants  must 
be  left  in  the  open  ground  of  the  June 
sowing  ;  they  bear  the  severity  of  win- 
ter without  protection,  and  shoot  up  in 
the  sprinrr,  running  to  seed  about  May. 

SUCCOVVIA  halearica.  Hardy  an- 
nual.    Seeds.     Light  soil. 

SUCCULENT  PLANTS  are  so  cha- 
racterized on  account  of  their  thick  juicy 
leaves.  "  They  are  formed  to  exist," 
says  that  excellent  botanist  and  horti- 
culturist, Mr.  Fortune,  now  traveling 
for  the  London  Horticultural  Society, 
"  in  countries  and  situations  where  they 
are  often  exposed  to  intense  light  and 
dryness;  their  skins  are  thick;  they 
have  few  evaporating  pores  ;  and  they 
have,  likewise,  few  roots  to  gorge  their 
tissue  with  food  during  the  rainy  season. 
Therefore,  we  find  the  dry  sandy  plains 
of  the  Cape  abounding  in  aloes  and 
mesembryanthemums  ;  and  the  bare 
volcanic  rocks  of  Mount  Etna  covered, 
in  many  places,  with  the  common  prick- 
ly pear.  In  Mexico,  also,  and  in  many 
other  parts  of  Central  and  South  Ame- 
rica, the  extensive  race  of  cacti,  with 
their  curious  unvegetable-like  forms, 
are  at  home,  and  flourish  even  in  those 
dry  and  parched  seasons  when  the 
whole  face  of  nature  besides  seems 
withered  and  destroyed.  I  wish  particu- 
larly to  draw  attention  to  the  natural 
circumstancog  in  which  these  plants 
are  found  ;  because,  if  these  are  once 
known,  they  are  sure  and  certain  guides 
in  cultivation. 

"  To  be  grown  well,  the  whole  race 
of  what  are  called  succulent  plants  re- 
quire to  be  kept  in  the  lightest  possible 
situation  in  the  green-house.  It  is  true 
they  may  be  grown  in  heavy-shaded 
green-houses,  but  their  leaves  will  ne- 
ver acquire  that  beautiful  colour  which 
is  seen  in  light  situations,  nor  will  they 
flower  so  freely.  Water  should  be 
given  to  the  slow-growing  kinds  at  all 
times  with  a  judicious  hand,  but  par- 


ticularly during  winter,  as  more  plants 
are  killed  by  over-watering,  than  by 
any  other  cause.  At  this  time,  once  in 
ten  days  or  a  fortnight  will  generally 
be  found  sufficient;  but  as  this  depends 
upon  the  situation  and  the  weather, 
much  must  be  left  to  the  good  sense  of 
those  who  attend  them.  Those  kinds 
which  are  more  luxuriant  in  growth, 
and  not  so  succulent,  require  more 
water,  and  are  not  so  easily  injured  by 
it.  By  far  the  greatest  number  succeed 
perfectly,  where  the  temperature  Ls 
merely  high  enough  to  exclude  frost, 
that  is,  anywhere  bet%veen  thirty-five 
and  forty-five  degrees,  as  may  be  most 
agreeable  to  the  cultivator. 

"  Succulents  are  generally  easily 
multiplied,  either  by  seeds  or  cuttings. 
If  the  cutting  is  very  soft,  and  liable  to 
damp,  it  ought  to  be  dried  a  little  be- 
fore it  is  put  into  the  sand.  Sometimes 
a  little  quicklime  is  useful  for  prevent- 
ing decay,  and  can  be  either  used  for 
the  base  of  the  cutting,  or  to  any  part 
of  the  plant  from  which  a  damping 
piece  has  been  removed." — Gardeners' 
Chron. 

SUCKERS,  says  Dr.  Lindley,  in  his 
Theory  of  Horticulture,  "  are  branches 
naturally  thrown  up  by  a  plant  from  its 
base,  when  the  onward  current  of 
growth  of  the  stem  is  stopped.  Every 
stem,  even  the  oldest,  must  have  been 
once  covered  with  leaves  ;  each  leaf 
had  a  bud  in  its  axil  ;  but  of  those  buds, 
few  are  developed  as  branches,  and 
the  remainder  remain  latent,  or  perish. 
When  the  onward  growth  of  a  plant  is 
arrested,  the  sap  is  driven  to  find  new 
outlets,  and  then  latent  buds  are  very 
likely  to  be  developed  ;  in  fact,  when 
the  whole  plant  is  young,  they  must 
necessarily  shoot  forth  under  fitting 
circumstances;  the  well-known  effect 
of  cutting  down  a  tree  is  an  exemplifi- 
cation of  this.  Such  branches,  if  they 
proceed  from  under  ground,  frequently 
form  roots  at  their  base,  when  they  are 
employed  as  a  means  of  propagation  ; 
I  and  in  the  case  of  the  pine-apple  they 
'  are  made  use  of  for  the  same  purpose, 
although  they  do  not  emit  roots  till 
they  are  separated  from  the  parent. 
Gardeners  usually  satisfy  themselves 
with  takmg  from  their  pine-apple  plants 
such  suckers  as  are  produced  in  con- 
sequence of  the  stoppage  of  onward 
growth  by  the  formation  of  the  fruits  ; 
I  but  these  are  few  in  number,  and  not 


SU  F 


577 


S  W  L 


at  all  what  the  plant  is  capable  of  kind  of  grain,  like  that  of  most  others, 
yielding.  Instead  of  throwing  away  the  varies  considerably,  according  to  the 
"stump"  of  the  pine-apple,  it  should  state  of  the  soil,  climate  and  the  cnl- 
be  placed  in  a  damp  pit,  and  exposed  tivation  that  is  employed;  but  the 
to  a  bottom  heat  of  90",  or  thereabouts,  average  quantity  of  seed  is  about  filty 
when  every  one  of  the  latent  eyes  will  bushels  per  acre.  This  will  produce 
spring  forth,  and  a  crop  of  young  plants  fifty  gallons  of  oil,  and  of  oil-cake  1,500 
be  the  result."  pounds.      ']"lie   stalks,  when   burnt  for 

Taking  up  or  transplanting  stickers    alkali,  give  ten  hundred  weight  of  po- 
may  be  performed  almost  at  any  time,    tash. 

in  open  weather,  from  October  to:  SUNFLOWER.  Actinotus  Helianthi. 
March,  being  careful  to  dig  them  up  j  SUN  ROSK.  Heliantheinam. 
from  the  mother  plant  with  as  much  SURFACE  GRUBS,  or  caterpillars, 
root  as  possible,  and  cutting  off  any  j  are  the  larvic  of  several  species  of 
thick  knobbed  part  of  the  old  root  that  Noctua,  or  Night  Moths.  Gardeners 
may  adhere  to  the  bottom,  leaving  only  thus  name  them  because  they  attack  the 
the  fibres  arising  from  the  young  wood,  roots  of  the  turnip,  mangold  wurtzcl, 
Though  it  is  probable  some  will  appear  &c.,  just  at  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
with  hardly  any  fibres,  they  will  be  dis- 1      SUTHERLANDIA/rw/cscc/iS.    Half- 


posed  to  produce  them  after  removal. 

SUFFOCATION  is  a  term  employed 
by  Keith  and  others  to  describe  any 
stopping  of  the  transpiratory  organs  of 
plants,  whether  it  arises  from  extrava- 
sated  sap,  mosses,  fungi,  or  even  from 
a  deficient  supply  oPsap. 

SUGAR  RAKERS'  REFUSE.  See 
Animal  Matters. 

SUMACH.     Rhus. 

SUNFLOWER.     Helianthus. 

H.  anniius.     Annual  Sunflower. 


hardy  evergreen  shrub.  Seeds  or  young 
cuttings.     Peat  and  loam. 

SUWARROW  NUT.     Caryocar. 

SWAINSONIA.  Three  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.  Young 
cuttings  or  seeds.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

SWALLOW  WORT.     Asclepias. 

SWAMP  LOCUST  TREE.  Gledit- 
schia  monosperma. 

SWAMP  POST.     Qtiercus  lyrata. 

SWARTZIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen    shrubs.     Cuttings  with    the 


Soil  and  Situation. — A  light  rich  soil, !  leaves  on.     Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
and  as  unshadowed  by  trees  as  possible,  {      SWEDISH    BEAM    TREE.      Py7-us 
suits  it  best.    It  is  now  much  cultivated    intermedia. 

for  its  oil,  and  as  a  food  for  cattle  and  ,      SWEDISH  TURNIP.   Brassica  cam- 
poultry.     The  following  directions  for  pestris ;  va.r.  rittabaga. 
its  culture  on  a  large  scale,  are  applica- :      SWEEPING.      See    Broom.      It    is 
ble  on  a  reduced   extent  for  the  gar- j  best  done  in  calm  weather,  and   early, 
den  : —  [  whilst  the  dew  is  strong  enough  to  al- 

The  earlier  the  seed  can  be  got  into  lay  the  dust  and  keep  the  light  refuse 
the  ground  the  better,  say  the  beginning  from  blowing  about, 
of  April,  as  the  crop  will  be  ready  to  |  SWEET  BAY.  Lauriis  nobilis. 
harvest  the  latter  part  of  August,  which  SWEET  BRIAR.  Rosa  rubiginosa. 
will  be  of  the  greatest  importance  to  It  is  of  the  easiest  propagation  in  any 
growers.  The  necessary  (]uantity  of  common  garden  soil.  Cuttings,  suck- 
seed  required  for  an  acre  depends  upon  ers,  ai\d  seed  may  be  inditferently  em- 
the   conditions  of  the   soil,  and  varies    ployed. 

from  four  pounds  to  five  pounds  ;  but,  ;  "  To  form  a  hedge  of  it  sow  the  heps 
of  course,  it  is  advisable  to  sow  a  little  in  the  autumn  as  soon  as  ripe,  or  which 
more  than  is  actually  wanted,  to  pro- |  is  better,  in  the  month  of  J\Iarch,  hav- 
vide  against  accidents.  The  seed  should  ing  kept  them  in  the  meanwhile  mixed 
be  drilled  into  the  ground,  and  the  dis-  with  sand.  But  it  is  far  more  conveni- 
tance  from  row  to  row  eighteen  inches;  '  ent  to  buy  sweet  briar  '  layers,'  (young 
the  plants  to  be  thinned  out  to  thirty  plants.)  from  the  nurseryman,  and  to 
inches  from  plant  to  ])lant,  and  the  plant  them  a  foot  apart  early  in  the 
number  of  plants  at  this  distance  would  month  of  November.  Let  them  grow 
be  about  14,500  per  acre  ;  at  eighteen  as  they  like  for  the  first  year,  and  cut 
inches  from  plant  to  plant,  25,000  per  them  down  to  the  ground  the  second; 
acre  ;  and  at  twelve  inches  from  plant  thoy  will  then  spring  up  and  require  no 
to  plant,  3'2,000.  The  produce  of  this  more  care  than  occasional  trimming 
37 


S  WE 


57S 


S  WI 


with  the  pruning-knife  or  shears,  so  as  :  light  loam  on  a  dry  subsoil.   Leaf-mould 
to  keep  the  hedge  in  shape.     When  it  !  and  liquid  manure  the  best  additions 


gets  naked  at  the  bottom  it  must  be 
again  cut  down." — Gard.  Chron. 

SWEET  CALABASH.  Fassiftora 
maliformis. 

SWEET  CICELY.     See  Chervil. 

SWEETIA.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings  or  seeds. 
Loam  and  sand. 

SWEET  MAR.TORAM.  Origanum 
majorana. 

SWEET  MAUDLIN.  Achillea  age- 
ratum. 

SWEET   PEA.     Lathyrus  odoratus. 

SWEET  POTATOE.     Batata. 

SWEET  SOP.     Anona  squamosa. 

SWEET  SULTAN.  Centaurea  mos- 
chata. 

SWEET  WILLIAM.  Dianthus  har- 
batus. 

Varieties.  —  Narrow-leaved  kinds : 
Deep  Red;  Pale  Red;  Pale  Red  and 
Flesh-coloured;  Purplish,  white-eyed; 
Snow  White;  White  and  Flesh-colour- 
ed ;  White  and  Purple ;  White  Spotted  ; 
Red  flowers  and  white  borders,  called 
Painted  Lady  Sweet-William,  and  many 
other   intermediate   shades   of   colours 


Propagation. — They  are  propagated 
by  seed,  layers,  and  slips. 

By  Seed.  —  March  and  April  is  the 
season  for  sowing ;  sow  it  in  a  bed  or 
border  of  light  earth  broadcast,  and 
rake  it  in.  In  a  fortnight  the  plants 
will  come  up.  In  June  or  July  trans- 
plant into  nursery  beds  of  common 
earth,  in  rows  six  or  eight  inches  dis- 
tant, to  remain  until  autumn  or  spring 
following,  then  to  be  taken  up  and 
planted  in  the  places  where  they  are  to 
flower. 

By  Layers.  —  June  and  July  is  the 
proper  season,  and  the  same  method  is 
to  be  observed  in  every  respect  as  for 
the  Carnation.  This  is  the  only  me- 
thod of  propagation  to  continue  the 
same  double-flowered  varieties.  Being 
layered,  give  frequent  waterings  in  dry 
weather,  and  they  will  be  well  rooted 
in  six  or  seven  weeks,  then  to  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  old  plant,  and  removed 
to  a  bed  of  light  soil;  and  in  October 
some  of  them  should  be  potted  to  move 
to  occasional  shelter  from  frost,  for 
although    the    doubles    are    almost   as 


and  variegations,  and  which  frequently  '  hardy  as  the  single,  yet  being  more 
vary  in  the  flowers  of  the  same  aggre-  i  choice,  it  is  necessary  always  to  have 
gate;  there  are  also  single  and  double  j  some  that  may  have  protection  in  severe 
flowers  of  each  variety.  Among  the  winters,  the  same  as  for  choice  Carna- 
doubles  of  this  class  of  narrow  leaves,    tions. 

is  that  sort  called  the  Mule,  having  a  '  By  Slips. — July  is  the  best  month  for 
bright  red  double  flower  in  smallish  ag-  '  slipping ;  observing,  if  it  is  to  be  per- 
gregates,  said  to  have  been  accidentally  formed  upon  the  year-old  plants,  they 
produced  from  the  seed  of  a  Carnation    must   be    slipped    quite    down    to    the 


impregnated  by  the  Sweet-William. 
Broad-leaved  kinds: — Tall  deep  red; 


roots,  so  as  to  have  fibres  to  each  slip  ; 
plant  them  at  once  where  they  are  to 


Tall  flesh-coloured;  Pure  White;  White  '  flower,  but  these  never  make  such  good 
dotted;  Striped  leaves  and  red  flowers;  |  plants  as  seedlings  and  layers,  nor  do 
Large    double    rose-coloured;    Sweet  j  they  generally  flower  so  strongly. 


scented;  Large  double  deep  purplish 
burster;  Double  variegated.  All  the 
varieties,  about  forty  in  number,  are 
hardy  herbaceous  evergreen  perennials, 
rising  the  first  year  with  a  large  bushy 
tuft  of  leafy  shoots,  continuing  green 


Saving  Seed. — "  The  flowers  which 
have  the  most  beautiful  colours,  should, 
when  in  full  bloom,  be  marked  from 
which  to  have  seed;  if  any  ordinary 
sorts  grow  near  them,  let  them  be  re- 
moved to  prevent  hybridizing.    Let  the 


the  year  round,   and   the  second  year    branches   of  seed   be    gathered  in  dry 
shooting    up    flower-stems,   producing    weather,  and  after  lying  a  few  days  in 
flowers  in  June  and  July,  succeeded  by    the   sun   be  beaten   out  and  stored  till 
abundance  of  seed   in  autumn.      The  '■  spring." — Abercrombie. 
plants,    although    usually    of    several  [      SWIETENIA.    Two  species.    Stove 
years'  duration,  yet,  after  the  first  year  |  evergreen   trees.      Ripe    cuttings  with 
of  flowering,  the   shoots  generally  be-    the  leaves  on.     Loam  and  sand, 
come  long,  straggling,  and  of  dwindling  j      SYMPHIANDRA    pendida.      Hardy 
growth,  so  that  a  supply  should  be  raised    biennial.     Seeds.    Common  soil, 
every  year  from  seed  or  layers.  SYMPIIORICARPUS.       St.    Peter's 

Soil. — The  best  is  a  moderately  rich  :  Wort.     Three  species.     Hardy  decidu- 


S  YM 


579 


TAN 


ous  trees.     Cuttings  or  suckers.     Com-  operator  should  stand  at  some  distance 

mon  soil.  from  the  plants,  so  that  the  water  may 

SYMPHYTUM.     Eip;ht  species,  spread  and  tali  upon  them  like  a  shower. 

Hardy  herbaceous   or   tuberous-rooted  But  it"  aphides  have  to  be  destroyed  he 


perennials.  Division.  Off-sets.  Any 
soil  suits  them. 

SYMl'IKZIA  capitellata.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Turty  peat  and  sand. 

S  Y  M  P  L  O  C  O  S  .     Three    species. 


may  be  closer  to  the  plants,  and  drive 
forth  the  water  with  greater  force. 

SYZYGIUM.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees  or  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandv  peat. 

TABERN.EMONTANA.         Fifteen 


Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  or  stove  species.  Stove  evergreen  shrubs  and 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam,  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam,  peat,  and  sand, 
peat  and  sand.  !      TACCA.    Six  species.    Stove  bulbous 

SYXCHRONIC.\L   TIMES    are    va-    perennials.    Division.    Loam,  peat,  and 
lidly  observed   for  the  performance  of  sand. 


gardening  operations.  More  than  one 
botanist  has  observed  that  if  the  time 
of  the  foliation  and  blossoming  of  trees 
and  herbs,  and  the  days  on  which  the 
seed  is  sown,  flowers,  and  ripens,  were 
noted,  and  if  the  observer  continued 
these  observations  for  many  years,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  but  that  we  might  find 
some  rule  from  which  we  might  con- 
clude at  what  time  grains  and  culinary 
plants,  according  to  the  nature  of  each 
8oil,  ought  to  be  sown  ;  nor  should  we 


TACHLV.  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat,  sand, 
and  loam. 

TACHIGALLl  bijvga.  Stove  ever- 
green tree.     Cuttings.     Light  loam. 

TACSOXL\..  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

T.^RRITIS.  Three  species.  Ferns. 
Stove  evergreen  creepers.  Division  or 
seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

TAGETES.    Fifteen  species.    Hardy 


be  at  a  loss  to  guess  at  the  approach  of  annuals,  except  T.^orirfa  and  T.lucula, 
winter;  nor  ignorant  whether  we  ought    the    first    a    half-hardy,    the    second    a 


to   make  our  autumn    sowing  later  or 
earlier. 

M.   Barck  would  derive  his  intima- 
tions from  the  vegetable   tribes  alone, 


rcen-house  herbaceous  perennial.  The 
annuals  increase  by  seed,  the  others  by 
cuttings  or  division.     Light  rich  soil. 
TALAUMA.    Three  species.    Stove 


but,   I    think,   the    other    kingdoms    of  |  evergreen  shrubs.     Layers  or  inarching 


organic  nature  might  be  included;  as 
the  appearances  of  certain  migratory 
birds,  and  the  birth  of  certain  insects. 
For  example,  in  the  east  of  England,  it 
is  a  common  saying  among  gardeners, 
confirmed  by  practice  —  ''When  you 
have  seen  two  swallows  together,  sow 
kidney  beans."  ' 

Mr.  Stillingfleet,  one  of  the  most 
careful  of  Nature's  observers,  says,  that 
in  his  time  "the  prudent  gardener  never 


on  Magnolia  obovata,  and  ripe  cuttings 
with  the  leaves  on  will  root,  but  not 
easily.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

T XLIVAIA hengalensis.  Palm.  Seeds. 
Turfy  loam  and  sand. 

TALIRIUM.  Seven  species.  Stove 
and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs  and 
herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand.  T.  rejlexum,  a  stove 
biennial,  increases  by  seeds. 

TALISLA.   guianensis.     Stove    ever- 


ventured   to   put   his    house-plants  out    green  shrub.     Large  cuttings  with  the 


until  the  mulberry  leaf  was  of  a  certain 
growth." — Gard.  Aim. 

SYNN'ETLA..  Three  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Offsets. 
Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

SYRL\G.\.  Lilac.  Five  species  and 
many  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
shrubs.  Seeds,  layers,  or  suckers. 
Common  soil. 

SYRINGK.  This  is  a  most  useful 
implement  for  impelling  water  over 
plants  in  pots,  wall-trees,  &c.  Read's 
syrmges  are  excellent.  When  the  ob- 
ject is  merely  to  refresh  the  plants,  the 


leaves  on.     Turfv  loam  and  peat. 
I      TALLIES,     iieo  Lahda. 
I      TAMARINDUS.     Tamarind.      Two 
'  species.    Stove  evergreen  trees.    Seeds 

and  cuttings.     Sandv  loam  and  peat. 
j      TAMARIX.     Three  species.     Stove 

evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  except  T. 
ignllica,  which  is  a  hardy  deciduous 
I  shrub.  Cuttings.  Any  soil  suits  tlicni. 
]      ALinna  is  produced  from  a  variety  of 

T.  gallic ia. 
;      TAMONEA.     Two   species.     Stove 

biennials.     Seeds.     Sandy  soil. 
I      TAN.     See  Bark. 


TAN 


580 


TAX 


TANACETUM.  Tansy.  Nine 
species.  Hardy  or  green-house  herba- 
ceous perennials.  Tlie  hardy  kinds 
increase  by  division,  t)ie  green-house 
by  cuttings.  Light  rich  soil.  T.  globu- 
^//"erum  a  hardy  annual.  Seeds.  Cora- 
mon  soil. 

TANGIER  PEA.  Lathyrus  tingi- 
tanus. 

TANK  SYSTEM.  See  Stove,  Hot 
Water,  and  Rendle. 

TANSY.     Tanacetum  vulgare. 

Varieties. — The  Curled  or  Double 
Tansy,  the  one  chiefly  grown  for  culi- 
nary purposes  ;  the  Variegated  ;  and 
the  Common  or  Plain.  This  last  is  but 
of  little  worth,  except  for  medicinal 
preparations. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  light,  dry,  and 
rather  poor  soil,  in  an  open  exposure, 
is  best  suited  to  it,  as  in  such  it  is  the 
most  hardy  and  aromatic. 

Planting. — It  is  propagated  by  rooted 
slips,  or  divisions  of  its  fibrous  creeping 
root,  planted  from  the  close  of  Febru- 
ary until  that  of  May,  as  well  as  during 
the  autumn.  Established  plants  may 
be  moved  at  any  period  of  the  year. 
Insert  in  rows  twelve  inches  apart  each 
■way  ;  a  gentle  watering  being  given,  if 
tlie  season  is  not  showery.  As  the 
roots  spread  rapidly,  plants  will  soon 
make  liieir  appearance  over  a  large 
space  of  ground  if  left  undisturbed  ;  to 
prevent  it,  a  path  should  be  left  entirely 
round  the  bed,  and  often  dug  up  to  keep 
them  within  bounds.  The  plants  run 
up  to  seed  during  summer,  but  the 
stalks  must  be  constantly  removed,  to 
encourage  the  production  of  young 
leaves.  Weeds  should  be  extirpated, 
and  the  decayed  stalks  cleared  away  in  j 
autumn,  at  the  same  time  a  little  fresh 
mould  being  scattered  over  the  bed.        I 

Forcing. — If  required  during  the  | 
winter  and  early  spring,  old  undivided  i 
roots  must  be  placed  in  a  moderate  ! 
Iiot-bed  once  a  month,  from  the  middle 


Green-house  evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings. 

Light  rich  soil. 

TARRAGON.  Artemisia  dracuncu- 
lus.  Use  it  in  salads  to  correct  the 
coldness  of  the  other  herbs  ;  and  its 
leaves  are  likewise  excellent  when 
pickled. 

Soil  and  Situation. — It  will  flourisli 
in  any  that  are  poor  and  bleak.  Indeed, 
a  poor  dry  earth  is  essential  to  produce 
it  in  perfection  as  to  flavour,  and  hardy. 

Propagation  by  parting  the  roots, 
slips,  and  cuttings;  as  also  by  seed  to 
be  sown  in  the  spring,  but  this  mode  is 
attended  with  much  trouble.  To  have 
green  Tarragon  during  the  winter  and 
spring,  strong-rooted  plants  must  be 
planted,  small  portions  at  a  time,  once 
or  twice  a  month,  from  the  close  of 
October  to  the  end  of  January.  For  the 
main  crop,  it  may  be  planted  any  time 
from  the  end  of  February  until  the  con- 
clusion of  May  ;  and  by  cuttings  of  the 
young  stalks,  from  the  close  of  June 
until  the  same  period  of  August;  this 
last  mode  is  not  often  adopted,  on  ac- 
count of  the  uncertainty  attending  the 
rooting  of  the  cuttings. 

Cultivation. — The  plants  must  be  at 
least  ten  inches  apart;  and  if  dry 
weather,  especially  in  the  summer 
months,  water  must  be  given  regularly 
every  evening  until  they  are  rooted. 
They  soon  establish  themselves,  and 
may  be  gathered  from  the  same  year. 
As  they  run  up,  if  seed  is  not  required, 
the  stems  should  be  cut  down,  which 
causes  them  to  shoot  afresh.  The  only 
additional  cultivation  required  is  to 
keep  them  free  from  weeds. 

At  the  end  of  autumn,  if  some  estab- 
lished plants  are  set  beneath  a  south 
fence,  they  will  often  afford  leaves 
throughout  the  winter,  or,  at  all  events, 
come  early  in  the  spring.  Some  of  the 
leaves  should  be  gathered  in  the  sum- 
mer, and  dried  for  winter's  use. 

To  obtain  Seed,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
allow  it  to  run  up  without  molestation. 


of  November  to  the  close  of  February.  |  It  flowers   about  July,  and   when    the 


They  may  be  planted  in  the  earth  of  the 
bed,  in  pots,  and  plunged  in  a  similar 
situation,  or  placed  round  the  edges  of 
the  bark  pits  in  a  hot-house.  A  frame 
IS  not  absolutely  necessary,  as  a  cover- 
ing of  mats  supported  on  hoops,  afforded 
during  frost,  at  night,  and  in  very  in- 
clement weather,  will  answer  nearly  as 
•well.  1 

TARCHONANTHUS.    Two  species.' 


seed  is  ripe,  in  early  autumn,  must  be 
cut,  and  completely  dried  before  it  is 
beaten  out. 

TASMANNIA  aromatica.  Green- 
house shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

TAVERNIER  A.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreens;  one  a  trailer,  the 
othera  shrub.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

TAXODIUM    capense.     Green-house 


TAX 


581 


TEN 


evergreen    shrub;    and    T.    di'shVftum   Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.     Young 
(Deciduous  Cypress),  and  its  varieties,  i  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
hardy  deciduous  trees.     Seeds,  layers,  j      TENTHREDO.     Saw-Hy.     T.  moris, 
orcuttinjrs  with  the  leaves  on,  placed  in  '  Plum  Saw-fly,  attacks  the  green-gage, 
water.     Rich  moist  soil.  |  and   other  plums,  when  about  the  size 

TAXUS.  Yew  Tree.  Five  species. !  of  peas.  It  pierces  them,  causing  their 
Evergreen  shrubs  and  trees,  all  hardy  fall,  to  deposit  its  eggs  in  their  pulp, 
except  T.  nucifera,  which  belongs  to  M.  Kollar  gives  these  correct  particu- 
the  green-house.   They  increase  chiefly    lars  of  this  insect : — 


by  seeds,  but  may  also  increase  by  cut- 
tings.    Moist  soil.     See  Coniferte. 
TEA-TREE.     Thea. 


At  a  distance  it  resembles  a  small 
house-fly  ;  but  it  has  four  wings,  where- 
as the   house-fly   has    only  two.      The 


TECOMA.     Fifteen   species.     Stove  |  head   and    body   are  completely  black. 


evergreen  shrubs  and  trees.  Green 
house,  hardy,  and  half-hardy  evergreen 
and  deciduous  climbers.  Cuttings  and 
layers.  Peat  and  loam,  or  common 
soil,  and  a  warm  situation. 

TEEDIA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house biennials.  Cuttings  or  seeds. 
Light  rich  soil. 

TEESDALIA.  Two  species.  Har- 
dy annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

TELEKIA  speciosa.  Hardy  herba- 
ceous perennial.  Division.  Common 
soil. 

T  E  L  L  I M  A  grandiflora.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Peaty 
soil. 

TELOPEA  speciosissima.   Warratah. 


and  the  feet  of  a  reddish  yellow. 

"  It  lays  its  eggs  in  the  notched  part 
of  the  calyx  of  the  flowers,  cuts  in 
obliquely  with  its  saws,  without  com- 
pletely piercing  it  through,  and  intro- 
duces the  egg  into  the  deepest  part,  so 
that,  when  it  flies  away,  nothing  is  seen 
on  the  exterior  but  two  very  small 
brown  spots. 

"  The  egg  is  very  small,  greenish- 
white,  and  transparent.  It  is  hatched 
in  the  course  of  a  few  days,  and  pro- 
duces a  delicate  whitish  larva,  with  a 
dark-brown  head,  six  pairs  of  middle 
feet,  three  pairs  of  fore  feet,  and  one 
pair  of  anal  feet." 


T.  hamorrhoidalis,  Pear  Saw-fly,  re- 

^  ,  ,  -  I  sembles  the  former,  but  is  rather  lamer. 

Green-house   evergreen   tree.      Lavers  i      j    i  n  i      .    ■       rr,, 

„„.      ■  w-  c     J     i  ■'    J    and  has  more    yellow   about  it.     The 

and    also    cuttings.     Sandy  loam    and       „         .u     •.    i     .         .  j  .1 

,      ,1  ,,  °  ■^    luoiii    auu    gjjj^g  authority  last  quoted  says  that  it 

heath  mould.  ,,  •',,    ,  ,'   .     ,,     ■'  ,. 

I  '<  appears  usually  late  in  Mav,  some  ol 

TE.MPERATURE  is  the  most  im-  them  only  in  June,  if  the  warm  spring 
portant  circumstance  connected  with  1  weather  sets  in  laie.  The  foinale  lays 
the  cultivation  of  plants  ;  for  upon  its  from  forty  to  sixty  eggs,  and  almost 
proper  regulation  and  just  accommoda-  j  always  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf, 
tion  to  the  intensity  of  light  depend,  in  ■  The  caterpillar,  which  is  hatched  in  a 
the  chiet  degree,  whether  a  plant  is  i  few  days,  at  first  is  of  a  whitish  yellow, 
healthy  and  capable  of  performing  its  1  but  becomes  darker  every  day.  As  soon 
functions.  Every  seed  has  its  appro-  1  as  it  is  exposed  to  the  light,  it  spins  a 
priatc  temperature  for  germinating  (see  >  web  over  itself,  the  threads  of  which 
Germination) ;  every  root  has  a  temper-  .  proceed  from  its  mouth.  The  caterpil- 
ature  in  which  it  imbibes  food  most  '  lar  never  appears  out  of  this  web  ;  and 
favourably  (see  Bottom-heat) ;  and  every  ;  when  it  has  partly  eaten  a  leaf,  it  spins 
leat  has  a  temperature  in  which  it  re-  1  itself  a  web  on  another,  and  always  ia 
spires  most  vigorously  (see  Leaves  and  company  with  the  other  caterpillars.  It 
^lght  Temperature).  j  has  a  black  head,  and,  immediately  un- 

TEMPLES  dedicated  to  some  deity  1  der  the  throat,  two  black  dots:  the  other 
of  the  heathen  mythology,  as  to  Pan  in  I  parts  of  the  body  are  ochre-colored  and 
a  grove,  or  to  Flora  among  bright  sun-  i  transparent,  without  hairs." — Kollar. 
ny  parterres,  arc  not  inappropriate,  if  T.  difformis.  Antler  Rose  Saw-fly. 
the  extent  of  the  grounds  and  the  ex-  Its  caterpillar  feeds  on  the  leaves  of 
penditure  on  their  management  allow  rose-trees;  and  they  are  thus  described 
them  to  be  of  that  size,  and  of  that  cor-  i  by  Mr.  Curtis  : — 

rectness  of  style,  which  can  alone  give  !  "  They  are  nearly  cylindrical,  taper- 
the  classic  air  and  dignity  which  are  '  ing  a  little  to  the  tail.  They  are  bright 
their  only  sources  of  pleasure.  green,  and   covered  with  short  upright 

TEMPLETONIA.  Two  species,  j  hairs,  with  a  darker  line  down  the  back , 


TEN 


582 


TEN 


and  one  of  a  deeper  tint  down  each 
side.  Having  arrived  at  their  full 
growth,  they  spin  a  web  either  between 
the  contiguous  leaves,  or  in  a  fold,  by 
drawing  the  sides  of  a  leaf  slightly  to- 
gether ;  but  sometimes  it  is  attached  to 
the  stem  only  at  a  fork  of  the  branches. 
In  this  web  they  form  a  yellowish-white 
cocoon,  somewhat  oval.  In  these  co- 
coons the  green  larva?  rest  a  short  time, 
losing,  it  is  said,  their  fourteen  false 
legs,  and  eventually  changing  to  a  pupa. 
The  flies  are  hatched  in  twelve  or  thir- 
teen days.  The  perfect  insect  is  found 
from  the  end  of  May  to  the  middle  of 
August. 

"  It  would  not,  perhaps,  be  an  easy 
matter  to  get  rid  of  these  troublesome 
caterpillars,  except  by  hand-picking  and 
shaking  the  branches  over  a  cloth  ;  lor, 
as  they  keep  on  the  under  surface  of 
the  leaves,  no  application  except  fumi- 
['ating  with  sulphur  would  fairly  reach 
them.  It  is  possible  that  sprinkling 
liellebore  powder  over  the  leaves  would 
annoy  them.'" — Gard.  Citron. 

T.populi,  Peach,  or  Poplar  Saw-fly, 
also  resembles  the  first-named,  and  M. 
Kollar  says  that, — 

"As  soon  as  the  first  leaves  of  the 
stone-fruits  are  unfolded  in  spring,  this 
saw-fly  visits  them,  and  attacks  the 
peach,  apricot,  and  plum  trees.  They 
choose  days  that  are  particularly  still 
and  warm,  and  lay  their  eggs  on  a  leaf 
in  rows,  one  after  another,  from  thirty 
to  forty  in  number,  not  all  at  once,  but 
often  disburden  themselves  of  their  eggs 
at  different  times.  They  are  longish, 
cylindrical,  and  of  a  light  yellow  color. 

"  If  the  weather  is  favorable  the  eggs 
are  hatched  in  a  few  days,  and  a  white- 
greenish  grub  is  produced  from  them. 
They  no  sooner  begin  to  move  than 
they  surround  themselves  with  a  web; 
thus  surrounded  they  roam  from  one 
leaf  to  another,  from  which  they  select 
the  best  parts  for  their  food  ;  therefore 
a  leaf  is  never  found  entirely  con- 
sumed. 

"As  soon  as  they  have  attained  their 
full  growth  they  retire  into  the  ground, 
form  themselvesa  chamber,  make  them- 
selves a  dark-brown  roomy  case,  the 
material  for  which  they  produce  from 
themselves,  and  remain  in  the  earth  till 
spring,  when  they  again  appear  as  saw- 
flies  to  propagate  their  species." — 
Kollar. 

T.  grossularia   and    T.   ribesii   are 


very  destructive  of  gooseberries.     Mr. 
Curtis  says  that, — 

"  The  larvae,  of  which  there  are  two 
generations  in  the  course  of  the  year, 
live  in  societies  consisting  of  from  50 
to  nearly  1000.  One  family,  so  to 
speak,  frequently  occupy  one  bush, 
and  destroy  all  the  leaves,  thus  prevent- 
ing the  fruit  from  arriving  at  maturity. 

"  The  larvK  are  of  a  grayish  colour, 
covered  with  small  black  warts  ar- 
ranged in  rows,  and  have  twenty  feet. 
Their  transformation  also  takes  place 
in  society,  one  fi.\ing  the  end  of  its 
cocoon  to  the  end  of  the  next,  and  so 
on.  Many  remedies  have  been  sug- 
gested, but  none  have  been  attended 
with  perfect  success.  Perhaps  the  surest 
way  of  all  to  diminish  the  numbers  is 
to  hand-pick  the  larva?,  and  collect  the 
cocoons  wherever  they  appear,  and 
destroy  them,  thus  killing  many  hun- 
dreds in  embryo." — Gard.  Chron. 

T.  -pini,  T.  erythrocephala,  and  T.  ru- 
fus,  infest  the  pine  and  fir  species. 

T.  cerasi  produces  a  slimy  catepillar, 
commonly  called  a  slug-worm,  very  in- 
jurious to  the  leaf  of  the  cherry,  plum, 
and  pear.  Mr.  Curtis  observes  of 
"  these  very  singular  and  inactive  cat- 
erpillars," that  they  "  are  more  like 
little  black  slugs,  or  tadpoles,  than  the 
larva?  of  a  saw-fly,  being  entirely  co- 
vered with  a  slimy  matter  which  gives 
them  a  moist  and  shining  appearance; 
and  when  at  rest,  upon  the  foliage, 
they  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  the 
droppings  of  sparrows  or  swallows. 
Upon  closer  examination  they  will  be 
found  to  exhibit  the  typical  characters 
of  the  family  to  which  they  belong, 
having  six  pectoral  and  fourteen  abdo- 
minal feet,  but  no  anal  ones.  They 
are  of  a  deep  bottle-green  color ;  the 
thorax  is  dilated,  being  very  much 
thicker  than  the  rest  of  the  body,  and 
concealing  the  head,  or  nearly  so. 

"  After  four  or  five  weeks,  when 
they  have  arrived  at  their  full  growth, 
they  cast  off"  their  bottle-green  jackets, 
and  then  appear  in  a  suit  of  buff,  being 
entirely  changed  in  their  appearance  ; 
they  no  longer  shine,  neither  are  they 
smooth,  but  covered  with  small  trans- 
verse wrinkles  ;  and,  a  short  time  after, 
they  leave  the  leaves  for  the  purpose 
of  entering  the  earth,  where  they  spin 
an  oval  brown  cocoon  composed  of  silk, 
with  grains  of  the  soil  adhering  to  the 
outside. 


T  EP 


583 


T  E  R. 


"Towards  the  end  of  July,  after  1  blisters  where  it  commenced  its  opera- 
having  lain  dormant  nearly  ten  months,  |  tions  being  withered,  they  become 
the  flies  emerge  from  their  tombs.  The  ochreous  or  brown  ;  and  the  other  por- 
female  is   of  a    shining    black,  with    a    tions,   but    recently   deprived    of   the 


violet  tint ;  the  head  and  thorax  are 
pubescent;  the  horns  are  short,  pointed, 
and  composed  of  nine  joints;  the  ovi- 
positor is  nearly  concealed  :  the  wings 
are  often  more  or  less  stained  with 
black. 

The   eggs   are    deposited    on   the 


pulpy  substance,  partake  of  a  pale 
green  tint.  In  this  way  one  maggot 
will  form  a  patch  of  more  than  an  inch 
in  diameter  before  it  is  full  grown. 

"The  larva;  are  of  a  glossy  pale 
green,  with  the  alimentary  canal  shin- 
ing through   the  back  ;  the  head  is  at- 


upper  side  of  the  leaves,  probably  un-  I  tenuated,  and  the  tail  obtuse,  with  a 
der  the  skin.  They  are  oval,  and  of  a  i  few  tubercles.  The  maggots  leave 
clear  yellow  colour:  the  young  larvai  i  their  habitations  and  probably  enter  the 
are  hatched  from  them  in  a  few  days,  earth  to  undergo  their  transformation  to 
Dusting  the  infested  trees  with  quick-  the  pupa.  The  male  flies  are  shining 
lime  is  certain  death  to  the  larva;,  es-  ochreous,  with  a  few  black  bristles  on 
pecially  in  their  earlier  stages;  but  it  the  head  and  thorax,  which  are  dark 
ought  to  be  repeated  once  or  twice,  as!  ochreous;  the  lower  part  of  the  face 
they  change  their  skins,  and  can  thus, '  and  horns  is  yellowish  ;  the  latter  droop, 
like  slugs,  get  rid  of  the  noxious  matter  and  are  furnished  with  a  fine  bristle  or 
with  their  slough,  for  the  first  time,  but  seta,  which  is  black,  except  at  the 
not  so  at  the  second  dusting.  On  a  ^  base.  The  eyes  are  deep  green;  the 
small  scale,  the  powdered  and  unslaked  .  body,  which  is  five-jointed,  is  rusty 
lime  might  be  scattered  over  the  leaves  ;  brown  and  downy  ;  the  wings  are  much 
with  a  tin  box,  having  a  number  of  holes  longer  than  the  body,  iridescent,  pret- 
in  the  lid  like  a  dredging-box  ;  and  on  a  I  tily  variegated  with  brown,  leaving 
larger  scale  a  fine  sieve  might  be  used  by  i  two  transparent  spots  on  the  costal 
a  man  on  a  ladder  or  steps.  Decoction  \  edge,  and  five  large  irregular  ones  on 
of  tobacco  water,  about  a  quarter  of  a  the  inferior  margin.  The  female  is 
pound  of  tobacco  to  two  gallons  of  larger  and  darker,  especially  the  tho- 
rax, abdomen,  and  the  brown  markings 
on  the  wings." — Gard.  Chron. 

The  blisters  are  most  prevalent  in 
September  and  October,  and  are  occa- 
sionally found  on  those  of  the  Alex- 
ander and  Parsnep. 

TEPHROSIA.  Twenty-eight  spe- 
cies. Stove  and  green-house  evergreen 
shrubs,  and  a  few  herbaceous  peren- 
nials of  the  latter  species.  T.  virgini- 
ana '\s  half  hardy.  Seeds  or  young  cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

TERAMNUS.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

TEREBRATION,  or  peg-grafting,  is 
an  obsolete  mode,  in  which  a  hole 
was  bored  in  the  slock,  and  the  scion 
was  cut  in  a  peg  form  to  fit  iti  See 
Grafting. 

TERMINALIA.  Fifteen  species. 
Stove  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Ripe 


water,  thrown    over   the    trees  with  a 
garden-engine,  will  destroy  them. 

"  Some  persons  have  employed  lime- 
water  with  complete  success;  about  a 
peck  of  lime  to  thirty  gallons  of  water; 
and  if  two  pounds  of  soft  soap  be  added, 
it  will  improve  the  mixture. 

"  The  best  periods  for  applying  these 
liquids,  are  before  seven  in  the  morn- 
ing and  after  five  in  the  evening.  The 
syringing  should  be  repeated  until  the 
trees  an;  free  from  the  slug  worm  ;  they 
may  afterwards  be  washed  clean  with 
pure  water;  and  if  the  lime  water  be 
used  in  the  evening  the  cleansing  may 
be  deterred  until  the  following  morn- 
ing."—  Gard.  Chron. 

TEPHRITIS  onopordinis.  Celery 
Fly.  Tliis  insect  causes  blisters  on  the 
leaves  of  celery  by  puncturing  them, 
and  depositing  its  eggs  within  their 
tissue.     Mr.  Curtis  observes  that, — 

"  On    examining   these  blisters  they  '  cuttings.     Loam  aud    peat.     From    T. 
are  found  to  be  considerably  inflated,  !  ca^fippa  the  Indian  ink  is  obtained, 
and,  on  holding  them  up  to  the  light,  a        TERNSTROMIA.        Four    species, 
maggot  may  be  seen  moving  between    Stove  evergreen  shrubs.     Ripe  cuttings. 
the  thin  and  somewhat  transparent  cu-    Loam  and  peat. 

tides,  where    it    has    been    consuming        TERRACES  are  not  permissible  any- 
the    parenchyma.     Those  parts  of  the  !  where  but   around  the  mansion.     Mr. 


T  E  S 


584 


THE 


Whately  justly  observes,  in  connection 
with  these  structures,  that, — 

"Choice  arrangement,  composition, 
improvement,  and  preservation,  are  so 
many  symptoms  of  art  whicli  may  occa- 
sionally appear  in  several  parts  of  a 
garden,  but  ought  to  be  displayed  with- 
out reserve  near  the  house;  nothing 
there  should  seem  neglected  ;  it  is  a 
scene  of  the  most  cultivated  nature  ;  it 
ought  to  be  enriched — it  ought  to  be 
adorned  ;  and  design  may  be  avowed 
in  the  plan,  and  expense  in  the  execu- 
tion." 

Mr.  Loudon  is  more  practical  on  this 
subject,  and  observes, — 


TETRAMENA  mexicanianum. 
Green-house  shrub.  Cuttings  and  seed. 
Light  rich  loam. 

TETRANTHERA.  Eight  species. 
Stove  and  green-house  evergreen  trees 
and  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Turfy  loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

TETRANTHUS  Uttoralis.  Stove 
evergreen  creeper.  Division.  Sandy 
loam. 

TETRAPELTIS  fragrans.  Stove 
orchid.    Division.    Peat  and  potsherds. 

TETRAPTERIS.  Two  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

TETRATHECA.        Seven    species. 


"  The  breadth  of  terraces,  and  their  :  Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.    Young 
height  relatively  to  the  level  of  the  floor  ;  cuttings.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 


of  the  living-rooms,  must  depend  jointly 
on  the  height  of  the  floor  of  the  living- 
rooms  and  the  surface  of  the  grounds 
or  country  to  be  seen  over  them.  Too 
broad  or  too  high  a  terrace  will  both 
have  the  effect  of  foreshortening  a  lawn 
with  a  declining  surface,  or  conceal- 
ing a  near  valley.  The  safest  mode, 
in  doubtful  cases,  is  not  to  form  this 
appendage  till  after  the  principal  floor 
is  laid,  and  then  to  determine  the  de- 
tails of  the  terrace  by  trial  and  correc- 
tion. 

"  Narrow  terraces  are  entirely  occu- 
pied as  promenades,  and  may  be  either 
gravelled  or  paved  ;  and  different  le- 
vels, when  they  exist,  connected  by  in- 
clined planes  or  flights  of  steps.  Where 
the  breadth  is  more  than  is  requisite  for 
walks,  the  borders  may  be  kept  in  turf, 


TETTIGONI A  spumar/a.  Froth  Fly, 
or  Cuckoo  Spit.  The  frothy  patches 
seen  in  April  and  May  upon  the  young 
shoots  of  hawthorn,  lilac,  peach,  &c., 
are  formed  by  this  insect.  As  the  froth 
is  formed  from  the  sap  of  the  plant, 
the  insect  is  by  so  much  injurious  to  it. 
The  froth  protects  the  insect  from  the 
sun,  from  night  colds,  and  from  parasitic 
insects  ;  but  it  betrays  the  insect  to  the 
gardener,  whose  hand  is  the  best  re- 
medy. 

TEUCRIUM.  Forty-seven  species. 
Hardy,  half-hardy,  and  green-house 
evergreen  shrubs  and  herbaceous  pe- 
rennials; some  hardy  annuals,  and  T. 
cubense  a  stove  biennial.  The  herba- 
ceous perennials  increase  by  division 
and  seeds;  the  shrubby  kinds  by  young, 
cuttings;  the  annuals  and  biennials  by 


with  groups  or  marginal  strips  of  flowers  j  seeds.     Common  soil  suits  them  all. 


and  low  shrubs.  In  some  cases  the 
terrace-walls  may  be  so  extended  as  to 
enclose  ground  sufficient  for  a  level 
plot  to  be  used  as  a  bowling  green. 
These  are  generally  connected  with  one 
of  the  living-rooms,  or  ihe  conservatory; 
and  to  the  latter  is  frequently  joined  an 
aviary,  and  the  entire  range  of  botanic 
stoves." — Enc.  Gard. 

TESTUDINARIA.  Two  species. 
Green-house  deciduous  climbers.  Im- 
ported roots.     Turfy  loam  and  peat. 

TETRACERA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Turfy  loam  and  peat. 

TETRAGONOLOBUS.  Hardy  trail- 
ing annuals  or  deciduous  trailers. 
Seeds.     Common  soil. 

TETRAGONOTHECA  helianthoides. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennial.  Division 
or  seeds.     Rich  light  soil. 


THALIA  dealbata,  a  half-hardy  aqua- 
tic perennial,  and  T.geniculata,  a  stove 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Light 
rich  soil. 

THALICTRUM.  Fifty-six  species. 
Hardy  herbaceous  perennials  :  a  few 
are  twiners.     Division.     Light  soil. 

THAPSIA.  Seven  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Seeds.  Com- 
mon soil. 

THAPSIUM.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division  or 
seeds.     Common  soil. 

THEA.  Tea.  Three  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  San- 
dy loam  and  peat. 

THEOPHRASTA  Jussieui.  Stove 
evergreen  tree.  Cuttings,  with  the 
leaves  left  entire. 

THERMOMETER.  This  instrument 
is  the  only  unfailing  guide  for  the  gar- 


THE 


585 


THE 


dener  in  regulating  the  heat  to  which  '  foreign  writers,  the  following  table, 
he  allows  the  roots  and  foliage  of  his  showing  the  synonymous  degrees  of 
plants  to  be  subjected.  F;ihreniieit's  is  each,  will  be  useful.  [See  table.] 
that  employed  \n  England;  but  as  on  Ff)/i7'<?n/if//'s  is  used  cliielly  in  Britain, 
the  Continent  others,  ditlerently  gradu-  Holland,  and  -N'orlh  America,  the  freez- 
ated,  are  employed,  and  referred  to  by  ,  ing  point  of  water  on  which  is  at  32'"^ ; 


Fnh. 

Reau. 

Cent. 

Fah. 

Reau. 

Cent. 

Fah. 

Reau. 

Cent. 

Fah. 

Reau. 

Cent. 

212 

so.o 

100.0 

1.53 

537 

67.2 

94 

27.5 

34.4 

35 

1.3 

1.6  J 

211 

79.5 

99.4 

152 

53.3 

66.6 

93 

27.1 

33.8 

34 

0.8 

11 

210 

79.1 

98.8 

151 

528 

06.1 

92 

26.6 

33.3 

33 

0.4 

0.5 

209 

7 -.6 

98.3 

150 

53.4 

65.5 

91 

26.2 

32.7 

32 

0.0 

0.0 

208 

78.2 

97.7 

149 

52.0 

65.0 

90 

25.7 

32.2 

31 

—  0.4 

—  0.5 

207 

77^7 

97  2 

148 

51.5 

65.4 

89 

25.3 

31.6 

30 

—  0.8 

—  1.1 

206 

77.3 

96.6 

147 

51.1 

63.8 

88 

24.8 

31.1 

29 

—  1.3 

—  1.6 

205 

76.8 

96.1 

140 

50.6 

63.3 

87 

24.4 

30.5 

28 

—  1.7 

—  2.2 

204 

76.4 

95.5 

145 

50.2 

62.7 

66 

24  0 

30.0 

27 

—  2.2 

—  2.7 

203 

76.0 

95.0 

144 

49.7 

62  2 

85 

235 

29  4 

26 

—  2.6 

—  3.3 

202 

75.5 

94.4 

143 

49.3 

61.6 

84 

23.1 

28.8 

25 

—  3.0 

—  3.8 

201 

75.1 

93.8 

142 

4\8 

61.1 

S3 

22  0 

28.3 

24 

—  3.5 

-  4.4 

200 

74.6 

93  3 

141 

4S.4 

60  5 

82 

22.2 

27.7 

23 

—  4.0 

—  50 

199 

742 

92.7 

140 

4^0 

60.0 

81 

21.7 

27  2 

22 

-  4.4 

-  5.5 

198 

73.7 

92.2 

139 

47.5 

59.4 

80 

21.3 

26.6 

21 

—  4.8 

—  6.1 

197 

73.3 

91.6    i 

138 

47.1 

5S.8 

79 

20.8 

26.1 

20 

—  5.3 

—  6.6 

196 

72.8 

91.1    ! 

137 

46  6 

58  3 

78 

20.4 

25.5 

19 

.—  5.7 

—  7.2 

195 

72  4 

90.5    ■ 

136 

46.2 

57.7 

77 

20.0 

25.0 

18 

—  6.2 

—  7.7 

194 

72  0 

90.0 

135 

45.7 

57.2 

76 

19  5 

24  4 

17 

-  6.6 

—  8.3 

193 

71.5 

89.4    1 

134 

45.3 

56.6 

75 

19.1 

2:3.8 

16 

—  7.1 

—  8.8 

192 

71.1 

88.8 

133 

44. S 

56.1 

74 

18.6 

23.3 

15 

-  7.5 

—  9.5 

191 

70.6 

88.3    1 

132 

44.4 

55.5 

73 

18.2 

22.7 

14 

—  8.0 

—10.0 

190 

70.2 

87.7    1 

131 

44.0 

55.0 

72 

17.7 

22.2 

13 

—  8.4 

-10.5 

IS9 

69.7 

87.2 

130 

4;3.5 

54.4 

71 

17.3 

21.6 

12 

—  8.8 

—11.1 

188 

69.3 

866 

129 

43.1 

53.8 

70 

168 

21.1 

11 

-  9.3 

-11.6 

167 

69.3 

86.1    i 

12S 

42  6 

53.3 

69 

16  4 

20.5 

10 

—  9.7 

—12.2 

186 

6^.4 

85.5 

127 

42.2 

52.7 

68 

16.0 

20.0 

9 

—10.2 

-12.7 

1?5 

680 

65  0 

126 

41.7 

52.2 

67 

15.5 

19  4 

8 

—  10.6 

-13.3 

184 

67.5 

84.4    1 

125 

41.3 

516 

66 

15.1 

18.8 

7 

—11.1 

—13.8 

183 

67.1 

83.8 

124 

40.8 

511 

65 

14.6 

18.3 

6 

-11.5 

-14.4 

182 

666 

83.3         ; 

123 

40.4 

50.5 

64 

14.2 

17.7 

5 

- 12.0 

—15.0 

181 

662 

82.7 

122 

40  0 

50.0 

63 

1.3.7 

17.2 

4 

-12  4 

—15.5 

180 

65.7 

82.2    ! 

121 

39.5 

49.4 

62 

13.3 

16  6 

3 

—128 

-16.1 

179 

65.3 

81.6 

120 

39.1 

48.8 

61 

12  8 

16.1 

2 

— 1-3.3 

—16.6 

178 

64.8 

81.8 

119 

38.6 

48.3 

60 

12  4 

15.5 

1 

—13.7 

-17.2 

177 

644 

805 

118 

38.2 

47.7 

59 

12.0 

15.0 

0 

-14.2 

-17.7 

176 

64.0 

80.0 

117 

37.7 

47.2 

58 

11.5 

144 

-  1 

-14.6 

-18.3 

175 

63.5 

79.4 

110 

37.3 

46  6 

57 

11.1 

13.8 

—  2 

-151 

—18.8 

174 

63.1 

78.8 

115 

36.8 

46.1 

56 

10.6 

13.3 

—  3 

—15.5 

-19.4 

173 

62.6 

78.3 

114 

36.4 

455 

55 

10.2 

12.7 

—  4 

—16.0 

—20.0 

172 

62.2 

77.7 

113 

36.0 

45.0 

54 

9.7 

12  2 

—  5 

-16.4 

-20.5 

171 

61.7 

77.2 

112 

35.5 

44.4 

53 

9.3 

116 

—  6 

-16.8 

-21.1 

170 

61.3 

76.6    i 

111 

35.1 

438 

52 

8.8 

11.1 

-  7 

-17.3 

—21.6 

169 

60.8 

76.1     1 

110 

34.6 

43.3 

51 

8.4 

10.5 

—  8 

-17.7 

-22.2 

168 

60.4 

75.5 

1  109 

34.2 

42.7 

50 

8.0 

10.0 

—  9 

-182 

-22.7 

167 

60.0 

75.0 

108 

33.7 

42.2 

49 

7.5 

9.4 

—10 

-18.6 

-23.3 

16G 

59  5 

744 

107 

33.3 

41.6 

48 

7.1 

88 

—11 

—19.1 

—23.8 

16.5 

.59,1 

73.8 

106 

32.8 

41.1 

47 

6.6 

8.3 

—12 

—19.5 

-24.4 

164 

59.6 

73.3 

105 

32.4 

40.5 

46 

6.2 

7.7 

-13 

-  20.0 

-25.0 

163 

58.2 

72.7 

104 

320 

40.0 

45 

57 

7.2 

—14 

-20.4 

-255 

162 

57.7 

722 

1  103 

31.5 

39.4 

44 

5.3 

6.6 

—15 

—20.8 

-26.1 

161 

57.3 

71.6    t 

102 

31.1 

38.8 

43 

4.8 

6.1 

—16 

—21.3 

—26.6 

160 

568 

71.1    ' 

101 

30.6 

38.3 

42 

44 

5.5 

—17 

—217 

-27.2 

159 

56.4 

70.5 

,  100 

.30.2 

37.7 

41 

4.0 

5.0 

—  18 

-22  2 

-27.7 

158 

56.0 

70.0 

'     99 

29.7 

37.2 

40 

3.5 

44 

—19 

—22.6 

-28.3 

157 

555 

69.4 

98 

29.3 

36.6 

39 

31 

3.8 

-20 

-23.1 

—28.8 

156 

55.1 

68.8 

97 

28.8 

36.1 

38 

2.6 

3.3 

155 

54.6 

08.3 

96 

28.4 

35.5 

37 

2.2 

2.7 

154 

54.2 

67.7 

95 

29.0 

35.0 

36 

1.7 

22 

THE 


586 


THI 


and  its  boiling  point,  212°.  Reaumur's 'plexicaule,  a  green  -  house  evergreen 
thermometer  was  that  chiefly  used  in  shrub  ;  increased  by  cuttings,  and  grow- 
France  before  the  Revolution,  and  is  ^  ing  best  in  loam  and  peat;  the  herba- 
that  now  generally  used  in  Spain,  and  j  ceous    kinds   increase    by    division    or 

seeds,  and  require  a  chalky  soil. 

THESPESIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Half-ripe  cuttings. 
Sandy  loam. 

THIBAUDIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Turfy  loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

THINNING.    The  exhaustion  conse- 


in  some  other  Continental  States.  In 
its  scale,  the  freezing  point  is  C  ;  and 
the  boiling  point,  80°.  Celsius  or  the 
Centigrade  thermometer,  now  used 
throughout  France,  and  in  the  northern 
kingdoms  of  Europe,  the  freezing  point 
is  0°  ;  and  the  boiling  point,  100°. 
Hence,  to  reduce  degrees  of  tempera- 
ture of  the  Centigrade  thermometer  and  !  quent  upon  the  production  of  seed,  is 
of  that  of  Reaumur  to  degrees  of  Fah-  ,  a   chief  cause   of  the   decay  of  plants. 


renheifs  scale,  and  conversely: — 


This  explains  why  fruit  trees  are  weak- 


Rule  1.  Multiply  the  Centigrade  de-  ened  or  rendered  temporarily  unpro- 
grees  by  9,  and  divide  the  product  by  ductive,  and  even  killed,  by  being 
5;  or  multiply  the  degrees  of  Reaumur  allowed  to  ripen  too  large  a  crop  of 
by  9,  and  divide  by  4  ;  then  add  32  to  fruit,  or  to  "overbear  themselves,"  as 
the  quotient  in  either  case,  and  the  it  is  emphatically  termed  by  the  gar- 
sum  is  the  degrees  of  temperature  ofjdener. 
Fahrenheit's  scale.  The  thinning  of  fruit  is  consequently 

Rule  2.  From  the  number  of  degrees  j  one  of  the  most  important  operations 
on  Fahrenheit's  scale,  subtract  32  ;  ^  of  the  garden,  though  one  of  the  least 
multiply  the  remainder  by  5,  for  Centi- :  generally  practised.  On  the  weaker 
grade  degrees,  or  by  4  for  those  of  branches  of  the  nectarine  and  peach, 
Reaumur's  scale,  and  the  product,  in  an  average  space  of  nine  inches  should 
either  case,  being  divided  by  9,  will  be  between  each  brace  of  fruit,  and  on 
give  the  temperature  required.  |  the   most  vigorous   wood    of   the  most 

To  ascertain  the  internal  temperature  healthy  trees,  they  should  not  be  nearer 
of  a  hot-house,  the  thermometer  should  than  sis  inches.  This  enforcement  of 
be  fixed  near  its  centre,  against  a  pillar,  the  importance  of  thinning  fruit,  is  not 
and  under  a  cupola,  or  little  roof,  shad- ;  intended    to    be    confined    to    the    two 


ing  it  from  the  sun. 


trees  specified ;  it  is  equally  important 


A  self-registering  thermometer  should  i  to  be  attended  to  in  all  other  fruit- 
be  in  every  house,  for  it  shows  the  |  bearers,  but  especially  the  vine,  apri- 
highest  and  lowest  degrees  of  heat  ■  cot,  apple,  and  pear.  It  should  be 
which  have  occurred  in  the  twenty-  done  with  a  bold  fearless  hand,  and  the 
four  hours;  and,  therefore,  perfection  of  that  which  is  allowed  to 
Fig.  166.      serves    as    a    check    upon    remain,  will  amply  reward  the  grower 

in  the  harvest  time  for  the  apparent 
sacrifice  now  made.  But  he  will  not 
reap  his  reward  only  in  this  year,  for 
the  trees,  thus  kept  unweakened  by 
over  production,  will  be  able  to  ripen 
their  wood,  and  deposit  that  store  of 
inspissated  sap  in  their  vessels,  so  ab- 
solutely necessary  for  their  fruilfulness 
a  metal  tube,  perforated  to    next  season. 

admittheheal,  pointed  so  as        The  berries  of  the  grape  vine  are  best 
to  be  easily  thrust  down  and    thinned  from  the  branches  with  a  sharp- 
with   a   small    door  in   the    pointed    pair   of   scissors,    care    being 
side,  for  observing  the  de-    taken  to  remove  the  smallest  berries, 
gree  of  temperature  shown    This  increases  the   weight  and  excel- 
lence  of  the  bunches;   for  two  berries 
will    always   outweigh   four  grown    on 
the   same    branchlet    of  a    bunch,   be- 
sides being  far  handsomer,  and  having 
more  juice,  as  compared  with  the  skins. 
The  average  weight  of  the  bunches  on 


serves  as  a  check  upon 
those  to  whose  care  they 
are  entrusted. 

Bregazzi's  bark-bed  ther- 
mometer is  an  excellent  in- 
strument for  ascertaining 
the  bottom  heat  of  hot- 
beds, bark-pits,  &c.  It  is 
a  thermometer  inclosed  in 


^  by  the  scale.     Fig.  166 

THERMO  PS  IS.  Three  species. 
Hardy  or  half-hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials.    Seeds.     Light  rich  soil. 

THESIUM.  Six  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials,   except  T.  am- 


TH  0 


587 


T  HU 


a  vine  may  be  taken,  when  ripe,  at  half  the  leaves,  and  at  this  time  the  recently 
a  pound  each,  and  with  this  data  it  is  hatched  but  perfect  insect,  either  lies 
easy  to  carry  into  practice  Mr.  Clement    close  under  the  ribs,  or  roves  about  in 


Iloare's  excellent  rule  for  proportioning 
the  crop  to  the  size  of  the  vine. 

If  its  stem,  measured  just  above  the 
ground,  be  three  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence, it  may  bear  five  pounds  weight  of 
grapes. 

3.i  inches 10  lbs. 

4         '• 15   " 

41       " 20   " 

5"       " 25   " 

And  so  five  pounds  additional  for 
every  half  inch  of  increased  circum- 
ference. 

Thinning  is  a  most  necessary  opera- 
tion with  |)lanls,  as  well  as  with  the 
fruit  they  bear.  The  roots  of  a  plant 
extend  in  a  circle  round  it,  of  which  the 
stem  is  the  centre.     If  the  roots  of  ad- 


search  of  a  mate." — Gard.  Chron. 

T.  ochraceiis  infests  the  ripe  fruit  of 
plums,  peaches,  and  nectarines,  pierc- 
ing the  stalks  and  causing  their  fall,  and 
rendering  the  fruit  disgusting.  It  was 
first  noticed,  and  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Curtis  : — 

'•  It  is  narrow  and  linear,  of  a  bright 
and  deep  ochreous  colour,  the  eyes  are 
black,  the  horns  appear  to  be  only  six- 
jointed  and  brownish  at  the  tips  ;  it  has 
three  ocelli  in  the  crown,  the  body  is 
hairy,  the  tip  pointed  and  bristly,  the 
wings  are  shorter  than  the  body  in  the 
male,  lying  parallel  on  the  back  when 
at  rest,  narrow,  especially  the  under 
ones,  and  fringed,  the  hairs  longest 
eneath   and   at  the   point,  tips  of  feet 


joining  plants  extend  within  each  other"s    dusky." — Gard.  Chron. 


circle,  they  mutually  rob  of  nutriment, 
and  check  each  other's  growth.  Thin- 
ning in  the  seed-bed  is  the  remedy 
generally  applied  with  too  timid  a 
hand. 

TMOMASIA.  Seven  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam,  peal,  and  sand. 

THOU  INI  A  pinnata.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

T  H  R  I  F  T.  Statice  armeria.  See 
Edgings. 

TflKIPS,  a  genus  of  predatory  in- 
sects. 

T.  adonidum  is  particularly  injurious 


THROATWORT.  Campanula  cervi- 
caria. 

THROATWORT.  Campanula  tra- 
chelium. 

THROATWORT.     Trachelium. 

THRYALLIS  brachystachys.  Stove 
evergreen  climber.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

THUJA  arbor  vitcB.  Eight  species. 
Evergreen  trees,  all  hardy  except  T. 
articulata,  which  is  half-hardy,  and  T. 
cupressoides ,\wh\ch  belongs  to  the  green- 
house. Seeds,  and  T.  pendula,  one  of 
the  rarer  kinds,  by  cuttings.  A  moist 
soil  suits  them  best.  T.  occidentalis 
and  T.  orientalis  form  admirable  ever- 


to  stove  plants.  Its  different  forms  are  green  hedges,  and  when  properly  shear- 
ed, inclining  inward  from  the  base  so 
that  no  part  is  overshadowed,  retain 
their  beauty  for  many  years.  As  a 
standard,  the  occidentalis  or  American 
arbor  vitT,  has  few  superiors  among  the 
minor  evergreens. 

THUNBERGIA.   Ten  species.  Stove 


thus   j)ortrayed   by  that  excellent  ento 
mologist,  Mr.  Curtis  : — 

"  Tlie  larva;  and  pupa;  are  yellowish- 
white,  and  the  perfect  insect  is  of  a 
dull  deep  black,  with  the  point,  and 
sometimes  the  whole  of  the  abdomen, 
of  a   rust  colour,   the  wings  are  dirty 


white,   the   horns   and    legs  yellowish,  I  evergreen   climbers,  except   T.  auran- 


the  extremity  of  the  former  black  ;  it  is 
very  troublesome  in  hot-houses,  attack- 
ing tropical  plants  by  piercing  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves,  and  one  often  sees 
at  the  tip  of  the  tail  a  globule  of  black- 
ish fluid,  which  it  soon  deposits,  and  by 
innumerable  spots  of  this  glutinous  mat- 


tiaca,  a  green-house  herbaceous  peren- 
nial. Cuttings  or  seeds.  Sandy  loam 
and  leaf  mould. 

Mr.  Maclntyre  says,  that  the  species 
of  this  genus,  "  tho'ugh  usually  grown 
in  a  stove,  will  flower  freely  in  a  green- 
house, or  even  when  they  are  planted 


ter  the  pores  of  the  leaves  are  stopped  out  in  the  open  border,  during  the  sum- 
up,  and  large  portions  of  the  surface  '  mer  months:  if  the  situation  is  sheltered, 
become  blotched.  During  March  the  and  exposed  to  the  influence  of  the  sun, 
full-grown  larva;  and  pupx^  which  are  |  they  will  flower  well.  In  propagatmg 
as  large  as  the  perfect  insect,  are  found  1  those  that  are  intended  for  planting  out, 
in  groups,  feeding  on  the  under  side  of  i  take  ofT  the  lateral  shoots  when  they  are 


THY 


588 


TIL 


of  a  sufficient  length,  which,  if  possible, 
should  be  done  in  March,  so  that  the 
plants  may  have  attained  a  medium  size 
liefoie  they  are  put  out;  pot  them  in 
equal  quantities  of  peat  and  sand,  then 
plunge  them  in  a  hot-bed,  and  they  will 
strike  root  in  a  week  or  two.  When 
they  are  rooted,  pot  them  off  iuto  small 
pots  filled  with  good  rich  loam  and 
leaf-mould,  mixed  with  a  little  sand  ; 
then  replace  them  in  the  pit  or  frame 
until  the  middle  of  May,  when,  if  the 
weather  is  favourable,  they  may  then  be 
planted  out.  If  the  soil  is  not  naturally 
good,  it  should  be  made  so;  and  as  the 
plants  advance  in  growth,  they  should 
be  trained  to  some  kind  of  support, 
which  may  be  of  any  shape  that  fancy 
may  suggest.  If  the  season  is  dry,  they 
should  be  watered  and  syringed.  About 
the  middle  of  October,  take  up  the 
plants  with  good  balls,  re-pot  them, 
and  place  them  in  the  green-house. 
After  they  have  been  there  for  a  short 
time,  they  may  be  removed  to  the  stove, 
where  they  will  keep  gay  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  winter. 

"  T.  alata  has  a  beautiful  effect  when 
it  is  planted  out  on  a  rock-work,  where 
the  plant  appears  in  its  natural  charac- 
ter, clinging  to  the  various  projections, 
which  it  quickly  covers." — Gard.  Chron. 

THYMBRA  spicata.  Half-hardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Young  cuttings  or 
seeds.     Gravelly  soil. 

THYME.     Thymus  vulgaris. 

Varieties. — Broad-leaved  Green,  Nar- 
row-leaved Green,  Variegated,  and 
Lemon-scented.  The  Variegated  is 
grown  almost  solely  on  account  of  its 
ornamental  foliage. 

Soil  and  Situation. — A  poor,  light, 
and  dry  soil,  is  best.  In  moist  or  rich 
soils,  it  becomes  luxuriant,  but  deficient 
in  its  aromatic  qualities,  and  generally 
perishes  during  the  winter.  The  situa- 
tion cannot  be  too  open. 

Propagation. — By  Seeds  and  rooted 
Slips. — Sowing  may  be  performed  from 
the  middle  of  March  until  about  the 
beginning  of  May,  in  drills  half  an  inch 
deep,  six  inches  apart,  or  as  an  edging 
to  a  bed  or  border.  The  seedlings  must 
be  kept  clear  of  weeds,  and  if  the  season 
is  dry,  watered  moderately  twice  a  week. 
When  of  about  six  weeks'  growth,  or 
when  three  or  four  inches  high,  thin 
to  six  inches  apart,  unless  grown  as 
an  edging,  when  they  must  be  left 
thick.     Those  removed  may  be  pricked 


out  at  a  similar  distance,  if  required  ; 
water  occasionally  until  they  have  taken 
root.  The  plants  may  be  left  in  the 
situations  they  are  placed  in  at  this 
season,  or  be  finally  planted  out  in 
September  or  October,  or  in  the  early 
spring  of  the  following  year.  To  obtain 
slips,  some  old  stools  may  be  divided 
into  as  many  rooted  portions  as  possible, 
or  layers  may  be  obtained  by  loosening 
the  soil  around  them,  and  pegging  the 
lateral  shoots  beneath  the  surface.  They 
must  be  planted  out  at  distances  similar 
to  those  raised  from  seed,  water  and 
weeding  being  similarly  required. 

In  autumn  the  decayed  stalks  should 
be  cleared  away,  and  a  little  fresh  earth 
scattered  and  turned  in  among  the 
stools. 

Although  it  is  perennial,  yet  after 
three  or  four  years,  thyme  becomes 
stunted  and  unproductive,  consequently 
requiring  to  be  raisedperiodically  from 
seed. 

By  Slips. — These  may  be  planted 
from  the  beginning  of  February  until 
the  close  of  May. 

To  obtain  Seed. — Some  plants  should 
be  allowed  to  run  up  without  being 
gathered  from,  in  early  summer.  The 
seed  is  ripe  during  July,  and  must  be 
cut  immediately  it  is  so,  and  laid  on  a 
cloth  to  dry,  otherwise  the  first  rain  will 
wash  it  out  of  the  seed-vessels. 

THYMUS.  Thyme.  Nineteen  spe- 
cies, and  several  varieties.  Hardy  or 
half-hardy  evergreen  shrubs  or  trailers. 
T.  corsicus,  an  herbaceous  perennial. 
Division,  slips,  cuttings,  or  seeds.  Dry, 
light,  sandy  soil. 

THYSANOTUS.  Seven  species. 
Green-house  or  half-hardy  herbaceous 
or  tuberous-rooted  perennials.  Offsets. 
Sandy  loam. 

TIARELLA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Sandy 
peat. 

TIARIDIUM.  Two  species.  Half- 
hardy  annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

TIGER  FLOWER.     Tigridia. 

TIGRIDIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
bulbous  perennials.  Offsets  or  seeds. 
Light  rich  soil. 

TILE  ROOT.     Geissorhiza. 

TILIA.  Lime  Tree.  Three  species, 
and  many  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
trees.  Seeds  and  sometimes  layers. 
Any  deep,  light,  and  fertile  soil  suits 
them. 

TILIACORA  racemosa.     Stove  ever- 


TI  L 


5S9 


TIP 


green  climber.     Cuttings 
and  peat. 

TILLANDSIA 
Stove    epiphytes 


Sandy  loam    caterpillar  of  different  shades,  varying 

with   its  age,  is   Ibund  in  or  near  tlie 

Thirty-one  species,    centre  feeding  upon  the  tender  leaves, 

Suckers    or    seeds,    and  sometimes  a  little  family  of  four  or 


Wood,  with  a  little  moss  on  their  roots,    live  inhabit  the  same   head.     The  head 
TINKA,  a  genus  of  moths,  the  larva;    feelers  and  horns  of  our  little  moth  arc 


of  which  are  very  destructive. 


white,  the  latter  with  a  few  black  spots 


T.  daucella.  Carret  Moth.  Head  and  near  the  tips  ;  the  thorax  is  cream-co- 
back  and  upper  wings  reddish-brown;  loured,  the  sides  brown,  upper  wings 
abdomen  gray  and  white.  Its  cater- ,  lance-shaped,  very  pale  clay  brown, 
pillar  is  greenish-gray  with  black  tuber-  ,  with  whitish  streaks.  Perhaps  the  best 
cles,  and  lives  on  the  flowers  and  seeds  method  of  extirpating  them  would  be 
of  the  carrot,  but  prefers  the  parsnep.      to    search    for    the   young    caterpillars 

T.  padella.  Small  Ermine  Moth  is  between  the  leaves  on  the  first  symp- 
white  with  black  dots  on  the  upper  !  toms  of  their  presence,  and  extracting 
wings.  Eggs  deposited  in  June  and  ^  them  with  a  small  pair  of  forceps,  such 
July,  near  the  blossom  buds  of  the  haw- I  as  are  used  for  microscopic  objects; 
thorn,  cunymus,  apple  and  pear  tree  ;  j  but  as  some  might  be  too  minute  at  that 
caterpillars  appear  in  autumn,  and  in-  ]  early  period  to  be  detected  on  the  first 
close  the  twigs  with  a  web.    In  the  fol-  ;  search,  this  operation  must  be  repeated. 


lowing  spring  they  attack  the  petals  and 
calyx.  Color,  dull  lead  with  a  black 
liead. — Ko'ilar.  \ 

T.    Clerckella.     Pear    Tree    Blister] 
Moth.     The  caterpillars   of  this   raise 


Pinching  the  maggots  in  the  bud  is  also 
recommended  as  well  as  dusting  the 
plants  with  fiower  of  sulphur,  which  I 
fear  would  be  of  little  use.  I  think, 
however,  that  a  portable  frame  might 


dark  brown  blisters  on  the  leaves  of  the  be  constructed  and  covered  with  tarred 
pear  tree,  and  less  often  on  those  of  the  I  or  painted  canvas,  which  could  be 
apple.  The  moth  is  active  and  minute, !  placed  over  a  bush  or  small  bed  of 
shining  like  pearly  satin,  the  wings  hav-  flowers,  when  it  is  attacked  by  insects  ; 
ing  an  orange  ground  spotted  with  and  it  would  then  be  easy  to  fumigate 
black  and  other  colors.  It  appears  in  any  plant  by  means  of  an  aperture  with 
]May.  Mr.  Curtis  says, — "To  check  a  tube  of  leather  or  any  pliable  mate- 
this  disease,  it  will  be  advisable  to  wash  :  rial  which  could  be  tied  or  plugged  up, 
the  tree  with  soapsuds  the  end  of  May  so  as  to  keep  in  the  smoke  of  tobacco, 
or  beginning  of  June,  when  the  moths  or  even  of  sulphur,  which  last  would 
are  pairing  and  laying  eggs  for  a  future  \  in  ten  minutes  destroy  every  living  ani- 
progctiy  ;  and  if  a  very  valuable  tree  mal  within  the  inclosed  space." — Card. 
be  only  partially  attacked,  the  blistered  Cliron. 
leaves  might  be  gathered  and  burnt  as  '      TIPULA.   Crane  Fly  or  Daddy-long- 


soon  as  any  spots  began  to  appear  in  !  legs. 


August." — Gard.  Chroii. 


T.  oleracea,  the  grubs  or  "  leather 


T.  capitella.  Triple-spotted  Currant  jackets,"  so  injurious  to  the  market 
Tinea.  The  larva;  of  this  feed  upon  gardener,  are  its  larvae.  They  attack 
the  pith  of  the  young  shoots  of  the  cur- I  the  roots  of  scarlet  beans,  lettuces, 
rant,  which  they  attack  in  the  spring,  dahlias,  potatoes,  &c.,  from  May  to 
The  moth  itself  is  fuscous;  the  head  ,  August.  During  the  last  month  and 
with  an  ochreous  tuft;  superior  wings  September  they  become  pupa;.  Mr. 
bronzed,  spotted  with  purple  and  yel-  :  Curtis  observes,  that — "  It  is  said  that 
low. 

T.  poreclelld. 


1  lime  water  will  not  kill   them,  and  sug 
Rocket  or  Gray-streak    gests  that  if  quicklime  was  scattered  on 
Moth,  has  its  habits  and  forms  thus  de-  .  the  ground   at  night,  it  would   destroy 


scribed  by  Mr.  Curtis  :  — 


them  when  they  come  to  the  surface  to 


"  During  the  middle  and  latter  end  |  feed  ;  and  all  the  gnats  that  are  found 
of  April,  as  the  shoots  of  the  rockets  ,  on  the  walls,  palings,  ground  or  else- 
advance,  it  is  found  that  the  leaves  ad-  where,  should  be  killed,  especially  the 
here  firmly  together,  and  those  that  female,  which  would  prevent  any  eggs 
liberate  themselves  are  perforated  with  being  deposited  in  the  ground.  A  mix- 
large  holes.  On  forcibly  opening  a  ture  of  lime  and  gas  water  distributed 
shoot,  for  the  young  leaves  are  con-  j  by  a  watering  pot  over  grass,  has  com- 
nected  by  silken  threads,  a  small  green    pletely  exterminated  the  larva;,  where 


TIT 


590 


TOM 


they  had  been  exceedingly  destructive,  the  solution,  dry  them  and  keep  till 
and  by  sweeping  the  grass  with  a  hag- I  wanted.  To  fumigate,  roil  one  of  the 
net,  like  an  angler's  landing  net,  only  |  pieces  into  a  pipe  like  a  cigar,  leaving 
covered  with  canvas,  immense  numbers  the  hollow  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
of  the   gnats  might  be  taken   and  de-i  which  fill  with  tobacco,  twist  one  end 


stroyed." — Gard.  Chron. 


and  stick  it  into  the  soil,  light  the  other. 


TITHONIA  tagetiflora.     Stove    and  it  will  burn  gradually  away  for  an 
evergreen  tree.     Cuttings.     Light  rich    hour  or  more." 
soil.  I      Tobacco   smoke   should   not  be    ad- 

TOBACCO.  Nicotiana,  whether  in  |  mitted  to  fruit  trees  when  in  bloom, 
the  form  of  snuff,  or  its  decoction  in  nor  when  the  fruit  is  ripening,  as  it 
water,  or  its  smoke  whilst  burning,  is  j  imparts  to  them  a  flavour.     See  Fumi- 


very  destructive  to  insects. 


gating. 


Tobacco  paper  is  paper  saturated  with  !  Tobacco  Water  is  usually  made  from 
the  decoction  of  tobacco,  and  when  what  is  known  as  Tobacconists''  Liquor, 
burnt  emits  a  fume  nearly  as  strong.  It  being  a  liquor  expressed  by  them,  and 
is  an  easy  mode  of  generating  the  ,  full  of  ammonia  and  the  acrid  oil  of  the 
smoke.  Whenever  plants  are  smoked  plant.  To  every  gallon  of  this  add  five 
they  should  be  done  so  on  two  follow-  '  gallons  of  water.  This  mixture  with 
ing  nights,  and  then  be  syringed  the  i  Read's  garden  syringe  may  be  sprinkled 
following  morning.  Mr.  Cameron  says, '  over  the  trees,  putting  it  on  with  the 
— "  I  have  always  found  tobacco  paper  finest  rose,  and  being  carefiil  to  wet  all 
the  most  efficacious  substance  to  fumi-  '  the  leaves.  This  operation  is  to  be 
gate  with  for  destroying  the  aphis  with-  !  performed  only  in  the  hottest  sunshine, 
out  doing  any  injury  to  the  plants  ;  if  as  the  effect  is  then  much  greater  than 
the  house  is  not  filled  too  rapidly  with  |  when  the  weather  is  dull ;  five  gallons 
smoke,  and  is  allowed  to  reach  the  '  of  liquor  reduced  as  above  stated, 
glass,  without  coming  in  contact  with  '  cleanses  seventeen  peach  and  nectarine 
any  of  the  plants,  it  then  descends  as  trees,  averaging  seventeen  feet  in 
it  cools,  without  doing  any  injury,  length,  and  twelve  in  height.  The 
Plants  fumigated  in  frames,  or  under  black  glutinous  ap/i/s,  provincially  call- 
hand-glasses,  are  most  liable  to  be  in- '  ed  blight,  so  destructive  to  the  cherry 
jured  by  the  heat  of  the  smoke,  if  not  j  trees,  and  in  fact  every  species  of  aphis, 
done  cautiously.  There  is  a  spurious  '  is  destroyed  in  the  same  way  with  equal 
kind  of  tobacco  paper  sometimes  offer- I  facility  ;  the  grubs  which  attack  the 
ed  in  spring  by  the  tobacconists,  appa- i  apricot,  may  be  destroyed  almost  in- 
rently  made  to  meet  the  increased  de-  stantly  by  immersing  the  leaves  infested 
mand,  and  this  kind  of  paper  will  bring  I  in  this  liquor. — Gard.  Mag. 
the  leaves  off  plants,  without  killing  As  the  tobacconists' liquor  cannot  be 
many  of  the  aphides.  It  is  of  a  lighter  (  obtained  always,  tobacco  water  may  be, 
color  than  the  genuine  sort,  and  may  i  in  such  case,  made  by  pouring  half  a 
be  readily  detected  by  the  smell  being  !  gallon  of  boiling  water  upon  one  ounce 
very  different.  Foliage  should  be  per-  !  of  strong  tobacco,  and  allowing  it  to  re- 
fectly  dry  when  a  house  is  fumigated,    main  until  cold,  and  then  strained. 

TOCOCA.    Two  species.    Stove  ever- 


and  should  not  be  syringed  till  next 
morning.  If  plants  are  syringed  im- 
mediatelv    after    fumigation,    many    ofj 


;reen  trees.    Cuttings.    Peat  and  loam. 

TOCOYENA  longiflora.    Stove  ever- 

the  aphides   will   recover  even    where  !  green  shrub.   Cuttings.    Sandy  peat  and 


they  have  dropped  off  the  plants,  a 
fact  which  any  one  may  soon  prove 
after  fumigating  a  house."  —  Gard. 
Chron. 

Another  very  simple  mode  of  fum 


loam. 

TODDALIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

TODEA.      Two   species.       Ferns. 


gating  plants  in  frames,  and  under  Green-house  herbaceous  perennials, 
hand-glasses  turned  over  them  for  the  Division  or  seeds.  Loam  and  peat, 
purpose,  is  as  follows: — "Dissolve  a'  TOLPIS.  Five  species.  Hardy  an- 
tablespoonful  of  saltpetre  in  a  pint  of  nuals.  Seeds.  Common  soil, 
water;  take  pieces  of  the  coarsest'  "TOMATO  or  Love-apple.  This 
brown  paper,  six  inches  wide,  and  ten  !  plant  is  a  native  of  South  America,  and 
inches  long,  steep  them  thoroughly  in  '  perhaps  of  the  West  Indies  j  thence  in- 


TON 


591 


TOO 


troduced  into  this  country.  But  a  few  the  front  wall,  and  a  window  on  each 
years  since  it  was  scarcely  known  as  an  side  of  the  centre  door.  Strong  beams 
esculent — now  it  is  in  very  general  use.  !  are   thrown  across  from   front  to  back, 


"  There  are  six  or  seven  varieties, 
between  which  there  is  not  much  real 
difference  ;  the  common  red  is  equal  to 
any. 

"  Cultivation  same  as  directed  for  the 
Melongena,  or  Egg  Plant.  It  is,  how- 
ever, more  free  in  growth,  and  will  pro- 
duce fruit  tolerably  early,  when  sown 
on  the  open  border. 

"  On  the  approach  of  frost  pull  up 
some  of  the  plants,  (root  and  all,)  which 
are  well  laden  with  fruit,  and  hang  them 


and  strong  planks  laid  on  them,  which 
form  a  useful  loft  for  placing  mats, 
stakes,  laths  for  tally  making,  brooms, 
nets,  canvas  for  covering  and  shading, 
&c.  &c.  Within  two  feet  of  the  roof, 
against  the  back  wall,  is  placed  a  row 
of  pegs  the  whole  length  of  the  shed, 
for  hanging  the  long-handled  tools,  such 
as  grass  and  leaf  rakes,  long-handled 
Dutch  hoes  and  iron  rakes,  &c.;  on  the 
next  row  of  pegs,  the  whole  length  of 
the  shed,  are  placed  the  various  kinds 


up  in  a  dry,  airy   apartment.     In  this  |  of  draw  hoes,  tan  forks,  dung  forks  and 


manner  it  may  be  continued  in  perfeC' 
tion  for  some  time  longer  than  the  natu- 
ral season." — Rural  Reg. 

TONQUIX  BEAN.     Dipterix. 

TOOL-HOUSE.  Upon  this  too  much 
neglected  garden  edifice,  the  editor  has 
been  favoured  by  Mr.  Barnes,  of  Bicton 
Gardens,  with  the  following  excellent 
remarks: — "Have  a  place  for  every- 
thing, and   everything   in   its  place  ;■ 


prongs,  strong  forks  for  digging  and 
surface  stirring,  spades  and  shovels  of 
various  kinds,  pickaxes,  mattocks  and 
bills,  dung  drags,  edging  shears,  &c.; 
on  a  third  row  of  pegs,  still  lower,  are 
placed  the  water  pots,  all  numbered, 
with  initials  as  well,  thus — B,  G — 45, 
or  60,  whatever  the  number  may  run 
to  ;  underneath  those  is  a  row  more  of 
pegs,  for  placing  the  noses  of  the  water 


kept  in  good  condition,  and  at  all  times  pots — thus  the  back  wall  is  furnished, 
put  away  clean  ; — for  omission  of  which  The  front  wall,  half  way,  is  furnished 
have  rules  and   fines  placed  in  each  of  with    shelves    for    placing    shreds    and 


the  tool-houses,  regularly  enforced,  and 
payment  demanded  for  each  fine  on  the 
labourers'  pay-day.  At  Bicton,  a  book 
is  kept  for  entering  each  fine,  and  a 
Beparate  account  given  of  each  fine,  and 
for  what,  or  why,  it  was  enforced;  an- 
nually. Lady  Rollc  doubles  the  amount 
so  collected,  and  if  good  order  has  been 


nails,  rope  yarn,  tallies,  flower  pegs, 
whetstones,  rubber  or  scythe-stones, 
and  many  other  small  articles.  Under- 
neath those  shelves  are  pegs  for  hang- 
ing the  hammers,  axes,  saws,  hatchets, 
mallets  and  stake-drivers,  trowels,  hand- 
forks,  reels  and  lines,  hedge-clipping 
shears,    scythes,    chisels,    the    various 


kept,  and  only  a  small  sum  so  collected,  sizes  of  one-handed  crane-necked  hoes, 

her  ladyship  trebles  the  amount.     I  add  crowbars,     mops,     hair-brushes     and 

my  own  mite,  and  each  foreman  theirs,  brooms,    and    various    other    articles, 

as  a  sort  of  compound   for  any  matter  '  The  scythes  are  hung  up  over  the  end 

that  may  have  slipped    our  memories,  beam,  and   on  the    other   side   without 

&c.;  the  amount   is  then  placed  in  the  shelves  the  hand-barrows  are  placed; 

Savings  Bank,  as  a  reserve  sum  in  case  birch  and  heath  brooms,  both  round  and 

of  illness,  &c.   We  have  the  same  order  fan-shaped,  that   are    in  daily  use;  and 

and   regulation  kept  in  each  tool-shed,  various  other  articles.   The  garden  rules 

that  is  to  say,  the  tool-shed  of  each  de-  are  hung  in  a  conspicuous  place  ;  also 

partment — that    I    need    here   describe  in   the  tool-house.     Every  tool  is  to  be 

only  one.     The   tool-shed   of  the   hot-  put   into   its   proper  or  allotted  place, 

house  and  flower-garden  department  is  every  night,  thoroughly  cleansed;   any 


a  lean-to  shed  at  the  back  of  a  hot-house, 
substantially  built,  and  covered  with 
slate: — length,  fifty-four  feet;  width, 
thirteen  feet;  height  at  back,  fifteen 
feet;  and    height   in    front,   nine   feet; 


omission  of  which  subjects  the  defaulter 
to  a  fine.  Each  tool-house  is  under  the 
same  system.  We  have  separate  wheel- 
barrow sheds  ;  sheds  for  placing  soils  in 
the  dry,  arranged  in  old  casks;  varieties 


paved  all  through  with  Yorkshire  flag- '  of  sand,  pebbles,  and  flints,  for  potting 
stones,  which  are  neatly  swept  up  every  purposes,  with  lofts  over  for  flower  pot 
night,  the  last  thing,  and  washed  every  stowage  ; — a  shed  for  the  liquid  manure 
Saturday,  thoroughly.  There  is  a  door  casks,  which  is  one  of  the  most  essen- 
at  each  end,  and  one  in  the  centre  of  tial   and   valuable  of  all.     A  shod   for 


TOR 


592 


TRA 


placing  the  charred  articles  of  all  kinds,    selves  down  by  threads,  and   thus  es- 
equal  to  the  last ;  a  potting  shed  ;  mush-    cape.'" — Gard.  Chron. 


room  shed  ;  stove  shed ;  fruit  rooms, 
and  onion  lofts,  &c.  &c. — Each  and  all 
are  kept  under  the  above  regulations." 

TORENIA  scabra  and  cordifolia. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs.     Seeds. ' 
Sandy  loam.    There  are  two  other  spe- 
cies not  worth  cultivating. 

TORTRIX.     A  genus  of  moths. 


T.  ocellana.  This  is  the  parent  of 
the  red  bud  caterpillar,  which  destroys 
the  buds  of  the  apple  and  pear.  Upper 
wings  gray,  with  a  white  transverse 
band. 

T.  Wceberiana.  Plum  tree  Tortrix. 
Its  larva  feeds  on  the  inner  bark  of  the 
plum,  apricot,  almond,  and  peach.  The 


T.  luscana  generates  a  red  grub,  and    grubs   pierce    holes  through   the   bark, 
T.    cynosbana    a    black-spotted    green    which  may  be  detected  by  small  heaps 


grub,  both  very  destructive  of  blossom 
buds. 

T.  vitisana.  Vine  Tortrix.  Found 
on  the  vine  in  April  and  May ;  head 
yellow;  upper  wings  marbled  with  rusty 
and   gray  colours.     Caterpillars  appear 


of  red  powder  upon  it.     Moth  brown  ; 
grub  greenish,  with  a  red  head. 

T.  pomonana.  Codling  Moth.  Its 
reddish-white  grub  is  common  in  apples 
and  pears.  Moth  light  gray,  streaked 
with   dark   gray.     Seen  of  an  evening 


as  the  blossom  buds  open,  which  they  ,  during  May,  and  the  grubs  appear  soon 


unite  with  white  threads 

T.  nigricana.  Red  Plum  Grub  Tor- 
trix. Moth  black,  appearing  in  June. 
Eggs  deposited  on  the  plum ;  grub, 
small  red,  pierces  the  fruit,  and  is  found 
near  the  stone.  Mr.  Curtis  observes, 
that — "  If  the  plums  that  have  fallen  otF 


after.  All  fallen  apples  should  be  de- 
stroyed, because  they  usually  contain 
this  or  other  grubs,  which  will  otherwise 
produce  moths,  and  multiply  the  evil. 

"  T.  turionana,  T.  hyrcyniana,  T. 
resinella,  and  T.  buoliana,  all  infest 
pine  trees,  injuring  them  by  depositing 


be    examined,  a  small    red   caterpillar    their  eggs   in   the  buds,  which  are  sub- 
will  be  found  within  it;   the  caterpillar    sequently  preyed   upon  by  their  eater- 


being  generally  full  grown  when  the 
plum  falls  off,  soon  creeps  out,  and 
penetrates  the  loose  bark,  forming  a 
case  in  w-hich  it  remains  during  the 
winter.     Early  in  the  spring  it  changes 


pillars.'" — Kollar. — Gard.  Chron. 

TOUCH-ME-XOT.    Impatiens. 

TOURRETIA   lappacea.     Hardy 
climbing  annual.     Seeds.     Light  soil. 


into  a  light  brown  pupa,  and  the  moth    rita. 


TOWER  MUSTARD.     Arabis  Tur- 


emerges  about  June.  The  moth  is  not 
so  large  as  a  house-fly;  its  wings  are 
almost  black,  and  when  the  sun  is 
shining  on  them,  they  have  a  remarka- 
bly metallic  lustre;  on  the  outer  edge 
of  the  fore  wings  there  is  an  appearance 
of  fine  silver  dust.     Among  the  reme- 


TRACHELIUM  caruleum.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Seeds  or  cut- 
tings.    Light  soil. 

TRACHYMEXE.  Six  species.  Green- 
house annuals;  increased  by  seed,  and 
green-house  and  stove  evergreen  shrubs. 


J-   „  J  t     1  .1  c  increased    by    voung    cuttings.     Loam 

dies  proposed  to  lessen  the  ravages  of        ,         ,        ■'  ^-     •.  ^.,  ,," 

-        '^     ^  =  and  sandy  peat  suits  them  all 

TRACHVTELLA     actcea. 


this  insect,  it  is  recommended  to  shake 
the  trees,  and  remove  all  the  fruit  that 
falls  off;  and  another  good   method   is 


house    evergreen    climber. 


to  scrape  the  rough  pieces  of  bark  of  tings-     Peat  and  loam. 


Green- 
Ripe   cut- 


the  stem,  under  which  the  cocoons  are 
concealed  ;  this  must  be  done  late  in 
the  autumn,  or  early  in  the  spring." — 
Gard.  Chron.  ' 

T.  Bergmanniana.  Rose  Tortrix. 
Differs  little  to  a  common  observer 
from  the  preceding.     "  Where  bushes 


TRADESCANTIA.  Twenty-seven 
species.  Chiefly  stove  and  hardy  herb- 
aceous perennials.  A  few  hardy  an- 
nuals, and  stove  and  green-house  ever- 
green trailers.  T.  paniculata  is  a  green- 
house biennial.  T.  tuberosa  is  a  stove 
tuberous-rooted    perennial.      Division. 


are    much   infested  with    the   larvae    of  The  annuals,   seeds.     Rich   light    soil 


these  insects,  it  is  much  better  to  cut 
them  down  and  burn  the  shoots  ;  this 
and  hand-picking  are  the  only  remedies 
we  are  acquainted  with.  Care  must  be 
taken  not  to  disturb  the  maggots  when 
collecting  them,  for  they  will  let  them- 


suits  them  all. 

TRAGOPOGOX.  Goat"s  beard.  Fif- 
teen species.  Hardy  biennials.  Seeds. 
Common  soil.  T. po7-r if olius  is  ihe  gar- 
den Salsafy. 

TRAGOPYRUM.      Three     species. 


T  R  A 


693 


T  R  A 


Hardy  deciduous  shrubs.    Layers.  Peat 
and  sandv  loam. 

TRAILERS.     See  Creepers. 

TRAIN  OIL.     See  Animal  ^fatters. 

TRAINING  has  for  its  object  render- 


in  general  to  be  produced,  beyond  that 
of  causing;  a  slow  circulation,  and  the 
formation  of  flowers." — Theory  nf  Hort. 
The  reason  of  this  appears  in  the  fiict, 
that  a  plant  propels  its  sap  with  greatest 


ing  plants  more  productive  either  of '  force  perpendicularly,  so  much  so  that 
flowers  or  of  tVuit,  bv  rerrulatinnr  the  '  the  sap  rising  in  a  vine  branch  growing 
number  and  position  of  their  branches.  I  in  a  right  line  from  the  root,  with  a  force 
If  their  number  be  too  great,  they  over-  ]  capable  of  sustaining  a  column  of  mer- 
shadow  those  below  them,  and  "by  ex- ]  cury  twenty-eight  inches  high,  will,  if 

the  branch  be  bent  down  to  a  right 
angle,  support  barely  twenty-three 
inches,  and  if  bent  a  few  degrees  be- 
low the  horizontal,  the  column  sustained 
will  not  he  more  than  twenty-one 
inches.  This  is  the  reason  why  at  such 
angles  gardeners  find  the  trained 
branches  of  their  wall  trees  rendered 
more  productive  of  blossoms,  and  fur- 
nished with  a  smaller  surface  of  leaves. 


eluding  the  heat  and  light,  prevent  that 
elaboration  of  the  sap  required  for  the 
production  of  fructification.  If  they  are  I 
too  few,  the  sap  is  expended  in  the  pro-  - 
duction  of  more,  and  in  extending  the 
surface  of  the  leaves  required  for  the 
digestion  of  the  juices.  I 

The  position  of  the  branches  is  im-  ' 
portant,  because,  if  trained  against  a 
wall,  they  obtain  a  higher  temperature, 
and  protection  from  winds;  and  if 
trained  with  their  points  below  the 
horizontal,  the  return  of  the  8ap  is 
checked.  Shy-flowering  shrubs,  as  Di- 
placiis  puniceiis,  are  made  to  blossom 
abundantly,  and  freely-flowering  shrubs, 
as  Cytisus  hybridits,  are  made  to  blos- 
som earlier,  by  having  their  branches 
bent  below  the  horizontal  line.  Dr. 
Lindley,  observing  upon  these  facts, 
proceeds  to  remark,  that — "If  a  stem 
is  trained  erect,  it  will  be  more  vigorous 
than  if  placed  in  any  other  position,  and 
its  tendency  to  hear  leaves  rather  than 
flowers  will  be  increased  :  in  proportion 
as  it  deviates  from  the  perpendicular  is 
its  vigour  diminished.  For  instance,  if 
a  stem  is  headed  back,  and  onlv  two 
opposite  buds  arc  allowed  to  grow,  they 
will  continue  to  push  eriually,  so  long 
as  their  relation  to  the  perpendicular  is 
the  same  ;  but  if  one  is  bent  towards  a 
horizontal  direction,  and  the  other  al- 
lowed  to   remain,   the    growth    of  the 


Fig.  167. 


A  similar  effect  is  produced  by  training 
a  branch    in   a   waving  form,  for  two- 
former  will  be  immediately  checked  ;  if  thirds  of  its  length  are  placed  horizon- 


the  depression  is  increased,  the  weak 
ness  of  the  branch  increases  proportion 
ally;  and  this  may  be  carried  on  till  the 
branch  perishes.  In  training,  this  fact 
is  of  tho  utmost  value  in  enabling  the 
gardener  to  regulate  the  symmetry  of  a 
tree.  It,  however, by  no  means  follows, 
that  because  out  of  two  contiguous 
branches,   one   growing   erect,  and  the 


tallv,  as  in  the  accompanying  outline. 
— Princ.  of  Gardening. 

On  the  practical  parts  of  training, 
.\bercrombie  has  the  following  good 
directions : — 

"  When  it  is  intended  to  raise  trained 

fruit-trees  for  walls  and  espaliers,  some 

I  of  the  best  young  plants  of  the  respect- 

ive  sorts,  both  dwarf  and  half-standards 


other  forced  into  a  downward  direction,    of  one  year  old,  with   the  first  shoots 


the  latter  may  die,  that  all  branches 
trained  downwards  will  die.  On  the 
contrary,  an  inversion  of  their  natural 
position  is  of  so  little  conseqiience  to 
their  healthiness,  that  no  ell'ect  seems 
38 


from  the  budding  and  grafting  entire, 
should  be  transplanted  in  autumn,  at 
eight  or  ton  feet  distance,  against  any 
kind  offence  having  a  south  aspect,  in 
a  free  situation,  not  less  than  four  or 


TRA 


594 


TRA 


five  feet  high,  either   a   wall,   paling,  i  up  in  summer  than  now  appears  neces- 


reed-fence,  &c. 


sary,  or  than  can  be  trained  in  with  due 


"The  trees  thus  planted,  in  spring  ,  regularity,  retrench  such  superfluities; 
following,  just  as  they  begin  to  make  an  likewise  any  remaining  fore-right  or 
effort  for  shooting,  should  be  headed  '  back  shoots,  and  other  irregular  growths 
down  ;  that  is,  the  first  shoots  from  the  |  omitted  in  summer,  not  eligibly  situated 
budding,  &c.,  to  be  cut  down  to  within  for  training  in,  should  also  be  now  all 
three  or  four  eyes  or  buds  of  its  place  i  pruned  out,  cutting  everything  of  the 
of  insertion  in  the  stock,  especially  j  above  nature,  both  superabundances 
those  intended  for  dwarfs;  also  the  and  irregularities,  quite  close  to  their 
half-standards,  if  worked  on  tall  stocks;  I  origin,  being  careful,  however,  to  leave 
and  this  heading  down  both  prevents  [  all  the  regular,  well  -  placed,  useful 
their  running  up  too  high  with  a  single  i  shoots  that  can  readily  be  trained  witli 
naked  stem,  branchless  below,  and  due  regularity,  without  crowding  or 
causes  them  to  throw  out  lateral  shoots  crossing  one  another,  all  of  which 
from  the  lower  part,  to  fill  the  wall  or  :  should  also  be  cleared  from  all  lateral 
espalier  regularly  with  branches  quite  or  side  shoots,  if  any ;  and  with  respect 
from  the  bottom  upward  ;  for  they  will  ^  to  their  being  shortened  more  or  less, 
soon  after  push  forth  strong  shoots  from  or  left  entire,  you  will  order,  according 
all  the  remaining  lower  buds,  which  to  your  discretion,  agreeably  to  the 
shoots,  when  of  due  length,  in  summer,  above-mentioned  hints, 
should  be  trained  along  to  the  fence,  |  "  Thus,  having  obtained  a  regular 
equally  to  the  right  and  left,  at  full  spread  of  branches  sufficient  to  eff'ect 
length,  till  next  spring,  when  these  the  proper  expansion  requisite  to  form 
shoots  may  also  be  cut  down  to  six  or  I  a  trained  wall  or  espalier  tree,  they 
eight  inches'  length,  to  force  out  a  !  must  then  be  pruned  according  to  the 
further  supply  of  more  branches  near  :  method  peculiar  to  each  respective  sort 
the  bottom.  Continue  shortening,  more  '  of  fruit,  as  directed  in  their  culture, 
or  less,  the  two  or  three  first  sprigs  on  |  each  under  its  proper  genus.  Training 
the  last  summer's  shoots,  as  you  shall  ;  espalier  trees  is  effected  exactly  in  the 
see  necessary,  in  order  to  obtain  a  pro-  manner  as  above,  only  these  may  be 
per  spread  of  lower  branches  to  give  also  trained  as  they  stand  in  the  nurse- 
the  tree  its  intended  form.  Though  this  '  ry  lines,  in  the  open  quarters  or  bor- 
work  of  pruning  short,  to  obtain  laterals,  i  ders,  &c.,  by  ranging  some  stout  stakes 
may  also  be  performed  occasionally  in  1  in  the  ground,  along  one  side  of  each 
summer,  in  May,  or  early  in  June,  on  tree.  Where  a  general  luxuriancy  pre- 
the  strong  young  shoots  of  the  year,  ;  vails,  while  under  the  course  of  train- 
cutting  or  pinching  them  down  to  a  ing,  or  after,  it  is  advisable,  in  the  work 
few  eyes,  and  they  will  thereby  throw  of  pruning,  to  use  the  knife  with  mode- 
out  lower  laterals  the  same  season,  and,  ration  ;  for  the  more  wood  we  cut  out 
by  that  means,  a  year's  growth  is  gained.  '  of  a  generally  vigorous  tree,  and  the 
Branches  thus  gained  arrive  to  proper  j  more  the  shoots  are  shortened,  the  more 
length  in  summer  for  training  in  ;  they  ,  vigorous  will  it  continue  to  shoot  with- 
should  all  be  trained  along  close  to  the  'out  ever  becoming  properly  fruitful  ; 
wall  ;  and  if  any  fore-right  or  back  ,  and  if  severe  cutting  is  repeatedly 
shoots  come  out,  rub  them  all  off  close,  continued,  the  tree  often  exhausts  so 
leaving  the  well-placed  side  shoots  in  greatly  by  luxuriant  shooting,  that  it 
every  part;  and  let  the  whole,  or  as  |  suddenly  assumes  a  weak  consumptive 
many  as  possible,  be  trained  in  during  state.  Such  trees  as  are  vigorous  only 
this  season,  to  have  plenty  to  choose  in  particular  shoots,  may,  in  some  cases, 
from  in  the  general  pruning  season  of  have  such  shoots  radically  retrenched, 
winter  or  spring — train  equally  to  the  |  and  in  others  reserved  ;  that  if  a  very 
right  and  left  on  each  side  of  the  tree,  i  vigorous  shoot  runs  considerably  strong- 
in  a  spreading  somewhat  horizontal  er  than  all  the  rest,  and  seems  to  sup- 
manner,  nowhere  crossing  one  another,  '  port  its  vigour  at  the  expense  of  the 
but  ^t  parallel  distances,  and  mostly  others  in  its  neighbourhood,  it  should 
all  at  full  length  during  the  summer's    be    retrenched   to  the   very   origin,   as 


growth. 


early  in  summer  as  discoverable.     In 


In    the   winter  pruning  we  are  to    other  cases,  if  a  luxuriant  shoot  arise 
observe  that,  if  more  wood  was  trained    in  any  vacant  space  towards  the   hot- 


T  R  A 


595 


T  R  A 


torn,  especially  where  a  supply  of  more 
wood  is  wanted,  it  may  be  retained, 
and  pinched  or  topped  down  to  a  few 
eyes  in  May  or  June;  it  will  send  out 
several  laterals  below,  the  same  sea- 
son; and  instead  of  one  rude  luxuriant 
shoot,  there  will  be  four  or  five  of  mo- 
derate growth  to  fill  the  vacancy  more 
effectually,  and  that  will  much  sooner 
attain  to  iruitfulness." — Abercromhie. 

Besides  the  above  usual  modes  of 
trainin^T  —  for  which  see  also  IValls, 
Espaliers,  and  Standards  —  there  are 
two  other  modes  which  deserve  notice. 
Quenouille  Training  "  consists  in 
training  one  upright  central  shoot  in 
summer,  and  shortening  it  down  to 
fifteen  inches  at  the  winter  pruning,  in 
order  that  it  may,  at  that  height,  pro- 
duce branches  forming  a  tier,  to  be 
trained,  in  the  first  instance,  horizon- 
tally.    The  shoot  produced  by  the  up 


the  Gardener''s  Magazine,  viii.  680,  by 
means  of  which  standard  rose  trees  are 
converted  into  masses  of  flowers.  The 
figure  given  in  that  work  represents  the 
variety  called  the  '  Bizarre  de  la  Chine,' 
which  flowers  most  abundantly  to  the 
ends  of  its  branches,  and  was  truly  a 
splendid  object." 

TRANSPLANTING  is  most  success- 
fully performed,  whenever  the  roots  are 
least  required  for  supplying  the  leaves 
with  moisture.  The  reason  is  obvious, 
because  the  roots  are  always  in  some 
degree  broken,  and  lessened  in  their 
absorbing  power,  by  the  process  of 
removal.  Now  the  leaves  require  least 
moisture  in  the  autumn  and  winter, 
therefore,  these  are  the  seasons  when 
transplanting  is  effected  with  least  in- 
jury to  a  plant.  That  such  is  the  ra- 
tionale of  seasonable  transplanting  is 
proved   by  the  fact  that  pots  in  plants, 


permost    bud    is,   however,   trained  as :  with    reasonable    care,    may   be  trans- 


upright  as  possible  during  the  summer, 
and  is  cut  back,  so  as  to  produce  an- 
other tier  fifteen  inches  above  the  first, 
and  so  on  until  the  tree  has  reached  the 


planted  at  any  season.  This  rule,  too, 
is  sanctioned  both  by  theory  and  prac- 
tice—  transplant  as  early  as  possible 
after  the  leaves  cease  to  require  a  sup- 


desired  height.  In  this  climate,  it  is  i  ply  of  sap,  the  reason  for  which  is, 
necessary  to  train  the  shoot  downwards,  that  the  vital  powers  in  the  roots  con- 
which  is  easily  done  by  tying  those  of  tinue  active  long  afterthey  have  become 
the  first  tier  to  short  stakes,  those  of  torpid  in  the  branches  and  fresh  roots 


each  successive  tier  being  fastened  to 
the  branches  below  them.  When  the 
shoots  are  thus  arched  downwards  at 
full  length,  or  nearly  so,  they  soon 
come  into  a  bearing  state  ;  but  in  this 


are  formed  during  the  autumn  and 
winter,  to  succeed  those  destroyed  by 
transplanting. 

"  If  the    months  of  November   and 
December,"    says    Dr.    Lindley,    "  arc 


climate,  if  cut  short,  as  the  French  do,  '  the   most  favourable  for   transplanting 


they  only  send  up  a  number  of  shoots 
annually.  The  plan  answers  very  well 
where  it  can  be  at  all  times  properly 
attended  to  ;  but  if  this  cannot  be 
guaranteed,  the  ordinary  form  of  dwarf 
is  preferable.  Quenouilles  require 
more  time  to  be  devoted  to  them  than 
espaliers." — Gard.  Citron. 

Balloon  Training. — On  this  mode  I 
merely  extract  the  following  from  Dr. 
Lindley's  Theory  of  Horticulture : — 

"  What  are  called  ballnon  apples  and 


deciduous  trees,  and  March  and  .\pril 
the  worst,  how  much  more  important 
must  be  those  periods  to  evergreens. 
An  evergreen  differs  from  a  deciduous 
plant  in  this  material  circumstance,  that 
it  has  no  season  of  rest;  its  leaves  re- 
main alive  and  active  during  the  winter, 
and,  consequently,  it  is  in  a  state  of 
per[)etual  growth.  I  do  not  mean  that 
it  is  always  lengthening  itself  in  the  form 
of  new  branches,  for  this  happens  peri- 
odically only  in  evergreens,  and  is  usu- 


pears,are  formed  by  forcing  downwards  '  ally  confined  to  the  spring  ;  but  that  its 
all  the  branches  of  standard  trees  till  '  circulation,  perspiration,  assimilation, 
the  points  touch  the  earth,  and  they  !  and  production  of  roots  are  incessant, 
have  the  merit  of  producing  large  crops  Such  being  the  case,  an  evergreen, 
of  fruit  in  a  very  small  compass;  their  !  when  transplanted,  is  liable  to  the  same 
upper  parts  are,  however,  too  much  '  risks  as  deciduous  plants  in  full  leaf, 
exposed  to  radiation  at  night,  and  the  with  one  essential  difference.  The 
crop  from  that  part  of  the  branches  is  leaves  of  evergreens  are  provided  with 
apt  to  be  cut  off.  One  of  the  prettiest  I  a  thick  hard  epidermis,  which  is  tender 
applications  of  this  principle  is  that  of  and  readily  permeable  to  aqueous  ex- 
Mr.   Charles   Lawrence,   described   in  '  halations  only  when  quite  young  and 


TR  A 


696 


TRA 


which  becomes  very  firm  and  tough  by  j  exhibit  no  appearance  of  having  been 
the  arrival  of  winter,  whence  the  rigi- i  removed.  In  the  first  place,  we  make 
dity  always  observable  in  the  foliage  of  |  the  hole  where  the  tree  is  intended  to 
evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Such  a  be  placed  sulliciently  large  for  tlie  roots 
coating  as  this  is  capable,  in  a  much  |  to  be  extended  at  full  length  ;  and,  in 
less  degree  than  one  of  a  thinner  tex-  removing  the  tree,  great  care  is  taken 
ture,  such  as  we  find  upon  deciduous  to  avoid  cutting  or  injuring  tiie  roots, 
plants,  of  parting  with  aqueous  vapour ;  If  a  ball  of  earth  is  retained  so  much 
and,  moreover,  its  stomates  are  few,  the  better,  as  it  will  assist  in  steadying 
small,  comparatively  in  active,  and  ;  the  tree  ;  but,  if  well  staked,  it  is  not 
chiefly  confined  to  the  under  side,  of  much  importance.  As  it  is  essential 
where  they  are  less  exposed  to  dryness  that  the  roots  be  as  little  exposed  to  the 
that  if  they  were  on  the  upper  side  also,    atmosphere    as    possible,    we    provide 

"  But  although  evergreens,  from  their  suflicient  earth,  either  sifted  or  finely 
structure,  are  not  liable  to  be  affected  ,  reduced  by  a  spade  or  rake,  and  have 
by  the  same  external  circumstances  as  in  readiness  as  many  buckets  of  water 
deciduous  plants  in  the  same  degree  ;  as  will  nearly  fill  the  hole;  the  tree  is 
and  although,  therefore,  transplanting  then  placed  in  its  intended  position  ;  the 
an  evergreen  in  leaf  is  not  the  same  whole  of  the  water  is  then  thrown  over 
thirg  as  transplanting  a  deciduous  tree  the  roots,  the  fibres  of  which  will  be 
in  the  same  condition,  yet  it  must  be  supported  by  it.  The  fine  earth  is  then 
obvious  that  the  great  extent  of  perspir-  ',  expeditiously  sprinkled  over  the  surface 
ing  surface  upon  the  one,  however  low  of  the  water,  and,  gradually  subsiding, 
its  action,  constitutes  much  difficulty,  fills  all  the  interstices,  and  gives  sta- 
superadded  to  whatever  difficulty  there  bility  to  the  tree,  which  is  further  se- 
may  be  in  the  other  case.  ,  cured  by  three  stakes   placed  at  right 

"  Hence  we  are  irresistibly  driven  to  angles,  which  finishes  the  operation, 
the  conclusion  that  whatever  care  is  re- i  The  earth   must   not   be  trodden,  as  is 


quired   in  the    selection  of  a  suitable 
season  damp,  and  not  too  cold  for  a 
deciduous  tree,  is  still   more   essential 
for  an  evergreen." — Theory  of  Hort. 
It  sometimes  happens  that  transplant- 


ing has  to  be  performed  at  the  most  in-    abbreviation  : — 


often  done." — Card.  Chron. 

The  following  observations,  in  the 
Gardener's  Chronicle,  so  epitomize  all 
that  is  practically  essential  in  trans- 
planting, that  it  is  extracted  with  little 


auspicious  seasons  ;  and  when  this  is  the 
case  the  following  directions,  given  by 
Mr.  Williamson,  of  the  Sheffield  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  may  be  followed  with 
success : — 

"  At  the  Sheffield  Botanical  Gardens 


'  In  the  removal  of  large  trees  or 
shrubs,  first  form  the  pit,  where  the 
plant  is  to  be  planted,  from  twelve  to 
fourteen  inches  wider  than  the  roots 
will  reach. 

"  In  lifting  laurels,  and  other  ever- 


we  have  for  some  time  practised  what  greens,  always  bind  up  the  plant  with 
we  terra  the  U'<ashing  in-system,  which  strong  straw  ropes,  tying  one  end  of  the 
has  been  attended  with  success  in  every  rope  to  one  of  the  strong  branches  in 
instance.  Indeed,  I  doubt  not  that  by  the  ceijtre  of  the  plant,  and,  taking  up 
this  method  trees  of  considerable  size  all  the  branches,  draw  into  as  small  a 
may  be  removed,  at  any  season  of  the  compass  as  possible,  without  injuring 
year,  with  safety.  Towards  the  latter  the  plant.  Clear  the  roots,  and,  sup- 
end  of  last  May  I  had  occasion  to  form  posing  the  plant  to  be  a  common  laurel, 
a  block  or  screen,  in  a  situation  fully  six  or  eight  feet  high,  begin  as  many 
exposed  to  the  sun,  for  which  purpose  feet  from  the  main  stem,  and  cut  a 
I  transplanted  a  number  of  tall  trees  trench  round  the  plant  at  the  said  dis- 
and  evergreens,  not  one  of  which  was  tance,  as  deep  as  it  may  be  supposed 
injured  by  the  removal  ;  and  early  this  the  roots  have  gone  down  ;  then  reduce 
May  we  disposed  of  upwards  of  a  dozen  ,  the  ball  by  degrees  with  a  fork,  clean- 


large  horse-chestnuts,  Spanish  ditto, 
limes,  sycamore,  and  birches,  all  from 
ten  to  eighteen  feet  high,  in  full  leaf,  to 
a  gentleman  in  this  neighbourhood,  the 
planting  of  which  I  superintended.    All 


ing  out  the  soil  with  a  spade,  and  taking 
care  not  to  injure  any  of  the  roots  or 
fibres.  These  tie  up  in  trusses  with 
matting,  in  order  to  prevent  them,  as 
much  as  possible,  from  being  injured. 


at  this  time  (a  fortnight  subsequently) ,  Clear  the  roots  to  within  two  or  three 


T  R  A 


597 


T  R  A 


feet  of  the  main  stem,  and  then  under-  [  and  cut  clean  off  all  those   outside  of 


mine  the  solid  piece  that  is  left. 


the  ball,  and  afiain  fill  in  the  soil.     In 


When  the  plant  is  ready  for  re-  about  two  years  afterwards,  the  cut 
moval,  the  strength  for  lifting  it  will  roots  w^ill  have  made  firm  young  fibres, 
depend  upon  its  size,  and  the  weight  of  which  supply  the  plant  with  food  when 
the  ball  left,  if  any.  When  the  plant  it  is  transplanted.  In  lifting  them,  al- 
is  brought  to  the  pit  and  placed  in  the  ways  try  to  get  a  good  ball  with  them, 
centre  of  it,  untie  the  roots,  and  dress  '  The  Laurestinus  is  not  very  fond  of 
with  a  sharp  knife  any  that  may  have!  being  removed  without  a  ball.  There 
been  bruised.  Shorten  strong  ones,  are  but  very  few  of  the  fir  tribe  that  can 
that  they  may  make  young  fibres,  upon  be  transplanted  after  they  have  attained 
which  the  welfare  of  the  plant  in  a  great  the  height  of  from  six  to  sixteen  feet; 
measure  depends.  After  dressing  the  i  but  the  best  are  the  silver,  the  spruce, 
roots,  lay  them  all  carefully  out  round  and  the  Weymouth  pines.  The  silver 
the  pit.  '  If  there  are  one,  two,  or  three  i  fir  bears  transplanting  tolerably  well, 
layers  of  roots,  as  is  often  the  case,  keep  j  provided  care  is  taken  not  to  injure  the 
ea'ch  layer  by  itself,  and  lay  out  the  '  roots,  which  run  horizontally  near  the 
undermost  first,  taking  care  to  spread  surface.  The  spruce  lifts  well,  even 
out  every  fibre  with  the  hand.  On  these  ;  when  sixteen  feet  high  ;  and  the  Wey- 
spread  well-broken  soil ;  but  in  doing  mouth  pines  from  ten  to  twelve  feet 
this,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  club  the  high.  In  lifting  them  always  try  to  get 
roots  together.  After  the  first  layer  of  good  balls  v\ith  them,  keeping  their 
roots  is  well  covered  proceed  with  the  roots  as  entire  as  possible,  and  making 
next,  and  so  on  until  all  is  finished.  '  the  pits  wherein  they  are  to  be  planted 
"  After  transplanting,  never  give  the  large,  so  as  to  get  all  their  roots  spread 
plants  water  oftener  than  once,  which  out  as  regularly  as  possible  ;  when 
is  immediately  after  the  operation  of  covered,  water  in  the  same  manner  as 
planting  is  performed.  Many  young  evergreen  shrubs.  In  lifting  and  trans- 
trees   and  shrubs   are  destroyed   (after    planting    hard-wooded    trees,  such    as 


having  been  transplanted)  by  the  fre 
quent  application  of  water  in  dry 
weather.  After  the  roots  are  all  well 
covered,  leave  the  pit  three  or  four 
inches  unfilled,  and  apply  the  water 
according  to  the  state  of  the  soil,  and 


oaks,  &c.,  keep  their  roots  as  entire  as 
possible,  and  shorten  in  any  strong 
ones  ;  they  should  be  well  watered.  It 
is  very  essential  to  the  welfare  of  plants 
that  have  been  transplanted  to  have 
them  well  supported  to  prevent  them 


size  of  the  plant.  To  a  shrub,  that  from  shaking  with  the  wind,  &c.  For 
covers  about  four  square  yards  of  trees  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  use 
ground  (if  the  soil  is  not  very  moist),  three  poles,  set  up  in  the  form  of  a  tri- 
give  about  eight  common  sized  water-  angle  ;  roll  a  straw  rope  round  the  stem 
ing  potfuls,  and  so  on  for  every  square  of  the  tree,  for  the  poles  to  rest  on,  as 
yard  of  ground  covered.  The  only  it  prevents  them  from  hurting  the  bark  ; 
treading  to  be  permitted  is  merely  what  then,  after  tying  the  poles  firmly  to  the 
may  take  place  in  going  round  them  in  tree,  and  fixing  them  in  the  ground,  the 
taking  away  the  rope  and  spreading  out  work  is  finished.  For  plants  of  smaller 
the  branches  in  their  original  position,  size  use  small  rope,  tied  in  the  same 
The  above  remarks  apply  well  to  the  manner  to  the  tree,  and  fixed  to  stakes 
common  and  Portugal  laurel,  and  also  driven  into  the  ground,  aft.er  the  man- 
to  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs  in  gene-    ner  of  tent  ropes. 

ral.  A  few  kinds  that  are  difficult  to  "No  doubt  the  summer  months  are 
remove  without  balls  when  they  are  not  proper  for  transplanting,  therefore 
large  plants,  are  the  following: — the  :  it  should  be  avoided  if  possible.  From 
holly  is  one  that  is  impatient  of  being  i  October  to  April,  all  shrubs,  &c.,  may 
removed  without  a  ball,  and  in  free  '  be  lifted  with  safety.  November  is 
light  soils  it  will  not  lift  with  one.  The  '  preferable  for  lifting  large  plants,  as 
best  method  with  it  is  this.  Two  years  those  planted  about  that  time  always 
before  removal,  open  a  trench  round  the  send  out  young  roots  during  winter; 
plant  about  two  feet  from  the  main  stem  frequently  by  February,  from  one  to 
(more  or  less,  according  to  its  size),  three  inches  long. — Card.  Chron. 
Two  feet  will  do  for  a  plant  six  feet  j  T  R  A  P  A.  Four  species.  Aquatic 
high.    Go  as  deep  as  there  are  roots, '  plants.    Green-house,  stove,  and  hardy 


T  R  A 


598 


TRE 


annuals  and  biennials.  Seeds.  Rich 
loamy  soil,  in  water. 

TRAVELER'S  JOY.  Clematis  vi- 
talha. 

TRAVELER'S  JOY.  Clematis  vi- 
orna. 

TREACLE  MUSTARD.     Clypeola. 

TREE  CELANDINE.    Bocconiafru- 

icSCB7XS 

TREE  GUARDS.  The  following  are 
cheap  and  effectual.  Mr.  W.  Brown, 
gardener  at  Merevale  Hall,  uses  stakes 


wind  blow  as  it  may,  for  the  guard 
moves  freely  with  the  tree  in  every  di- 
rection."— Gard.  Chron. 

TREES  are  a  chief  material  in  land- 
scape gardening.  Trees  and  shrubs 
are  of  different  shapes,  colours,  and 
growths. 

"  The  varieties  in  their  shapes,"  says 
Mr.  Whateley,  "  may  be  reduced  to  the 
following  heads.  Some  thick  with 
branches  and  foliage  have  almost  an 
appearance   of  solidity,   as   the   beach. 


about  the  thickness  of  the  wrist,  seven  !  the  elm,  the  lilac,  and  seringa.  Others 
feet  in  length,  and  tolerably  straight:  j  thin  of  boughs  and  of  leaves,  seem  light 
he  chops  each  a  little  flat  on  one  side,  i  and  airy,  as  the  ash,  and  the  arbele,tlie 
gets  some  iron  hooping  a  little  thicker  |  common  arbor  vitte,  and  the  tamarisk, 
than  coopers  are  in  the  habit  of  using  i  "  There  is  a  mean  betwixt  the  two  cx- 
for  barrels  ;  he   punches  holes  through  [  tremes,  very  distinguishable  from  both, 

as  in  the  bladder-nut,  and  the  ashen- 
leaved  maple.     They  may  again  be  di- 


it  six  inches  apart  (with  one  near  each 
end),  nails  it  to  the  stakes  on  the  chop- 
ped   side,    one    foot   from    the    top    of!  vided  into  those  whose  branches  begin 


them,   and   one  foot  from  the  bottom  ; 
then   raises  it  and  bends   it  circularly 


from  the  ground,  and  those  which  shoot 
up  in  a  stem  before  their  branches  begin. 


round  the  tree,  observing  that  the  hoops    Trees  which  have  some,  and  not  much 


are  placed  inside  nearest  the  tree  ;  the 
holes  left  at  each  end  of  the  hoop  are 
then  clenched  up  with  a  nail,  and  the 
guard  is  then  complete. — Gard.  Chron. 
The  following  plan  is  somewhat  simi- 
lar:— "  Procure  stakes  of  ash  or  larch, 
s\x  feet  in  length,  or  more  if  requisite, 
and  about  two  inches  in  diameter,  and 
bore  holes  through  the  tops  and  bot- 
toms, about  one  foot  from  each  end. 
Get  a  similar  hole  drilled  up  the  centre 
of  a  stake,  and  saw  it  off  in  lengths  of 
two  inches,  or  rather  less  ;  pass  a  stron 


clear  stem,  as  several  of  the  firs,  belong 
to  the  former  class;  but  a  very  short 
stem  will  rank  as  a  shrub,  such  as  the 
althaea  in  the  latter. 

"  Of  those  whose  branches  begin  from 
the  ground, some  rise  in  a  conical  figure, 
as  the  larch,  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  and 
the  holly.  Some  swell  out  in  the  mid- 
dle of  their  growth,  and  diminish  at  both 
ends,  as  the  Weymouth  pine,  the  moun- 
tain ash,  and  the  lilac;  and  some  are 
irregular  and  bushy  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom,  as  the  evergreen  oak,  the  Vir- 


loosely,   leaving   plenty    of   space    for 
growth.     Place   it  round   the  tree,  and 


wire  or  thick  tarred  string  through  one  j  ginian  cedar,  and  Guelder  rose.  There 
stake,  by  the  holes,  at  the  top  and  at  |  is  a  great  difference  between  one  whose 
the  bottom,  then  pass  it  through  the  !  base  is  very  large,  and  another  whose 
hole  made  in  one  of  the  two  inch  pieces  \  base  is  very  small,  in  proportion  to  its 
at  each  end,  and  then  through  another  j  height;  the  cedar  of  Lebanon  and  the 
stake,  separating  each  stake  at  top  and  ,  cypress,  are  instances  of  such  a  differ- 
bottom  by  a  piece  of  wood,  until  you  [  ence,  yet  in  both  the  branches  begin 
leave    enough    to    surround    the    tree  |  from  the  ground. 

"  The  heads  of  those  which  shoot  up 
into  a  stem,  before  their  branches  be- 
ftsten  the  ends  of  the  wire  or  string.  ]  gin,  sometimes  are  slender  cones,  as  of 
This  guard  is  much  the  same  as  a  cradle  i  many  firs,  sometimes  are  broad  cones, 
put  round  the  neck  of  a  blistered  horse,  i  as  of  the  horse-chestnut,  sometimes  they 
to  prevent  his  gnawing  the  irritated  j  are  round,  as  of  the  stone  pine,  and 
part.  The  stakes  merely  rest  on  the  1  most  sorts  of  fruit  trees;  and  sometimes 
ground,  and  should  be  cut  quite  flat  at '  irregular,  as  of  the  elm.  Of  this  last 
the  bottom,  to  prevent  their  sticking  ^kind  there  are  many  considerable  va- 
into  the  ground.    At  the  upper  end  they  '  rieties. 

should  have  a  sharp  slanting  cut  with  a  "The  branches  of  some  grow  hori- 
bill-hook,  and  threaded  with  the  slope  zontally,  as  of  the  oak.  In  others  they 
towards  the  tree.  The  motion  of  the  tend  upwards,  as  in  the  almond,  and  in 
tree  will  not  in  any  degree  be  impeded  ;  !  several  sorts  of  broom,  and  of  willows, 
and  the  bark  cannot  be  injured,  let  the  ,  In  others  they  fall,  as  in  the  lime  and 


TRE 


599 


TRE 


the  acncia;  and  in  some  of  these  last  dark  green.  The  dark  green  must  be 
they  incline  obliquely,  as  in  many  of  the  the  largest,  the  light  green  the  next  in 
firs;  in  some  they  hang  directly  down,    extent,  and  the  yellow  green  the  least 


in  the  weeping  willow, 
"These  are  the  most  obvious  great 
distinctions  in  the  shapes  of  trees  and 


of  all. 

"From  those  combinations, the  agree- 
lents  between  particular  tints  may  be 


shrubs.    The  difference  between  shades    known.     A   light  green   may   be    next 
of  green  cannot  be  so  considerable,  but    either  to  a  yellow  or  a  brown  green,  and 


a  brown  to  a  dark  green;  all  in  consider- 
able quantities,  and  a  little  rim  of  dark 
green  may  border  on  a  red  or  a  light 
green. 

"  Further  observations  will  show,  that 
the  yellow  and  the  white  greens  connect 


these  also  will  be  found  well  deserving 
of  attention. 

"Some  are  of  a  dark  green,  as  the 
horse-chestnut  and  the  yew.  Some  of  a 
light  green,  as  the  lime  and  the  laurel. 
Some  of  a  green  tinged  with  brown,  as 

the  Virginian  cedar.  Some  of  a  green  easily;  but  that  large  quantities  of  the 
tinged  with  white,  as  the  arbele  and  the  light,  the  yellow,  or  the  white  greens, 
sage  tree.  And  some  of  a  green  tinged  do  not  mix  well  with  a  large  quantity 
with  yellow,  as  the  ashen-leaved  maple  '  also  of  the  dark  green;  and  that  to  form 
and  the  Chinese  arbor  vita;.  The  varie- !  a  pleasing  mass,  either  the  dark  green 
gated  plants  also  are  generally  entitled  must  be  reduced  to  a  mere  edging,  or  a 
to  be  classed  with  the  white  or  the  ycl-  brown  or  an  intermediate  green  must  be 
low,  by  the  strong  tincture  of  the  one  interposed  ;  that  the  red,  the  brown,  and 
or  the' other  of  those  colours  on  their  ^  the  intermediate  greens  agree  among 
leaves.  '  themselves,  and  that  either  of  them  may 

"  The  fall  of  the  leaf  is  the  time  to  '  be  joined  to  any  other  tint ;  but  that  the 
learn  the  species,  the  order,  and  the  red  green  will  bear  a  larger  quantity  of 
proportion  of  tints,  which  blended,  will  the  light  than  of  the  dark  green  near  it; 
form  beautiful  masses;  and, on  the  other  nor  does  it  seem  so  proper  a  mixture 
hand,  to  distinguish  those  which  are  in-  I  w^ith  the  white  green  as  with  the  rest. 


compatible  near  together. 


In  massing  these  tints,  an  attention  must 


"  The  peculiar  beauty  of  the  tints  of  be  constantly  kept  up  to  their  forms, 
red,  cannot  then  escape  observation,  that  they  do  not  lie  in  large  stripes  one 
and  the  want  of  them  throughout  the  beyond  another;  but  that  either  they  be 
summer  months  must  be  regretted  ;  but  quite  intermingled,  or,  which  is  gene- 
thc  want,  though  it  cannot  perfectly,  i  rally  more  pleasing,  that  considerable 
may  partially  be  supplied,  for  plants  '  pieces  of  different  tints,  each  a  beautiful 
have  a  permanent  and  an  accidentaP  figure,  be  in  different  proportions  placed 
colour.    The  permanent  is  always  some    near  together. 

shade  of  green,  but  any  other  may  be  J  "  Exactness  in  the  shapes  must  not  be 
the  accidental  colour;  and  there  is  none  attempted,  for  it  cannot  be  preserved  ; 
which  so  many  circumstances  concur  to  j  but  if  the  great  outlines  be  well  drawn, 
produce  as  a  red.  It  is  assumed  in  sue-  little  variations  afterwards  occasioned 
cession  by  the  bud,  the  blossom,  the  by  the  growth  of  the  plants,  will  not 
berry,  the  bark,  and  the  leaf.  Some-  I  spoil  them.  Another  effect  attainable 
times  it  profusely  overspreads,  at  other  by  the  aid  of  the  different  tints,  is  found- 
times  it  dimly  tinges  the  plant,  and  a  ed  on  the  first  principles  of  perspective; 
reddish-green  is  generally  the  hue  of  objects  grow  faint  as  they  retire  from 
those  plants  on  which  it  lasts  long  or    the  eye;  a  detached  clump  or  a  single 


frequently  returns. 


tree  of  the  lighter  green  will,  therefore. 


"Admitting  this,  at  least  for  many  seem  farther  off  than  one  equidistant  of 

months  in  the  year,  among  the  charac-  a  darker  hue,  and   a  regular  gradation 

teristic  distinctions,  a  large  piece  of  red-  from  one  tint  to  another  will  alter  the 

green,  with  a  narrow  edging   of  dark  apparent  length  of  a  continued   planta- 

green,  along  the  further  side  of  it,  and  I  tion,  according  as  the  dark  or  the  light 

beyond  that,  a  piece  of  light  green,  still  greens  begin  the  graduation, 

larger  than  the  first,  will  be  found  to  "  Single  trees  scattered  about  a  lawn, 

compose   a   beautiful   mass.     Another,  cast  it  into  an  agreeable  shape,  and  to 

not  less    beautiful,  is   a   yellow  green,  produce  that  shape, each  must  be  placed 

nearest  to  the  eye,  beyond  that  a  light  with  an  attention  to  the  rest ;  they  may 

green,  then  a  brown  green,  and  lastly  a  stand  in  particular  directions,  and  col- 


TRE 


600 


TRE 


lectively  form  agreeable  figures,  or  be- 
tween several  straggling  trees,  little 
glades  may  open  full  of  variety  and 
beauty.  The  lines  they  trace  are  fainter 
than  those  which  larger  plantations  de- 
scribe, but  then  their  forms  are  their 


planted  in  spring.  The  old  roots  are 
best  to  plant  again  for  a  crop  of  bulbs, 
as  they  are  most  certain  to  run  to 
stems.  If  the  bulbs  he  planted  earlier 
than  as  above  directed,  they  are  apt  to 
push  up  the  same  season   and  exhaust 


own  ;  they  are  therefore  absolutely  free  themselves,  without  producing  either 
from  all  appearance  of  art ;  any  dispo-  i  good  ofisets  or  bulbs  ;  but,  on  the  other 
sition  of  them,  if  it  be  but  irregular,  is  !  hand,  by  planting  the  old  roots  in  the 
sure  to  be  natural.  previous  autumn,  or  early  in  the  spring, 

"  The  situations  of  single  trees,  is  the  j  they  will  produce  good  bulbs  the  same 
first  consideration,  and  differences  in  '  year.  They  must  be  inserted  in  rows 
the  distances  between  them,  their  great- I  twelve  inches  asunder,  in  holes  six 
est  variety.  In  shape,  they  admit  of  no  '  inches  apart  and  two  deep,  a  single 
choice  but  that  which  their  species  offset  or  bulb  being  put  in  each.  Those 
afford:  greatness  often,  beauty  often, ;  planted  in  autumn  will  shoot  up  leaves 
sometimes  mere  solidity,  and  now  and  early  in  the  spring,  and  have  their 
then  peculiarity  alone,  recommends  bulbs  fit  for  gathering  in  June  or  the 
them.  Their  situations  will  also  fre- ,  beginning  of  July;  those  inserted  in 
quently  determine  the  species;  if  they  ,  the  spring,  will  make  their  appearance 
are  placed  before  a  continued  line  of;  later,  and  will  be  in  production  at  the 
•wood  only  to  break  it,  they  should  com-  |  close  of  July  or  early  in  August ;  they 
monly  be  similar  to  the  trees  in  that ,  must  not,  however,  be  gathered  for 
wood,  they  will  else  lose  their  connec-  j  keeping  or  planting  until  the  stalks  de- 
tion,  and  not  affect  the  outline  which  j  cay,  at  which  time,  or  in  the  spring 
they  are  intended  to  vary  ;  but  if  they  -  also,  if  only  of  one  year's  growth,  the 
are  designed  to  be  independent  objects,  I  roots  may  be  taken  up  and  parted  if 
they  are  as  such  more  discernible,  when  required  for  planting  ;  but  when  of  two 
distinguished  both  in  their  shapes  and  |  or  three  years'  continuance,  they  must 
their  greens,  from  any  plantations  about  |  at  all  events  be  reduced  in  size,  other- 
ihem.  After  all,  the  choice,  especially  ,  wise  they  grow  in  two  large  and  spin- 
in  large  scenes,  is  much  confined  to  the  '  dling  bunches  ;  but  the  best  plan  is  to 
trees  on  the  spot;  young  clumps  from  '  make  a  fresh  plantation  annually  with 
the  first  have  some,  and  soon  produce  a  I  single  offsets.  The  only  cultivation 
considerable  effect ;  but  a  young  single  '  necessary  is  to  keep  them  clear  of 
tree  for  many  years  has  none  at  all,  and  \  weeds  ;  and  when  the  stems  run  up,  to 
it  is  often  more  judicious  to  preserve  one  j  give  them  the  support  of  stakes, 
already  growing,  though  not  exactly]  The  bulbs,  when  gathered,  must  be 
such  as  might  be  wished,  either  in  itself  |  gradually  and  carefully  dried  in  a  shady 
or  in  its  situation,  than  to  plant  in  its  ',  place  ;  and  if  kept  perfectly  free  from 
stead  another,  which  may  be  a  finer  |  moisture,  will  continue  in  a  good  state 
object,  and  better  placed,  in  a  distant]  until  the  following  May. 
futurity."  See  Clump,  Avenue,  Grove 
and  Wood. 

TREE  MALLOW.  Lavateraarhorea. 

TREE  OF   SADNESS.      Nyctanthes 
arbor  tristis. 

TREE  or  CANADA  ONION.  Allium 


TRELLIS  or  TREILLAGE,  is  an 
arrangement  of  supporters  upon  which 
to  train  plants. 

Espalier  Trellis. — The  cheapest,  the 
easiest,   and    soonest    made,    is    that 
formed  with  straight  poles  or  stakes,  of 
proliferum.     This,  like  the  Ciboule,  is  j  ash,  oak,  or  chestnut,  in  lengths  of  from 
without  a  bulbous  root,  but  throws  out  i  five  to  six  or  seven  feet,  driving  them 


numerous  offsets.  Its  top  bulbs  are 
greatly  prized  for  pickling,  being  con- 
sidered of  superior  flavour  to  the  com- 
mon onion  for  that  purpose,  as  well  as 
others  in  which  that  species  is  employed. 
Tiine  and  Mode  of  Planting. — It  is 
propagated  both  by  the  root  offsets, 
which  may  be  planted  during  March 
and  April,  or  in  September  and  October 


in  the  ground  in  a  range  about  a  foot 
distant,  all  of  an  equal  height ;  and  then 
railed  along  the  top  with  the  same  kind 
of  poles  or  rods,  to  preserve  the  whole 
form  in  a  regular  position.  They  should 
be  full  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  and 
having  pointed  them  at  one  end,  drive 
them  with  a  mallet  into  the  ground  in  a 
straight  range,  close   along  the  row  of 


and  from  the  top  bulbs,  which  are  best]  trees,  a  foot  deep  at  least.     To  render 


TRE 


601 


TRE 


Ireillage  still  stronger,  run  two,  three, '  was  effected  over  the  walls  of  Sir 
or  more  ranges  of  rods,  along  the  back  Joseph  Banks'  house;  and  as  those 
part  of  the  uprights,  a  foot  or  eighteen  branches  were  always  loaded  with 
inches  asunder,  fastening  them  to  the  fruit,  the  practice  was  soon  imitated, 
upright  stakes,  either  with  pieces  of  and  gave  rise,  among  other  things,  to 
strong  wire  twisted  two  or  three  times  what  is  called  balloon  training.  This 
round,  or  by  nailing  them.  '  produces   an  abundance  of  (lowers,  in 

When  the  treillagc  is  finished,  it  is  the  most  sterile  trees,  and  of  fruit,  when 
advisable  to  paint  tlie  whole  to  render  the  branches  are  not  exposed  to  severe 
it  both  more  beautiful  and  durable  ;  and    night    frosts,  which  kill   the  blossoms. 


the  durability  is  greatly  increased  by 
charring  the  ends  of  the  uprights  before 
driving  them  into  the  soil. 

Espalier   Trellis    made  of  cast   iron 


Just  the  same  conseiiuences  follow  the 
training  of  climbing  plants  downwards  ; 
they  are  compelled  to  yield  a  far  greater 
crop    of  dowers  than   if  permitted   to 


rods,  is  much  more  durable,  and  neater, '  grow  at  full  length.     The  many  kinds 
than  that  made  of  wood.  I  of  trellises  that  have  been  invented  for 

Trellis  for  Climbers.  —  These  have  I  this  purpose,  are  admirably  adapted  for 
been  greatly  improved,  or  rather  created  ;  compelling  plants  to  grow  upside  down; 
within  these  few  years,  for  ten  years  ago  '  for  the  branches  can  be  bent  in  all  di- 
we  had  nothing  but  stakes  and  rods. '  rections,  over  and  over  again,  and  the 
The  following  observations  and  designs  '  more  they  are  entangled,  the  prettier 
are  from  the  Gardener's  Chronicle: —     ,  is  the  effect  produced. 

"  The  beauty  of  green-houses  has 
been  wonderfully  increased,  by  the 
contrivance  of  compelling  these  un- 
manageable rambling  scrambling  plants, 
to  grow  down  upon  themselves,  or 
round  and  round  a  circular  trellis,  so 
as  to  be  compelled  to  clothe  themselves 
all  over  with  foliage,  and  to  present 
immediately  to  the  eye  whatever  flow- 
ers they  produce.  Every  one  who  has 
ever  witnessed  the  exhibitions  in  the 
garden  of  the  Horticultural  Society, 
must  have  been  struck  with  the  extra- 
ordinary beauty  of  the  Russelias,  and 
Tropaolums,  Lichyas,  and  Ilardenber- 
gias,  red,  yellow,  crimson,  and  blue, 
which  have  graced  the  stands  of  even 
the  least  extensive  growers.  It  is  not 
because  some  climbing  plants  require 
to  have  their  roots  confined  in  garden 
pots,  nor  because  being,  in  the  ma- 
jority of  cases,  inhabitants  of  tropical 
forests,  they  demand  more  bottom-heat 
than  they  can  obtain  in  this  country, 
when  planted  in  the  open  border  of  a 
conservatory  that  the  modern  plan  of 
distributing  their  branches  over  the 
trellis  of  a  flower-pot,  is  to  be  so  much 
commended.  Nor  is  it  because  the 
flowers,  which  if  the  branches  are  un- 
controlled, arc  carried  out  of  sight  by 
the  excessive  length  of  the  stems,  are 
thus  brought  immediately  before  the 
eye  ;  but  there  is  another  great  advan- 
tage in  this  practice.  Gardeners  need 
not  be  told  that  the  immediate  effect  of 
compelling  branches  to  grow  down- ' 
wards  is  to  make  them    bloom.     This  I 


"  The  accompanying   forms  will  be 
Tiz.  169. 


TRE 


602 


admirably  adapted  for  Gompholobium, 
Tropceolum  tricolor,  and  other  plants 
possessed  of  scanty  foliage,  whose 
branches  require  to  be  closely  trained 
to  produce  a  good  effect. 

"The  following  cut  will  show  the 
manner  in  which  the  wire-trellis  for 
climbing  plants,  is  attached  to  the  pots, 
a  matter  of  great  importance,  and  of 
•which  the  separate  plans  that  have 
been  proposed,  and  some  of  which  are 
published,  convey  an  incorrect  idea. 

Fig.  170. 


"  It  will  be  seen  that  a  strong  wire 
ring  is  carried  round  the  pot,  a  little 
above  its  bottom.  To  this  a  sufficient 
number  of  upright  wires  are  attached 
all  round.  The  upright  wires  are 
pressed  down  upon  the  surface  of  the 
pot,  till  they  reach  the  rim,  over  which 
they  are  firmly  bent  till  they  reach  the 
highest  point  of  the  rim,  or  are  even 
bent  a  little  within  it.  At  this  point 
they  are  secured  by  a  second  ring  of 
stout  wire,  adjusted  as  in  the  drawing, 
vhich  having  been  done,  the  uprights 
are  directed  upwards,  and  fashioned 
into  the  pattern  required.  By  these 
means,  a  sort  of  collar  is  formed  upon 
the  rim  of  the  pot,  >vhich  prevents  the 
trellis  from  slipping  downwards,  while 
at  the  same  .time,  the  lowest  ring  of 
■wire  keeps  it  from  swinging  and  sway- 
ing backwards  and  forwards." — Gard. 
Chron. 

Umbrella  Trellis  is  a  form  excellently 
adapted  for  Wisteria  sinensis,  and  other 
climbers  or  shrubs  having  long  racemes 
of  flowers.  The  following  (Fig.  171)  is 
its  form. 

Hothouse  Trellis  for  training  vines 
near  the  glass,  is  usually  made  of  thin 
rods  of  deal  or  of  iron,  placed  about  a 
foot  apart,  and  fastened  to  the  frame- 
work of  the  building.   Mr.  Long,  Beau- 


fort Place,  Chelsea,  has  invented  a 
movable  wire  trellis,  by  which  the  vines 
may  be  lowered  from  the  roof,  or  placed 
at  any  angle,  without  injuring  the  vines. 
This  is  an  excellent  mode  of  removing 
them  from  the  influence  of  extreme  ex- 
terior heat  or  cold.  A  still  further  im- 
provement would  be  to  have  the  verti- 
cal rods  movable  round  the  rod  horizon- 
tally fixed  to  the  rafter  or  roof,  for  then 
the  whole  trellis  might  be  raised  to  an 
angle  with,  or  even  close  to  the  glass, 
whenever  sun  to  the  vine  upon  the  trel- 
lis, or  shade  to  the  plants  within  the 
house  was  desirable. 

Trellis  for  JValks.—The  following 
observations  made  by  Mr.  Loudon, 
when  criticising  the  gardens  of  Lord 
Selsey,  at  VVestdean,  comprise  all  that 
need  be  said  upon  this  kind  of  struc- 
ture. 

"  Among  the  contrivances  adopted 
for  giving  interest  to  the  walks,  and  to 
separate  one  scene  from  another,  are 
portions  of  walk  covered  with  arched 
trellis  work.  One  of  these  is  grown 
over  with  climbing  roses  ;  another  with 
laburnums,  which  in  the  flowering  sea- 
son has  a  remarkably  fine  aspect,  few 
colours  looking  so  well  in  the  shade  as 
yellow,  because,  with  the  exception  of 
white,  none  suffer  so  little  from  the  ab- 
sence of  light.  This  laburnum  trellis 
has  a  new  feature,  that  of  a  table  bor- 
der of  trellis  work  intended  to  be  co- 
vered with  ivy;  we  have  no  doubt  its 
effects  will  be  good,  especially  in  win- 
ter. We  must  remark  some  circuni- 
I  stances  in  the   construction  of  garden 


TRE 


603 


T  R  I 


trellises,  which  should  be  ample  in  their  i  important  consideration  where  the  sub- 


dimensions,  strictly  geometrical  in  all 
their  forms,  and  most  accurately  and 
substantially  executed.  Nothing  can  be 
more  miserable  in  its  effect  on  the  eye 
than  a  low  narrow  archway,  the  support 
leaning  in  different  directions,  and  the 
curve  of  the  ground  plan  and  of  the 
roof  in  no  marked  style  of  determinate 
line.  The  most  accurate  carpentry  and 
smithwork  ought  always  to  be  employed 
in  such  structures,  otherwise  they  had 
much  better  be  omitted  as  garden  deco- 
rations. Some  attempt  forming  trel- 
lises over  walks  with  long  hazel  rods, 
but  nothing  can  be  meaner  than  the 
effect:  such  rod  trellis  works  or  ar- 
bours are  at  best  fit  for  a  cottage  gar- 
den,  or   a   hedge    alehouse." — Gard. 

TREMBLING  ASPEN.  Populus 
tremula. 

TRENCHING  is  one  of  the  readiest 
modes  in  the  gardener's  power  for  re- 
novating his  soil.  The  process  is  thus 
conducted  : — 

<'  From  the  end  of  the  piece  of 
ground  where  it  is  intended  to  begin, 
take  out  a  trench  two  spades  deep,  and 
twenty  inches  wide,  and  wheel  the 
earth  to  the  opposite  end  to  fill  up  and 
finish  the  last  ridge.  Measure  off  the 
width  of  another  trench,  then  stretch 
the  line  and  mark  it  out  with  the  spade 


soil  is  poor  or  bad,  the  bottom  soil  is 
enriched  and  loosened  for  the  penetra- 
tion and  nourishment  of  the  roots,  and 
allowing  them  to  descend  deeper,  they 
are  not  so  liable  to  suffer  from  drought 
in  summer;  strong  soil  is  rendered  ca- 
pable of  absorbing  more  moisture,  and 
yet  remains  drier  at  the  surfiice  by  the 
water  passing  down  more  rapidly  to 
the  subsoil,  and  it  ensures  a  thorough 
shifting  of  the  soil.'- — Gard.  Chron. 

In  all  trenching,  whether  one,  two, 
or  more  spades  deep,  always,  previous 
to  digging,  put  the  top  of  each  trench 
two  or  three  inches  deep  or  more,  with 
all  weeds  and  other  litter  at  the  bottom 
of  the  open  one,  which  not  only  makes 
clean  digging,  and  increases  the  depth 
o^  loose  soil,  but  all  weeds  and  their 
seeds  are  regularly  buried  at  such  a 
depth,  that  the  weeds  themselves  will 
rot,  and  their  seeds  cannot  vegetate. 

TREVIRANL\.     See  Achimenes. 

T  R  E  V I  R  A  N  I  A  pulchella.  Stove 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division.  Light 
rich  soil. 

TREVOA.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

TREWIA'  nudiflora.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

TRIBULUS.    Eight  species.    Green- 


Proceed  in  this  way  until  the  whole  of  I  house    and    hardy    trailing    annuals   or 


the  ridges  are  outlined,  after  which 
begin  at  one  end  and  fill  up  the  bottom 
of  the  first  trench  with  the  surface  or 
'  top  spit'  of  the  second  one  ;  then  take 
the  bottom  '  spit'  of  the  latter,  and 
throw  it  in  such  a  way  over  the  other 


stove  evergreen  trailers;  the  annuals 
increase  by  seeds,  and  common  soil 
will  suit  them  ;  the  evergreens  increase 
by  cuttings  or  seeds,  and  grow  best  in 
loam  and  peat. 

TRICHOCEPHALUS.      Three   spe- 


as  to    form   an  elevated   sharp-pointed  ;  cies.      Greenhouse    evergreen    shrubs 


ridge.  By  this  means  a  portion  of  fresh 
soil  is  annually  brought  on  the  surface 
to  the  place  of  that  which  the  crop  of 
the  past  season  may  have  in  some  mea- 
sure exhausted." — Gard.  Chron. 

Bastard-Trenctiing  is  thus  perform- 
ed :— 

"  Open  a  trench  two  feet  and  a  half 
or  a  yard  wide,  one  full  spit,  and  the 
shoveling  deep,  and  wheel  the  soil 
from  it  to  where  it  is  intended  to  finish 


the  piece,  then  put  in  the  dung  and  dig  .  loam  and  peat. 


Young  cuttings.     Sandy  peat. 

TRICHOCLADUS  crinitus.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

TRICHOMANES.  Two  species. 
Ferns.  Hardy  and  stove  herbaceous 
perennials.  Division  or  seeds.  Loam 
and  peat. 

TRICHONEMA.  Sixteen  species. 
Green-house,  hardy  and  half-hardy 
bulbous     perennials.      Offsets.      Sandy 


TRICHO'PETALUM  gracile.     Half- 
Division. 


it  in  with  the  bottom  spit  in  the  trench, 

then  fill   up   this   trench  with  the  top    hardy  herbaceous  perennial 

spit,  &c.,  of  the  second,  treating  it  in    Light  rich  soil. 

like  manner,  and  so  on.     The  advan-        TRICHOPILIA   tortilis.     Stove 

tages  of  this  plan  of  working  the  soil    epiphyte.     Division.     Wood  with  a  lil- 

are,  the  good  soil  is  retained  at  top,  an  ,  tie  moss  on  the  roots. 


TRI 


604 


TRO 


TRICHOSANTHES  anguina.  Snake 
Gourd.  Frame  trailing  annual.  Seeds. 
Common  soil. 

TRICHOSTEMA.  Two  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.    Common  soil. 

TRICORYNE.  Three  species. 
Greenhouse  herbaceous  perennials,  ex- 
cept T.  simplex,  a  green-house  biennial 
increased  by  seeds,  the  other  two  by 
division  ;  a  light  rich  soil  suits  them  all. 

TRIDENTIA.  Seven  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  brick  rubbish. 

TRIENTALIS.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division  or 
seeds.     Light  rich  soil. 


sited  in  a  cabbage  or  cauliflower,  the 
young  larva  immediately  eats  its  way  to 
the   centre,  on  which  it   feeds  till   it  is 

;  full  grown,  when  it  is  about  two  inches 
long,   greenish    or   brownish    green    in 

\  colour,  with  two  rows  of  black  spots 
on  the  back.  During  the  winter,  it  lies 
beneath  stones  or  clods  of  earth,  and  in 
April  or  May  it  descends  a  few  inches 
below  the  surface,  where  it  changes  to 
a  reddish  pupa,  from  which  the  perfect 
moth   emerges   in  June  or  July.     The 

i  moth  varies  in  size  from  two  to  two  and 
a  half  inches:  the  upper  wings  are 
brownish  or  grayish,  with  an  indistinct 
kidney-shaped    spot   near   the   centre ; 


TRIFOLIUM.  Trefoil  or  Clover.  '  the  lower  wings  are  bright  yellow,  with 
One  hundred  and  two  species.  All  a  narrow  black  band.  The  moth  varies 
hardy,  chiefly  annuals,  some  herba-  considerably  in  its  colour  and  markings, 
ceous  perennials,  and  a  few  deciduous,    scarcely  two  individuals  ever  being  ex- 

Di- !  actly  alike.     The  caterpillar,  though  it 
most  frequently  is  found  on  the  cabbage 
or  cauliflower,  yet  sometimes  does  con- 
Stove  orchids.    Division.    Fibrous  peat. '  siderable   mischief  to  celery,  and  even 
r      ,^,T^„  .        ,        .  „      ,  ^^^  young  leaves   and    flower-buds    of 

auriculas,   primroses,   and    violets   are 


herbaceous,  and    annual    trailers 
vision  or  seeds.     Common  soi 

TRIGONIDIUM.     Four  species 


TRIGUERA  ambrosiaca.    Hardy  an 
nual.     Seeds.     Common  soil. 

TRILLIUM.  Fifteen  species.  Hardy  I  destroyed  by  it.     The   only  remedy  we 
tuberous-rooted    perennials.      Division  ;  can  suggest  is  to  search  for  and  destroy 

I  them.'* — Gard.  Chron. 

TRIPHASIA  trifoliata.  Green-house 


or  seeds.     Peaty  soil. 

M.  F.  Otto  observes,  that — "  Seven 
species  are  cultivated  in  our  gardens,  |  evergreen  shrub.    Ripe  cuttings.    Turfy 
namely:   Trillium  sessile;   T.  erythro- '  \oa.m  and  peat. 

carpum;  T.pusilium;  T.  cernuum ;  T.\  TRIPTILION.  Two  species.  Hardy 
erectum;  T.  pendulum ;  a.nd  T.  grand i-  annua.\s.  Seeds.  Common  soil. 
fiorum.  Their  cultivation  is  very  sim- |  TRISTANIA.  Eight  species.  Green- 
pie.  They  grow  freely  in  the  open  air  !  house  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Half 
without  covering,  in  shady  places,  and  ripe  cuttings.  Loam,  peat,  and  sand, 
in  a  mixture  composed  of  marsh  or  \  TRITELEIA.  Three  species.  Halt- 
heath  soil,  mixed  with  river  sand.  They  !  hardy   bulbous    perennials.     Offsets   or 

'       "    seeds.     Peat,  loam,  and  sand. 

TRITOMA.  Four  species.  Hardy 
or  half-hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Suckers.     Light  rich  soil. 

TROCHETIA  grandiflora.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Rich  light 
loam. 

TROCHOCARPA  laurina.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat  and  turfy  soil. 

TROLLIUS.  Globe  Flower.  Seven 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Division  or  seeds.     Light  moist  soil. 

TROMOTRICHE.  Five  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  brick  rubbish. 

TROP.EOLUM.  Nasturtium.  Four- 
teen species.  Green-house  hardy  and 
half-hardy  annuals,  and  evergreen 
twiners.  T.  brachyceras  and  T.  tube- 
rosum  are  half-hardy    tuberous-rooted 


bloom  abundantly  every  year,  in  April 
and  May,  and  are  a  great  ornament  to 
our  gardens;  the  tuberous  roots  spread 
rapidly  by  the  formation  of  lateral  eyes, 
so  that  after  some  years,  if  the  plants 
have  not  been  removed,  they  will  form 
large  handsome  bushes.  The  seeds 
ripen  in  August,  and  if  sown  imme- 
diately, they  will  come  up  the  following 
year.  They  may  be  sown  either  in  the 
open  ground,  in  a  shady  peat  border,  or 
in  pots.  The  stronger  seedlings  will 
bloom  in  the  third  season." — Gard. 
Chron. 

TRIOPTERIS.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  twiners.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

TRIPH/ENIA  pro«Mia.  Yellow  Un- 
derwing  Moth.  Mr.  Curtis  says  that 
"  its  caterpillar  is  hatched  in  July  or 
August,  and  if  the  egg  has  been  depo- 


TRO 


605 


TRO 


perennials.  The  green-house  and  half- 
hardy  species  increase  by  cuttings,  and 
require  a  light  rich  soil.  The  annuals, 
seeds  only,  and  common  soil.  The 
tuberous-rooted,  cuttings,  loam,  and 
peat.  Some  of  the  species  require  par- 
ticular treatment,  as  follows: — 

T.   tricoloruin. — Mr.   Falconer,   gar- 


of  peat  and  sand,  till  within  two  inches 
of  the  top,  fill  up  with  silver  sand,  and 
water  with  a  fine  rose  to  settle  it.  Then 
dibble  in  the  cuttings  all  round,  within 
one  inch  of  the  rim,  leaving  about  half 
an  inch  of  the  cutting  above  the  sand. 
Place  the  pot  on  a  shelf  in  the  front  of 
the  green-house,  keep   the   sand   con- 


dener  to  A.  Palmer,  Esq.,  of  Cheam,  |  stantly  moist,  taking  care  that  the  cut 
enters  fully  into  its  cultivation.  He  '  linf^s  are  always  erect.  In  the  course 
says  that — "  the  soil  best  suited  to  it  is  |  of  two  months  many  of  them  will  throw 
a  mixture  of  loam,  peat,  and  sand,  with  up  shoots  from  under  the  sand.  The 
a  small  portion  of  soot;  this  mixture  to  pot  should  then  be  removed  to  a  shady 
be  exposed  to  the  influence  of  the  sun  situation  out  of  doors.  When  the  stems 
from  May  until  time  to  plant  the  tubers,  decay,  do  not  disturb  the  sand,  but 
About  the  latter  end  of  June,  or  as  soon  |  water  sparingly.  In  October  let  them 
as  the  decay  of  the  stem  and  ripening  j  be  placed  in  the  green-house,  when  all 
of  the  seed  show  that  the  circulation  of  i  that  have  made  small  tubers  will  grow. 


the  sap  has  ceased,  turn  out  the  tubers 
from  the  pots,  and  having  carefully  re- 
moved the  soil,  put  the  tubers  in  flower 
pans  upon  a  shelf  in  a  dry  room.  About 
the  beginning  of  September  they  pro- 
duce their  new  stems;  let  them  remain 
until  they  have  lengthened  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  inches.  Having  well  drained 
a  No.  12  pot,  fill  it  up  with  the  compost 
to  within  four  inches  of  the  top,  then 
place  the  tuber  in  the  centre  of  the  pot, 
and  coil  the  stem  or  stems  around,  care- 
fully filling  up  with  the  compost  until 
about  two  inches  of  the  stem  are  left 
above  the  soil.  After  potting,  place  the 
pots  on  a  stage  out  of  doors,  there  to 
remain  till  the  middle  of  October,  they 
are  then  removed  to  the  front  of  a  cool 
green-house,  exposed  to  as  much  light 
and  air  as  can  be  given  to  them.  With 
respect  to  watering,  keep  them  rather 
moist  than  otherwise:  when  out  of  doors 
they  are  freely  exposed  to   rain.     The 


It  is  from  these  plants  the  best  cuttings 
are  obtained  in  the  spring.  In  the  fol- 
lowing May,  turn  the  whole  ball  out  of 
the  pot,  in  a  warm  situation  in  the  open 
ground.  After  they  have  finished  their 
growth,  take  them  up  and  sift  the  ball 
through  a  fine  sieve,  carefully  picking 
out  the  tubers.  They  are  then  treated 
in  all  respects  as  the  older  tubers,  and 
will  make  fine  flowering  plants  the  fol- 
lowing spring.  The  seeds  before  sow- 
ing should  be  soaked  in  milk  and  water 
twenty-four  hours,  and  the  outer  shell 
carefully  removed  ;  they  will  under  this 
treatment  grow  much  sooner  and  with 
greater  certainty.  They  should  remain 
in  the  seed  pot  until  after  they  have 
formed  a  tuber.  A  small  stick  can  be 
placed  against  each  plant,  to  which  it 
will  climb,  and  it  serves  to  indicate  the 
place  of  the  tuber  when  the  stem  is 
dead.  Many  seeds  will  remain  twelve 
months    before     vegetating."  —  Card. 


3ariy  flower-buds  should  be  picked  off  j  Chron. 
until  the  space  allotted  is  covered,  the  T.  moritzianum  requires  very  similar 
object  being  to  have  the  greatest  quan-  treatment.  Dr.  Lindley  directs  that 
tity  of  bloom  atone  time.  When  ne-  — "  After  this  plant  has  bloomed,  water 
cessarv,  in  their  early  growth,  they  may  I  should  be  gradually  withheld  from  it, 
be  stopped  to  give  a  supply  of  laterals,  and  the  pot  containing  the  tubers  should 
At  all  times  they  should  have  plenty  of  be  stored  away  in  some  dry  situation, 
air  and  light,  more  especially  after  they  until  the  season  for  starting  it  into 
show  their  flower-buds,  for  the  joints  |  growth  returns.  The  tubers  should  then 
will  be  shorter,  and  consequently  the  ;  be  repotted  and  placed  in  a  gentle  heat." 
flowers  more  close  together.     When  in  |  — Gard.  Chron. 

bloom,  care  must  be  taken  to  shade  I  T.  majus  is  the  Nasturtium  of  our 
from  the  midday  sun,  which  \»ill  pro-  gardens.  "  The  flowers  and  young 
long  their  season  of  plenty:  take  off  leaves  are  frequently  eaten  in  salads; 
the  weak  laterals  that  are  not  likely  to  they  have  a  warm  taste,  like  the  corn- 
flower, where  about  two  inches  long ;  .  mon  Cress,  hence  the  name  of  ^astur- 
if  with  a  heel  so  much  the  better.  Any  tiitm.  The  flowers  are  also  used  as  a 
time  from  February  till  May  fill  the  pot  garnish  to  dishes.  The  berries  are 
half  full  of  crocksj  then  w  I'th  a  mixture    gathered  green  and  pickled,  in  which 


TRO 


606 


TRU 


state,  they  form  an  excellent  substitute 
for  capers. 

"  It  should  be  planted  on  a  warm 
border  in  April,  having  soaked  the  seed 
in  warm  water  for  twelve  hours.  The 
usual  mode  of  planting,  is  in  hills  three 
feet  apart  each  way,  four  seeds  in  a 
hill  ;  two  strong  plants  are  sufficient  to 
remain  ;  when  they  commence  running, 
place  brush  around  them  to  climb  on. 
When  the  berries  attain  full  growth, 
but  whilst  yet  tender,  they  are  plucked 
with  the  foot  stalk  attached,  and  pre- 
served in  vinegar." — Rural  Register. 

TROWEL.  This  implement,  made  of 
iron  from  twelve  to  six  inches  long  in 
the  plate,  and  half  as  broad,  hollowed 
like  a  scoop,  and  fixed  on  a  short  handle 
to  hold  with  one  hand,  is  convenient  in 


latter  cultivates  the  Piedmont  Truffle, 
and  his  process  is  this  : — He  either  em- 
ploys the  soil  where  the  truffle  is  found, 
or  he  prepares  an  artificial  soil  of  seven 
parts  good  garden  earth;  two,  well 
pulverized  clayey  soil  ;  and  one,  oak 
sawdust — intimately  mixed.  Decayed 
oak  or  beech  leaves  would  be  better 
probably  than  the  sawdust.  If  the  na- 
tural soil  was  used,  he  trenched  it  two 
feet,  removing  all  the  large  stones,  and 
adding  oak  sawdust,  if  necessary,  and 
about  one- tenth  of  powdered  snail  shells, 
if  the  soil  was  too  stiff. 

"  Choosing  an  aspect  rather  exposed 
to  the  north  than  the  south,  where  no 
reflected  rays  could  fall  upon  it,  with 
every  precaution  to  insure  its  being 
thoroughly  soaked  with  pure  rain-water, 


removing  small   plants,  with  a  ball  or    and   after  waiting   a  day  or  two  till  it 


lump  of  earth  about  their  roots,  lifting 
bulbous  flower  roots  after  the  flowering 
is  past  in  summer;  planting  bulbs  in 
patches  or  little  clumps  about  the  bor- 
ders, as  also  for  digging  small  patches 
in  the  borders,  for  sowing  hardy  annual 
flower  seeds  ;  likewise  for  filling  mould 
into  small  pots,  stirring  the  surface  of 
the  earth  in  pots,  and  fresh  earthing 
them  when  necessary.  And  such  a 
trowel  is  likewise  very  convenient  for 
pointing  over  or  stirring  the  ground  be- 
tween rows  of  small  close-placed  plants 
jn  beds  or  borders ;  are  made  between 
about  twelve  inches  long  in  the  plate, 
and  six  broad,  narrowing  gradually  to 
the  bottom,  the  other  six  or  eight  inches 
in  the  plate,  and  four  inches  broad, 
narrowing  considerably  towards  the  bot- 
tom, to  introduce  between  small  plants. 

TROXIMON.  Two  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

TRUE  PARSLEY.  Apium  Petroso- 
linvm. 

TRUE  SERVICE.    Pyrm  Sorbus. 


was  in  a  proper  state  of  moisture,  he 
made  rows  half  a  foot  deep,  and  in 
these,  at  six  inches  distance,  he  placed 
good  and  sound  truffles,  each  of  them 
being  surrounded  with  two  or  three 
handfuls  of  oak  sawdust,  taking  care  to 
mark  the  rows  accurately.  Ridges  were 
then  made  over  each  row,  to  prevent 
the  truffles  being  injured  by  too  abund- 
ant moisture.  The  bed  was  then  left 
till  the  following  autumn,  with  no  other 
precaution  than,  in  dry  weather,  to  take 
care  that  it  did  not  become  too  dry. 
The  result,  we  are  informed,  was  an 
abundant  harvest,  every  year,  from  Oc- 
tober to  January." — Gard.  Chron. 

Bradley,  writing,  in  1726,  of  the  culti- 
vation of  the  truffle  in  England,  says 
that — 

"  The  truffle  may  be  easily  cultivated 
where  there  are  woods  or  coppices  of 
oak  or  hazel,  and  where  the  soil  is  not 
too  stifle,  or  inclining  to  chalk.  The  soil 
where  they  are  most  found  is  a  reddish 
sandy  loam  ;  this  will  then  be  the  best 
for  our  purpose,  especially  if  it  has  lain 


TRUFFLE.    Tufeer  mng-rea^wm.  Pied- ;  long  uncultivated.     When  we  are  thus 


montese  Truffle  ;   T.  Borchii,  Italy  ;   T. 
moschatum,  Musk  Truffle,   near  Bath 


provided  with  the  proper  soil,  we  must 
be  sure  to  let  it  lie  undisturbed  till  we 


T.  cibarium.  Common  Truffle,  England.  I  are  ready  to  plant,  which  will  be  in  the 
But  besides  the  tubers  there  are  other]  months  of  October,  November,  and  De- 
edible  fungi  known  as  trufiles,  viz.,  Hi/- I  cember,  if  the  weather  be  open;  for 
drohoUtes  tulasnei,  Spye  Park,  Wilts  ;  then  the  truffles  are  to  be  found  in  their 
Mclngomster  Broomeianus,  Red  Truf- '  full  ripeness,  and  then,  likewise,    one 


f3e,  near  Bath. 


may  find  them  in  a  state  of  putrefaction, 


These  edible  fungi  have  not  yet  been  which  is  the  time  when  the  seeds  are 
cultivated  in  England,  though  the  Prus- :  prepared  for  vegetation.  It  is  in  the 
gians  have  succeeded  in  making  them  a  '  last  state  that  one  ought  to  gather  truf- 
garden  tenant,  and  Comte  de  Borch  has  fles  for  planting,  or  at  least  they  should 
been  equally  successful  in  Italy.     The  i  be  in  perfect  ripeness. 


TRU 


607 


TU  L 


"The  proper  soil,  and  these  rotten  i  stalks  united  at  one  common  centre, 
truffles,  being  found,  we  may  begin  our  and  thus  spring  from  the  root  or  branch 
work  as  follows: — Open  a  spot  of  on  one  stem,  as  in  the  auricula,  polyan- 
ground,  of  a  convenient  space,  and  thus,  and  cowslip.  See  Pip. 
take  out  the  earth  about  eight  inches  j  TUBE  FLOWER.  Clerodendron  si- 
deep,  and   screen  it,  that  it  maybe  as  phonanthus. 

fine  as  possible  ;  then  lay  about  two  or  j  TUBER  eibarium,  the  well  known 
three  inches  thick  of  this  fine  earth  at  i  truffle.  It  grows  under  ground,  in  light 
the  bottom  ofthe  trench  or  open  ground,  ;  dry  soils. 

and  upon  it  lay  some  of  the  overripe  [  TUBEROSE.  Polyanthes  tubcrosa. 
truffles,  about  a  foot  and  a  half  distance  |  Dr.  Lindley  says  that, — 
from  one  another ;  and,  as  soon  as  pos-  ^  "  To  tlower  the  tuberose  in  the  open 
sible,  prepare  a  thin  mud,  made  of  the  ,  air  the  bulbs  should  be  started  in  a 
screened  earth  and  water,  well  stirred  moderately  warm  frame,  and  planted 
and  mixed  together,  and  pour  it  on  the  ,  out  towards  the  end  of  May,  in  a  sunny 
truffles  till  the  open  ground  is  quite  ,  sheltered  border.  The  bottom  of  the 
filled  up.  By  this  means,  in  a  few  hours,  j  border  should  consist  principally  of  well 
the  ground  will  be  as  closely  settled  !  decomposed  manure,  and  should  be 
about  the  truffles  as  if  it  had  never  been  [  covered,  to  the  depth  of  six  inches,  with 
dug  or  disturbed  at  all,  and  you  may  '  light  sandy  loam,  in  which  the  bulbs 
expect  a  good  crop  in  due  time.  You  ;  should  be  planted.  Success,  in  this 
must,  however,  take  care  to  choose  '  case,  will  depend  greatly  upon  the  sea- 
your  spots  of  ground  in  woods  or  cop-  ;  son,  and  upon  having  good  bulbs,  which 
pices,  or  such  places  as  are  shaded  with  ;  should  be  planted  just  as  they  are  re 


trees.  Their  favorite  tree  is  the  oak,  or 
the  ilex  or  evergreen  oak,  as  the  elm  is 
the  favourite  ofthe  Morille. 

"  Notwithstanding  these  statements, 
it  is  quite  certain  that,  at  present,  the 
art  of  cultivating  the  truffle  is  not  known 


ceived.  When  grown  in  pots  the  same 
soil  should  be  used,  the  plants  should  be 
kept  near  the  glass,  and  they  should  re- 
ceive a  liberal  supply  of  water  when 
growing." — Card.  Chron. 

TUCKERMANIA  maritima.    Hardy 


in  England;  and  it  will  remain  unknown,    herbaceous  perennial.    Division.  Sandy 


probably,  until  we  have  discovered  how 
its  spawn  can  be  prepared,  as  for  culti- 
vating the  mushroom.'- — Card.  Chron. 
Mr.  Gower  says  he  recommended  an 
old  trutfle-hunter  "  to  bury,  at  the  pro- 


loam. 

I  TULBAGHIA.  Five  species.  Green- 
house bulbous  perennials.  Offsets  or 
seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

TULIP  A.      Twenty-four  species. 


per  depth,  some  of  his  trutfles  that  were    Hardy  bulbous  perennials.  Offsets.  Rich 


in  a  state  of  decay  and  unfit  for  the 
table,  under  one  of  the  unproductive 
trees  sutlicient  in  stature  and  in  umbra- 
geous development.  At  the  beginning 
of  next  winter,  when  his  visit  was  re- 
peated, he  sought  for  Mr.  G.,  and  told 
him,  with  great  satisfaction,  that  the 
scheme  had  answered  ;  for  he  had  found 
two  or  three  pounds  of  excellent  truffles 


loam  and  sand. 

TULIP.  Tulipa  Gesneriane.  From 
this  species  are  descended  our  innume- 
rable garden  varieties.  Of  these  it  is 
needless  to  do  more  than  ofl'er  a  selec- 
tion ;  and  the  most  judgmatical  is  the 
following,  by  Mr.  Slater,  florist,  of  Chel- 
tenham Hill,  near  INIanchester. 

The  first  class   contains  all  that  are 


beneath  the  hitherto  barren  tree.     By  worthy  of  a  place  in  any  stand  of  twelve 

following  this  example,  proprietors  of  or   twenty-four  varieties,  and    possess 

trees  adapted  to  truffles,  and  where  the  every  requisite  of  a  fine  tulip.     In  the 

proper  trees  have  been  planted,  may,  in  second   the   varieties   have   either   fine 

a  short  period,  do  that  which  a  lapse  of  forms,  but  tinged  stamens,  or  else  have 


years,  unassisted,  would  not  effect. 


rather  long  cups  and  pure  bottoms  and 


"  Of  all  trees  the  cedar  of  Lebanon  is  stamen.     Those  in  the  third  class  are 

the  most  favourable  to  the  growth  of  the  such  as  deserve  a  place  in  any  collec- 
truffle." — Gard.  Chron.                              \  tion,  but  are  not  calculated  for  a  south- 

TRUMPET   FLOWER.     Bignonia.  era  stage. 

TRUSS  is  the  florist's  name  for  what 

botanists  call  an  umbel  of  flowers,  a  dis-  fikst  class. 

tinctive  title  for  that  mode  of  inflores-  Rose.  —  Aglaia;    Amelia;    Bacchus, 

cence  where  several  flowers  have  their  alias  Atlas,  and  Rose  Baccu  ;  Carnuse 


TUL 


608 


TUL 


de  Craix  ;  Catalina,  alias  Ponceau  tres  j  zio,  alias  Abercrombie,  Captain  White  ; 

Blanc,   and   Cerise   Blanche  ;   Cerise  &  |  Strong's  Admiral  White,  and  Strong's 

belle    forme  ;    Galatea   (Slater's)  ;   Tri-  |  Admiral  Black  ;  Shakspeare,  alias  Gar- 

omphe  Royale,  alias  Heroine,  La  Belle    rick  and  Edmund  Kean  ;  Strong's  King. 

Nannette,  and  La  Cherie;  Madame  Ves-  j 

tris,  alias  Clarke's  Clio,  and  Goldham's  |  third  class. 

Princess  Sophia  ofGJoucester;  Ponceau 


Roses. — Admiral  Kingsbergen  ;  Alex- 
tres    blanc    (Dutch);   Queen  of  Hearts  |  andre   Ic    Roi ;    Camilhis  ;    Claudiana  ; 

Comte  deVergennes;  Duchess  of  Cla- 
rence ;  Emily  ;  Fleur  de  Dame  ;  Grand 
Roi  de  France;  Incomparable  Hebe, 
alias  Iphigenia  and  Rose  Hebe  ;  Lady 
Wilmot;  La  Vandyke;  Lavinia  (Clarke's); 
Lilas  en  Cerise;  Maria  (Goldham's) ; 
Mary  Ann  (Lawrence's) ;  Rose  Monty, 
Rose  Bianca,Rose  Quarto,  Rose  Primo 


(Franklin's);  Rose  Brillant. 

Byblomens. — Anacreon  (Slater's);  Bi- 
jou des  Amateurs ;  Byzantium  (Lau- 
rence's); Camarine;  Eveque  d'Amboise; 
Holmes'  King;  Invincible  (Franklin's); 
Mentor,  aZia*  Reine  de  Sheba;  Musa- 
dora  ;  Pandora  ;  Roi  de  Siam,  alias  Aca- 
pulco ;    Salvator    Rosa;    Violet  Cook; 


Violet  Sovereign  ;  Violet  Quarto,  alias  '  bien  du  Noir,  and  Rose  Unique  ;  Sarah 
Violet  Alexander;  Violet  Brun;  Zenobi;i  !  (Lawrence's) ;    Strong's    Daphne,  very 


(Slater's). 

Bizarres. — Catafalque  (Old  Dutch) ; 
Charbonnier;  Curion  (Slater's);  Duke 
of  Hamilton  (Slater's)  ;  Fabius  (Lau- 
rence's) ;  Glencoe  ;  lago  (Laurence's)  ; 
Marcellus  ;  Napoleon  (Walker's) ;  Poly- 
phemus, alias  Goldham's  Albion,  Ulys- 
ses, and  Nourri  Effendi. 

SECOND   CLASS. 

Roses. — Brulante  Eclatante;  Catha- 
rine; Cerise  Royal, oZ/as  Manteau  Ducal, 
Ponceau  Brilliant,  and  Moore's  Rose  ; 
Elizabeth  Jeffries  ;  Lady  Crewe  ;  Lady 
Middleton  ;  Lac  ;  Manon  ;  Mason's  Ma- 
tilda, alias  Strong's  French  Rose  ;  Pre- 
tiosa,  alias  Thunderbolt;  Queen  Boadi- 
cea ;  Rose  Camuse. 

Byblomens. — Ambassador,  alias  Atlas 
and  Rose  Baccu  ;  Bailleu  van  Menvede  ; 
Bienfait  Incomparable;  Beauty  (Buck- 
ley's); Buckley's  No.  46;  Cleopatra; 
Comte  de  Provence  ;  David,  a/(as  David 
Pourpre  ;  Davy's  Queen  Charlotte  ;  Due 
de  Bourdeaux  ;  General  Barneveld  ;  Im- 
peratrixFlorum;  Incomparable  Daphne; 
Incomparable,  (Rowbottom's,  alias 
Haigh's  ;)  Lancashire  Hero  (Buckley's); 
Lord  Denbigh;  Lord  of  the  Isle  (Sla- 
ter's); Lewold;  Louis  XVI.;  Ne  plus 
Ultra;  Prince  Elie ;  Queen  Victoria 
(Wilmer's);  Rubens  ;  Sir  E.  Knatchbull; 
Thalia  (Clarke's);   Violet  Sovereign. 

Bizarres. — Charles  X.,  alias  Water- 
loo, Bartlett's  Platoff,  La  Conquerante, 
Gabel's  Glory,  Royal  Sovereign,  and 
Duke  of  Lancaster;  Catafalque  Surpasse; 
Carter's  Leopold;  Donzelli,  alias  Wells' 
Lord  Brougham  ;  Leonatus  Posthumus; 

Lord  Milton  ;  Lord  Lilford  ;  Leonardo    flowers,  may  not  be  understood  by  all 
da  Vinci;  Optimus  (Hutton's),aZZas  Sur- j  readers,  they  are  here  defined, 
passe  Optimus;  Richard  Cobden  ;  San- |      Florists  call  tulips  seedZZng^s  until  they 


like  if  not  the  same  as  La  Vandyke; 
Thalestris;  Vesta;  Walworth,  aZZas  Glo- 
ry of  Walworth,  and  Glaphyra. 

Byblomens.  —  Alexander  Magnus, 
alias  Alcon  and  Grand  Marvel  ;  Ange- 
lina; Bagnel,  called  also  Black  Bagnel ; 
Baluruc  ;  Black  Tabbart;  Catharina  ; 
Chef  d'cBUvre  ;  Competitor;  Czarine  ; 
Ely's  Queen  Victoria;  Fair  Flora 
(Buckley's);  Glory  (Buckley's);  Gro- 
tius;  Imperatrice  de  Maroc,  alias  Lady 
of  the  Lake,  and  Valerius  Publicola  ; 
Imperatrice  des  Romaines,  alias  Du- 
chesse  de  Modena;  Incomparable  Pre- 
mier Noble,  alias  Grand  Czidt;  La  belle 
Narene;  La  Mere  Bruin  Incomparable; 
Laurence's  Friend  ;  Nectar ;  Passe 
Reine  d'Egypt;  Patty  (Lawrence's); 
Queen  of  Beauties  ;  Queen  Charlotte  ; 
Reid's  Sir  John  Moore  ;  Reine  d'Hon- 
grie  ;  Reine  des  Tulips;  Roscius;  Su- 
perbeen  Noir,  alias  Lysander  Noir; 
Transparent  Noir;  Washington,  alias 
Rodney;  Violet  h  belle  forme,  Violet 
Imperial,  Violet  Pompeuse,  Violet  Rou- 
geatre,  Violet  Triumphant,  and  Violet 
Wallers. 

Bizarres.  —  Bolivar  (Lawrence's) ; 
Carlo  Doici;  Catafalque  Superieure ; 
Duke  of  Wellington  ;  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria ;  Jubilee  (Rider's)  ;  Sir  Sidney 
Smith,  alias  Magnum  Bonum,  Trebi- 
sonde,  Demetrius,  and  Franklin's 
Washington ;  Osiris ;  Prince  Albert 
(Groom's). — Gard.  Chron. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  tulips  are 
divided  into  different  classes,  and  as 
the  characteristics  of  these,  as  well  as 
some   other  terms  applicable  to  these 


T  U  L 


609 


TU  L 


have    bloomed;    after   this   those   pre-  should  commence  at  the  hottnm  ofeach 

served  on  account  of  their  good  form  petal,  the  deepest  marking  being  on  the 

and   habit,  as  well   as  the  offsets  they  top,    and    equal    in    every    one.      The 

produce,    are    called    breeders.      After  flamed  flower  should   likewise   possess 

some  years  tiie  petals  of  these  become  this  feather;  with  a   rich    beam   up  the 

striped,  and   they  are  then   said  to  be  rib    of   each    petal,   branching   off    oa 

broken.     If  the  striping   is  good,  they  either  side,  touching  the  feather,  and  at 

are  said  to  have  a  good  strain ;  if  it  be  the  same  time  preserving   sufficient  of 

inferior,  they  are  described   as   having  the  ground  colour  to  show  it  to  advan- 


a  bad  strain.     A  rectified  tulip  is  syno- 
nymous with  a  tulip  havinga  good  strain. 
A  feathered  tulip  has  a  dark-coloured 


tage.  A  riame  without  a  feather,  in 
general,  presents  a  star-like  appear- 
ance, which,  though  not   so  correct  as 


edge  round  its  petals,  gradually  becom-  the  other,  is   still  beautiful.     The  stem 

ing  lighter  on  the  margin  next  the  cen-  should  be   elastic,  neither  too  tall  nor 

tre  of  the  petal  ;  the  feathering  is  said  short  for  the  size  of  the  flower,  and  suf- 

to  be /(g-Af,  if  narrow  ;  Aearj/,  if  broad  ;  ficiently    strong    to    keep    itself   erect 

a.nd  irregu/nr,  if  lis  inner  edge  has  a  without  support.  The  edge  of  the  petals 

broken  outline.  !  should     be    unbroken,    their    greatest 

A ^'7mc(f  tulip  is  one  that  has  a  dark-  width   near  the  top,  which  would  pre- 

pointed   spot,  somewhat  in    shape  like  vent  all   quartering   (a  term   which    in 

the  flame  of  a  candle,  in  the  centre  of  reality  means  dividing  in  four),  whereas 


each  |)otal. 


the  tulip   parts  into   six,  and   it  would 


Sometimes   a  tulip  is  both  feathered   be    better  in   Mr.   Groom's   opinion    if 


and  flamed. 


sextalizijig,  or  some  more  proper  term 


A  Bizard  tulip  has  a  yellow  ground,    were  substituted  —  Card.  Cliron. 


and  coloured  marks  on  its  petals. 


Soil  and  Situation. — The  best  soil  is 


A    Byblomen  is   white,   marked  with    formed  of  good  turfy  loam  from  a  pas- 


black,  lilac,  or  purple. 

A  Rose  is  white,  with  marks  of  crim- 
son, pink,  or  scarlet. 

Characteristics  of  Excellence.  —  A 
tulip,  however  coloured,  should  be 
composed  of  six  petals,  three  outer  and 


ture.  Some  very  old  cow-dung,  say 
two  years  old,  and  road  scrapings,  in 
the  proportions  of  three  or  four  barrow- 
fuls  of  the  loam  to  one  of  the  others. 
The  best  aspect  is  south-west ;  the  beds 
should   be   upon   an   0|)en  space,  eight 


three  inner,  which  should  be  alternate,  yards  at  least  from  any  wall,  to  avoid 
and  lie  close  to  each  other;  broad  and  the  reflection  of  ihe  sun.  The  soil 
round  on  the  top,  quite  smooth,  and  of  should  be  free  from   maniirp,  rich,  and 


sutticient  width  to  allow  the  edges  to 
lie  over  each  other  when  fully  expand- 
ed.    They  should   be   firm  in   texture, 


rendered   light  by   well    working    it. — 
Gard.  Chron. 
Propigation. — By  Seed. — Xn  excel- 


having  a  slight  swell  towards  the  lower  lent  French  authority  gives  these  direc- 
part  of  the  midrib  of  the  petal,  which  tions  : — "When  the  ripeness  of  the 
will  enable  it  to  retain  its  shape;  this  tulip  seed,  where  the  flower  has  bloom- 
in  a  fully  expanded  flower  should  be  ed  in  a  full  exposure,  is  indicated  by 
semi-globular,  the  stalk  being  inserted  the  opening  of  the  capsule,  it  is  cut  off 
in  the  pole,  which  should  be  a  little  a  few  inches  below  the  head,  and  placed 
depressed.  The  petals  should  be  level  in  a  very  dry  situation,  in  order  to  in- 
on  the  top,  the  inner  three  of  the  same  sure  its  perfect  maturity.  This  being 
height  as  the  outer;  the  latter  should  :  accomplished,  the  seeds  are  taken  out, 
not  be  bent  back,  as  is  the  case  in  and  should  be  sown,  about  the  middle  of 
some  flowers.  The  colour  of  the  October, in  a  bed  of  well  prepared  earth, 
ground  should  be  pure  and  rich,  the  which  has  been  passed  through  a  coarse 
base  of  the  petals  without  stain,  and  sieve,  and  covered  about  the  eighth  of 
the  yellow  ground  should  possess  the  an  inch  in  depth  with  soil  of  a  fine  and 
same  intensity  of  colour  on  the  outer  as  light  texture,  which  will  allow  the  free 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  flower.  In  the  vegetation  of  the  seeds  without  in- 
tliree  principal  classes,  namely,  roses,  crusting  or  becoming  hard.  The  beds 
bizards,  and  byblomens,  the  colours  must  be  protected  from  sharp  frosts  by 
should  be  brilliant,  and  well  defined,  covering  them  with  leaves  or  with  mats, 
In  Mr.  Groom's  opinion,  the  feathered  and  likewise  kept  perfectly  free  from 
flower  is  most  preferable;  the  feathers  |  weeds.  If  these  necessary  prccautiont 
38 


TUL 


610 


TUL 


are  attended  to,  the  tulips  will  come  account  of  their  different  heights,  called 
up  towards  the  end  of  February.  From  j  first  row,  second  row,  third  row,  or 
the  size  of  a  small  pea  in  the  first  year, ;  fourth  row  flowers  ;  the  first  row  being 
the  roots  will  increase  considerably  '  nearest  the  sides,  and  the  fourth  row 
during  the  two  following  seasons,  and  being  in  the  middle;  of  course,  both 
each  time  when  the  leaves  fade,  I  sides  being  alike.  There  are  but  four 
spread  over  my  seedlings  about  an  inch  heights  recognised.  Although  we  have 
in  thickness  of  similarly  prepared  soil  said  a  bed  should  consist  of  seven  rows, 
to  that  with  which  the  seed  was  cover-  '  to  make  the  matter  plain  to  those  who 
ed,  being  satisfied,  that  from  the  loss  of  have  not  grown  a  bed  of  tulips,  every 
time  and  the  greater  extent  of  land  they    seven  which  cross  the  bed   is  called  a 


occupy  by  taking  them  up  in  the 
second  year  and  replanting  them,  it  is 
the  better  plan  to  allow  them  to  remain 
till  they  have  made  their  third  growth. 

"  I  do  not  take  up  mine  until  that 
time,  and  in  a  few  days  afterwards  I 
replant  them  about  two  or  three  inches 
in  depth,  and  about  three  inches  apart 


row;  and  among  tulip  growers,  wher- 
ever they  speak  of  a  row,  they  mean 
the  row  of  seven  which  crosses  a  bed, 
all  these  sevens  being  numbered  from 
1  to  50,  as  distinct  rows,  or  up  to  the 
full  number,  whatever  it  may  be.  Tu- 
lips should  be  always  planted  six  inches 
apart  every  way,  consequently  a  bed  of 


from  each  other,  in  a  well  prepared  twenty-five  feet  would  take  fifty  rows 
bed.  Lastly,  in  every  succeeding  1  of  seven  each.  The  tulips  required  will 
year,  I  set  them  in  fresh  soil,  being  be  50  fourth-row  flowers,  100  third  row, 
convinced  that  they  attain  their  full  I  (there  being  two  rows  alike  of  the  other 
size  much  sooner  when   treated  in  this    heights)  100  second  row,  and  100  first; 


manner,  especially  if  sand  has  been 
mixed  with  it,  or  lime  rubbish,  which 
has  been  enriched  with  good  rotten 
manure  or  vegetable  soil."  —  Card. 
Chron. 

By  Offsets. — The  same  practical  hor- 
ticulturist observes,  that — 


and  each  of  these  ought  to  comprise, 
as  nearly  as  may  be,  one-third  of  each 
class. 

"  There  should  be  a  few  over  of  each 
to  guard  against  accident.  The  parties 
who  supply  the  tulips  should  not  only 
send  the  names  attached  to  each,  but 


The  side  bulbs  always  reproduce  their  classes  also, 
flowers  identically  with  those  from!  "  Mark  a  space  twenty-five  feet  long 
which  they  derived  their  origin.  Their  and  four  feet  broad,  and  lying  as  near 
period  of  blooming  varies  according  to  as  may  be  convenient  north  flnd  south, 
their  size;  it  occasionally  happens  in  i  Dig  this  clean  out  to  the  depth  of  three 
the  first  year,  but  sometimes  it  is  six  or  !  feet. 

seven  years  before  they  flower.  During  1  "  If  the  soil  at  the  bottom  is  sour  or 
August  the  bed  must  be  prepared  for  |  wet,  make  a  drain  from  the  bottom  to 
thetr  reception  ;  and  in  September  they  j  the  nearest  place  at  which  the  water 
must  be  planted  from  two  to  four  inches  can  escape  ;  this  drain  should  be  made 
apart,  according  to  their  size.  Should  |  by  cutting  a  trench  even  with  the  bot- 
their  planting  be  deferred  till  Novem-  |  torn  of  the  bed  all  the  way  to  the  pro- 
ber, it  is  very  possible  that  many  of  the  '  posed  outlet,  half  filling  it  with  large^ 
smaller  ones  will  shrivel  and  perish,  stones,  broken  pots,  or  (for  want  <)f 
When  they  are  put  into  the  ground  or  harder  and  more  lasting  substance)  with 
taken  up,  the  same  system  is  followed  j  faggot  wood,  and  fill  up  the  trench  with 


as  in  the   main   collection,  so  that  al 
mistakes  may  bo  avoided,  and  by  that 


the  soil  of  the  garden. 

"  If  the  bottom  of  the  tulip  bed  should 


means  the  amateur  will  be  able  to  re- i  be  gravel,  there  will  require  no  artifi- 
place  any  bulbs  which  by  accident  or  cial  drainage.  On  the  bottom  of  the 
otherwise  he  may  have  lost  in  hischoice  i  bed  spread  a  foot  of  the  common  soil 
or  best  beds."— Card.  Chron.  i  of  the  garden  ;  the   real   depth  of  the 

Planting  in  Beds. — On  this  part  of  |  bed  required  for  the  tulips  is  but  two 
their  culture  the  best  practical  informa-  I  feet  ;  but  in  clearing  away  all  that  might 
tion  is  given  by  Mr.  Glenny.    He  says —  '  prove  noxious,  and   making  the  ground 

«'  A  bed  properly  arranged  consists  |  sound  and  sweet,  by  throwing  in  a  foot 
of  seven  long  rows,  of  which  the  tallest  of  good  garden  soil,  an  excellent  bottom 
tulips  should  be  the  middle, and  shorter-  is  made,  which  will  not  again  have  to 
ones  nearer  the  sides.     Tulips  are,  on    be  disturbed. 


TUL 

"  If  the  bottom  be  wet  and  sour,  aiui 
you  have  drained  it  as  before  denoted, 
let  there  be  a  good  six  inches  of  brick 
rubbish,  or  broken  flower  pots,  or  both, 
put  at  the  bottom,  and  about  six  inches 
of  the  common  garden  soil   upon  them. 

"  The  pit  for  the  bed  bciris;  now  pre- 
pared tor  filliiifT,  spread  dry  cow-duns, 
six  inches  thick,  at  the  bottom;  let  it 
be  trodden  down,  and  throw  maiden 
loam,  as  already  described  as  the  top 
spit  of  a  meadow,  with  the  turl'  rotted 
in  it;  fill  up  the  bed  to  eight  inches 
above  the  surface,  drive  down  at  each 
corner  of  the  bed  a  stake,  to  mark  the 
exact  size  the  bed  should  be,  that  is, 
the  two  end  stakes  four  feet  from  each 
other,  and  from  one  end  to  the  other 
twenty-five  feet;  and  let  these  stakes 
stand  exactly  square,  one  foot  above 
tlie  surface  of  the  path,  and  perfectly 
level. 

"  If  you  design  to  have  the  sides 
boarded,  which  saves  much  trouble, 
your  best  way  is  to  let  the  carpenter 
adjust  the  boards  very  nicely  as  to  level, 
to  let  them  go  down  at  least  six  inches 
below  the  surlace  of  the  garden  or  path, 
and  stand  eiL'lit  inches  above  it ;  he  must 
then  provide  a  three-inch  width,  to  fit 
on  and  take  otf  at  pleasure,  because  it 
is  of  the  greatest  service  in  planting. 
The  most  simple  way  of  planning  this 
is  with  bolts  ;  the  boarding  should  be 
an  inch  thick,  staples  should  be  placsd 
both  in  the  fixed  and  in  the  moveable 
board,  opposite  each  other,  at  proper 
distances. 

"  The  whole  should  be  covered  from 
heavy  falls  both  of  rain  and  snow  ;  and 
from  the  moment  the  bulbs  are  in  the 
ground,  have  none  but  genial  showers, 
and  not  much  rain  of  any  sort.  We 
would  never  see  the  bed  dry,  but  should 
be  quite  as  unwilling  to  see  it  too  wet." 
— Gnrd.  and  Pract.  Ftor. 

Should  very  severe  frosts  occur  dur- 
ing the  winter,  cover  the  bed  all  over 
a  few  inches  thick  with  sawdust,  which, 
ifdry,  the  frost  never  penetrates.  When 
the  frost  is  over,  take  away  the  sawdust, 
and  sift  a  little  fresh  soil  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  bed. 

S'lade. — Tulips  cannot  be  grown  more 
advantageously  than  in  two  beds,  ar- 
ranged and  sheltered  according  to  the 
plan  of  which  the  following  is  an  end 
view.  But  wlielher  grown  in  two  beds 
or  in  one,  lii'jhest  in  the  centre,  as  be- 
fore mentioned.    The  edges  of  the  beds 


should  be  supported  by  deal  planking 
two  inches  thick,  and  painted  green, 
surmounted  by  a  wire  trellis,  thirty 
inches  high,  coloured  similarly,  and 
supporting  arches  of  wire  to  bear  a 
canvtis  covering,  when  shade  is  re- 
quired. These  wire  arches  fit  into 
sockets  in  the  upper  rail  of  the  trellis, 
and  the  canvas  cover  is  fastened  to 
them  by  strings,  as  in  the  case  of  a  tent 
beilstead. 

The  wire  trellis  will  preserve  the 
plants  from  boisterous  winds  during  all 
periods  of  the  growth,  and  the  whole 
will  be  found  to  be  the  most  efficient 
shelter,  at  a  moderate  expense  that 
combines  elegance  with  utility.  The 
first  fortnight  of  the  month  of  Novem- 
ber is  the  best  season  for  planting.  A 
hole  should  be  made  with  a  trowel,  not 
with  a  dibble,  a  little  sand  be  j)laced 
beneath  and  over  each  bulb,  and  a  small 
hillock  marks  on  the  surface  its  place. 

The  only  after  culture  required  is  a 
frequent  hoeing  of  the  suriace  of  the 
bed  ;  and  as  the  flowers  fall,  to  cut  off 
the  seed  pod. 

Taking  up  the  Bulbs. — This  must  be 
done  as  soon  as  the  leaves  in  early 
autumn  become  yellow.  Mr.  Cilcnny 
says — 

"  If  you  have  room  and  convenience, 
put  them  into  boxes,  with  all  their  skins 
and  roots,  and  place  the  drawers  singly 
in  an  airy  dry  covered  place  out  of  the 
sun.  In  a  few  days  they  will  harden, 
the  skins  will  come  off  easy,  and  the 
root  break  away  without  damaging  the 
bulb.  Should  any  in  taking  up  be  Ibund 
with  moist  or  mildewed  skins,  which  is 
not  unfre(]uently  the  case,  they  should 
nevertheless  be  let  alone  a  day  or  two; 
the  removal  of  the  skins,  stalks,  and 
roots  is  accompanied  with  much  less 
risk.  It  is  not  uncommon  for  part  of 
the  top  to  come  away  with  the  roots,  if 
the  latter  is  broken  off  at  the  time  of 
taking  up  in  temporary  boxes  at  first, 
so  that  as  they  are  cleared  of  their 
skins  and  roots,  they  may  be  laid  away 


TUL 


612 


TUR 


in  their  own  drawers  perfectly  clean, 
which  is  not  easily  done  if  they  are 
taken  out  to  clean  and  returned  to  the 
same  place,  because  there  will  be  grit 
and  mould  not  easily  got  rid  of.  Tulips 
when  put  away,  should  have  air,  with- 
out heat,  or  much  frost;  an  outhouse  of 
any  kind  isbetterthan  a  dwelling-house. 
There  should  be  a  vacancy  between  all 
the  drawers,  and  the  case  all  round 
should  have  wire  panel  sides,  back  and 
front." — Gard.  and  Pract.  Flor. 

TULIP  TREE.     Liriodendron. 

TUP  A.  Six  species.  Half-hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division  and 
seed.     Light,  rich,  or  peaty  soil. 

TURF  may  be  obtained  either  by 
sowing  grass  seeds,  or  laying  turf  ob- 
tained from  a  common  or  down  ;  and  if 
the  latter  mode  can  be  adopted,  it  is 
the  best,  as  the  turf  is  obtained  at  once, 
and  more  regular  than  can  be  under  the 
best  circumstances  from  seed. 

All  the  preparation  of  the  soil  re- 
quired is  to  dig  it  level,  a  spade  deep, 
provided  the  subsoil  is  open,  otherwise 
to  have  a  good  drainage  effected  (see 
Draining);  to  have  all  large  stones  re- 
moved from  the  surface,  and  to  have  it 
brought  to  a  perfect  level,  by  repeated 
rollings,  and  filling  up  the  hollows 
when  necessary,  as  indicated  by  the 
level.  The  surface  being  then  loosened 
by  raking,  is  ready  for  the  seed  or  turf. 

By  Seed. — "  Never  use  that  from  a 
haystack,  for  it  will  have  mixed  with  it 
the  seeds  of  weeds  ;  but  buy  of  respect- 
able seedsmen,  as  much  as  you  require. 
For  this  purpose  the  best  are  Poa  pra- 
tensis,  green  or  spear  grass;  Poa  com- 
pressor, blue  grass;  Anthoiayithum  odo- 
ratum,  sweet  scented  vernal  grass: — 
either  of  the  above,  mixed  with  a  small 
proportion  of  white  clover,  will  form  a 
permanent  and  pleasing  sward. 

"  Sow  evenly,  and  rake  well  in,  and 
roll.  When  the  grasses  come  up,  the 
ground  should  be  carefully  gone  over, 
and  cleared  of  all  weeds  and  spurious 
grasses,  as  they  appear.  Strict  atten- 
tion to  this  will  do  much  to  ensure  the 
future  excellence  of  the  lawn.  During 
the  first  season  after  sowing,  the  grass 
may  be  mown  three  or  four  times,  but 
not  in  hot  dry  weather;  and  afterwards, 
the  oftener  it  is  rolled  and  mown  the 
better." — Gard.  Chron. —  Gard.  and 
Prac.  Flor. 

By  Turf. — The  season  for  laying  turf 
is  any  time  from  September  till  April 


or  May,  though  it  will  grow  at  almost 
any  time  of  the  year,  even  if  there  is 
occasion  to  lay  it  in  summer,  and  dry 
weather  succeed  :  for  although  it  will 
open  at  the  joints,  and  turn  brown,  as 
if  dead,  yet,  after  the  first  rain  it  will 
close  again,  and  resume  its  verdure. 

The  turf  for  this  use  is  cut  with  an 
iron  instrument  called  a  turfing  iron, 
observing  to  cut  the  pieces  all  an  equal 
width,  length,  and  thickness — the  pro- 
per size  is  a  foot  wide,  a  yard  long,  and 
about  an  inch  thick ;  they  should  be 
first  marked  by  line,  the  proper  width, 
length,  and  depth  with  a  racer  or  miter. 
Racing  them  first  longwise  a  foot  wide, 
then  across  in  yard  lengths;  then  pro- 
ceed to  cut  them  up,  having  particular 
regard  to  cut  them  level,  and  equal  in 
thickness,  otherwise  it  will  be  impossi- 
ble to  lay  them  level.  As  you  cut,  a 
man  or  boy  should  roll  each  turf  up 
close  and  tight,  the  grass  side  inwards, 
and  pile  them  up  by  tens,  especially  if 
they  are  cut  by  the  hundred.  They  are 
to  be  laid  regular,  turf  and  turf,  unroll- 
ing them  as  you  lay  them,  joining  them 
up  quite  close  edge  to  edge,  making 
good  all  deficiency  of  broken  parts  as 
you  go  on  ;  and  as  soon  as  laid,  it  should 
be  well  beaten  with  broad  heavy  wood- 
en beaters,  being  flat  pieces  of  elm  or 
oak  plank,  two  inches  thick,  fifteen  or 
eighteen  inches  long,  and  a  iiiot  broad, 
having  a  long  handle  fixed  slanting  in 
the  middle  of  the  upper  side  ;  and  with 
these,  beat  the  grass  regularly  all  over, 
and  then  roll  it  vvell  with  a  heavy  roller, 
observing  the  beating  and  rolling  should 
be  repeated  in  moist  weather. 

"If  very  dry  hot  weather  succeeds, 
so  as  to  occasion  the  turf  to  shrink  and 
open  at  the  joints,  a  good  watering  will 
be  of  much  advantage." — Abercromhie. 

By  Inoculation. — If  turf  is  scarce,  cut 
turves  into  pieces,  about  three  inches 
square,  and  plant  these,  green  side  uji, 
pretty  thickly  over  the  space  intended 
for  the  lawn.  Boat  them  down  into  the 
soil,  and  water  freely,  roll  frequently, 
and  water  also  in  dry  weather.  The 
turf  will  soon  be  as  close,  and  the  sward 
as  perfect,  as  if  the  ground  had  been 
entirely  turved. 

TURF  ASHES.     See  Ashes. 

These,  which  are  the  basis  of  charred 
turf,  now  becoming  so  usual  a  manure, 
are,  according  to  M.  Sprengel,  thus 
constituted  : — 

Silica 93.10 


TUR 


613 


TUR 


Alumina 1.35 

Oxide  of  iron 1.73 

manganese     .     .     .     0.32 

Lime 0.62 

Magnesia 0.33 

Potash,  combined  with  sulphu- 
ric acid 0.38 

Comtnon  salt 0.08 

Sulphuric  acid,  combined  with 

potash  and  lime  ....     1.70 
Phosphoric      acid,     combined 


with  lime  and  magnesia    .     0.39 
TURF  TOOLS  are  the  liacer  or  Rut-    shrubs 
ter,  for  cutting  the  edges  of  turf  after  it    perennial;  and  T.  racemosa  a  hardy  an 


which  point  the  iron  is  slightly  bent 
longitudinally  to  admit  the  thickness  of 
wood  underneath,  and  give  a  proper 
inclination  to  the  handle.  The  instru- 
ment serves  both  as  a  grass  rake  and  a 
daisy  rake,  and  has  the  advantage  over 
the  daisy  rakes  in  common  use,  of  being 
easier  cleaned,  from  the  wideness  of 
the  interstices  between  the  teeth. — 
Card.  Mag. 

TURNER  A.       Eleven     species. 

Stove  annuals,  biennials,  and  evergreen 

J". /r/on//?o;-ft  is  an  herbaceous 


has  been  laid,  and  for  cutting  tlie  out 
lines  of  the  turves  when  first  obtained. 
It  is  a  thin  sharp  edged  implement, 
somewhat  rcsemblin 


fixed  to  a  handle  about  four  feet  Ion 
Fig.  173 


nual.     Seeds,  and  the  shrubby  kinds  by 
cuttings.     Rich  soil. 

TURNIP.  Brassica  rapa.  "  The 
a  cheese-cutter, '  turnip  is  a  biennial  plant,  growing 
in  a  wild  state  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land, but  better  known  as  an  inha- 
bitant of  the  garden  and  farm.  There 
are  an  immense  variety:  to  cultivate 
all  is  not  so  desirable  as  to  plant 
such  as  are  tlie  more  valuable.  Those 
which  we  deem  best  for  family  use  are 
the  Early  Dutch  and  Red  Top,  for  au- 
tumn and  early  winter  supply.  The 
Yellow  Aberdeen,  Golden  Maltese, 
Ruta  Baga  (or  Swedish),  are  not  so  much 
esteemed  in  the  autumn,  but  remain 
firm  and  solid  until  late  in  the  spring, 
(when  most  other  kinds  have  become 
pithy,)  and  are  then  fine.  The  Large 
Globe,  and  Norfolk  Turnip,  and  the 
Ruta  Baga,  are  principally  cultivated 
for  cattle. 

*'  The  main  sowings  of  all  the  kinds 
recommended  for  family  use,  are  made 
in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia  from 
about  the  middle  of  August  to  the  first 
of  September.  If  sown  earlier  they  are 
A  Turf  or  Daisy  Rake  consists  of  a  ^?^  ^"  '*^'l'^^''  '^"'^  ''"^'3'  flavoured,"  and 
piece  of  thin  plate  iron,  cut  into  teeth,  'J  sown  later  do  not  generally  attain 
with  two  slips  of  ash,  or  other  tough  '"*' growth.  The  Ruta  Baga,  Globe  and 
wood,  between  which  it  is  firmly  rivet-  ^°^^o^^  require  more  time  to  perfect 
ed    to  form   a  back,  and   keep  it  from    '''*""^^'''^^!    ^""^     therefore     about    - 


The  Turfing  Inm  is  f(ir  raising  or 
peeling  off  the  turves  from  the  soil.  It 
lias  an  arrow-headed  flat  blade,  with  an 
angular  handle,  thus  : — 


Fig.  174 


^ 


bending.  When  put  together,  the  back 
is  an  inch  and  a  quarter  thick.  The 
wood  is  beveled  to  nothing,  half  an  inch 
above   the   interstices  of  the   teeth,  at 


month  earlier.  The  more  rapidly  the 
root  is  produced  the  more  tender  and 
well  flavoured  it  will  be.  Those  which 
are  intended  for  the  spring  supply  should 
be  topped  very  closely,  else  when  the 
weather  becomes  mild,  the  crown  will 
start,  and  the  root  soon  gets  pithy  and 
unfit  for  use. 

"  Spring  sowings  seldom  answer  a 
good  purpose :  the  Early  Dutch  and 
Red  Top  are,  however,  best. 

"  Should  a  long  continued  drought 
prevail  at  the  time  recommended  for 
sowing  in  the   autuoin,  some  difficulty 


T  U  R 


614 


TUS 


may  he  experienced  in  getting  the  seed  !  moved,  and,  in  other  respects,  be  treat- 
to  vegetate,  (unless  it  be  small  patches  |  ed    as    turnips  in    preparing   them    for 


in  the  garden,  which  can  be  shaded  and 
watered.)  The  only  resource  is,  to 
make  several  sowings  in  freshly  dug  or 
ploughed  ground. 

"  If  the  seed  has  lain  long,  say  two 
or  three  weeks,  without  vegetating, 
should  a  shower  come,  the  safer  plan 
will  be  to  re-plough  or  harrow  the 
ground,  and  make  a  fresh  sowing. 

"  Frequently  the  '  fly'    proves    very 
destructive,    preying   upon    the    young 
plants   when   in   so    early  a  stage  that  1 
they  can  scarcely  be  seen  without  close 
inspection.     To  counteract  them  it  has  | 
been  recommended  to  soak  the  seed  in  ' 
sulphur  water — an  ounce  of  sulphur  to  j 
a   pint  of  water.     A  mixture  of  quick- 
lime,  ashes,   and   soot,  sprinkled   over; 
them,  is  frequently  effectual.  I 

«  The  crop  may  be  put  in  either  broad 
cast,  or  in  drills,  raking  the  seed  well 
in.  The  latter  plan  is  the  better,  and 
if  sown  on  very  dry  ground  during  hot 
weather,  it  is  safer  to  roll  the  land  im- 
mediately afterw;ird.  Observe,  the  land 
cannot  be  too  rich  for  this  crop;  old  sod, 
or  newly  cleared  land,  produces  the 
largest  and  finest  flavoured  roots." — 
Rural  Register. 

To  obtain  Seed,  some  of  the  most  per- 
fect roots  of  those  which  will  withstand 
the  winter  may  remain  where  grown; 
or  they  may  be  transplanted  in  February 
or  March. 

The  plants  must  stand  a  foot  apart 
each  way  ;  be  carefully  freed  of  weeds, 
and  especial  care  taken  to  keep  away 
birds,  as  they  are  particularly  voracious 
of  the  seed  of  this,  and  of  all  other  spe- 
cies of  brassica.  When  ripe  in  July  or 
August,  the  stalks  are  cut;  and  when 
perfectly  dry,  the  seed  beaten  out  and 
stored.  No  two  varieties  must  be  al- 
lowed to  grow  together. 

Manures. — The  best  manure  for  tur- 
nips is  stable  dung;  and  next  in  their 
order,  guano,  super-phosphate  of  lime, 
soot,  and  salt. 

For  the  injuries  to  which  the  turnip 
is  liable,  see  Athalia,  Ambury,  and 
Black  Fly. 

Turnip-cabbage  {Brassica  napo-bras- 
sica),  and  turnip-rooted  cabbage  (B. 
caulo-rapa).  These  species  of  brassica 
are  but  little  cultivated,  and,  at  most,  a 
very  small  quantity  of  each  is  in  request 


Varieties.  —  Of  the  turnip-cnhbace, 
which  is  so  named  on  account  of  the 
round  fleshy  protuberance  that  is  form- 
ed at  the  upper  end  of  the  stem,  there 
are  four  varieties: — 

1.  White  turnip-cabbage. 

2.  Purple  turnip-cabbage. 

3.  Fringed  turnip-cabbage. 

4.  Dwarf  early  turnip-cabbage. 
Of  the  turnip-rooted  cabbage,  which 

is  distinguished  from  the  above  by  its 
root  having  the  protuberance  near  the 
origin  of  the  stem,  there  are  two  varie- 
ties, the  white  and  the  red. 

Sowing. — They  are  propagated  by 
seed,  which  may  be  sown  broadcast  or 
in  drills,  at  monthly  intervals,  in  small 
quantities,  from  the  commencement  of 
April  until  the  end  of  June. 

Planting. — The  best  mode  is  to  sow 
thin,  in  drills  two  feet  and  a  half  apart, 
and  allow  the  plants  to  remain  where 
sown,  the  plants  being  thinned  to  a 
similar  distance  apart;  or,  if  sown 
broadcast,  to  allow  them  to  remain  in 
the  seed-bed  until  of  sufficient  size  to 
be  removed  into  rows,  at  similar  dis- 
tances, for  production,  rather  than,  as 
is  the  practice  of  some  gardeners,  to 
transplant  them,  when  an  inch  or  two 
in  height,  in  a  shady  border,  in  rows 
three  inches  apart  each  way,  to  be 
thence  removed  as  above  stated. 

Water  must  be  given  every  night  after 
a  removal  until  the  plants  are  again 
established ;  and  afterwards,  in  dry 
weather,  occasionally  as  may  appear 
necessary. 

Earth  may  be  drawn   up  to  the  stem 
of  the  turnip-cabbage  as  to  other  species 
of  brassica;   but  the  bulb  of  the  turnip- 
rooted   must  not  be  covered    with  the 
mould.     For  directions  to  obtain  seed, 
&c.,  see  Brocoli,  Turnip,  &c. 
TURNIP-FLY.     See  Black  Fly. 
TURNSOLE.     Heliotropium. 
TURPENTINE.  Silphium  terebintha- 
ceum. 

TURPENTINE  MOTH.  See  Tor- 
trix  resinella. 

TURPENTINE  TREE.  Pistaciate- 
rebinthus. 

TURR.ffiA.  Five  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees.  Cuttings.   Loam,  peat, 


Thebulbs.forwhichtheyarecultivated,    and  sand. 

must  have  their   thick  outer   skin   re- 1      TUSSILAGO.     Twelve   species. 


TWA 


615 


VAN 


Hardy  or  half-hardy  herbaceous  peren-  '  bleaching   powder  (chloride  of  lime), 


nials.     Division.     Common  soil 

TWAYBLAD?.     Listera. 

TWKKDIA.     Two   species, 
deciduous  twiners.     Cuttings  or  seeds. 
Sandv  loam  and  peat. 

TYLOPHORA.  Three  species. 
Stove  evergreen  twiners.  Cuttings. 
Peat  and  loam. 

TYPOGRAPHER  BARK  BEETLE. 
See  Bostrichus, 

TYTONIA  natans.  Stove  aquatic 
annual.  Seeds.  Rich  loamy  soil,  in 
water. 

ULCER.     See  Canker. 

U  L  E  X  .  Furze.  Four  species. 
Hardy  evergreen  shrubs.  U.  Eiiropcea 
is  increased  by  young  cuttings,  and  all 
by  seeds.     Common  light  soil. 


there  will  be  no  offensive  smell.  CJyp- 
sum  mixed  with  urine,  or  a  little  oil  of 
Hardy  I  vitriol  poured  into  it,  adds  to  its  utility 
as  a  manure.  Sulph:iie  of  iron,  in  the 
proportion  of  seven  pounds  to  every 
hundred  of  urine,  prevents  the  escape 
of  ammonia  during  putrefaction. 

UROPETALON.  Six  species.  Half- 
hardy  and  green-house  bulbous  peren- 
nials. Offsets  and  seeds.  Loam  and 
leaf-mould. 

UTRICULARIA.  Hooded  Milfoil. 
Three  species.  Hardy  aquatic  peren- 
nials.    Division.     Water. 

UVARIA.  Six  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs;  U.  zeylanica,  a  twiner. 
Ripe  cuttings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

UVULARIA.     Six  species.     Hardy 


ULiMUS.      Elm.      Thirteen    species '  ,,g~j,_:,P^g^yV-"g„„i;;j^;'l)7;fJo„/Ligh't 
and   many  varieties.     Hardy  deciduous  .  .     > 

trees.    Lavers  or  grafts.   Common  soil. 


U.  integrifolia  is  a  stove  evergreen 
tree.  The  Wych  elm  (L'  montana)  is 
also  propagated  bv  seed  ripened  here. 

UMBILICUS.  Four  species.  Hardy 
and  half-hardy  herbaceous  perennials. 
Offsets,  cuttings,  and  seeds.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand. 

UMBRELLA  TREE.  Hibiscus gui- 
necnsis. 

UMBRELLA  WORT.    Oxybaphus. 

UNC.^RIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  climbers.  Cuttings.  Peat 
and  loam. 

UNDER-GROUND  ONION.  SeePo- 
tato  Onion. 

UNONA.  Ten  species.  Stove  ever- 
green shrubs,  trees,  and  climbers.  Ripe 
cuttings.     Light  turfy  loam. 

URANI.\.  speciosa.  Stove  herbace- 
ous perennial.  Newly  imported  seeds. 
Turfy  loam  and  peat.  It  requires  to  be 
well  watered. 

URARI.\.     Six  species.     Stove  and 


sandy  soil. 

VACCINIUM.  Whortleberry.  Thirty- 
two  species  and  some  varieties.  Chiefly 
hardy  deciduous  shrubs;  V.  caracasa- 
num  and  V.meridionale  are  stove  ever- 
greens ;  and  a  few  are  liardy  and  half- 
hardy  evergreen  trailers.  Layers, 
seeds,  and  the  stove  species  cuttings  : 
sandy  peat. 

VALERI.\NA.  Valerian.  Nineteen 
species.  Hardy  herbaceous  perennials, 
except  V.  capensis,  which  belongs  to 
the  green-house,  and  V.  sisymbrifolia, 
is  a  hardy  biennial.  Division.  Loam, 
peat,  and  sand,  for  the  natives  of  warna 
climates,  and  common  soil  for  the 
hardy  species. 

VALERIANELLA.  Three  species. 
Hardy  annuals.     Seeds.    Common  soil. 

VALLARIS  pergulana.  Stove  ever- 
green twiner.  Cuttings.  Sandy  loam 
and  peat. 

VALLESIA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen    shrubs.      Cuttings.      Sandy 


green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  except    loam  and  peat. 

U.  lagoc(phala,  a  stove  herbaceous  pe-  '      VALLISNERIA     spiralis.       Green- 

rennial.       Seeds     or    young    cuttings,    house  aquatic  perennial.     Seeds.    Wa- 


Loain,  peat,  and  sand. 

URHDO.    See  Burberry  and  Mildew. 


VALLOTA  purpurea,  and  its  variety. 


IRINE.     See  Dung.     The  urine  of  Green-house  bulbous  perennial.      Off- 


all  animals  is  excellent  as  a  manure; 
but  it  must  be  given  only  to  plants 
whilst  growing,  and  in  a  diluted  state. 
C)ne  of  the  most  fertilizing  of  liquid 
manures  is  composed  ofcabbage-leaves, 
and  other  vegetable  refuse,  putrefied  in 


sets.     Peat  and  sand. 

VANDA.  Five  species.  Stove 
epiphytes.  Division.  Wood,  and  some 
of  the  stronger  kinds,  sphagnum  and 
potsherds. 

VAXDELLI.'V.    Four  species.    Stove 


the   urine   from  a  house  or  stable,  and  !  annuals,   except   V.   Iiirsuta,  which    is 

diluted  with  three  times  its  quantity  of]  hardv.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam. 

water  when    applied.     If  mixed   with!      VjVNGUERI.^.  Three  species.  Stove 


VAN 

Cuttings. 


616 


VER 


Loam 


evergreen    shrubs 
and  peat. 

VANILLA.  Three  species.  V.  bi- 
color,  a  stove  epiphyte,  increased  by 
division,  and  growing  on  wood.  The 
otlier  two  increase  by  cuttings.  Moss 
and  turfy  peat 


VEPRLS  ohovata.  Stove  evergreen 
I  shrub.  Cuttings.  Peat,  loam,  and 
sand. 

VERATUM.  Six  "Species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division  or 
seeds.     Rich  soil. 

VERBASCUM.      Sixty-four   species. 


VAR'IEGATION  is  the  colour  of  Chielly  hardy  biennials,  and  a  few 
leaves  diflerent  from  green,  such  as  herbaceous  perennials.  V.  spinosum  is 
"the  silvery  and  golden  margins,  and  a  half-hardy  evergreen  shrub;  V.  ha- 
varieties  of  spots,  which  are  common  morrhoidale,  and  V.  pinnatifidum,  are 
among  garden  plants,  as  in  myrtle,  green-house  biennials.  Seeds;  the  pe- 
sage,  ivy,  holly,  the  Agave  Americana,  •  rennials  by  division.  Common  soil. 
Seiupcrvivuni  arboreum,  and  many  of,  VERBENA.  Vervain.  Thirty-two 
the  Pelavf^oniic.  These  spots  are  not  species.  Hardy,  half-hardy  and  green- 
diseases,  ibr  the  whole  plant  has  all  the  house  herbaceous  perennials,  and  hardy 
signs  of  being  in  a  perfectly  healthy  and  half-hardy  annuals  and  biennials. 
state.  But  neither  are  they  effects  ofj  These  latter  increase  by  seed,  the  pe 
a  law  of  nature,  like  the  spots  of  OrcA/s 
7naculata,  and  the  red-coloured  leaves 
of  Caladitim  bicolor  and  Amaranthus 
tricolor,  inasmuch  as  they  are  not  con- 
tinued by  propagation  by  seed.  Such 
discoloured  spots  are  incapable  of  per- 
forming the  usual  function  of  leaves, 
namely,  the  exhalation  of  oxygen 
gas." — Decandolle. 

Yet  this  variegation  does  not  render 
the  plant  more  tender;  for  the  varie- 
gated holly  and  ivy  are  as  hardy  as 
those  with  leaves  entirely  green. 

V  AS  CO  A.  Two  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Loam  and  peat. 

VEGf:TABLE  MANURES.  See 
Green  Manures,  Ashes,  Manures. 

VEGETABLE  MARROW.  See 
Gourd. 

VELEZIA  rigida.  Hardy  annual. 
Seeds.     Light  soil. 

V  E  L  L  A  Pseudo  -  cytisus.  Cress 
Rocket.  Green-house  evergreen  shrub. 
Young  cuttings.     Common  soil. 

VELLEJA.  Three  species.  Green- 
liouse  herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
or  seeds.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

VELTHEIMIA.  Three  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets.    Light  loamy  soil. 

VENTILATION.     See  Stove. 

VENUS'S    COMB.     Scandix  pecten- 


rennials  by  cuttings.     Light  loam. 

Choice  Varieties  are — 

Scarlet.  —  V.  Atrosanguinea;  V. 
Boule  de  Feu. 

Orange  Scarlet.  —  V.  formosa  ele- 
gans  ;  Gladiator. 

White. — Princess  Royal;  Monarch; 
Alba  magna. 

Purple. — V.  Stewartii  ;  Emma. 

Reddish  Purple. — V.  rubra;  V.  pur- 
purea ;   Renown  ;  V.  rubescens. 

Ruby. — Defiance  ;  RuIjv. 

Rose. — Bridesmaid  ;  Wood's  Princess 
Royal;  Beauty  ;  Supreme  ;  Teucriodes 
Rosea  ;  Rose  d- Amour. 

Mulberry. — Mulberry. 

Cream. — V.  lutescens. 

Lilac. — Messenger;  Giant. 

Propagation. —  By  Seed.  —  Sow  to- 
wards the  end  of  February  in  shallow- 
pans,  to  be  placed  in  a  gentle  heat. 
The  seedlings  may  be  planted  out  in 
summer  in  a  warm  part  of  the  garden, 
where  they  will  flower  in  the  autumn. 

By  Cuttings. — In  the  last  week  of 
August  or  first  week  of  September, 
take  cuttings  from  laterals  not  in  bloom. 
Pot  them  in  sixties,  filled  firmly  with 
sandy  loam  and  leaf  mould;  water  and 
plunge  in  a  hot-bed,  temperature  not 
more  than  4.3^,  under  a  hand-glass, 
shading  from  sunshine,  and  when  rooted 
pinch  off  their  tops. 
>neris.  I      By  Layers. — Verbenas    in  the   open 

VENUS'S  FLY-TRAP.  Lioncea  mus- <  borders  are  readily  propagated  by  peg- 


cipula. 


ging  down  the  laterals  in  September  in 


VENUS'S  HAIR.    Adiantum  capillis    pots  filled  with  earth  and  sunk  into  the 

bed  near  the  plants.     The   layers  will 
be  rooted  in  about  six  weeks,  when  they 


Spe-\ 


veneris. 

VENUS-S  LOOKING-GLASS 

cularia  speculum. 

VENUS'S  NAVELWORT.     Ompha 
lodes. 


lay  be  separated  from  the  parent 
plant.  Put  them  into  a  gentle  heat, 
repot    them,    and    keep    through    the 


V  ER 


617 


VIN 


winter    in    a    cold    frame,  giving    very  V'ERXOXIA.  Fifteen  species.  Ilardv 

little  water  during  that  season.  green-house  and  stove  herbaceous  pe- 

General    Culture.  —  Mr.   G.  Fielder,  rennials,  and  stove  evergreen    shrubs, 

gardener  to  \V.  Ifrisco,  Esq.,  of  Hast-  I',  linearis    is  a   stove    annual.     Seeds 

ings,  says  that  six  plants  of  a  kind  are  and  young  cuttings,  and  the  herbaceous 

usually  enough   to  obtain  cuttings  and  kinds  bv  division.     Light  rich  soil. 

' VER'ONIC.V.     Speedwell.    Onehun- 

dred  and  twenty-five  species.     Cl)iellv 


layers  from  for  bedding  out.    His  mode 
of  proceeding  is  as  follows: — 

"  In  the  first  or  second  vvcek  in  Jidy    hardy    herbaceous    perennials.      Some 
strike  in  sixty  pots  as  many  cuttings  of  are  deciduous  trees  and  trailers,  and  a 


the  ditferent  kinds  as  required  tor  fill- 
ing the  beds  in  the  following  year, 
about  six  pots  of  a  sort  being  usually 
sufficient.  Early  ia  .\ugust,  tlie  pots 
being  filled  with  roots,  prepare  as  many 
boxes,  two  feet  square  sorts,  filling  one- 
third  of  each  box  with  broken  tiles, 
and  the  rest  witli  one  part  sand,  one 
leaf-mould,   and    two    parts    good    rich 


few  evergreen  shrubs  and  creepers. 
The  green-house  shrubs  increase  by 
cuttings.  Tho  hardy  annuals  by  seeds. 
The  herbaceous  by  division.  Common 
soil  suits  them  all. 

VERVAIN.     See  Verbena. 

VESICARIA.  Nine  species.  Hardy 
and  half-hardy  annuals,  biennials,  her- 
baceous    perennials,     and     evergreen 


loam.    Plant  in  them  at  equal  distances    shrubs.     Seeds.     Sandy  loam, 
apart,    and    the    shoots    being    pegged  ^      \V.STl.\  lycioides.     Green-house  de- 
down  they  soon  take   root  all   over  the    ciduous   shrub.      Cuttings.      Peat    and 

oain. 
VII30RGIA.     Two  species.     Green- 
cut- 


box,  and  form    one  mass.     Place   in  a 
cold   frame  during  the  winter,  and  the 

lights  thrown  otf  except  in  wet  or  frosty  I  house  evergreen  shrubs.  Youn 
weather.  Early  in  the  spring  they  begin  tings.  Sandy  loam  and  peat, 
to  make  young  shoots,  which  pot  in  sixty  VIBURNUM.  Twenty-seven  species 
pots  and  strike  in  a  cucumber  frame  ;  and  some  varieties.  Hardy  deciduous 
these  will  be  ready  to  plant  out  by  the  and  evergreen  shrubs;  a  very  few  be- 
long to  the  stove  and  green-house,  and 
one  or  two  are  lialf-hardy.  Layers  or 
cuttings.  Peat  and  loam;  V.  opulus  ia 
the  Guelder  Rose. 

VICIA.    Vetch.    Seventy-seven  spe- 
cies.    Chiefly  hardy  annuals  and  climb- 


end  of  April,  at  which  time  the  boxes 
are  turned  out,  one  side  being  removed 
and  the  mass  planted  in  the  centre  of 
a  bed.  The  bed  is  then  filled  up  with 
the  young  plants  from  the  sixty  pots  ; 
those   out   of  the   boxes,  being   oldest 

and  strongest,  take  the  lead  and  keep    ing    annuals    or    deciduous    climbers. 

Seeds  :  and  the  few  perennial  kinds  by 


it."' — Gard.  Chron. 


In  Pots. — Some  of  these  trained  over    division  and  seeds. 


a  trellis  should  alwavs  be  on  the  creen- 


VIEUSSEUXIA. 


Common  soil 
Eleven    species. 


house.        All    the    particular    attention  Green-house    bulbous   perennials.       V 

required    is  that  they  should    be  kept  glaucopis    is    half-hardy.       Offsets    or 

regularly  shifted   into  pots  of  a  larger  seeds.     Peat,  loam,  and  sand, 
size  as  they  require  it,  and  should  be        VIGNA  globea.     Hardy  training  an- 


where  they  receive  the  full  benefit  of 
the    sun   and   air 
will  suit  them. 

Such  are  the  directions  for  its  culture 


VIGUIERA.      Two  species.      Stove 
Any   free   rich   soil    herbaceous  perennials.  Cuttings.  Sandy 
peat  and  loam. 

VILLARSIA.    Ten  species.    Hardy, 


as  given  in  the  I^nglish  edition  of  this  half-hardy,  green-house  and  stove 
work.  In  the  United  States  the  climate  aquatic  and  herbaceous  perennials.  Di- 
is  more  favourable  for  the  Verbena,  and  vision  or  seed.  Peat  and  sand;  and 
when  turned  out  in  an  open  border  the  perennial,  or  marshy  kinds,  in 
early  in  summer,  the  only  care  requisite  i  pots  placed  in  water 


seems  to   be  lest  it  take  entire  posses- 
sion of  the  garden. 


V1LM0RINI.\     multijlora.       Stove 
evergreen  shrub.     Seeds  and  cuttings. 


VERHESIN.\.  Eightspecies.  Green-    Loam,  peat,  and  sand 


house  and  hardy  herbaceous  perennials 

V.  boswallia  is   a   green-house  annual,    house    evergreen    shrubs, 
and  V.atriplicifolia  a.n  evergreen  shrub.    Light  loam  and  peat 
Division.    Light  rich  soil 


VIMINARI.V.    Two  species.  Green- 
Cuttings. 


VINC.V.      Periwinkle.      Three   spe- 


VIN 


618 


VI  0 


cies  and  several  varieties.  Hardy 
evergreen  trailers.  Division.  Com- 
mon soil. 

VINE.  Vitis  vinifera.  See  Grape 
Vine. 

VINE  BOWER.     Clematis  Viticella. 

VINE  LEEK.  Allium  ampeloprasum. 

VIOLA.  Violet.  Ninety-nine  spe- 
cies. Chiefly  hardy  herbaceous  peren- 
nials, annuals,  deciduous  and  evergreen 
trailers,  a  few  are  half-hardy,  and  a 
few  others  belong  to  the  green-house. 
The  herbaceous  kinds  increase  by  di- 
vision or  seeds  :  the  shrubs  by  cuttings. 
The  annuals  by  seeds.  Loam,  peat,  or 
leaf-mould,  and   sand   suits  them  best. 

VIOLET.     Viola  odorata. 

Varieties. — The  best  are  Neapolitan, 
double  pale  blue;  Russian,  h[\ie;  Tree 


Russian  and  Neapolitan  Violets. — 
There  are  two  double  varieties  of  the 
Russian,  the  purple  and  the  white.  At 
the  close  of  autumn,  in  a  rich  yet  light 
soil,  some  year-old  plants  of  each  va- 
riety should  be  planted,  some  in  a  bor- 
der which  is  exposed  to  the  full  meridian 
sun;  some  in  a  border  which  only  re- 
ceives its  morning  rays;  and  a  third 
quantity  in  pots  on  a  north  border.  The 
only  attention  they  require  is  to  keep 
them  free  from  weeds,  and  to  remove 
all  runners  as  they  appear.  These  will 
bloom  in  succession  from  March  until 
the  end  of  May;  and  if  those  in  pots  in 
the  north  border  are  prevented  from 
blooming  by  having  their  flower-buds 
picked  off  as  they  appear  until  late  in 
May,  and  are  then  plunged  in  the 
border  which  enjoys  the  morning  sun, 


Violet,  semi-double, blue, stem  eighteen  j  they  will,  if  carefully  watered   and    at- 


inches  high.  Double  Blue;  Whiter 
Pink. 

Soil. — All  the  varieties  prefer  a  light 
rich  soil  on  a  well  drained  subsoil. 
Stable  manure  makes  them  too  luxuri- 
ant; and  when  they  require  the  addi- 
tion of  a  fertilizer,  none  is  so  beneficial 
as  leaf-mould,  or  the  bottom  of  an  old 
wood  stack. 

Propagation.  —  By  Division,  &c. — 
They  all  multiply  by  parting  the  roots, 
and  by  their  side  shoots  rooting  in  the 
earth.  They  may  be  parted  or  slipped 
in  spring,  summer,  or  autumn,  as  soon 
as  they  have  done  flowering,  in  moist 
weather.  Each  plant  may  be  slipped 
or  divided  into    several    slips,  not  too 


tended,  bloom  in  June  and  early  in  July. 
The  double  purple  may  be  most  suc- 
cessfully cultivated  in  this  way.  For 
forcing,  Mr.  Ayres  directs  some  year- 
old  plants  of  the  Neapolitan  varieties 
to  be  taken  up  after  having  done  flower- 
ing, and  planted  in  a  light  rich  border, 
a  foot  apart  each  way,  care  being  taken 
to  remove  all  runners,  but  to  injure  the 
roots  as  little  as  possible.  A  copious 
watering  is  to  be  given  at  the  time  of 
planting  ;  they  should  be  shaded  through 
the  summer,  and  all  runners  removed 
as  they  appear.  In  September,  the 
Neapolitans  with  good  balls  of  earth 
are  to  be  placed  in  forty-eight  or  thirty- 
two  size  pots,  and  removed  into  a  gentle 


small;  and  planted  either  at  once  to  :  hot-bed,  and  protected  by  a  frame.  If 
remain,  or  the  weakest  may  be  planted  |  air  be  admitted  freely  and  the  heat  be 
in  nursery  beds;  and  in  either  method  !  kept  up  very  gently,  these  may  be 
each  slip  will  soon  increase  into  a  large  brought  to  bloom  in  February.  Another 
tuft,  and  flower  abundantly  the  next  mode  of  making  the  Neapolitan  violet 
year.  1  bloom  during  the  winter  is  to  plant  some 

By  Seed. — Sow  it  either  soon  after  it  '  of  the  runners  at  the  end  of  April,  in 
is  ripe,  or  early  in  the  spring,  in  a  bed  small  pots  filled  chiefly  with  leaf-mould, 
or  border  of  light  earth,  and  raked  in  ;  watering  them  until  rooted,  and  then 
and  when  the  plants  are  come  up  an  moving  them  to  a  cold  shaded  place,  as 
inch  or  two  high  in  summer,  prick  them  '  the  north  side  of  a  wall — the  colder  the 


out  in  a   shady  border  to   grow  till  Oc 
tober,  and  then  plant  out  to  remain. 

Pink  Violets.  —  The  best  time  to 
plant  them  is  in  September,  but  they 
should    be   planted    in  a  dry  situation. 


better.  In  October  bring  them  under 
the  sunny  side  of  the  green-house,  or 
into  an  empty  frame  to  be  closed  at 
night,  and  then  move  them  the  second 
week  in  December  into  a  sunny  window 


and  not  fully  exposed  to  the  sun  at  any    or   green-house.     They   will   bloom  in 
part  of  the  day.     The   principal   points   January,  and  for  some  months  after,  by 
to  attend  to  are,  never  to  disturb  them    having  a  proper  succession, 
by    clearing    or   digging    about    them,  ^      Dr.  Lindley  says — "  To  have  Russian 
and  always  to  plant  them  in  a  shaded  j  violets   in   flower    during   winter,   you 


place. 


must  treat  them  in  the  following  man- 


V  I  0 


619 


W  H  A 


ner:  as  soon  as  they  have  done  flower- 
ing, about  March,  sift  a  little  light  soil 
over  them,  and  encourage  their  growth 
as  much  as  possible,  to  obtain  early 
strong  rooted  runners  Troni  the  old 
plants,  which  if  properly  managed  will 


VIOLET   TIILASPI.      Clypeola  Ion 
Tlifaspi. 

VluRNA.     Clematis  viornn. 
VIPF:R-S  BUGLOSS.     Eclnum. 
VIPKIl-S  CRASS.     See  Scorzonern. 
VIKGIHA.      Six    species.      (ireen- 


be  about  the  end  of  May.     Transplant    house  evergreen  shrubs,  except  T.  ?i/?ca. 


the  young  runners  into  a  nursery-bed  in 
a  rather  shaded  but  not  confined  situa- 
tion. The  soil  should  be  fresh  sandy 
loam  and  peat,  with  a  small  portion  of 
leaf-mould,  but  by  no  means  made  rich 
with  dung,  as  that  causes  the  plants  to 
grow  too  vigorously.    About  the  begin- 


a  hardy  deciduous  tree.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

VIRGIXL\N  CREEPER.  Ampelopsis 
hcdcracca. 

VIRGLVIAX  POKE.  Phytolacca  de- 
candra. 

VIRGLX'S  BOWER.     Clematis  Viti- 


ning  of  August  prepare  a  place  for  their  '  ceUa. 


final    reception, 
melon    bed  will 


old 
do  wel 


cucumber    or  ,      VISCARIA.     Three  species.    Hardy 
taking  away    annuals.     Seeds.     Common  soi" 


the  soil  from  the  frame,  and  tilling  the        V  I  S  C  U  JNI  album.     The    Mistletoe. 

place  with  a  mixture  of  good  loam  and  Parasite,  increased  by  putting  the  ber- 
ries on  trees  alter  cutting  the  bark.  See 
Mistletoe. 

VISML\.       Three   species.       Stove 
evergreen     shrubs.       Young     cuttinss. 

o  DO 

Loam  and  peat. 

V  I  T  E  X.     Twelve  species.    Stove, 


sandy  peat,  adding  about  one  quarter  of 
well  rotted  cow-dung  to  it,  well  water 
the  whole,  and  let  it  remain  for  a  few^ 
days  to  settle.  After  this  remove  the 
young  plants  from  the  nursery-bed  with 
good  balls,  and  plant  t!iem  in  rows 
aliout  six  or  nine  inches  apart  each  w'ay,    green-house  and  hardy  evergreen  shrubs 


and  afterwards  place  the  liglits  on  ("or 
few  days  until  the  plants  recover  the 
shift.  They  will  afterwards  require  no 
further  trouble  except  watering  and 
keeping  free  from  slugs  and  weeds, 
which  must  be  attended  to.  When  the 
weather  becomes  cold  in  the  autumn, 
the  lights  must  be  put  on  during  the  i 
night,  and  in  rough  wet  weather;  and  \ 
finally  the  violets  must  be  well  protected  ' 
from  frost  during  winter,  by  covering 
them  at  all  times  when  the  weather  will 
permit,  to  prevent  their  damping  ofT. 
Treated  in  this  way,  they  will  then 
flower  freely  from  December  to  Febru- 
ary. They  may  also  be  potted  and 
cultivated  in  the  same  manner,  and 
when  in  flower  may  be  planted  in  the 
green-house;  but  they  will  not  bloom 
during  the  winter,  if  exposed  to  the  in- 
clemency of  the  weather,  or  if  in  a  damp 
situation." — Gard.  Chron. 

Water  should  only  be  applied  to  them 
when  they  really  want  it,  and  then  it 
should  be  given  freely,  and  early  in  the 
morning,  so   that   the    plants   may  have 


and  trees.  Cuttings.  Loam  and  peat, 
and  the  hardy  kinds  of  common  soil. 

VITIS.  Eleven  species  and  some 
varieties.  ILirdy  deciduous  or  stove 
evergreen  climbers.  V.  vinifera  is  the 
common  grapevine:  seed,  cuttings  or 
layers.  Strong  rich  soil.  See  Grape 
Vine. 

V1TTARL\.  Two  species.  Ferns. 
Stove  herbaceous  perennials.  Division 
or  seeds.     Loam  and  peat. 

VOANDZELV  subterranea.  Stove 
creeping  annual.    Seeds.    Rich  mould. 

VOLKAMERIA  aculeata.  A  stove 
evergreen  shrub,  and  V.  japonica,  a 
green-house  evergreen  tree.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

VOUAPA  bifolia.  Stove  evergreen 
shrub.  Ripe  cuttings.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

VOYR.l  rosea.  Stove  herbaceous 
perennial.  Seeds.  Sandy  loam  and 
peat. 

VRESIA  psittacina.  Stove  epiphyte. 
Suckers.     Leaf-mould  and  potsherds. 

WACHENDORFIA.      Eight  species. 


plenty  of  time  to  dry  before  the  frame    Green-house   bulbous  perennials.     OfT- 
is  closed. 

Tree  Violet. — This  requires  to  be  pot- 
ted in  a  mixture  of  peat  and  sandy 
loam,  and  requires  no  further  attention 

than   to   be   kept  in   a   shady  part  of  a    green  creeper;  the   other  two   are  an- 
green-house  ;    supplying    it   plentifully    Duals.     Division  and  seeds.     Loam  and 


•  sets  or  seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 
WAHLENBERGIA.      Four  species. 
All    hardy;    W.  grandijlora,  an    herb- 
aceous perennial  ;    W.  repeiis,  an   ever- 


with  water  and  air. 


I  peat. 


W  A  L 


620 


W  AL 


WALDSTEINIA  geoides.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division  or 
seeds.     Common  soil. 

WALKERA.  Two  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Sandy 
loam  and  peat. 

WALKS.     See   Gravel.    It   may   be 


will  bloom  in  the  spring,  and  the  best 
may  be  then  selected.  Watering  in 
very  dry  weather,  lengthens  the  dura- 
tion of  their  bloom.  Saltpetre  one 
ounce  to  the  gallon,  given  once  in  ten 
days,  heightens  their  colour  and  vigour. 
Cuttinsrs. — The  double  varieties  are 


observed  here,  that  of  whatever  material  I  thus  propagated.  When  the  old  plants 
a  walk  is  composed,  that  it  is  essential  !  are  done  blooming,  cut  off  their  heads  ; 
to  have  it  well  under-drained,  and  for !  water  them  freely,  and  they  will  pro- 
this  purpose  an  understratum  offlints  or  i  duce  shoots  along  with  their  entire  stem; 
brick-bats,  twelve  inches  deep,  is  not  these  when  from  four  to  six  inches  long, 
too  much.  Walks  so  founded,  are  never  must  be  cut  off  close  to  the  stem,  and 
vet  or  soft.  Coal  ashes,  or  which  is  be  planted  in  a  light  rich  shady  border, 
still  better,  fresh  tan,  makes  a  pleasant  under  a  hand-glass;  watering  occasion- 
winter  walk,  particularly  on  tenacious    ally  until  rooted. 


Soil. — A  light  rich  loam,  mixed  with 
See 


WALLICHIA.     Two  species.    Stove 
Strong  rich  soil  and  a 


soils,  as  it  never  adheres  to  the  shoes 

eitlier  during   rain   or  after  frost;   half!  a  little  lime  rubbish,  suits  it  best. 

an  inch  I  think  is  sufficient.     It  likewise    Stock 

makes  a  soft  and  pleasant  summer  walk 

and    from   its  loose    nature,  is    readily    palms.     Seeds 

cleared    from    weeds.     If    not    wanted  i  strong  heat. 

during  summer,  it  may  readily  be  swept ;      WALLS  are  usually  built  in   panels, 

clean  otT  after  a  few  dry  days.     It  is  in-  I  from  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  in  length,  one 

valuable  for  covering  walks  or  footpaths  j  brick  thick,  with  pillars  for  the  sake  of 

in  the    kitchen  garden,  when  there   is    adding  to  their  strength,  at  these  speci- 

much  wheeling  of  manure  or  soil,  to  be    fied   distances;  the   foundation  a  brick 

done  during    frost,   which  is  too   often    and  a  half  thick.     The  plan  of  jNIr.  Sil- 

obliged   to   be  suspended    at\er  ten   or|verlock,    of  Chichester,    is    worthy    of 

eleven  o'clock,  when  there  is  clear  sun-  ;  adoption,  since  if  well  constructed,  it  is 

shine,  from  the  ground  getting  soft  and  ]  equally  durable,  and  saves  one-third  of 

clammy.     With  a  covering  of  tan,  the  |  the  expense.     Walls  so  constructed  are 


operation  may  be  continued  throughout 
the  day,  and  even  during  wet  weather. 
If  the  tan  remain  permanently,  it  will 
require  renewing  every  two  years. — 
Card.  Chron. 

WALL  CRESS.     Ardbis. 

WALL-FLOWER   or    STOCK-GIL- 
LIFLOWER.     Cheiranthus. 

C.  arboreits.     Shrubby  W.  F.     Yel- 
low.    June. 

C.  cheiri.     Common  W.  F.    Yellow, 
crimson,  brown.     June. 

C.firmus.    Permanent  W,  F.  Yellow. 
July. 

C.  Unifolius.   Flax-leaved  W.  F.  Pur- 
ple.    July. 

C.   scopariiis 
purple.    June. 

C.  semper flor ens. 
F.     White.     July. 


stated  to  become  dry  after  rain,  much 
more  rapidly  than  a  solid  wall  of  the 
same  or  any  other  thickness,  and  there 
appears  not  a  shadow  of  a  reason  why 
it  should  not  ripen  fruit  equally  well. 

He  forms  the  wall  hollow,  nine  inches 
in  breadth,  by  placing  the  bricks  edge- 
wise so  as  to  form  two  facings,  they  are 
laid  in  good  mortar,  and  the  joints  care- 
fully finished.  They  are  placed  alter- 
nately with  their  fices  and  ends  to  the 
outsides,  so  that  every  second  brick  is 
a  tie,  and  in  each  succeeding  course,  a 
brick  with  its  end  outwards  is  placed 
on  the  centre  of  one  laid  lengthwise  on 
either  side.  The  top  of  the  wall  must 
be  covered  with  a  coping  of  stone  or 
bricks,  projecting  two  inches.  It  is 
strengthened  at  every  twenty  feet,  by 
piers  of  fourteen  inch-work,  built  in  the 
Besides  these  species  and  varieties,  same  manner,  with  bricks  laid  on  edge, 
there  are  many  German  Wall-flowers  \  The  mode  of  constructing  the  piers, 
imported,  mostly  semi-double,  and  well  obviating  the  disadvantages  arising  from 
■worthy  of  culture  for  their  peculiar  CO- j  training  branches  round  their  sharp 
lours  and  habits.  i  angles,    which    often    causes    them    to 

Sowing  is  best  done  in  June,  the  gum,  recommended  by  the  Rev.  T.Cul- 
seedlings  to  be  transplanted  into  nur- i  luni,  of  Bury  St.  Edmonds,  is  to  have 
sery  beds  when  three  inches  high.  They   their  corners  bevelled.     He  also  advises 


White,    yellow,    and 
Everblooming  W. 


W  AL 


621 


W  A  L 


the  copings  to  project  much  further  darkness  of  its  colour,  if  a  proper  screen 
than  they  are  usually  made  to  do,  even  be  then  employed. — Johnson's  Princ.  of 
as  much  as  twelve  inches  ;  but  his  rea-    Gard. 


soning  refers  more  immediately  to  the 
manaizement  of  wall  fruit. 


Inclined  or  Sloping  Walls  have  been 
recommended,  but   have   alwavs  failed 


It  is  a  practice  sanctioned  by  econo-  in   practice.     It  is  quite  true  that  they 

my,  to  build  the  wall   half  brick  thick,  receive  the  sun's  rays  at  a  favourable 

on  a  nine  inch  foundation,  and  to  com-  angle,  but  they  retain  wet,  and  become 

pensate    for   its    want    of   strength,    a  so   much    colder   by  radiation  at  night 

waved  form  is  given.     Both  the  small-  than  perpendicular  walls,  that  they  are 

ncss  of  its  substance  and  its   form,  are  found  to   be  unfavourable  to  the  ripen- 

found,  however,   to  be  inimical  to  the  ing  of  fruit, 
ripening  of  fruit.  "  The  F/ucd-u-all  or  Ilot-iral!,'"  says 

In  every  instance  a  wall  should  never  Mr.  Loudon,  "  is  generally  built  entire- 
be  lower  than  eight  feet.  The  thick-  ly  of  brick,  though  where  stone  is 
ness  usually  varies  with  the  height  of  abundant  and  more  economical,  the 
the  wall,  being  nine  inches,   if  it  is  not  back   or  north  side  may  be  of  that  raa- 


liigher  than  eight  feet;  thirteen  and  a 
half  inches,  if  above  eight  and  under 
fourteen  feet;  and  eighteen  inches, 
from  fourteen  up  to  twenty  feet. 

Fruit  trees  will  succeed  quite  as  well 
against  a  stone  wall  as  against  a  brick 
one,  although  the  former  is  neither  so 


tcrial.  A  flued  wall  may  be  termed  a 
hollow  wall,  in  which  the  vacuity  is 
thrown  into  compartments,  to  facilitate 
the  circulation  of  smoke  and  heat,  from 
the  base  or  surlace  of  the  ground,  to 
within  one  or  two  feet  of  the  coping. 
Such  walls  are  generally  arranged  with 


neat  in  appearance,  nor  can  the  trees  hooks  inserted  under  the  coping,  to  ad- 
be  trained  in  such  a  regular  form  upon  mit  of  fastening  some  description  of 
it  as  npon  the  latter.  The  lastdisadvan-  protecting  covers,  and  sometimes  for 
tage  may  be  in  a  great  measure  remc-  temporary  glass  frames.  A  length  of 
died  by  having  a  wooden  or  wire  trellis  forty  feet,  and  from  ten  to  tifleen  high, 
affixed  to  it. — Gard.  Chron.  may  be  heated  by  one  fire,  the  furnace 
If  it  be  desirable  that  the  roots  of  the  of  which,  being  placed  one  or  two  feet 
trees  should  benefit  by  the  pasturage  below  the  surlace  of  the  ground,  the 
outside  the  wall,  it  is   very  common  to  first  course  or  flue  will  commence  one 


build  it  upon  an  arched  foundation. 


toot  above  it,  and  be  two  feet  six  inches. 


Colour  has  very  considerable  influence  '  or  three  feet  high,  and  the  second,  third, 
over  a  body's  power  of  absorbing  heat,  and  fourth  courses,  narrower  as  they 
If  a  thermometer  on  a  hot  summer's  ascend.  The  thickness  of  that  side  of 
day,  be  exposed  to  the  sun,  it  will  indi-  the  flue,  next  the  south  or  preferable 
cate  a  temperature  of  about  100°;  but  if  side,  should  for  the  first  course,  be  four 
the  bulb  be  blackened  with  Indian  ink  inciies  or  brick  and  bed,  and  for  the 
or  the  smoke  of  a  candle,  it  will  rise  other  courses,  it  were  desirable  to  have 
from  ten  to  twenty  degrees  higher,  bricks  cast  in  a  smaller  mould  :  say  for 
The  reason  for  this  is  tli;it  the  polished  the  second  course  three,  for  the  third 
surface  of  the  glass  reflects  some  of  the  two  and  three  (juarters,  and  for  the 
sun's  rays,  but  the  blackened  surlace  '  fourth  two  and  a  half  inches  in  breadth, 
absorbs  them  all.     Blue  absorbs  all  but    This  will  give  an  opportunity  of  bevel- 


the  blue  rays — red  all  but  the  red — 
green  and  yellow  all  but  those  of  their 
own  name — and  white  reflects  all  the 
rays.  The  lightest  coloured  rays  are 
the  most  heating,  therefore  light  co- 
loured walls,  but  especially  white,  are 
the  worst  for  fruit  trees.  The  ther- 
mometer against  a  wall   rendered  black 


ng  the  wall,  and  the  bricks  being  all  of 
the  same  thickness,  though  of  difl'erent 
widths,  the  external  appearance  will  be 
everywhere  the  same." — Enr.  Gard. 

Mr.  Paxton  has  the  following  excel- 
lent observations  upon  Conservative 
Walls,  or  walls  so  constructed  as  to 
shelter  trees  trained  against  them  from 


by  coal  tar,  rises  5^  higher  in  the  sun-  winds,  and  other  natural  modes  of 
shine,  than  the  same  instrument  sus-  rapidly  lowering  the  temperature: — 
pendcd  against  a  red  brick  structure  of  "  In  forming  a  conservative  wall,  it  is 
the  samii  thickness;  nor  will  it  cool  necessary  that  it  should  have  a  south  or 
lower  at  night,  though  its  radiating  |  a  south-western  aspect.  It  is  also  desi- 
power  is  increased   by  the  increased' rable,  in  order  to  give  it  an  ornamental 


W  A  L 


622 


W  AL 


appearance,  that  there  should  be  promi- 
nent parts  at  certain  intervals,  or  that 
the  wliole  should  be  divided  into  re- 
cesses and  projections.  The  latter,  by 
being  of  limited  dimensions,  would 
serve  for  the  display  of  the  more  hardy 
plant,  and  also  afford  additional  shelter 
to  the  remaining  portions.  If,  more- 
over, the  whole  be  surmounted  by  an 
appropriate  coping,  its  beauty  will  be 
greatly  enhanced. 

"Much  has  been  said  of  the  conser- 
vative wall  at  Chatsworth,  the  leading 
characteristics  of  which  are  a  practical 
illustration  of  the  opinions  now  ad- 
vanced— large  retiring  compartments, 
covered  with  a  neat  trellis,  and  relieved 
by  occasional  small  stone  projections  or 
piers  ;  and  as  the  wall  stands  on  a  steep 
slope,  each  of  the  piers  is  raised  con- 
siderably higher  than  the  one  below  it, 
thus  constituting  as  it  were  a  series  of 
very  broad  ascending  steps  on  the  top. 

"  The  advantage  of  having  a  slight 
wooden  trellis  against  the  wall,  instead 
of  fastening  the  plants  to  it  in  the  usual 
way,  need  scarcely  be  pointed  out. 
Independently  of  its  superior  appear- 
ance, which  is  a  point  too  frequently 
neglected  in  such  matters,  the  greater 
ease  with  which  the  branches  can  be 
attached  to  it,  and  removed  or  altered 
at  any  time,  is  quite  sufficient  to  give  it 
the  preference,  while  the  destruction 
and  defacement  of  the  wall  consequent 
on  the  use  of  nails,  and  the  injury  they 
often  occasion  to  the  shoots  of  the 
plants,  give  a  value  to  any  system  by 
which  they  can  be  discarded.  The 
extra  expense  of  the  trellis  is  too  tri- 
fling to  be  regarded. 

"  It  has  been  found,  in  attempting  to 
grow  exotics  against  open  walls,  that 
whatever  tends  to  preserve  the  border 
in  which  they  are  planted  comparatively 
dry,  during  the  winter,  does  more  to- 
wards sheltering  them  from  the  frost 
than  extensive  protection  of  any  other 
kind. 

"  As  the  fluids  of  plants  are,  for  the 
most  part,  imbibed  through  the  roots, 
and  as  the  heat  of  vegetable  bodies 
escapes  mainly  in  proportion  to  the 
fluids  they  contain,  protection  to  the 
medium  in  which  they  grow  is  perhaps 
even  more  necessary  than  to  the  stems 
and  branches.  It  will  therefore  be  seen, 
that  the  portion  of  the  border  where  the 
roots  lie  must  be  covered,  and  that,  if 
the  canvas  or  other  protection  actually 


given  to  the  wall  does  not  extend  over 
the  border,  a  coating  ofdry  litter  should 
he  spread  over  it,  as  soon  as  severe 
weather  commences,  and  be  retained 
on  it  until  the  spring. 

"The  wall  is  composed  of  alternate 
prominent  and  retiring  compartments. 
Each  of  the  former  includes  two  stone 
pillars,  which  stand  out  a  little  beyond 
all  the  remainder,  and  are  to  be  left  un- 
covered ;  while,  between  these,  is  a 
division,  over  which  is  extended  a  trellis 
for  supporting  the  hardiest  sorts  of 
climbers  and  those  that  demand  no  pro- 
tection. 

"  The  recesses  are  capable  of  being 
covered  in  cold  weather  with  glazed 
sashes,  which  can  be  placed  out  of  sight 
in  a  moment,  whenever  it  is  safe  to  re- 
move them,  by  sliding  them  hiphind  the 
other  divisions.  In  these  recesses  the 
tenderest  green-house  plants  may  be 
cultivated,  and  trained  against  a  trellis. 

"  Thus  are  combined  a  handsome 
architectural  elevation,  and  the  means 
of  having  some  of  the  finest  exotic  plants 
exposed  in  summer,  without  danger, 
and  in  a  condition  incomparably  more 
healthy  and  attractive  than  they  ever 
attain  in  the  green-house. 

"  If  glazed  sashes  are  too  expensive, 
canvas,  or  other  screens,  can  be  readily 
substituted  ;  but,  in  that  case,  the  j)lants 
will  suffer  from  being  kept  in  darkness 
during  the  winter.  Where  it  is  thought 
preferable,  another  set  of  rails,  on  the 
outside  of  those  for  the  sashes,  can  be 
prepared,  to  carry  some  kind  of  cover- 
ing in  rigorous  weather.  Where  this  is 
done,  the  necessity  tor  fire  heat  will  be 
trifling  ;  in  fact  it  might  be  entirely  dis- 
pensed with." — Paxton^s  Magazine  of 
Botany. 

PLANTS  FOR  A  CONSERVATIVE  WALL. 

Abutilon  striatum  ;  Acacia  angustifolia, 
armata,  cultiformis,  dealbata,  decur- 
rens,  juniperina,  lancelota,  longissi- 
ma,  lunata,  and  mucronata. 

Bignonia  capreolata,  grandiflora,  and 
tweediana;  Billardiera  longiflora; 
Bossia;a  linophylla  and  scolopen- 
drium  ;  Brachysema  hybridum  and 
undulatum  ;  Brugmansia  sanguinea 
and  suaveolens;  Budleya  Lindleyana. 

Camellia  Japonica;  Ceanothus  azureus; 
Ceratonia  siliqua ;  Clematis  azurea 
grandiflora,  and  sieboldi ;  Correa 
bicolor,  Harrisii,  Lindleyana,  and 
pulchella. 


W  AL 


623 


W  A  L 


Diplacus  pumiceus. 

Edwardsia  graiidiHora  and  microphylla; 

Erythrina  crysta-galli ;  Eutaxia  inyrti- 

folia. 
Grcvillea  rosmarinifolia. 
Hibbcrtia  volubilis. 
Jiisininuni  granditlorum,  and  umbella- 

tuin. 
Keiinedya  lilacina,  longiracemosa,  and 

ovata. 
Lagerstra;mia  indica;  Linum  trigyniura. 
JMalva  creeana  ;  Maneltia  bicolor;  Ma- 


"  Tlie  shoot  to  be  grafted  must  be 
cut  above  the  place  where  a  yoiiiig 
shoot  is  pushing;  this  shoot  must  be 
preserved,  and  the  scion  must  be  placed 
opposite  to  it,  being  fitted  in  the  man- 
ner of  whip-grafling,  care  being  taken 
that  the  inner  barks  coincide.  When 
the  buds  of  the  scion  begin  to  swell,  the 
point  of  the  shoot  left  opposite  on  tlie 
stock  must  be  pinched  ;  and  when  the 
gralt  has  tully  burst  into  leat',  and  is 
consequently  in  a  condition   to  appro- 


rianthus  cjeruleo-punctatus  ;  Mimosa    priate  the  whole  of  the  sap,  the  shoot 


prostrata. 
Olea  fragrans. 
Passillora  alata,  cxrulea,  cajrulea  race- 

mosa,  and  inayani ;  Plumbago  capen- 

sis  ;  Polygala  cordifolia  and  grandi- 

flora;  Punica  granatum. 
Rhodocliiton  volubile. 


on  the  stock  may  be  then  dispensed 
with. 

"  The  scions  should  be  taken  ofT  in 
March,  and  their  ends  laid  in  the  ground 
till  required  tor  use,  as  above  men- 
tioned."— Gard.  Chron. 

Soil. — It  prefers  a  deep  loam,  though 


ISchinus  niolle;  Siphocampyllus  bico- |  it  will  succeed  on  all  light  moderately 
lor ;  Sollya  heteropliylla  and  liniaris  ;  fertile  soils,  provided  they  are  well 
Swainsonia  coronilla;folia. 

Tacsonia  mollissima  and  pinnatistipula. 


drained. 

Flanlin^.  —  Walnut 


trees      should 


W.VLNUT,  EiVGLlSH.    Julians  regia.    never  be  planted   nearer  to  each  other 
Varieties. — Common  Duck  Nut ;    Ha- ,  than     sixty    feet.      They     require    no 
tif;  Higlitlyer;  Double;  Tardif;  York-    pruning. 

shire.  Of  these  Highflyer  and  Yorkshire  )  Preserving  the  Fruit. — It  is  ripe  in 
are  best. — London  Hart.  Sac.  Catalogue.  October,  and  should  be  allowed  to  hang 
Propagation  by  Seed. — Sow  in  drills  upon  the  tree  until  the  outer  covering 
twelve  inches  apart  and  two  inches  and  begins  to  crack.  In  this  state,  when 
a  half  deep,  and  the  nuts  six  inches  :  the  tree  is  shaken,  many  of  the  walnuts 
apart.     This  may  be  done  in  October,  1  as  they  fall   will    roll   out  of  the  husk. 


or  the  nuts  preserved  in  dry  sand  until 
February.  They  will  come  up  the  same 
spring,  and,  by  the  end  of  summer,  the 
young  plants  will  be  half  a  foot  or  more 
high,  which,  after  having  two  years' 
growth  in  the  seed-bed,  plant  out  in  the 


These  should  be  gathered  into  a  basket, 
separate  from  those  that  retain  their 
covering  ;  the  latter  should  be  laid  aside 
for  a  few  days,  until  the  husks  burst, 
and  they  can  be  taken  out  with  ease. 
The  great  object    is   to   prevent  them 


nursery.     Previously,  when   taken   up,    from   becoming  mouldy;   they   should, 


shorten  their  tap  roots  ;  but  preserve 
their  tops  entire,  and  plant  them  in 
rows  two  feet  and  a  half  asunder,  and 
about  eighteen  inches  distant  in  each 
row.     Here  thev  are   to   remain  a  few 


therefore,  be  wiped  clean  and  dry,  and 
laid  on  a  shelf,  in  a  dry  place,  where 
they  can  have  a  free  current  of  air,  until 
all  tendency  to  mouldiness  is  overcome. 
Great  care  must,  however,  be  taken  that 


years,  training  them  with  single  stems,    they  are  not  over  dried,  for  that  will 
till  five  or  six  teet  high,  then  transplant    cause    shriveling.       When    sufficiently 


them  where  they  are  to  remain. 


dry  they  should  be   put  into   boxes  ia 


Those  intended  principally  as  timber  ;  layers,  alternately  with   bran,  fine  dry 
trees,  as  well  as  to  bear  fruit,  should  be  \  sand,  or  shreds  of  cloth,  and  kept  fi>r 


always  planted  out  for  good  when  from 
four  to  live   feet   high  ;  or,  if  the  nuts 


use   in    a    cool  dry   situation.     By  this 
means   they  will    retain   their  moisture 


were   planted  at  once  where   the  trees    and  flavour,  and  the  film  will  with  ease 


are  designed  to  remain,  without  trans- 
planting, they  would  assume  a  quicker 
and  stronger  growth. 

By  Grafting. — Mr.  Knight  first  suc- 
ceeded in  this  operation,  and  the  fol- 
lowing directions  accord  with  his 
mode  : — 


peel  oir. — Gard.  Cliron. 

Talcing  the  Fruit. — There  is  an  un- 
gallant  distich  which  says — 
'•A  woman,  spaniel,  and  walnut  tree, 
The  limier  are,  ilie  more  well  thrash'd  they 
be.-' 
But  in  the  third  instance  most  certainly 


W  A  L 


624 


WAT 


it  is  "  a  vulgnr  error."  Walnuts  should  i  Liebig,  from  actual  experiment  on  a 
be  literally  gatliered  or  sliaken  from  the  large  scale,  states  that  both  rain  and 
tree,  for  none  other  bleeds  more  freely  snow  contain  ammonia;  and  its  import- 
if  wounded  :  and  no  result  of  practice  '  ance  appears  from  the  fact  that  if  there 
or  suggestion  of  science  can  point  out  j  be  only  one-fourth  of  a  grain  in  each 
why  the  walnut  tree,  contrary  to  all  pint  of  water,  the  annual  deposition 
others,     is     benefited     by     having    its    from   the    atmosphere   would    be   more 


branches  bruised  and  broken. 

WALNUT,  BLACK.   Juglans  nigra. 


than    sufficient,    on    half    an    acre    of 
round,  to  give   all   the  nitrogen   con- 


WARDL^N  CASE.     See  Glass  Case.\  tained  in  the  vegetable  albumen  of  150 
Stove. 


WAR.IJEA  cynnea 
WARTWORT 

sropia. 

WASPS  should  be  sedulously  de- 
stroyed during  April,  May,  and  June, 
for  all  appearing  in  these  months  are 
queens,  and  the  foundresses  of  nests. 
Their  favourite  resort  at  that  season  is 
the  laurel,  for  the  sake  of  the  honey 
secreted  by  the  midribs  of  its  leaves. 
They  may  then  be  caught  in  the  hooped 
gauze  net  of  the  entomologist.  In  Au- 
gust, wasps'  nests  should  he  destroyed, 


cwt.  of  beet  root.  Rain  water  also  con- 
Euphorbia  hclio-  tains  a  peculiar  substance,  analogous  to 
the  extractive  matter  and  gluten  of 
plants,  though  differing  from  them 
chemically.  To  this  substance,  Dr. 
Daubeny  has  given  the  name  of  pyr- 
rhine.  Traces  of  salts  and  oxides  have 
also  been  found  in  rain  water,  but, 
compared  with  all  other  naturally  pro- 
duced, it  is  so  pure,  and  so  abounds 
with  the  gases  beneficial  to  plants,  that 
none  other  can  equal  it  for  their  service. 
That  obtained  from  ponds  or  springs, 


and  spirit  of  turpentine  is  the  best  agent    invariably  contains  matters  offensive  or 
that  can  be  employed  for  the  purpose,    deleterious  to   plants.     That  known  as 


The  mode  of  using  it  when  the  nest  is 
in  the  earth  has  been  thus  detailed.  Put 
soi.,e  of  the  turpentine  into  a  large  bot- 
tle, shaking  it  about  until  the  whole 
of  the  inside  is  wetted  by  it;  then  fix 
the  neck  of  the  bottle  in  the  nesfs  en- 
trance, and  place  over  it  a  large  flower- 
pot.    By  replenishing  the  bottle   with 


hard  water,  containing  an  excess  of 
salts  of  lime  or  magnesia,  is  invariably 
prejudicial,  and  pond  water  is  scarcely 
less  so.  If  it  be  stagnant,  and  loaded 
with  vegetable  extract,  it  is  even  worse 
than  hard  spring  water  ;  for  it  then  con- 
tains carburetted  hydrogen  and  other 
matters  noxious  to  vegetables.     These 


turpentine  once  or  twice,  the  whole  of  last  named  waters,  if  obliged  to  be  em- 
the  wasjis  will  be  destroyed  by  the  ployed  to  tender  plants,  should  have  a 
fumes. — Gard.  Chron.  i  pint   of  the  ammoniacal   water   of  the 

If  the   nest  be  in  a  place  where  the    gas  works,  mixed  thoroughly  with  every 
bottle  cannot  be  employed,  the  spirit!  sixty  gallons,   an   hour   or  two   before 


may  be  injected  by  a  syringe,  and  the 
fume  retained  by  covering  up  the  nest's 
mouth. 

WATER  being  an  essential  applica- 
tion to  the  seed,  as  well  as  to  the  grow- 
ing plant,  the  source  from  whence  it 
comes  is  by  no  means  immaterial.  The 
best  for  the  gardener's  purpose  is  rain 
water,  preserved  in  tanks  sunk  in  the 
earth,  and  rendered  tight  either  by  pud- 
dling or  bricks  covered  with  Parker's 


they  are  used. 

Mr.  Paxton  justly  observes  that 
"  watering  outdoor  crops  is  frequently 
recommended  during  continued  dry 
weather;  but  it  should  be  avoided  as 
long  as  possible,  as  the  benefit  of  arti- 
ficial watering  is  but  temporary,  and  it 
has  the  effect  of  exciting  the  roots, 
thereby  rendering  them  more  liable  to 
suffer  when  the  water  has  evaporated. 
When,  in  a  case  of  emergency,  it  be- 


cement.     To  keep  these  tanks  replen-  comes  necessary  to  water,  it  should  be 

ished,guttersshould  run  round  the  eaves  given    morning     and     evening,     more 

of  every  structure  in   the  garden,  and  abundantly  than   is  usually  done,  and 

communicate   with  them.     Every  hun-  never  discontinued  after  its  commence- 

dred   cubic  inches  of  rain  water,  con-  ment,  until    a  change   in   the   weather 

tains  more  than  four  cubic  inches  of  air,  renders   it  no  longer   necessary.     Dis- 

of  which  more  than  half  are   carbonic  crimination  should  be  used  in  selecting 

acid  gas,  and   the   remainder  nitrogen  proper   objects   for  watering;    for  it  is 

and  oxygen  in  the  proportion  of  sixty-  no  uncommon   occurrence  to  see  small 

two  of  the  former  to  thirty-eight  of  the  basins  of  soil  formed  round  the  stems 


iast  named. 


of  fruit  trees,  on  walls  and  other  per- 


WAT 


625 


WAT 


manent  plants,  into  which  several  pans  ten  or  a  dozen  times,  the  ground  will 
of  water  are  poured  daily  during  become  thoroughly  soaked.  With 
drought.  This  must  be  useless  or  near-  annuals,  verbenas,  and  other  grouping 
ly  so,  as  the  roots  which  would  take  up  plants,  I  have  found  this  a  most  e.vcel- 
the  water,  for  the  benefit  of  the  plants, '  lent  method.  In  connection  with  the 
will  form  a  circle  at  a  considerable  dis-  ,  watering  of  strawberries,  a  radical  im- 
tance  from  the  stem.  Seed  beds,  or  I  provement  is  required;  for  although 
plants  which  can  be  regularly  and  tho-  j  gardeners  are  prettly  liberal  with  the 
roughly  watered,  as  radishes,  lettuce,  limpid  fluids  over  the  heads  of  the 
and  salading,  will  be  much  benefited,!  plants,  they  are  not  good  conservators 
butartificial  wateringoutofdoors,  in  the  ,  of  the  quality  of  the  fruit.  It  is  true, 
manner  it  is  usually  applied,  is  of  little  by  copious  watering,  both  the  size  and 
service;  and  in  the  case  of  strawber-  ,  quantity  of  the  fruit  is  much  increased  ; 
ries,  and  similar  crops,  mulching  with  ;  but  it  is  equally  true  that  if  water  is 
straw,  grass,  or  some  such  contrivance,  I  used  over  the  plants  after  the  fruit  is 
which  will  prevent  tlie  rapid  evapora- ,  half  grown,  the  latter  will  be  much  de- 
tion  of  moisture  from  the  soil,  is  much  teriorated  in  quality.  We  all  know 
preferable." — Card.  Chron.  \  that  strawberries  in   a  wet   season  are 

Mr.  S.  Taylor,  of  Stoke  Ferry,  in  the  '  never  so  high  flavoured  as  they  are  in  a 
Gardeners'  Magazine  for  1840,  recom-  I  dry  one,  and  what  is  the  reason  ?  Why, 
mends  the  use  of  bottles  with  two  small  :  because  there  is  a  superabundance  of 
holes  in  the  sides  near  the  bottom,  for  |  aqueous  matter  in  the  fruit;  and  so  it 
watering  plants.  The  bottles  are  buried  I  is  with  the  plants  copiously  watered 
to  the  neck,  near  the  roots  of  the  flower  [  overhead   in   dry  seasons.     In   truth,  it 


which  requires  watering,  and  after 
being  filled  and  corked,  the  water  is 
allowed  gradually  to  exude  through  the 
holes.  "This,"  says  that  good  horti- 
culturist, Mr.  W.  P.  Ayres,  "  though 
undoubtedly  an  ingenious  method,  is 
objectionable,  because  the  roots  of  the 
plants  are  liable  to  be  injured  in  plung- 
ing the  bottles,  and  that  it  would  require 


may  be  laid  down  as  a  rule,  if  fine  fla- 
voured fruit  be  a  desideratum,  water 
ought  never  to  come  in  contact  with  it 
after  the  saccharine  or  maturing  assi- 
milation commences.  Hence  in  water- 
ing strawberries,  let  it  be  poured  from 
the  spout  of  the  watering  pot  upon  the 
soil,  but  on  no  account  is  it  to  touch 
the  fruit;  or,  what  will  be  better,  fork  the 


so  many  of  them,  where  copious  water-  I  ground  over  between  the  plants,  give  it  a 
ing  was  necessary.  A  better  plan  is  to  i  good  soaking,  to  at  least  the  depth  of  a 
take  moderate  sized  flower-pots,  and  [  foot,  and  cover  it  two  or  three  inches 
having  placed  an  inch  or  two  of  rough  j  deep  with  clean  straw.  This  will  both 
gravel  in  the  bottom  of  each,  to  place  I  prevent   the   evaporation  of  moisture. 


them  round  the  plant  to  be  watered, 
and  fill  with  water,  which  as  it  perco- 
lates gradually  through  the  gravel,  will 
soak  into  the  ground.  For  plants  such 
as  standard  roses,  rhododendrons,  &c., 
closely  turfed  over  on  lawns,  or  for  any 
thing  in  a  sloping  situation,  this  is  a 
most  excellent  plan,  as   the  pots  filled 


and  the  radiation  of  terrestrial  heat; 
and  as  the  straw,  from  its  colour  and 
non-conducting  qualities,  will  reflect 
instead  of  absorbing  the  heat,  the  fruit, 
being  subjected  to  increased  tempera- 
ture, will,  in  consequence,  be  improved 
in  flavour.  If  water  is  required  after 
the  straw  is  placed  on  the  beds,  let  it 


with  water  may  be  placed  at  night,  and  be  applied   through    pots,  placed    one 

removed  the  next  morning,  so  as  not  to  foot  apart,  as  recommended  above  for 

become  an  eyesore.     Watering  plants  plants  on  a  lawn." — Gard.  Chron. 

in  flower  beds  is  at  all  times  a  difficult  I   agree  with  those  who  recommend 

matter,  because  if  the  borders  are  suf-  "  sunrise  as  the  best  time  for  the  water- 

ficiently  full  of  soil  to  give  them  a  con-  ing  of  exposed  plants.     Evaporation  no 

vex  form,  which  they  always  ought  to  doubt  will  then   go  on  freely;  but  the 

have,  the  water  runs  to  the  sides  of  the  atmosphere  is  beginning  to  get  warmer, 

borders  as  fast  as  it  is  poured  on.     In  and  the  sun's  rays  to  exert  tlieir  coun- 

such  cases  it  will  be  found  advisable  to  teracting  influence.   The  darkened  sur- 

perforate  the  beds  asthickly  as  possible,  face — that  very  condition  which  made 

without  injuring  the  roots,  to  the  depth  the  soil  throw  otT  its  heat  more  readily 

of  six  or  eight  inches,  with  a  stick  one  during  the  night,  causes  itto  imbibe  tho 

inch  in  diameter,  and  by  filling  these  ,  heat  of  the  sun's  rajs  by  day  with  in- 
40 


WAT 


626 


WAT 


creased  facility,  so  that  you  thus  have 
the  greatest  amount  of  the  fostering 
agencies  of  heat  and  moisture  for  the 
growth  of  plants.  When  evening  again 
comes  round,  the  surface  moisture  has 
been  dried  up,  and  its  colour  again  ren- 
dered of  a  lighter  shade  ;  there  is  con- 
sequently little  diminution  of  tempera- 


WATER  CRESS.  Nasturtium  of- 
ficinale. 

Varieties.  —  Small  brown  -  leaved, 
hardiest;  Large  brown-leaved,  best  for 
deep  water;  Green-leaved,  easiest  cul- 
tivated.— London  Hart.  Soc.  Trans. 

Planting  in  Water.  —  On  this  we 
have  the  following  good  directions  in 


ture  beyond  surrounding  objects,  either  |  the  Bon  Jardinier.     The  depth  of  the 


from  evaporation  or  radiation  of  heat. 
■ — Gard.  Chron. 


trenches  in  which  they  are  grown  being 
entirely    dependent    upon    that  of  the 


Although  an  excess  of  water  applied  springs  by  which  they  are  supplied 
to  the  roots  of  plants  is  injurious  to  |  with  water,  the  former  are  so  prepared 
them,  yet  all  of  them  are  benefited  by  '  that,  as  nearly  as  possible,  a  regular 
a  due  supply  of  that  liquid,  and  the  '  depth  of  three  or  four  inches  can  be 
su])ply  has  to  be  regulated  by  the  kept  up.  These  trenches  are  three 
amount  oftheir  daily  transpiration.  The  '  yards  broad,  and  eighty-seven  yards 
gardener  knows  that  this  differs  in  every  long,  and  whenever  one  is  to  be  plant- 
species,  and  during  different  seasons,  ed,  the  bottom  is  made  quite  firm  and 
For  instance,  in  a  dry  hot  day,  a  sun-  |  slightly  sloping,  so  that  the  water  which 
flower  three  feet  and  a  half  high  trans-  flows  in  at  one  end  may  run  out  at  the 
pired  1  lib.  4  oz.,  being  seventeen  times  i  other.  If  the  bottom  of  the  trench  is 
more  than  the  human  body;  during  a  1  not  sufficiently  moist,  a  small  body  of 
Lot  dry  night,  3  oz.;  during  a  dewy  water  is  allowed  to  enter  to  soften  it. 
night  there  was  no  transpiration,  and  !  The  cresses  are  then  taken  and  divided 
during  a  rainy  night  the  plant  absorbed  into  small  sets  or  cuttings,  with  roots 
3  oz.  Therefore,  the  gardener  finds  it '  attached  to  them ;  and  these  are  thrown 
best  to  apply  water  during  dry  weather  |  over  the  bottom  of  the  trench  at  the 
early  in  the  morning,  just  before  the  1  distance  of  three  or  four  inches  from 
chief  demand  occurs,  which  is  from  six  '■  each  other.  The  cress  soon  attaches 
A.M.,  till  two  in  the  afternoon;  and  i  itself  to  the  damp  earth;  in  three  or 
during  moist  weather  he  refrains  from  four  days  the  shoots  straighten  and  be- 
the  application  entirely.  Then  again  gin  to  strike  root.  At  the  end  of  fivR 
the  gardener  keeps  his  agaves  and  other  ;  or  six  days,  a  slight  dressing  of  well 
fleshy-leaved  plants  in  a  dry  stove,  for  ;  decomposed  cow-dung  is  spread  over 
they  transpire  but  sparingly  in  propor-  |  all  the  plants,  and  this  is  pressed  down 
tion  to  their  mass,  and  require  watering  '  by  means  of  a  heavy  board,  to  which  a 
but  seldom,  and  then  abundantly;  for  1  long  handle  is  obliquely  fixed.  The 
they  take  up,  as  in  their  native  silicious  !  water  is  then  raised  to  the  depth  of 
habitats,  a  large  supply,  and  retain  it|  two  or  three  inches,  and  never  higher, 
pertinaciously  in  defiance  of  the  long-  '  Each  trench  is  thus  replanted  annually, 
protracted  droughts  to  which  they  are  '  and  furnishes  twelve  crops  during  the 
exposed.  In  the  same  species  I  have  '  season.  In  the  summer  the  cresses  are 
always  found  varieties  transpire  abun- '  gathered  every  fifteen  or  twenty  days, 
dantly  and  require  a  large  supply  of !  but  less  frequently  during  winter :  care 
water  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  is  taken  that  at  each  gathering  at  least 
their  transpiring  surface.  Thus  the  '  a  third  part  of  the  bed  is  left  untouched, 
broad-leaved  fuchsias  and  pelargoniums  so  that  neither  the  roots  may  be  ex- 
transpire  from  two  to  three  times  as  hausted,  nor  the  succeeding  gathering 
much  as  those  varieties  which  have  j  delayed.  After  every  cutting,  a  little 
smaller  and  less  abundant  foliage.  1  decayed  cow-dung,  in  the  proportion 
Excessive  moisture  induces  that  over  |  of  two  large  barrowfuls  to  each  trench, 
succulency,  which  is  ever  attended  by  i  is  spread  over  the  naked  plants,  and 
weakness,  unnatural  growth,  and  early  |  this  is  beaten  down  by  means  of  the 
decay.  Such  plants  more  than  any ;  rammer  above  mentioned.  After  the 
others  are  sufferers  by  sudden  vicissi- '  water  cresses  have  been  thus  treated 
tudes  in  the  hygrometric  state  of  the  for  a  twelvemonth,  the  manure  forms  a 
atmosphere,  and  are  still  more  fatally  tolerably  thick  layer  at  the  bottom  o{ 
▼  isited,  if  exposed  to  low  reductions  of;  the  trench,  and  tends  to  raise  its  level. 


temperature." — Princ.  of  Gard. 


To  restore  it  to  its  original  level,  all 


WAT 


627 


WAT 


the  refuse  ehouKl  he  thrown  out  upon  so  formed  as  to  give  the  water  thrnun 
the  borders  which  separate  the  trenches  from  them  the  nearest  resemblance  to 
from  each  other.     These  borders  may    a  gentle  shower  of  rain,  which  renders 


be  planted  with  artichokes,  cabbages, 
or  cauliflowers,  which  will  here  attain 
a  great  size.  Cress-grounds  should  al- 
ways be  at  a  distance  from  trees,  on 
account  of  the  leaves,  which  otherwise 
drive  amongst  the  plants,  and  require 
much  time  to  pick  out.  There  are 
two  weeds  which,  even  in  the  cleanest 
cress-grounds,  can  scarcely  be  kept 
under;  these  are  the  Duckweed  and 
Zannichellia  palustris,  which  both  mul- 
tiply so  quickly,  that  unless  carefully 
rooted  out,  they  do  great  injury  to  the 
cresses.  The  Zannichellia  may  be 
kept  under  by  careful  hand-weeding, 
and  the  Duckweed  by  raising  the  wa- 
ter, so  as  to  make  it  float  above  the 
cress  plants,  when  it  may  be  skimmed 
off. 

Planting  in  Borders. — This  must  be 
done  in  September  and  in  a  moist  shady 
border.  Plant  slips,  and  the  only  cul- 
tivation necessary  is  to  dig  the  earth 
fine,  to  draw  a  slight  trench  with  a  hoe, 
to  fill  this  with  water  until  it  becomes 
a  mud,  to  cover  it  about  an  inch  deep 
with  drift  sand,  and  then  to  stick  in  the 
slips  about  six  inches  apart,  watering 
them  until  established.  The  sand  keeps 
the  plants  clean.  They  will  be  ready 
for  gathering  from  in  a  very  few  weeks, 
and  the  shoots  should  be  invariably  cut 
and  not  picked.  They  are  not  so  mild 
flavoured  as  those  grown  in  water,  but 
then  they  are  free  from  aquatic  insects, 
&c. 

WATERFALL.     See  Cascade. 

WATER  GERMANDER.  Teucrium 
Scordium. 

WATERING  ENGINE.  See  En- 
gine. 

WATERING  POTS.  These  should 
have  roses  pierced  with  very  fine  holes ; 
the  diameter  of  those  usually  used  is 
too  large.  Long-spouted  watering  pots 
are  required  for  watering  plants  in  pots 
upon  shelves.  French  watering  pots 
have  zigzag  bends  in  the  spout  to  break 
from  the  plant  the  force  of  the  water. 
Shelf  watering  pots  are  small  and  flat- 
bodied  for  giving  water  to  plants  over- 
head, and  near  the  glass  in  green-houses  ' 
or  stoves.  ' 

"  The  accompanying  engraving  is  of 
a  watering  pot  from  Mr.  G.  Thompson, 
390  Oxford  Street,  who  states  that  its 
superiority  consists  in  the  roses  being 


it  peculiarly  suitable  for  watering  seed- 
lings or  other  tender  plants.  As  the 
brass  joints  which  connect  the  roses  to 
the  spout  are  made  water-tight,  there 
is  no  danger  of  its  returning  outside,  to 

Fig.  176. 


the  annoyance  of  the  person  using  it: 
a  is  the  spout  to  which  the  roses  are 
screwed  ;  b,  the  box  to  contain  either 
spout  out  of  use;  c  and  d,  the  holes  in 
which  the  joints  are  placed  ;  e,  a  largo 
rose  for  watering  flower  beds;  /,  a 
smaller  rose  for  watering  plants  in 
pots." — Gard.  Chron. 

Another  watering  pot  is  the  follow- 
ing, and  suggested  by  Mr.  Williamson. 

"No.  1  represents  the  original, 
which  differs  from  a  common  watering 
pot  in  having  its  tube  inserted  in  a 
horizontal  position,  with  a  brass  valve 
near  the  point,  through  which  passes  a 
brass  wire  or  rod,  held  in  its  proper 
position  by  two  strong  transverse  pieces 
of  wire,  perforated  in  the  centre,  and 

Fig.  177. 


connected  with  a  crank  or  lever,  be- 
tween the  lower  part  of  which  and 
the  side  of  the  pot  is  a  steel  spring, 
which  propels  the  piston  and  shuts  the 
valve.     From  the  top  of  the  Jever  is 


WAT 


628 


W  E  A 


fixed  a  brass  rod,  which  is  kept  in  its  ,  hand  or  the  left :  by  drawing  up  the 
place  by  a  collar  brazed  to  the  side  of  spring  6  with  the  forefinger,  the  valve 
the  pot.  In  raising,  the  rod  is  pressed  is  raised  by  means  of  the  connecting  rod 
by  the  finger.  No.  2  represents  the  im-  :  5,  and  consequently  the  water  flows 
provements,  which  consist  in  a  double  ,  into  the  tubes  1  and  2;  as  soon  as  the 
lever,  acting  like  the  key  of  a  flute.  ,  finger  is  removed  from  the  spring,  the 
Instead  of  the  steel  spring  at  the  end  i  valve  falls,  and  the  water  is  stopped. 
of  the  lever,  a  spiral  one  of  brass  wire  |  The  spring  is  fixed  on  the  under  side  of 
IS  fi.xed  within  the  point  of  the  tube,  ,  the  handle,  and  nearly  all  inclosed  in 
ammediately  before  the  valve,  which  it  that  part  made  to  fit  the  hand.  Fig  2 
shuts;  at  the  other  end  of  the  tube  is  a  represents  the  bottom  of  the  can  ;  the 
convex  rose  of  copper,  to  prevent  dirt,  dotted  line  showing  the  size  of  the 
&c.,  passing  into  the  tube,  through  the  valve;  1  shows  the  point  at  which  the 
centre  of  which  passes  the  rod  in  con-  water  flows  into  the  tubes." — Card. 
nexion  with  the  lever  and  the  valve. 
No.  3  differs  from  the  preceding  only 
in  having  a  movable  curved  tube  at- 
tached to  the  pipe,  at  the  top  of  which 
is  a  very  fine  rose  about  an  inch  in 
diameter.      From    the    length   of  tube    Z"S,  var 


Chron. 

WATER  LEMON.    Passiflora  lauri- 
folia. 

WATER  LILY.     Nymphea. 

WATER  MELON.     Cucumis  Citrui- 


( about  twenty  inches)  the  pressure  of 
•water  is  considerable,  when  the  pot 
held  in  an  inclined  position,  producing 


WATER  PLANTS.     See  Aquarium. 
WATER  PURSLANE.    Peplis. 
WATER  VINE.     Tetracera  potato- 


a  light  shower  admirably  suited  to  small  i  ria 


seeds." — Gard.  Chron. 

A  third  invention  is  Mr.  Saul's,  and, 
he  says,  "  it  can  be  constructed  at  a 
very  little  more  expense  than  those  in 
general  use.  In  the  annexed  sketch, 
Fig.  1  represents  a  section  of  the  can  ; 
1  1  are  removeable  tubes,  having  roses 
on   their  upper  ends,  while  the  lower 


WATER  VIOLET.     Hottonia. 

W  A  T  S  0  N  I  A  .  Fifteen  species. 
Green-house  bulbous  perennials.  Off- 
sets or  seeds.     Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

WAYFARING  TREE.  Viburnum 
Lantana. 

WEATHER.  The  gardener,  even 
more  than  the  farmer,  is  dependent  upon 


ends   slide   over  the  tube  2,  fixed  into  the  weather  for  opportunity  to  insert  and 

the  can  ;  3  is  a  valve  placed  over  this  to  remove  the  plants  under  his  care.     I 

tube,  made  of  strong  leather,  and  hav-  shall,  therefore,  give  him  all  the  prog- 

ing  a  small  block  of  wood   on  the  top  nostics  which  appear  worthy  of  attention. 


like  those  in  common  pumps,  the  bot- 
tom of  the  can  being  wood,  the  valve  is  j 
screwed  on  it,  as  shown  at  4,  in  such  a 

Fig.  17S. 


manner  as  to  be  easily  taken  off,  when 

it  requires  to  be  repaired.     The  rod  5 

)3  connected  with  the  valve  3,  and  the 

spring   6;  when   used,  the  can  may  be  |  .23  The'wA'^w/ng-'jt'inV  the 

held  by  the  handle,  either  in  the  right 


1.  The  hollow  winds  begin  to  blow, 

2.  The  clouds  look  black,  the  glass  is  low; 

3.  The  soot  falls  down,  the  spaniels  sleep, 

4.  And  spiders  from  their  cobwebs  peep  ; 

5.  Last  night  the  su)i  went  pale  to  bed  ; 

6.  The  mooii  in  hales  hid  her  head. 

7.  The  boding  shepherd  heaves  a  sigh, 
■'.  For  see.  a.  rainbow  spans  the  sky  ; 

9  The  icalls  are  damp,  the  ditches  smell, 
lit.  Closed  is  the  pink-eyed  pimperriell : 
11.  Kark  1  how  the  chairs  and  tables  crack, 
\i.  Old  Hetty's  joints  are  on  the  rack; 

13.  Loud  quack  the  ducks.  \he  peacocks  cry, 

14.  The  distant  hills  are  looking  nigh; 

15.  How  restless  are  the  snorting  5!{)">!f, 

16.  The  husyfies  disturb  the  kine  ; 

17.  Low  o'erthe  grass  the  sivallow  wings, 
IS.  The  cricket,  too.  how  sharp  he  sings : 

19.  Puss  on  the  hearth,  wilh  velvet  paws, 
Sits  wiping  o"er  her  whisker'd  jaws ; 

20.  Through  the  clear  stream  the  fishes  rise, 
And  nimbly  catch  th"  incautious  flies; 

21.  The  glow-worms,  numerous  and  bright, 
Illumed  the  dewy  dell  last  night; 

22.  At  night  the  squalid  toad  was  seen 
Hopping  and  crawling  o'er  the  green  ; 


And  in  the  rapid  eddy  plays; 


VV  E  A 


629 


W  E  A 


24.  The/rog"  has  changed  his  yellow  vest, 
And  in  a  russet  coat  is  drest ; 

25.  Thougli  June,  the  air  is  cold  yet  still ; 

26.  The  blackbird's  mellow  voice  is  shrill  j 

27.  My  dog.  so  alter'il  is  his  taste, 

Quits  mutton  bones,  on  grass  to  feast ; 
29.  And  see  yon  rooks,  how  odd  their  flight. 
They  imitate  the  gliding  kite. 
And  seem  precipitate  to  tall, 
As  il'they  felt  the  piercing  hall; 
'Twill  surely  rain,  I  see,  with  sorrow. 
Our  jaunt  cannot  take  place  to-morrow. 

In  the  foregoing  rhymes,  attributed  to 
Dr.  Jenner,  are  comprised  nearly  all  the 
natural  phenomena  which  predicate  ap- 
proacliing  rain,  and  most  of  them  are 
sustained  by  our  more  scienced  know- 
ledge. 

Thus  the  wind,  when  rain  is  ap- 
proaching,  causes   more   moaning  and 


has  been  observed  by  Linnxus,  adds 
Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  that  flowers  lose  this 
fine  sensibility,  either  after  the  anthers 
have  performed  their  otBce,  or  when 
deprived  of  them  artificially;  nor  do  I 
doubt  the  fact.  I  have  had  reason  to 
think  that,  during  a  long  continuance  of 
wet,  the  Anagnllis  is  sometimes  ex- 
hausted ;  and  it  is  evident  that  very  sud- 
den thunder  showers  oftener  take  such 
flowers  by  surprise,  the  previous  state 
of  the  atmosphere  not  having  been  such 
as  to  give  them  due  warning. 

The  cracking  of  furniture  is  the  ne- 
cessary consequence  of  the  dry  woody 
fibre  expanding  when  exposed  to  moist- 
er  air.     Distant  objects  appear  nearer 
when  rain  is  at  hand,  because  the  air  is 
rarer  at  such  times,  and  objects  always 
whistling  sounds  in  passing  through  the  [  appear   distinct   in    proportion    to    the 
crevices  and  crannies  of  our  houses,  on  ,  rarity  of  the  gaseous  medium  through 
the  same  principle  that  all  other  gases,    which  they  are  viewed.     Sivallou-s  fly 


in  pro|)ortion  as  they  are  more  or  less 
heated,  or  more  or  less  dry,  cause 
louder  or  lower  sounds  in  passing 
through  the  orifices  of  small  tubes. 

Soot  falls  because  it  absorbs  more 
moisture  from  the  air  as  rain  approaches, 
and  becoming  heavier  breaks  away  from 
its  slender  attachment  to  the  chimney's 
walls.  A  halo  round  the  moon  is  caused 
by  the  rays  of  its  light  passing  through 
moisture  precipitated  from  the  air,  and 
the  larger  the  halo,  the  nearer  is  such 
precipitated  moisture  to  the  earth,  and 
consequently  the  rain  is  at  hand. 

Walls  become  damp  from  the  same 
cause   that  soot  falls,  when  rain  is  ap- 


low  at  such  times,  probably  for  two  rea- 
sons :  insects  are  then  more  busy  near 
the  earth's  surface,  and  the  rarity  of 
the  atmosphere  renders  flying  more  la- 
borious in  proportion  to  the  height  to 
which  a  bird  soars.  The  changed  habits 
of  animals  at  the  approach  of  rain,  are 
perhaps  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  al- 
tered state  of  the  atmospheric  pressure, 
and  of  the  air's  electricity  causing  a 
change  of  sensations  which  warns  them 
by  past  experience  that  the  season  of 
discomfort  or  of  pleasure,  as  their  na- 
ture may  be,  is  coming  upon  them. 

These  natural  phenomena  combined 
with  a  careful    attention   to  the  indica- 


proaching,  namely,  because  the  moist-  ^  tions  of  the  Barometer,  are  much  less 
ure  in  the  air  is  more  abundant,  and  in  erring  guides  than  tables  founded  upon 
a  state  of  mixture  with  it  more  easily  the  moon's  changes.  It  is  impossible, 
separable.  Walls  that  thus  become  |  in  the  present  imperfect  state  of  our 
damp,  contain  chloride  of  calcium,  or  meteorological  knowledge,  to  say  that 
other  salts  which  are  deliquescent,  that  the  moon  has  no  influence  upon  the 
is,  absorb  moisture  from  the  air.  Ditches  weather,  but  it  is  next  to  certain  that 
smell  in  rainy  weather,  because  all  other  influences  are  much  more  power- 
odours  are  conveyed  with  more  facility  ful  and  controlling.  The  same  moon 
by  damp  than  by  dry  air.  Not  only  rises  and  sets  and  changes  in  Hindoo- 
does  the  pimpernell(/in(igaZ/« ari'sns/s)  stan  as  in  England,  yet  in  that  climate, 
close  its  flowers  when  exposed  to  damp  its  wet  and  hot  and  cold  seasons,  its 
air,  but  those  of  many  other  plants  are  ,  northeast  and  southwest  monsoons  ar- 
similarly  sensitive.  Co;jro/i-«/usarfens?s  I  rive  with  a  changeless  regularity  and 
(field  Hindweed),  Anagallis  arreTisiS,  intensity  that  demonstrate  the  moon's 
Calendula    pluvialis,    Arenaria    rubra  \  influence  there  has  no  paramount  con- 


(purple     Sandwort),      Stellaria    media 
(Chickweed   or  Stitchwort),  and   many 


The  facts  established  by  Mr.  Forster 


others,  are  well  known  to  shut  up  their  and  other  acute  observers  of  the  ba- 
flowers  against  the  approach  of  rain  ;  rometer,  appear  to  be  these: — 1.  Not 
whence  the  Anagallis  has  been  called  j  the  great  height  or  depression  of  the 
"  the  Poor  Man's  Weather  Glass."  It!  mercury  is  so  much  to  be  regarded  as 
40* 


WE  A 


630 


WE  A 


whether  it  continues  to  rise  or  decline. 
2.  If  the  mercury  falls  when  the  wind 
blows  nearly  from  due  south,  rain  is 
approaching.  3.  If  it  falls  in  hot  wea- 
ther, there  will  be  thunder.  4.  If  it 
rises  in  winter,  frost  is  nigh  ;  and  if,  the 
frost  continuing,  it  still  rises,  there  will 
be  snow.  5.  If  it  falls  much  during 
frost,  a  thaw  will  set  in.  6.  A  change 
taking  place  immediately  after  the  mer- 
cury rises  or  falls,  rarely  endures.  7. 
If  the  mercury  continues  to  rise  during 
wet  weather,  or  to  fall  during  fine  wea- 
ther, a  permanent  change  will  come. 
I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  H.  White, 


6.  The  barometer  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year  will  fall  very  low  and  very  ra- 
pidly on  the  approach  of  a  storm  of 
wind  without  rain  ;  on  the  approach 
of  an  earthquake  too,  though  it  be 
four  or  five  hundred  miles  off"! 

7.  If  the  barometer  fall  with  an  easterly 
or  northeast  wind,  rain  will  follow. 

8.  If  the  crown  of  the  mercury  in  the 
tube  be  convex,  it  indicates  a  rising 
will  take  place ;  if  concave,  it  will 
soon  fall. 

These  are  a  few  of  the  changes  pecu- 
liar to  England.  The  operating  causes 
of  the  oscillations  involve  one  of  the 

one  of  the  intelligent  Secretaries  of  the  I  most  interesting  inquiries  belonging  to 
Meteorological  Society,  for  the  follow- |  meteorology.  Electricity  is  the  grand 
ing  observations: —  i  mover  of  the  barometric  column.  Many 

other  rules  might  be  gathered  from  the 

BAROMETRIC  FLUCTUATIONS.  restlessness   of  animals,  the  flights  of 

1.  The  barometer  in  calm  serene  wea-   birds,  and  the   gambols  of  fishes;  all 

ther    generally   ranges    pretty   high, '  indicating  by  their  motions  that  there  is 

rather   above   thirty   inches ;    if  the    a  change  taking  place  in  the  electrical 


fluctuations  daily  are  very  small,  but 
still  rather  getting  higher,  a  fine  se- 
ries of  days  or  weeks  may  be  expect- 
ed. 

2.  When  the  barometer  is  below  twen- 
ty-nine inches,  and  the  clouds  dis- 
perse with  but  little  wind,  it  will  be- 
come stationary  for  a  day  or  two,  till 
the  electrical  equilibrium  of  the  air 
be  destroyed  :  if  it  then  rise,  expect 
fair  weather;  if  it  fall,  expect  a  storm 
of  wind  accompanied  with  rain  or 
hail,  according  to  the  season. 

3.  When  the  barometer  ranges  between 
29  and  29. CO,  if  the  clouds  hang  low 
and  float  before  a  west  or  southwest 
wind,  almost  every  cloud  will  deposit 
its  contents,  especially  if  passing  over 
an  elevation,  a  wood,  and  sometimes 
a  river.  In  all  cases  the  hygrometer 
should  be  considered  :  if  the  air  be 
dry  and  the  barometer  fall,  wind  will 
follow;  if  the  air  be  saturated  with 
moisture,  rain  or  sleet,  according  to 
season. 

4.  When   the   thermometer   ranges    in  !  has  been  deduced   from  this,  whereby 


condition  of  the  atmosphere. 

NATURAL  APPEARANCES. 

1.  In  winter,  a  red  sky  at  sunrise  indi- 
cates the  speedy  approach  of  rain. 

2.  In  summer,  the  same  appearance  de- 
notes refreshing  showers. 

3.  Squalls  of  wind  generally  follow 
these  appearances: — "  It  will  be  foul 
weather  to-day,  for  the  sky  is  red  and 
lowering."     Matt.  xvi.  3. 

4.  Small  patches  of  white  clouds,  like 
flocks  of  sheep  at  rest,  indicate  con- 
tinued fine  weather. 

5.  Large  mountainous  (or  Jupiterian) 
clouds,  called  cumulo  stratus,  pro- 
duce sudden  showers  in  spring  and 
autumn,  and  hail-storms  in  summer 
and  winter. 

6.  When  large  clouds  diminish  in  size, 
fine  weather  will  follow  ;  if  they  in- 
crease, rain  or  snow. 

7.  Rainbows  denote  frequent  showers. 
Spiders   generally   alter    their    webs 

once  in  twenty-four  hours;  and  a  rule 


summer  between  70"  and  80°,  and 
the  barometer  falls  rapidly  and  exten- 
sively, thunder  will  follow  with  hail 
or  heavy  rain. 
5.  In   winter,  when   the   thermometer 


to  foretell  the  coming  change.  If  they 
thus  alter  their  web  between  six  and 
seven  in  the  evening,  there  will  be  a 
fine  night;  if  in  the  morning,  a  fine 
day;  if  they  work  during  rain,  expect 
ranges  below  freezing,  and  a  low  j  fine  weather;  and  the  more  active  and 
barometer  begins  to  rise,  expect  j  busy  the  spider  is,  the  finer  will  be  the 
snow  to  follow;  but  if  the  thermo- j  weather.  If  spiders' webs  (gossamer)  fly 
meter  rise  and  the  barometer  fall  '  in  the  autumn,  with  a  south  wind,  expect 
during  frosty  weather,  a  thaw  will  |  an  east  wind  and  fine  weather.  If  gar- 
quickly  follow.  i  den  spiders  break  ofi"  and  destroy  their 


W  E  A 


631 


WEE 


webs,  and  creep  away,  expect  continued 
rain  and  showery  weatiier. 

The  Leech  also  possesses  the  pecu- 
liar property  of  indicating  approaching 
changes  of  the  weather  in  a  most  enii- 


depositing  the  rain  arc  opposite  to  the 
sun, — thus  in  the  morning  the  bow  is  in 
tlie  west,  and  in  the  evening  it  is  in  the 
east;  and,  as  the  rains  in  this  country 
are  usually  brought  by  westerly  winds. 


nent  degree.  In  fair  and  frosty  weather  a  bow  in  that  quarter  indicates  that  the 
it  remains  motionless  and  rolled  up  in  a  rain  is  coming  towards  the  spectator; 
spiral  form  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  ;  whereas  a  bow  in  the  east  indicates  that 
previously  to  rain  or  snow,  it  will  creep  rain  is  passing  aw-ay.'  " — Salmonia. 
to  the  top,  where,  should  the  rain  be  i  fVind. — Mr.  Christensen  says,  that 
heavy,  or  of  long  continuance,  it  will  the  wind  changing  to  any  point  of  the 
remain  for  a  considerable  time;  if  tri- I  compass  between  e.s.e.  and  n.n.w. 
fling,  it  will  descend.  Should  the  rain  causes  the  mercury  to  rise;  and  a 
or  snow  be  accompanied  with  wind,  it  change  to  any  point  between  w.  and  s. 
will  dart  about  with  great  velocity,  and  !  causes  it  to  be  depressed, 
seldom  cease  its  evolutions  until  it  i  WEEDS  should  be  warred  upon  un- 
blows  hard.  If  a  storm  of  thunder  or  remittingly  by  the  gardener,  for  not  only 
lightning  be  approaching,  it  will  be  ex- 1  does  their  presence  detract  from  that 
ceedingly  agitated,  and  express  its  feel-!  neatness  which  should  be  the  all-per 


ings  in  violent  convulsive  starts  at  the 
top  of  the  glass.  These  animal  move- 
ments are  all  induced,  probably,  by 
sensations  in  the  animal  occasioned  by 
changes  in  the  atmospheric  electricity. 

Rain  may  be  Expected — When  the 
sounds  of  distant  waterfalls,  &c.,  are 
distinctly  heard — When  the  sun  rises 
pale  and  sparkling — When  the  sun  rises 
amidst  ruddy  clouds — When  the  sun 
sets  behind  a  dark  cloud — When  there 
is  no  dew  after  heat  in  summer — When 
there  is  much  hoar  frost  in  winter — 
When  mists  rest  on  the  mountain  tops 
— When  snails  and  frogs  beset  your 
evening  walk — When  gnats  bite  vigor- 
ously— When  animals  are  unusually 
restless. 

Fair  Weather  may  be  Expected 


vading  characteristic  of  the  garden,  but 
every  weed  robs  the  soil  of  a  portion  of 
the  nutriment  which  should  be  devoted 
to  the  crops. 

To  destroy  them,  the  hoes  and  weed- 
irig  irons  should  be  unremittingly  at 
work.  Neither  should  weeds  be  al- 
lowed to  remain  where  cut  down,  but 
should  be  gathered  together,  and  mixed 
with  saline  matters,  to  convert  them 
into  most  valuable  fertilizers.  Never 
burn  them.  No  weed  will  endure  being 
continually  cut  down,  and  when  cut 
down,  it  should  be  carried  to  a  common 
heap,  and  a  peck  of  common  salt,  and 
a  gallon  of  gas  ammoniacal  liquor, 
mixed  with  every  barrow  load.  The 
whole  speedily  becomes  a  saponaceous 
mass  ;  all  seeds  in  it  are  destroyed  ;  and 
it  is  rendered  one  of  the  best  fertilizers 


-When  none  of  the  signs  of  rain  just   the  gardener  can  command. 


given  occur — When  the  sun  sets  red 
and  cloudless — When  the  moon's  horns 
are  sharp — When  the  stars  shine  bright- 
ly— When  smoke  rises  easily — When 
moths  and  beetles  appear  in  numbers. 

Clouds. — "  When  it  is  evening,  ye 
say.  It  will  be  fair  weather,  for  the  sky 
is 'red."  {Matt.  xvi.  2.)  "And  this 
observation  of  nineteen  centuries  past 
is  explained  by  the  optical  fact,  that  dry 
air  refracts  more  of  the  red  rays  of  light, 
than  when  it  is  moist;  and  as  dry  air 
is  not  perfectly  transparent,  those  rays 
are  reflected  in  the  horizon." — Dari/'s 
Salmon  in. 

Rainbow. — "  When  this  is  seen  in  the 
morning,  it  betokens  rain  ;  but  if  in  the 
evening,  fair  weather;  and  Sir  H.  Davy 
thus  explains  this  phenomenon  : — '  The 
bow  can  be  seen  only  when  the  clouds 


WEEDING  TOOLS. 
Fig.  179. 


See  Hoe.    Be- 


WEE 


632 


WIR 


sides  spuds,  weeding  pincers,  and  hoes, 
there  are  several  implements  invent- 
ed for  eradicating  the  deeper-rooting 
■weeds.  Such  are  Hall's  Land  Crab 
(Fig.  179),  Dockspuds  and  the  Guernsey 
Weeding  Prong  (Fig.  ISO). 

WEEVIL.  See  Anthonomus  and 
Otiorhyncus. 

WEIGHTS. 

AVOIRDUPOIS    WEIGHT. 

16  Drachms,      1  ounce. 


16  Ounces, 

1  pound. 

28  Pounds, 

1  quarter. 

4  Quarters, 

1  cwt. 

20  Cvvt., 

1  ton. 

WEIGHTS 

AS  IN  ENGLAND. 

14  Pounds, 

1  Stone. 

8  Pounds, 

1  Stone  butchers' 

meat. 

56  Pounds, 

1  truss  of  hay. 

36  Pounds, 

1  truss  of  straw. 

36  Trusses, 

1  load. 

WELCH  ONION.     See  Cihoule. 

WENDLANDIA  parazcu/a/a.  A  Stove 
evergreen  tree ;  and  W.  populifolia,  a 
green-house  evergreen  twiner.  Cut- 
tings.    Loam,  peat  and  sand. 

WESTRINGIA.  Ten  species.  Green- 
house evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cut- 
tings.    Light  rich  soil. 

WHEELBARROWS.      The   greater 


If  a  wheelbarrow  be  made  of  wood, 
the  feet  and  handles  should  be  capped 
with  iron,  and  its  joints  strengthened 
with  bands  of  the  same  metal.  Iron 
barrows  are  now  made  weighing  no 
more  than  ninety-two  pounds,  and  they 
run  very  light. 

The  longer  the  handles  of  a  wheel- 
barrow are,  and  the  nearer  the  load  to 
the  wheel,  the  easier  is  that  load  lifted, 
and  the  easier  is  the  barrow  turned  over 
to  discharge  the  load. 

WHIRLING  PLANT,  Desmodium 
gyrans. 

WHITE  BEAN  TREE.    Pyrus  Avia. 

WHITE  CEDAR.  Cupressm  thy- 
aides. 

WHITE  SPRUCE.     Pinm  Alba. 

WHITE  TREE.  Melaleuca  Leuca- 
dendron. 

WHITE  VINE.     Clematis  vitalba. 

WHITEFIELDIA  lateritia.  Stove 
evergreen  shrub.  Cuttings.  Leafy 
mould  and  loam. 

WHORTLE  BERRY.     Vaccinium. 

WIDOW  WAIL.     Cneorum. 

WIGANDIA  caracasana.  Stove  de- 
ciduous shrub.    Seeds.    Loam  and  peat. 

WILDERNESS.     See  Labyrinth. 

WILD   LIQUORICE.     Abi-us. 

WILD  SERVICE.    Pyrus  torminalis. 

WILDENOVIA.     Two  species. 


the  diameter  of  the  wheel  of  a  barrow.    Grasses.     Division.     Loam  and  peat, 
and  the  smaller  the  axis  or  spindle  on  I      WILLEMETIA     africana.        Stove 
which  it  turns,  the  less  power  will  be  j  evergreen     shrub.        Young     cuttings. 
required  to  drive    it   forward ;  for  the    Sandy  loam  and  peat. 


friction  is  proportionately  reduced. 

The  diameter  of  the  wheel  might  be 
increased  with  manifest  advantage  to 
double  that  now  employed,  for  even 
then  it  would  be  below  the  point  of 
draught  or  impulsion  (the  hand  of  the 
labourer) ;  and  the  nearer  it  can  be 
brought  to  a  level  with  this,  the  more 
efficiently  he  exerts  his  power.  I 

The  breadth  ofthe  wheel's  periphery, 
or  felloes,  might  be  also  increased  two 
inches  advantageously;  for,  as  it  is  al- 
ways employed  upon  a  surface  in  some 
degrees  soft,  such  an  increased  breadth 
would  decrease  the  depth  to  which  the 
wheel  of  a  loaded  barrow  usually  sinks 
into  the  soil,  and  would  proportionately 
decrease  the  power  required  to  over- 
come the  augmented  opposition.  In  a 
wheelbarrow    so    constructed,    a    man 


WILLOW.     Salix. 

WILLUGHBEIA  edulis.  Stove  ever- 
green shrub.  Cuttings.  Loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

WIND  FLOWER.  Gentiana  Pneu- 
monanthe,  and  Anemone. 

WINGED  PEA.  Tetragonolobus pur- 
pureus. 

WINTER  ACONITE.     Eranthis. 

WINTER  BERRY.     Prinos. 

WINTER  CHERRY.  Physalis,  and 
Cardiospermum  Halicacabum. 

WINTER  CRESS.     Earbarea. 

WINTER  MOTH.    See  Cheimatobia. 

WINTER  SWEET.  Origanum  hera- 
cleoticum. 

WIRE -WORMS  are  the  larva;  of 
various  species  of  Elater,  Click  Beetle, 
or  Skip  Jack.     Of  these  there  are  more 


might  move  with  more  ease  eight  hun-  ,  than  fifty  species;  but  the  most  common 
dred  weight,  than  he  now  impels  five    are: — 


hundred  weight,  which  is  a  full  barrow 
load. 


E.  segetis,  of  which  the  wire-worm  is 
often  so  abundant  in  old  pastures,  and 


W  I  R 


633 


W  OR 


of  which  the  ravages  are  so  great  oc- , 
casionally  upon  our  corn  crops.  1 

E.  sputator.  Spring  beetle.  The 
larva  or  wire-worm  of  this  is  particularly 
destructive  to  the  lettuce  and  carrot. 


of  which  they  are  fonder  than  they  are 
of  the  roots  of  those  flowers.  Potatoes, 
with  a  string  tied  round  them  to  mark 
where  they  are,  and  to  facilitate  their 
being    taken  out  of  the  soil   in  which 


The  following  general  description  of,  they  are  buried  ;  and  carrots  siinilarly 
the  click  beetles  and  their  larvae,  is  thrust  into  the  earth  where  the  wire- 
given   by  Mr.  Cuthbert  Johnson,  in  the  I  worm  is  ravaging,  are  successful  lures. 


Farmers''  Encyclopedia  : — 


The  vermin   prefers  these,  buries  itself 


"  Click  beetles  are  readily  known  by  in  them,  and  may  be  easily  removed, 
having  the  sternum  produced  behind  in  The  roots  of  the  white  mustard  also  are 
a  strong  s^ine  fitted  to  enter  a  groove  said  to  drive  the  wire-worm  away  from 
in  the  abdomen,  situated  between  the  the  soil  on  which  it  is  grown." — Brit. 
intermediate  pair  of  legs.     By  bringing    Farm.  JMag. 

these  parts  suddenly  into  contact,  the  Mr.  Glenny  says,  "  that  Mr.  May, 
insects  are  enabled  to  spring  to  some  nurseryman,  Tottenham,  plants  the 
height  into  the  air,  and  thus  recover  common  daisy  round  his  principal  beds, 
their  natural  position  when  they  happen  finding  the  wire-worm  prefer  it  to  the 
to  fall  on  their  backs,  which  they  fre-  carrot."' — Gard.  Gazette. 
quently  do  when  dropping  from  plants  And  Mr.  Oram,  Edmonton,  says  "that 
to  the  ground.  A  special  provision  of,  the  double  daisy  is  employed  by  one  of 
this  kind  is  rendered  necessary  in  con-;  his  friends,  who,  in  one  summer,  from 
sequence  of  the  shortness  and  weakness  a  row  of  daisies  three  hundred  feet 
of  their  legs.  long?  I'as  taken  2,000  wire-worms." — 

"The    wire- worms    have    a    long,    Card.  C/iron. 
slender,  and  cylindrical  body,  covered        WISK    MEN'S    BANANA    TREE, 
by  a  hard  crust,  which  has  obtained  for    Musa  Hapientum. 

them  the  above  name.  They  are  com- 1  WISTARIA.  Two  species.  Hardy 
posed  of  twelve  segments, fitting  closely  j  deciduous  climbers.  Layers,  and  also 
to  each  other;  and  are  provided  with  |  cuttings.  Light  rich  soil.  IV.  sinensis 
six  conical  scaly  feet,  placed  in  pairs  on  j  requires  the  shelter  of  a  wall,  and  to  be 


the  three  segments  next  the  head.  The 
latter  is  furnished  with  short  antenna' 
palpi,  and  two  strong  mandibles  or 
jaws. 

"  To  remove  the  wire-worm  from  a 
soil,  no  mode  is  known  but  frequently 


pruned  about  the  beginning  of  March  ; 
cut  the  leading  shoots  about  half-way 
back,  and  spur  the  others  in  rather  short. 

WITCH  HAZEL.     Hamamelis. 

WITHERINGIA.  Seven  species. 
Stove  and  green-house  evergreen  shrubs 


digging  it  and  picking  them  out,  as  their  j  and  herbaceous  perennials.  W.  pur- 
yellow  colour  renders  them  easily  de-Uiurea  is  tuberous  rooted;  IV . phyllantha , 
tected.  To  prevent  their  attack  upon  a  a  green-house  annual.  Cuttings  or 
crop,  mix  a  little  spirit  of  tar,  or  a  larger  seeds.  Light  rich  soil, 
quantity  of  gas  lirne,  with  the  soil.     It 

has    been    stated    that    growing    white  \  house  herbaceous  perennials 
mustard  drives   them    away,  and   it  is    or  seeds.     Sandy  peat, 
certainly  worth    the    trial.     To  entrap 


WITSENIA.    Three  species.  Green- 
Oftseta 


them,  and  tempt  them  away  from  a  crop    linum. 
they  have  attacked,  bury  potatoes  in  the  j  " 

soil  near  the  crop  ;  and  if  each  potato 
has  a  stick  thrust  through  it,  this  serves 
as  a  handle  by  which  it  may  be  taken 
up,  and  the  wire  worms  which  have 
penetrated  it  be  destroyed.  To  decoy  ; 
them  from  beds  of  anemones,  ranuncu- 
luses, &c.,  it  is  said  to  be  a  successful 
plan  to  grow  round  the  beds  an  edging 


WOLF'S    BANE.       Aconitum   lupu- 


WOOD  ASHES.     See  Ashes. 

WOODBINE.  Caprifolium  Pericly- 
menum. 

WOOD  LEOPARD  MOTH.  See 
Bomhyi. 

WOODLICE.     See  Oniscus. 

WOODROOF.     Asperula. 

WOOD  SORREL.     Oxalis. 

WOOLLEN    RAGS.       See    Animal 


of  daisies,  for  the  roots  of  which  they    Matters. 


have  a  decided  preference. 


WORKING  is  a  gardener's  term  for 


"  If  a  crop  be  attacked,  as  the  pansy    the  practice  of  grafting.     "  To  work" 
or  carnation,  our  only  resource   is   to!  upon  a  stock  is  to  graft  or  bud  it. 
bury  in  the  soil  other  vegetable  matters, '      WORMS    are   beneficial   in   all    the 


WOR 


634 


XIP 


compartments  of  the  garden,  acting  as  ; 
a  kind  of  underdrainers,  by  their  bur- 
rowings.  To  keep  them  from  coming 
near  the  surface  of  lawns,  it  may  be  | 
sprinkled  with  salt  at  the  rate  of  live  ' 
bushels  per  acre,  three  times  a  year,  in  i 


ed  and  thinned  to  six  inches  asunder ; 
and  those  taken  away  pricked  at  a  like 
distance  ;  water  being  given  if  the  wea- 
ther is  at  all  dry.  The  slips  and  cut- 
tings are  planted  in  a  shady  border, 
about   eight   inches   apart,  and    water 


spring,  summer,  and  autumn.  The  !  given  regularly  every  evening  until  they 
most  speedy  destruction  is  brought  upon  j  have  taken  root. 

them  by  dissolving  two  ounces  of  corro-  The  only  cultivation  required  is  to 
sive  sublimate  in  every  forty  gallons  of,  clear  away  the  decayed  stalks  in  au- 
water,  and  applying  this  profusely  on  I  tumn,  and  to  keep  them  constantly  clear 
the  grass  infested.  The  worms  come  j  of  weeds  by  frequent  hoeings.  To 
to  the  surface  and  may  be  destroyed  by  i  obtain  seed  no  further  care  is  required 
thousands.  The  sublimate  is  a  virulent :  than  to  gather  the  stems  as  they  ripen 
poison.     Lime-water  always  must  be  an  !  in  autumn.     The  Roman  seldom  per- 


uncertain  application,  because  even  if 
the  lime  be  fresh  from  the  kiln,  there  is 
never  any  certainty  of  its  being  per- 
fectly calcined,  and  every  particle 
which  remains  combined  with  carbonic 
acid,  is  still  chalk,  and  insoluble.  The 
strength  of  lime  water  is  consequently 
never  uniform. 

Worms  should  not  be  allowed  to  re- 
main in  garden  pots,  for  they  puddle 
the  soil  in  so  confined  a  space. 

WORMIA  dentata.  Stove  evergreen 
tree.  Ripe  cuttings,  with  the  leaves  on. 
Light  loam,  or  loam  and  peat. 

WORMWOODS.  Artemisia.  These 
are  perennial  rooted  bitter  aromatics, 
and  cultivated  solely  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses. Common  wormwood  {Artemisia 
absinthium) ;  Sea-wormwood  (A.  mari- 
tima) ;  Roman  wormwood  {A.  Fontica) ; 
Santonicum,  or  Tartarian  wormwood 
{A.  Santonica). 

Soil. — The  soil  best  suited  to  them  is 


fects  its  seed. 

WOUNDWORT.  Anthyllis  vulnera- 
ria. 

WOUNDS.    See  Extravasafed  Sap. 

WRIGHTIA.  Four  species.  Stove 
evergreen  trees  and  shrubs.  Cuttings. 
Sandy  loam  and  peat. 

WULFENIA  carinthiaca.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennial.  Division  or 
seeds.     Light  rich  soil. 

WURMBEA.  Four  species.  Green- 
house and  half-hardy  bulbous  peren- 
nials.    Offsets.     Sandy  peat  and  loam. 

WYCH  ELM.     Ultnus  montana. 

XANTHORIZA  apiifolia.  Hardy 
evergreen  shrub.  Suckers.  Common 
soil. 

XANTHORRH^A.  Six  species. 
Green-house  evergreen  shrubs,  or  herb- 
aceous perennials.  Offsets.  Loam  and 
peat. 

XANTHOSIA  rotundifolia.  Green- 
house  evergreen   shrub.      Cuttings   or 


one  that  is  dry,  light,  and  poor,  other-  I  seeds.     Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

wise  they  grow  luxuriantly,  and  are  de-  j      XANTHOXYLUM.     Fourteen   spe- 

fective  in  their  medicinal  qualities,  as  j  cies.    Stove  and  green-house  evergreen 

well  as  in  their  power  to  withstand  the  :  and  hardy  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 

rigour  of  the  winter.    Any  situation  will  i  Ripe  cuttings.     Common  soil. 

suit  the  common  and  sea  wormwoods,  !      XERANTHEMUM.    Three  species. 

that  is   open   and  unconfined,  but  the    Hardy  annuals.    Seeds.    Light  rich  soil. 

exotic  species  require  to  be  sheltered  i      XEROPHYLLUM.      Four     species. 

from  the  severe  aspects.     In  a  severe    Hardy  herbaceous  perennials.    Division 

winter,  the  Tartarian  can  only  be  pre-  j  or  seeds.     Peaty  soil. 

served  under  a  frame.     The  sea  worm-        XIMENESIA.    Five  species.    Hardy 

wood  seldom  flourishes,  from  the  want  [  annuals  and  biennials,  and  green-house 

of  a  genial  soil ;  the  application  of  salt  j  herbaceous  perennials.     Seeds.     Corn- 


would  undoubtedly  be  beneficial.  mon  soil. 

Propagation. — They   are   all   propa-  \      XIMENIA. 
gated  by  seed,  as  well  as  slips  and  cut-    evergreen  trees 
tings,  the  first  of  which  may  be  sown  in  I  peat. 
March  or  April  ;  and  the  latter  planted  [      XIPHIDIUM.    Two  species.    Stove 
during   June,  July,  and   beginning   of ;  herbaceous  perennials.  Division.  Loam, 


Two    species.      Stove 
Cuttings.     Loam  and 


August.  The  seed  is  sown  thinly  broad- 
cast ;  and  when  the  plants  arrive  at  a 
height  of  two  or  three  inches,  are  weed- 


peat,  and  sand. 

XIPHOPTERIS.    Two  species.  One 
a  stove,  the  other  a  green-house  peren- 


X  YL 

Division  or  seeds. 


635 


Z  YG 


Loam  and 


ZIERIA.  Ten  species.  Green-house 
evergreen  shrubs.  Young  cuttings.  San- 
dy loam  and  peat. 

ZIGADENLS.  Five  species.  Hardy 
herbaceous  perennials.  Division  or 
seeds.     Peaty  moist  soil. 

ZILLA.  Two  species.  Half-hardy 
evergreen  shrubs.  Cuttings.  Light  rich 
soil. 

ZIXZIBER.  Ginger.  Thirteen  spe- 
cies. Stove  herbaceous  perennials, 
except  Z.  miega,  which  belongs  to  the 
green-house.  Division.  Loam,  peat, 
and  sand. 

ZINNL\.  Eight  species.  Hardy  an- 
nuals. Seeds.  Rich  mould,  or  common 
soil. 

ZIZIA.  Three  species.  Hardy  herb- 
Division  or  seeds. 


nial. 
peat. 

XYLOMELUM  pyriforme.  Green- 
liouse  evergreen  tree.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam,  peat,  and  sand. 

XYLOPHYLLA.  Eleven  species. 
Stove  evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings. 
Loam  and  peat. 

XYLOPLA..  Three  species.  Stove 
evergreen  shrubs.  Ripe  cuttings.  Loam 
and  peat. 

YELLOW  SULTAN.  Centaurea  sua- 
veolens. 

YELLOW-TAILED  MOTH.  See 
Bombyi. 

YEW  TREE.     Taxus. 

YUCCA.    Adam's  Needle.    Thirteen 
species.    Hardy,  stove,  and  green-house 
evergreen  shrubs,  and  a  few  hardy  herb-    aceous  perennials 
aceous  perennials.     Y. pendula,  a  vari- !  Moist  soil, 
ety  of  Y.  aloifolia,  is  a  hardy  deciduous  \      ZIZIPHORA.   Seven  species.  Hardy 
tree.     Suckers.     Light  rich  soil.  j  annuals,  Z.  acmo/des  a  hardy  deciduous 

"  Cut  the  flower-stem  off  Yucca  glori-  trailer,  and  the  others  half-hardy  ever- 
osa  directly  it  has  done  flowering,  and  green  shrubs.  The  latter  increase  by 
take  away  all  the  suckers,  except  two  cuttings,  the  former  by  seeds.  Common 
or  three  of  the  strongest.    Then  remove    soil. 

a  little  of  the  soil  round  the  bottom  of  ZIZYPHUS.  Lotus.  Fourteen  spe- 
the  plant,  and  replace  it  with  a  dressing  cies.  Stove,  green-house,  hardy,  and 
of  equal  parts  of  sandy  loam  and  cow-  half-hardy  evergreen,  and  a  few  hardy 
dung." — Card.  Chron.  '  deciduous  shrubs.   The  stove  and  green- 

ZAMIA.  Twenty-one  species.  Stove  house  kinds  increase  by  ripe  cuttings, 
or  green-house  herbaceous  perennials,  and  succeed  in  loam,  peat,  and  sand; 
Suckers.     Light  sandy  soil.  the  hardy  kinds  by  ripe  cuttings  or  lay- 

ZEBRA  PLANT.     Calathea  zebrina.    ers,  and  require  a  rich  soil. 

ZEPHYRANTHES.  Eleven  species.        ZORNL\.    Seven  species.    Stove  an- 
Green-house  and  half-hardy  bulbous  pe-    nuals  and  green-house  herbaceous  pe- 
rennials, and  a  few  hardy  and  half-hardy    rennials.     Seeds.     Peat  and  loam, 
herbaceous  perennials.    Off^sets.    Turfy        ZYGOPETALUM.  Six  species.  Stove 
loam,  peat,  and  sand.  orchids.    Division.    Peat  and  potsherds. 

ZEXME^IA  tagetijlora.  Half-hardy  ZYGOPHYLLUiAL  Thirteen  species, 
herbaceous  perennial.  Seeds.  Com-  Green-house  and  stove  evergreen  shrubs, 
mon  soil.  Cuttings.      Loam,  peat,  and  sand.     Z. 

ZICHYA.  Three  species.  Green-  prostratum  is  a  trailer ;  Z.  simplex,  a 
house  evergreen  twiners.  Young  cut-  half  hardy  annual  ;  and  Z./a6ag:o  is  in- 
tings.     Sandy  loam  and  peat.  creased  by  seeds  only. 


THE     END. 


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BY  W.  F.  LYNCH,  U.S.N., 

Coinmaiider  of  the  Expedition. 

New  and  condensed  edition,  with  a  Map,  from  actnal  Surveys. 

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In  one  very  large  and  handsome  octavo  volume, 
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This  book,  so  long  and  anxiously  expected,  fully  sustains  tlie  hopes  of  the  most  san- 
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* 


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The  whole  of  Mr.  Wirt's  Papers,  Correspoiulence.  Diaries.  &:c.,  having  been  placed 
in  llie  liauOs  of  Mr.  Kennedy,  to  be  used  in  this  worli  :  il  will  be  found  lo  contain  much 
that  IS  new  and  intere.'Jiing  relative  lo  llie  political  history  of  the  limes,  as  well  as  lo 
the  private  life  of  Mr   Wirt 

The  exceedingly  favorable  manner  in  which  this  work  has  been  everywhere 
received,  having  rapidly  exhausted  the  first  edition,  the  publishers  have  pleasure  in 
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to  assume  the  position  which  it  merits  as  a  book  lor  every  parlor  table  and  for  every 
fire-side  where  there  is  an  appreciation  of  the  kindliness  and  manliness,  the  intellect 
and  the  affection,  the  wit  and  liveliness  which  rendered  William  Wirt  at  once  so  emi- 
nent in  the  world,  so  brilliant  in  society,  and  so  loving  and  loved  in  tlie  retirem'nlof 
his  domestic  circle.  Uniting  all  these  attractions,  it  cannot  fail  to  find  a  place  in  every 
private  and  public  library,  and  in  all  collections  of  books  for  the  use  of  schools  and 
colleges;  for  the  young  can  .have  before  them  no  brighter  example  of  what  can  be 
accomplished  by  industry  and  resolution,  than  the  life  of  William  Wirt,  as  uncon- 
sciously related  by  himself  in  these  volumes. 

The  approbation  bestowed  upon  ihis  work  by  the  press  has  been  universal.  From 
among  numerous  recommendaiory  notices,  the  publishers  submit  a  few. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  books  of  the  season,  and  certainly  one  of  ihe  most  enter- 
taining works  ever  published  in  this  country.  Mr.  Kennedy  is  admirably  qualified 
for  the  preparation  of  such  a  work,  and  has  evidently  had  access  to  a  great  variety  of 
useful  material.  The  work  is  one  which  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  young  man 
in  the  country.  Its  intrinsic  interest  will  secure  it  a  very  general  popularity. — N.  Y. 
Courier  and  Enquirer. 

'I'he  fascinating  letters  of  Mr.  Wirt,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  and  agreeable  men  of 
the  day,  in  themselves  furnish  a  rich  fund  of  instruction  and  enjoyment.—  Rich}n'/i  Inq. 

This  work  has  been  looked  for  with  much  inierest  by  the  public,  and  will  not  disap- 
point the  high  expectations  justly  based  upon  the  well-known  talents  of  the  author, 
and  the  abundant  materials  let't  by  the  distingui->hed  orator  and  jurist,  to  which  he  has 
had  free  access. — Baltimore  American. 

The  style  is  at  once  vigorous  and  fascinating,  and  the  interest  of  the  most  absorbing 
charBCier.—  Philadeliihia  fnquinr 

Mr.  Kennedy  is  one  of  the  very  finest  of  American  writers.  He  never  touches  a 
subject  thai  he  does  not  adorn— and  it  is  fortunate  for  the  memory  of  Mr.  Wirt  that  the 
history  of  his  life  has  fallen  into  such  hands.  The  publishers  have  performed  iliejr 
task  m  excellent  style.  'I  he  paper  and  the  type  are  good,  and  the  whole  getting  up  is 
admirable. — Rich-)noHd  Whi^. 

Mr.  Kennedy  has  indeed  given  us  tw'o  delightful  and  instructive  volumes.  No 
part  of  what  he  has  thus  lirought  together  could  have  been  omitted  without  detriment 
to  the  perfect  picture  of  the  great  man  who  held  for  twelve  years  the  important  office 
ot  Attorney-General  of  these  United  States.  Inwoven  with  the  biographical  anec- 
dotes, letters,  and  speeches,  are  elucidatory  threads  that  guide  the  reader  to  a  better 
understanding  of  various  matters  of  history,  and  give  a  general  and  permanent  value 
to  the  work.  A  fine  portrait  is  i)refixed  to  the  first  volume,  and  a  curious  fac  simile  of 
a  letter  from  John  Adams  is  given  in  the  second. — N.  Y.  Cmnmercial  Advertiser. 

Mr.  Kennedy  has  made  a  couple  of  very  interesting  voluines.  He  has  not  disap- 
pointed the  expeciat  ons  of  those  who  know  his  powers,  and  had  enjoyed  the  spirit, 
grace,  and  humor  of  his  previous  writings.  He  has  properly  adopted  the  plan  of 
making  Mr.  Wirt  speak  for  himself,  wheneverthis  was  possible.  We  have  accord- 
ingly, a  large  body  of  his  letters,  showing  him  in  every  possible  attitude,  during  almost 
every  period  of  his  life,  and  always  m  a  manner  lo  satisty  us  of  the  equal  goodness  of 
his  heart  and  the  clear  manliness  of  his  intellect.  The  lawyer,  in  particular  will  be 
apt  lo  peruse  these  pages  with  a  sensible  sympathy.  They  illustrate  the  progress  of 
thousands,  through  a  long  and  painful  struggle— from  poven>  ,  tn rough  adversity,  and 
finally,  into  renown  and  excellence.  They  furnish  many  admirable  examples,  as 
well  as  interesting  history.—  OharUston  Mercury. 


LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 


JOHNSTON'S   PHYSICAIi   ATLAS. 


THE   PHYSICAL   ATLAS 

OF    NATURAL    PHENOMENA. 

FOK    THE    USE    OF    COLLEGES,    ACADEMIES,    AND    FAMILIES. 

BY  ALEXANDER  KEITH  JOHNSTON,  F.R.  G.S.,  F.  G.  S. 

In  one  large  volume,  imperial  quarto,  handsomely  bound, 

With  Twenty-six  Plates,  Engraved  and  Colored  in  the  hest  style. 

Together  with  112  pages  of  Descriptive  Letter-press,  and  a  very  copious  Index. 

This  splendid  volume  will  fill  a  void  long  felt  in  this  country,  where  no 
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joined will  show  both  the  design  of  the  work  and  the  manner  in  which  its 
carrying  out  has  been  attempted.  The  reputation  of  the  author,  and  the 
universal  approbation  with  which  his  Atlas  has  been  received,  are  suflicient 
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best  and  most  accurate  description. 

As  but  a  small  edition  has  been  prepared,  the  publishers  request  all  who 
may  desire  to  procure  copies  of  the  work  to  send  orders  through  their  book- 
sellers without  delay. 

LIST  OF  PLATES. 


GKOLOGY. 

1.  Geological  Siruelure  of  llie  Globe. 

2.  Mouiiuin  Chains  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  .Mouiiiain  Cluinis  of  America 

4.  Illustration  of  the   Glacier   System  of 

the  Alps.     (Moat  Blanc.) 

5.  Phenomena  ol  Volcanic  Action. 
Palffioiuologieal  anil  Geological  Map  of 

the  British  Islands.    (Frontispiece.) 

HYDROGRAPHY. 
1.  Physical  Chart  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
a.  Physical  Chan  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

3  Physical  Chart  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  or 

Great  Sea. 

4  Tidal  Chan  of  the  British  Peas. 

5  The    River    Systems  of   Europe   and 

Afia. 

6.  The  River  Systems  of  America. 

Tidal  Chart  of  the  World. 


AIETEOROLOGV. 

1.  Humboldt's  System  of  I^olhermal  Lines. 

2.  Geographical  Distribution  of  the  Cur- 
rents of  Air. 

3.  Hyetographic  or  Rain  Map  of  the 
World. 

4.  Hyetographic  or  Rain  Map  of  Europe. 
NATURAL  HISTORY. 

1.  Geographical  Disirihuiion  of  Plants. 

2.  Geographical  Distribution  of  the  Cuiti 
vaied  Plants  used  as  Food. 

.3.  Geographical  Distribution  of  Quadru- 
mana,  Edentata,  Marsupialia,  and 
Pachyderinala. 

4.  Geographical  Distribution  of  Carnivora. 

5.  Geographical  Distribution  of  Rodenlia 
and  Ruminantia. 

6.  Geographical  Distribution  of  Birds. 
7  Geographical  Diplribution  of  Reptiles 

8.  Kihnographic  Map  o(  the  World. 

9.  Ethnographic  Map  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland. 

The  intention  of  this  work  is  to  exhibit,  in  a  popular  and  attractive  form, 
the  results  of  the  researches  of  naturalists  and  philosophers  in  all  the  more 
important  branches  of  Natural  Science.  Its  study  requires  no  previous  train- 
ing ;  for  while  facts  and  deductions  are  stated  according  to  the  strictest  rules 
of  scientific  inquiry,  they  are  by  an  ingenious  application  of  colors,  signs, 
and  diagrams,  communicated  in  a  manner  so  simple  and  striking  as  to  render 
them  at  once  intelligible  and  easily  retained. 

For  the  first  time,  in  this  country,  the  principles  of  graphic  representation 
are  here  applied  to  the  delineation  of  the  most  itnportant  facts  of  external 
phenomena.     Simple  but  significant  symbolical  signs  have  been  introduced 


4  LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

JOHNSTON'S  PHYSICAL  ATLAS— (Continued.) 

to  an  extent,  and  with  an  effect,  hitherto  never  contemplated.  The  contents 
of  the  many  volumes,  formerly  the  sole  depositories  of  information  regarding 
the  different  kingdoms  of  nature,  have  been  condensed  and  reproduced  with 
a  conciseness,  precision,  completeness,  and  promptitude  of  application  alto- 
gether unattainable  by  any  other  agency. 

The  elegant  substitute  of  linear  delineation  registers  the  most  complicated 
results  in  the  most  perspicuous  form,  affords  inexhaustible  facilities  for  record- 
ing the  continued  advance  of  science,  and  "  renders  its  progress  visible." 

The  Physical  Atlas  is  the  result  of  many  years'  labor,  and  in  its  construc- 
tion not  only  have  the  writings  and  researches  of  the  philosophers  and  travel- 
ers of  all  nations  been  made  use  of,  but  many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of 
the  age,  in  the  different  departments  of  science,  have  contributed  directly  to 
its  pages.  The  letter-press  gives  a  condensed  description  of  each  subject 
treated  of,  with  constant  reference  to  the  elucidation  of  the  maps,  and  the 
colors  and  signs  employed  are  uniformly  explained  by  notes  on  the  plates. 
But  while  endeavoring  to  make  available  to  every  one  the  rich  stores  of 
knowledge  otherwise  nearly  inaccessible,  it  has  ever  been  borne  in  mind  that, 
in  such  a  work,  accuracy  and  truth  are  the  first  requisites,  in  order  that  it 
may  be  a  guide  to  the  naturalist  in  investigating  the  more  philosophical  de- 
partments of  science,  and  to  the  inquirer  in  showing  what  has  already  been 
done,  and  what  remains  to  be  accomplished,  in  perhaps  the  most  universally 
interesting  and  attractive  branch  of  human  knowledge. 

From  among  a  vast  number  of  recommendatory  notices,  the  publishers  sub- 
mit the  following : — 

We  have  thus  rapidly  run  through  the  contents  of  the  Atlas  to  show  its  compre- 
hensiveness and  philosophic  arrangement.  Ot'  its  execution,  no  praise  would  be  in 
excess.  The  maps  are  from  the  original  plates,  and  these  are  beautifully  finished, 
and  the  coloring  has  been  laid  on  wVih  the  utmost  nicety  and  care.  The  size  is  an 
imperial  quarto,  and  the  accompanying  text  embraces  a  vast  amount  of  details  that 
the  imagination  is  called  on  to  fasten  and  associate  with  the  maps.  The  enterprise 
and  fine  taste  of  the  American  publishers  will,  we  hope,  be  rewarded  by  an  extensive 
sale  of  this  most  admirable  work.  No  school-room  and  no  family  should  be  without 
the  Physical  Atlas. 

In  the  hands  of  a  judicious  teacher,  or  head  of  a  family,  information  of  the  most 
varied  nature  in  all  deparlmeiils  of  science  and  natural  history  can  be  introduced  and 
commented  on,  in  reference  to  its  geographical  bearing,  while  the  materials  of  the 
text  and  the  Atlas  may  be  commented  on  to  any  desired  extent.  Such  works  give 
attractiveness  to  knowledge,  and  stimulate  to  energy  the  mind  of  the  young;  while  in 
the  beauty,  harmony,  and  intermediate  reactions  of  nature  thus  exhibited,  the  facili- 
ties of  imagination  and  judgment  find  room  for  equal  exercise  and  renewed  delight. 
It  is  the  lively  picture  and  representation  of  our  planet. — New  York  Literary  World, 
March  9,1850. 

The  book  before  us  is,  in  short,  a  graphic  encyclopasdia  of  the  sciences— an  atlas 
of  human  knowledge  done  into  maps.  It  exemplifies  the  truth  which  it  expresses — 
that  he  who  runs  may  read.  The  Thermal  Laws  of  Leslie  it  enunciates  by  a  bent  line 
running  across  a  map  of  Europe;  the  abstract  researches  of  Gauss  it  embodies  in  a 
k\v  parallel  curves  winding  over  a  section  of  the  globe;  a  formula  of  Laplace  it 
melts  down  to  a  little  path  of  mezzotint  shadow ;  a  problem  of  the  transcendental  ana- 
lysis, which  covers  pages  with  definite  integrals,  it  makes  plain  to  the  eye  by  a  little 
stippling  and  hatching  on  a  given  degree  "of  longitude!  All  possible  relations  of 
time  and  space,  heal  and  cold,  wet  and  dry.  frost  and  snow,  volcano  and  storm,  cur- 
rent and  tide,  plant  and  beast,  race  and  religion,  attraction  and  repulsion,  glacier  and 
avalanche,  fossil  and  mammoth,  river  and  mountain,  mine  and  forest,  air  and  cloud, 
and  sea  and  shy — all  in  the  earth,  and  under  the  earth,  and  on  the  earth,  and  above 
the  earth,  that  the  heart  of  man  has  conceived  or  his  head  understood — are  brought  to- 
gether by  a  marvellous  microcosm,  and  planted  on  these  little  sheets  of  paper— thus 
making  themselves  clear  to  every  eye.  In  short,  we  have  a  summary  of  all  the  cross- 
questions  of  Nature  (or  twenty  centuries — and  all  the  answers  of  Nature  herself  set 

down  and  speaking  to  us  voluminous  system  rfans  u«  wioi Mr.  Johnston 

is  well  known  as  a  geographer  of  great  accuracy  and  research;  and  it  is  certain  that 
this  work  will  add  to  his  reputation;  for  it  is  beautifully  engraved,  and  accompanied 
with  explanatory  and  tabular  letterpress  of  great  value. — London  Athenaum. 


LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  6 

SOMERVILLE'S   PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

New  Edition,  much  improved.    Now  Ready. 

PHYSICAL  "GEOGEAPHY. 

BY  MARY  SOMERVILLE, 

AUTHOR  OF  "the  CONNECTION  OF  THE  PHYSICAL  SCIENCES,"  ETC.  ETC. 

SECOND  AMERICAN  EDITION, 

Prom  the  Second  and  Revised  Iiondon  Edition. 

WITH    AMERICAN    NOTES,    GLOSSARY,    &C. 

In  one  neat  royal  12mo.  volume,  extra  cloth,  of  over  500  pages. 

The  great  successs  of  this  work,  ami  its  introduction  into  many  of  the  higher  schools 
and  academies,  have  induced  the  publishers  to  prepare  a  new  and  much  improved 
editioii.  In  addition  to  the  corrections  and  improvements  of  the  author  bestowed  on 
the  work  in  its  passage  through  the  press  a  second  time  in  London,  notes  liave  been 
introduced  to  adapt  it  more  fully  to  the  physical  geography  of  this  country  ;  and  a 
comprehensive  glossary  has  been  added,  rendering  the  volume  more  particularly 
suited  to  educational  purposes.  The  amount  of  these  additions  inay  be  understood 
from  the  fact,  that  not  only  has  the  size  of  the  page  been  increased,  but  the  volume 
itself  enlarged  l)y  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  pages.  At  the  same  time,  the  price 
has  not  been  increased. 

Whde  reading  this  work,  we  could  not  help  thinking  how  interesting,  as  well  as 
useful,  geography  as  a  branch  of  education  might  be  made  in  our  schools.  In  many  of 
them  however,  this  i.«  not  accomplished.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  defect  will  be 
remedied  ;  and  thai  in  all  our  educational  institutions  Geography  will  soon  be  taught 
in  the  proper  way.  .Mrs.  Somerville's  work  may,  in  this  respect,  be  pointed  to  as  a 
model. —  Tail's  Edinburgh  Magazine. 

Our  praise  comes  lagging  in  the  rear,  and  is  well-nigh  superfluous.  But  we  are 
anxious  to  recommend  to  our  youth  the  enlarged  method  of  s'udying  geography  which 
her  present  work  demonstrates  to  be  as  captivating  as  it  is  instructive.  Nowhere, 
except  in  her  own  previous  work,  "The  Connection  of  the  Physical  Sciences,"  is  there 
lobe  found  so  large  a  store  of  well-selected  information  so  lucidly  set  forth.  In  sur- 
veying and  grouptng  together  whatever  has  been  seen  by  the  eyesof  others,  or  detect- 
ed by  their  laborious  investigations,  she  is  not  surpassed  by  any  one.  We  have  no 
obscurities  other  than  what  the  imperfect  slate  of  science  iiseK  involves  her  in  ;  no 
dissertations  which  are  felt  to  interrupt  or  delay.  She  strings  her  beads  distinct  and 
close  together.  With  quiet  perspicacity  she  seizes  at  once  whatever  is  most  interest- 
ing and  most  captivating  in  her  subject.  Therefore  it  is  we  are  for  the  book  ;  and  we 
hold  such  presents  as  Mrs.  Somerville  has  bestowed  upon  the  public,  to  be  of  incalcu- 
lable value,  disseminating  more  sound  information  than  all  the  literary  and  scientific 
institutions  will  accomplish  in  a  whole  cycle  of  their  existence. — BlacktooodCa  Mag. 

HERVEY'S  COURT  OF  GEORGE  II. 

MEMOIRS  OF  THE  REIGnIf  GEORGE  THE  SECOND, 

From  his  Accession  to  the  Dcatii  of  (liiecii  Caroline. 

BY  JOHN  LORD  IIERVEY. 

EDITED,    FROM   THE   ORIGINAL    MANUSCRIPT,    AT   ICKWORTH, 

By  the  Right  Hon.  JOHN    WILSON    CROKER,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  &c. 
In  two  handsome  volumes,  royal  12mo.,  extra  cloth. 

PARDOE'S  FRANCIS  THE  FIRST.— Now  Ready. 

THE  COURT  AND  REIGnTf  FRANCIS  THE  FIRST, 

KING     OF     FRANCE. 

BY  MISS   rAIlHUK, 

author     of     "  LOUIS    THE    FOURTEENTH,"     "  CITY    OF    THE    SULTAN,"    &C.  &C. 

In  two  very  neat  volumes,  royal  12mo.,  extra  cloth. 


6  LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

HERSCHEL'S  OUTLINES  OF  ASTRONOMY.— JVotc  JJ<a<ly. 

OUTLINES   0P~ASTI10N0MY. 

BY  SIR  JOHN  F.  W.  IIERSCIIEL,  F.  R.  S.,  &c. 

In  one  neat  volume,  crown  octavo,  with  six  plates  and  numerous  wood-cuts. 

Wilh  this,  we  take  leave  of  this  remarkable  work,  wliich  we  hold  to  be,  beyond  a 
doul)t,  the  greatest  and  most  remarkalile  of  the  works  in  which  the  laws  of  astrono- 
my and  the  appearance  of  the  heavens  are  described  lo  lliose  who  are  not  mathema- 
ticians nor  observers,  and  recalled  to  lliose  wlio  are.  It  is  the  reward  of  ineii  who 
can  descend  from  the  advancement  of  knowledge  lo  care  for  its  diffusion,  that  their 
works  are  essential  to  all,  that  they  become  the  manuals  of  the  proficient  as  well  as 
the  texi-books  of  the  learner. —  Athenfrum. 

Probably  no  book  ever  written  upon  any  science  has  been  found  to  embrace  with- 
in so  small  a  compass  an  entire  epitome  of  everything  known  within  all  its  various 
departments,  praclical,  theoretical,  and  physical.— j;:ra»n'«er. 

A  text-book  of  astronomy,  from  one  of  the  highest  names  in  the  science.— S(7Z;OTan'« 
Journal. 

B.^ROjyr  HVJflBOtiltT^S  JX'JIW    tt^OaK.—JVoic  Ready. 

ASPECTS    OF    MATURE, 

IN    DIFFERENT    LANDS    AND    DIFFERENT    CLIMATES. 
WITH  SCIENTIFIC  ELUCIDATIONS. 

BY   ALEXANDER   VON   HUxMBOLDT. 

TRANSLATED  BY  MRS.  SABINE. 
In  one  very  neat  velum*,  royal  12mo.,  extra  cloth. 

It  is  not  without  diffidence  that  I  present  to  the  public  a  series  of  papers  which  took 
theirorigin  in  tlie  prejence  of  natural  scenes  of  grandeur  or  beauty,  on  the  ocean,  in 
the  forests  of  the  Orinoco  in  the  Steppts  of  Venezuela,  and  in  the  mountain  wilder- 
nesses of  Peru  and  Mexico.  Detached  fragments  were  written  down  on  the  spot,  and 
at  the  moment,  and  al'ierwards  moulded  into  a  %vhole.  The  view  of  nature  on  an  en- 
larged scale,  the  display  of  the  concurrent  action  of  various  Ibrces  or  powers,  and  the 
renewal  of  the  enjoyment  which  the  immediate  prospect  of  tropical  scenery  affords 
to  sensitive  minds— are  the  objects  which  I  have  proposed  lo  myself.- Author's 
Preface. 

ZOOLOGICAL   RECREATIONS.— Just  Issued. 

BY  W.  J.  BRODERTP,  Esq.,  F.  R.  S. 

In   one  neat  volume  of  376  pages,  royal   12itio.,  extra   cloth. 
BOW^JH.^JV^S  PR.iCTIC.lIj   CHEMISTRY".— Ju»t  Isaued. 

INTRODUCTION  TO  PRACTICAL  CHEMISTRY. 

INCLUDING     ANALYSIS. 
By  JOHN  E.  BOWMAN, 

Denionslralor  of  Chemistry,  King's  College. 

In  one  handsome  volume,  royal  12mo.,  of  over  300  pages. 

WITH  NEARLY  ONE  HUNDRED  ENGRAVINGS  ON  WOOD. 

STEINMETZ'S    HISTORY  OF  THE  JESUITS. 
HISTORY    OF    THE    JESUITS, 

FROM  THE    FOUlSDATtON    OF    THEIR   SOCIETY   TO   ITS   SUPPRESSION    BY   POPE  CLEMENT   XIV. 

Their  Missions  throughout  the  Wnrlil ;  their  Educationnl  System  and  Literature; 

ivith  their  Kevivat  and  Present  Stale. 

BY    ANDREW    STEINMETZ, 

Autlior  of  "The  Novitiate,"  and  "The  Jesuit  in  the  Family." 

In  two  handsome  crown  8vo.  vols,  of  about  four  hundred  pages  each,  extra  cloth. 


LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  7 

PAGET'S   TRAVELS  IN   HtTNGARY-Jnst  Ready. 

HlJlTGARi:   A:\1>  ~TK  AA  !?iYL.\  A]\IA  : 

WITH    REMARKS    ON    THEIR    CONDITION,    SOCIAL,    POLITICAL,    AND 

KCONOMICAL. 

BY  JOHN  PAGET,  ESQ. 

In  two  neat  volumes,  royal  12mo.,  extra  cloth. 
"AVe  must  now  luni  aside  lo  make  a  short  excursion  inlo  Hiiiigarj'.  with  Mr.  Paeet 
for  our  guide.  It  would  not  he  well  possible  to  choose  a  better,  for  he  never  suffer* 
our  interest  lo  Hap:,  and  appears  to  have  made  himself  accurately  acquainted,  not 
only  with  the  localities  and  traditions  of  ihe  country,  but  with  its  whole  history  and 
instiiutions,  which  presents  fo  many  points  of  nnaloijy  to  those  of  Kiigland.  as  really 
to  invest  the  subject  with  a  new  and  peculiar  interest  for  an  I'^nglishman."— Quarttr/y 
Review. 

B^imn'S  WEST  IJi^DIES.—JVow  Ueadtj. 

IMPRESSIONS    AND    EXPERIENCES 
OFfTHE  Wli!*!'  1M)IF.J<    AM)    XOU  III   A.>IERICA   IX   1849. 

BY  ROBERT  BAIRD,  A.  M. 

In  one  neat  volume,  royal  12mo.,  e.\tra  cloth. 

'■■We  have  here  ;i  new  instalment,  iioi  of  Hriti'-h  prejudice  and  ujrumhling.  common 
to  iransatlaiitic  tourists  who  pass  a  few  months  in  the  country,  but  a  lair,  judicious, 
malter-of  fact  book  by  a  Scottish  gentleman  who  makes  the  pilgrimage  ol  a  consider- 
able poriioii  01  ihe  wesiern  world  in  pursuit  o(  healih,  and  in  a  frame  of  mind,  we 
may  add,  well  adapted  to  its  recovery.  There  is  no  illness  or  dyspepsia  in  Mr  Baird'8 
speculailoiis.  He  has  a  eocid  legal  digestion  of  every  fact  or  sentiment  which  comes 
before  him.'— iV.  Y  Lit.  YVorld. 

•■  A  mo*t  faiihful  and  allractive  description  of  the  countries  which  the  author  has 
visiied— formins  altogether  a  tourist's  note-book  and  traveler's  guide  of  the  very  best 
class.'  —John  Bull. 

•■  riie  narrative  embraces  topics  of  absorbing  interest  at  the  present  day." — Liver- 
pool Mail. 

•■  .Mr  Baird  wields  a  delicate  and  graceful  pencil,  and  touches  lishtly  and  cheerily 
on  the  salient  and  light  reflecting  poinisof  the  varied  and  magnificent  scenery  he 
wanders  over  or  floats  amidst." — Gla^sow  Citizen. 


NEW    AMERICAN   WORK   ON   SHOOTING— Nearly  Ready. 

NOTES  ON  SHOOTING;  OR  HINTS  TO  SPORTSMEN. 

COMPULSING 

The  Habits  of  the  Game  Birds  and  Wild  Fowl  of  Norlli  America; 

The  Dog,  the  Gun,  and  the  Field. 
BY    E.    J.    LEWIS,    M.D., 

Editor  of  ■■  Youatl  on  the  Dog,'  &o. 
In  one  handsome  volume,  royal  12mo. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  HUGUE'MOTS— A  NEW  EDITION, 

CO.NTINUEI)  TO  THE  PRESENT  Tl.ME. 

}iY  W.  S.  BROWNLXG. 

In  one  large  octavo  volume,  extra  cloth. 
"One of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  conlribulions  lo  modern  history."— Gen- 
lleman^s  Magazine. 

RUSH'S 

MEMORANDA  OF  A  RESIDENCE  AT  THE  COURT  OF  LONDON. 

In  one  large  and  handsome  octavo  volume,  extra  cloth. 

THE  BOY'S  TRr.:\SURY  OF  SPORTS,  PASTIMES,  AND  RECREATIONS. 

WITH   rOUR   HUNDRED   ILLUSTRATIONS. 
In  one  very  neat  volume,  royal  ISmo.,  crimson  extra  cloth. 


8  LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

MACFARLANE'S  TURKEY— Now  Ready. 

TURKEY   AND~1tS    DESTINY; 

THE  RESULT  OF  JOURNEYS  MADE  IN  1P47  AND1S4S  TO  EXAMINE  INTO 
THE  STATE  OF  THAT  COUNTRY. 

BY  CHARLES  MACFARLANE,  ESQ., 

Author  of  "Constantinople  in  le2S  " 
In  two  neat  volumes,  royal  12mo.,  extra  cloth. 
"The  author  of  this  work  has  made  valualile  coiitril)uiions  to  the  Western  world's 
knowledge  of  the  people  and  customs  of  the  East,  and  none  of  more  value  than  this. 
He  is  a  close  observer,  an  acute  thinker,  and  master  of  a  pleasant,  lively  style.  AVe 
have  seen  no  picture  of  Turkey,  as  it  is,  and  of  its  future  destiny,  that  approaches 
these  volumes  in  minuteness  of  detail,  blended  with  philosophical  comprehensiveness. 
Every  one  interested  in  the  present  position  and  future  destiny  of  the  Turkish  go- 
vernment—should read  Mr.  Macfarlane's  volumes." — N.  Y.  Com.  Advertiser. 


SIX  MONTHS  IN  THE  GOLD  MINES— Now  Ready. 

SIX  MONTHS  INYhE  GOLD  MINES. 

FROM  A  JOURNAL  OF  A  THREE  YEARS'  RESIDENCE  IN  Ui'PER  AND 
LOWER  CALIFORNIA  DURING  1S47,  lfc48,  AND  1&49. 

BY  E.  GOULD  BUFFUM,  ESQ., 

Lieut.  First  Regiment  New  York  Volunteers. 
In  one  well  printed  royal  12mo.  vol.,  paper,  price  50  cents,  or  extra  cloth. 
"To  those  who  intend  visiling  California  this  book  is  invaluable,  and  the  general 
reader  will  find  it,  in  some  respects,  as  fascinating  and  interesting  as  a  work  of  fic- 
tion."—iV.  r.  Herald. 


FLETCHER'S  NINE-VTIH— Now  Ready. 

NOTES    FROM    NINEVEH, 

And  Travels  in  Mesopotamia,  Assyria,  and  Syria. 
BY  THE  REV.  J.  P.  FLETCHER. 

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Evening  Gazette. 
"The  narratives  of  these  excursions  are  deeply  interesting." — N.Y.  Com.  Advertiser. 
"Full  of  new  and  stirring  interest." — Saturday  Post. 


CARPENTER   ON  ALCOHOLIC  LIQUORS-  Just  Ready. 

A  prize"  ESSAY 

ON  THE  USE  OF  ALCOHOLIC  LiaUORS  IN  HEALTH  AND  DISEASE. 

BY  W.  B.  CARPENTER,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 

Author  of  ''Principles  of  Human  Physiology,"  &c. 
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A  prize  of  one  hundred  guineas  having  been  ollered  in  London  for  the  best  essay 
on  the  above  subject,  that  sum  has  been  awarded  to  Dr.  Carpenter  for  the  present 
work  by  the  adjudicators.  Dr.  John  Forbes.  Dr.  G.  L.  Roupell,  and  Dr.  W.  A.Guy. 
A  treatise  on  a  subject  of  such  universal  interest  by  so  distinguished  a  physiologist 
and  teacher  as  Dr.  Carpenter  cannot  fail  to  attract  general  attention,  and  be  product- 
ive of  much  benefit. 


WALPOLE'S   LETTERS. 

In  six  handsome  octavo  volumes,  extra  cloth. 

Four  volumes  containing  the  General  Correspondence,  and  two  the 

Suppressed  Letters  to  Sir  Horace  Mann. 

WALPOLE'S  MEMOIRS  OF  THE  REIGN  OF  KING  GEORGE  THE  THIRD. 

In  two  handsome  octavo  volumes. 


LEA  &  BLA^JCHAKD'S  NKVV  PLBLICATIONS.  9 

Now  Complete.— STRICKLAND'S  QUEENS  OF  ENGLAND. 
NEW    AND    IMPROVED    EDITION. 

LIVES   OF  THE  @UEENS  OF  ENGLAND, 

FROM  THE  NORMAN  CONQUEST. 
WITH    ANECDOTES    OF    THEIR   COURTS, 

Now  First  Published  from  Official  Records,  and  other  Authentic  Documents,  Pri- 
vate as  well  as  Public. 

NEW    EDITION,    %VITH    ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

BY  AGNES  STRICKLAND. 

In  six  volumes  crown  octavo,  extra  crimson  cloth,  or  half  morocco,  printed 
on  fine  paper  and  large  type. 
In  this  edition,  Volume  One  contains  Vols.  1,  2  and  3  of  the  12mo.  edition 
Volume  Two  contains  Vols.  4  and  5;  Volume  Three  contains  Vols.  6  and  7 
Volume  Four  contains  Vols.  8  and  9  ;  Volume  Five  contains  Vols.  10  and  11 
and  Volume  Six  contains  Vol.  12.     The  whole  forming  a  very  handsome  se- 
ries, suitable  for  presents,  prizes,  &c. 

Tlie  puljlisliers  have  great  pleasure  in  presenting  to  the  public  this  work  in  a 
complete  Ibrm.  During  the  long  period  m  whieli  it  has  lieen  issuing  from  the  press, 
it  has  assumed  the  character  ol"a  standard  work  ;  and.  as  occupying  ground  hitherto 
untouched,  as  embodying  numerous  historical  facts  hilheno  unnoticed,  and  as  con- 
taining vivid  sketches  of  the  character  and  manners  of  the  times,  with  anecdotes, 
documents,  &c.  &c.,  it  presents  numerous  claims  on  the  nltenlion  of  both  the  student 
of  history  and  desultory  reader. 

Those  who  have  been  waiting  its  completion  can  now  obtain  it,  forming  a  handsome 
set,  twelve  volumes  in  six,  in  various  styles  of  binding. 

A  few  copies  still  on  hand  of  the  Duodecimo  Edition.  Vol.  I. — Contains 
Matilda  of  Flanders,  Matilda  of  Scotland,  Adelicia  of  Louvaine,  Matilda  of 
Boulogne,  and  Eleanor  of  A(]uitaine.  Vol.  II. — Berengaria  of  Navarre,  Isa- 
bella of  Angoiileme,  Eleanor  of  Provence,  Eleanor  of  Castile,  Marguerite  of 
France,  Isabella  of  France,  Philippa  of  Hainault,  and  Anne  of  Bohemia. 
Vol.  III. — Isabella  of  Valois,  Joanna  of  Navarre,  Katharine  of  Valois,  Marga- 
ret of  Anjou,  Elizabeth  Woodville,  and  Ann  of  Warwick.  Vol.  IV. — Elizabeth 
ofYorU,  Katharine  of  Arragon,  .\nne  Boleyn,  Jane  Seymour,  Anne  of  Cleves, 
and  Katharine  Howard.  Vol.  V. — Katharine  Parr  and  Queen  Mary.  Vol.  VI. 
— Queen  Elizabeth.  Vol.  VII. — Queen  Elizabeth  (continued),  and  Anne  of 
Denmark.  Vol.  VIII. — Henrietta  Maria  and  Catharine  of  Braganza.  Vol.  IX. 
— Mary  of  Modena.  Vol.  X. — Mary  of  Modena  (continued),  and  Mary  II. 
Vol.  XI. — Mary  II.  (continued),  and  Queen  Anno.  Vol.  XII. — Queen  Anne 
(concluded). 

Any  volume  sold  separately,  or  the  whole  to  match  in  neat  green  cloth. 

These  volumes  have  the  fascination  of  a  romance  united  to  the  integrity  of  history. — 
Times. 

A  most  valuable  and  entertaining  work. —  Chronicle. 

This  interesting  and  well-wriiien  work,  in  which  the  severe  truth  of  history  lakes 
almost  llie  wildness  of  romance,  will  constitute  a  valuable  addition  to  our  biogra- 
phical liieraiure. —  Morning  Htrabl. 

A  valuable  contribution  to  hisiorical  knowledge,  to  young  persons  especially.  It 
contains  a  mass  of  every  kind  of  historical  matter  of  interest,  which  industry  and  re 
source  could  collect.  We  have  derived  much  entertainment  and  instruction  from 
the  work. — Athetirr.um 

The  execution  of  this  work  is  equal  to  the  conception.  Great  pains  have  been 
taken  lo  make  it  both  inlere^ling  and  valuable. —  Lit- ran/  Gazelle. 

A  cliarmiiig  work— full  of  interest,  at  once  st-rious  ami  pleasing  —  Monsieur  Giiizot. 

A  most  charming  biographical  memoir.  We  conclude  by  expressing  our  uiuiuali- 
ficd  opinion,  that  we  know  of  no  more  valuable  coniribulion  lo  modern  tiisiory  than 
this  ninth  volume  of  .Miss  Strickland's  Lives  of  the  Queens. —Morning  Herald. 

*2 


10  LEA  &  BLANCHARD-S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

NEW  WORK  BY  MISS  KAVANAGH— Now  Ready. 

WOMAN   IN   FRANCS 

IN     THE     EIGHTEENTH     CENTURY. 

BY  JULIA  KAVANAGH, 

Author  of  "  Madeleine,  a  Tale  of  Auvergne." 

In  one  neat  vol.,  royal  12mo  ,  extra  cloth. 

In  treating  other  sulijeels  of  her  gallery — as  for  instance  those  widely  different  per- 
sonages, IVIcllle.  Aiss6  and  Madame  Roland— Miss  Kavanagh  puts  forth  a  pathelic 
power  which  gives  depth  and  repose  to  a  book  that  in  other  hands  might  have  become 
wearying  from  its  unmitigated  sparkle. 

The  critic  dealing  with  such  an  encyclopedia  of  coquetries,  amours,  vicissitudes, 
sflffV  rings,  and  repentances  as  the  history  of"  Woman  in  France"  must  necessarily 
be,  is  fain  to  content  himself  with  offering  merely  a  general  character  like  the  above. 
Such  is  the  fascination  of  the  subject — such  is  the  fullness  of  maiter— such  is  iis  afflu- 
ence of  sugseslion— that  every  page  tempts  him  to  stop  for  a  gossip  or  for  speculation 
of  modes  and  morals. 

Which  among  us  will  ever  be  tired  of  reading  about  the  Women  of  France  ?  espe- 
cially when  they  are  marshaled  so  agreeably  and  discreetly  as  in  the  pages  before 
us. —  37ie  Athenauni. 

ERMAN'S  SIBERIA.— Now  Ready. 

TRAVELsTn    SIBERIA. 

INCLUDING  EXOURSIONS  NORTHWARD, 

Down  the  Obi  to  the  Polar  Circle,  and  Southward  to  the  Chinese  Frontier. 

BY  ADOLPH  ERMAN. 
Translated  frovi  the  German,  by  WILLIAM  DESBOROUGH  COOLEY. 

In  two  large  vols.,  royal  12mo.,  extra  cloth. 
Much  interest  attaches  to  this  work  as  the  only  complete  and  authentic  account 
w-hich  we  possess  of  the  vast  territories  extending  from  the  Ural  Mountains  !o  Beh- 
ring's  Straits,  of  which  less  is  known,  than  perhaps  of  any  other  densely  inhabited 
portion  of  the  globe.  Dr.  Erman  devoted  several  years  to  these  researches,  and  has 
embodied  in  these  volumes  a  large  amount  of  curious  and  novel  information. 

Lately  Issued — INGERSOLL'S  NEW  WORK. 

HISTORICAI.    SKETCH    OF    THE    SECO^O   TTAR 

BETWEEN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA  AND  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

DECLARED  BY  ACT  OF  CONGRESS  THE  18th   OF   .lUNE,  1SI2.  AND  CON- 
CLUDED BY  PEACE  THE  15lh  OF  FEBRUARY,  ISio. 

BY  CHARLES  J.  INGERSOLL. 

EMBRACING     THE      EVENTS     OF      1814. 

In  one  well-printed  Svo.  vol.,  of  318  pages,  double  columns,  paper  covers. 
FRANCE  UNDER  LOUIS  PHILIPPE. 

The  History  of  Ten  Years,  1830-1840;  or,  France  nnder  Lonis  Philippe. 

BY  LOUIS  BLANC, 

Secretary  of  the  Provisional  Government  of  1S4S. 

TRANSLATED    BY    WALTER    K.    KELLY. 

In  two  handsome  crown  Svo.  volumes,  extra  cloth,  or  six  parts,  paper,  at  fifty  cents. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  FRENCH  RimUTION  OF  1789. 

BY  LOUIS  BLANC, 
Author  of  "  France  under  Lonis  Philippe,"  &c 

THAN'-     .i"ED    FROM    THE    FRENCH, 
one  volume,  crown  octavo. 


LEA" &  BLANCH ARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  11 

THE  "WAR  IN  HUNGARY.     Now  Ready. 

MEMOIRS  OF  AN~HUNGARIAN  LADY. 

BY  THERESA  rULSZKY. 
WITH    AN     HISTORICAL    INTRODUCTION 

BY  FRANCIS  PULSZKY. 

In  one  neat  volume,  royal  13mo.,  extra  cloth. 
We  need  hardly  inform  our  readers  that  the  authoress  of  this  work  is  the  accom- 
plished wife  of  the  gentleman  who  was  originally  accredited  to  the  Enalish  Cabinet 
by  the  Provisional  Government  of  Hungary.  The  private  Interest  attaching  to  the 
recital  of  events  which  have  become  so  famous,  would  ensure  a  wide  popularity  for 
Madame  Pulszky's  book.  But  we  should  very  ninch  underestimate  its  value  if  we  so 
limned  our  praise.  The  Memoirs,  indeed,  contain  sketches  of  social  life  which  are 
worthy  of  a  place  by  the  side  of  Madame  de  Slahl  de  Launay  and  Madame  Campan. 
But  lliey  are  also  rich  in  political  and  topographical  information  of  the  first  character. 
Madame  Pulszky  was  in  the  habit  of  direct  intercourse  with  the  foremost  and  most 
distinguished  of  the  Hungarian  generals  and  statesmen,  and  has  given  a  complete 
summary  of  the  political  events  in  Hungary,  from  the  arrival  of  the  Hungarian  Depu- 
tation in  1S4>?,  to  the  treason  of  General  Georgy  on  the  13lh  of  August,  1S49  M.  Puls- 
zky  has  also  prefixed  a  valuable  introduction,  which  gives  the  most  complete  History 
of  Hungary  that  has  ever  issued  from  the  English  press. —  Globe. 

TAL.es  AflfD  STORIES  FROM  HISTORY. 

BY  AGNES  STRICKLAND, 

Author  of  "  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England."  etc. 
In  one  handsome  royal  18mo.  volume,  crimson  extra  cloth,  vi-iih  illustrations. 

THE    SFGAR    PLANTER'S    MAIMTAE. 

BEING    A    TREATISE    ON    THE    ART    OF    OBTAINING    SUGAR    FROM    THE    CANE. 

BY  W.  J.  EVANS,  M.  D. 
In  one  neat  volume,  small  Svo.,  2CS  pages,  with  wood-cuts  and  two  plates, 

THEORY    OF  LIFE. 

BY  S.  T.  COLERIDGE.     In  one  sinal)  volume,  12mo. 

POEMS, 

BY  ELLIS,  CURRER,  AND  ACTON  BELL, 

Authors  of  "Jane  Eyre."  &c. 

In  one  vol.,  royal  18mo. 

EASTER]\    LIFE,    PRESENT    AXD    PAST. 

BY  HARRIET  MARTINEAU. 
In  one  large  and  handsome  volume,  crown  octavo. 

HOUi^EHOT^D    EDIJCATIOIV. 

BY    HARRIET    MARTINEAU. 

In  one  handsome  vol.,  royal  12mo. 

laiRABEAIJ,  A  Life  History. 

In  one  neat  volume,  royal  I'Jrno. 

A   TREATISE   ON   ASTRONOI^ V. 

CY  SIR  JOHN  F,   W.  HEPvSCIlEI..  F.  R.  S.,  &c. 

WITH    NUMEROUS   IT.ATES   AND    WOOD-CUTS. 

A    NEW    EDITION,    WITH    A    PREFACE    AND    A    SERIES    OF    QUESTIONS, 

BY    S.    O.    WALKER. 

In  one  volume.  l'.iino 


12  LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

MAGNIFICENT    PRESENTATION    WORK. 

IRISH    MELODIES. 

BY  THOMAS   MOORE,  Esq. 

WITH    NOTES    AND    BIOGRAPHICAL    PREFACES. 

IliLUSTRATED  "WITH  BEAUTIFUL    STEEL.    PliATES, 

ENGRAVED    UNDER   THE    IMMEDIATE  SUPERINTENDENCE   OF    MR.    EDWARD    FINDEN. 

In  one  large  imperial  quarto  volume  of  174  pages,  handsomely  bound  in  extra 
cloth,  with  gilt  edges.     Beautifully  printed  on  superior  paper. 

LIST  OF  PLATKS. 
Nora  Cretna,        ...        -      Painted  by  VV.  P.  Frith,  Engr'd  by  E.  Finden. 
Rich  AND  Rare  WERE  THE  Gems  SHE  Wore, ''      W.Fisher,  "        W    H.  Mote. 

EvEi.EEN, "      R.  T.  Bott,  "        E.  Finden. 

Love's  Young  Dream,      -        -        -        -      "      A.Derby,  "        E.  Finden. 

Lesbia,  "      W.  P.  Frith,  "        W.  Holl. 

Kathleen  and  St.  Kevin,         -        -        -      "      E.  Hawkes,  "        W.  Holl. 

The  Hamlet's  Pride,    -        -        -        -  "      W.  Room,  "        W.Edwards. 

Laughing  Eyes. "      W.  P.  Frith,  "        E.  Finden. 

The  Mountain  Sprite,  ...  "      F.  Wood,  "        E.  Finden. 

The  Desmond's  Love,        -        -        -        .      "      F.  Crowley,  "        W.  Edwards. 

The  care  which  has  been  exercised  in  every  portion  of  this  volume,  both  as  to  its 
mechanical  and  anistical  execuiion,  renders  it  in  all  respects  well  worthy  of  the 
"Irish  Melodies."  In  illustrations,  type,  printing,  paper,  and  binding,  it  is  equal  to 
anything  that  has  as  yet  appeared  in  this  country  ;  and,  as  a  work  whose  attraction  is 
not  confined  to  a  single  season,  it  should  command  the  attention  of  the  public. 


Now  Ready.— MACKAY'S  TRAVELS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

THE    WESTERjV    l¥OR"iLD; 

OR,    TRAVELS     IN     THE     UNITED     STATES. 

EXHIBITING   THEM    IN    THEIR    LATEST    DEVELOPMENT,    SOCIAL,    POLITICAL, 
AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

INCLUDING    A    CHAPTER   ON    CALIFORNIA. 
BY  ALEXANDER  MACKAY,  Esq. 

FROM    THE    SECOND    AND    ENLARGED    LONDON    EDITION. 

In  two  very  neat  vols.,  royal  12mo. 
READINGS    FOR    THE  YOUNG. 

FROM    THE    WORKS    OF    SIR    WALTER    SCOTT. 

WITH    NUMEROUS    AND    BEAUTIFUL    PLATES. 

In  two  very  handsome  vols.,  royal  ISnio.,  crimson  cloth 

DOMBEY     AND    SON,    COMPLETE. 

BY  CHARLES   DICKENS. 
Ill  one  large  octavo  vol.  of  320  doulile-columned  pages,  with  16  plates,  price  £0  cents. 

ALSO,    AN   EDITION   ON    FINE   PAPER,   WITH   40    PLATES,   EXTRA    CLOTH. 

DICKENS'S    DAVID   COPPERFIELD. 

PUBr,ISHL\G  IN  NU.MBERS,  WITH  PLATES,  PRICE  5    CKNTS    EACH. 
Uniform  with  Lea  &  Blanchard's  complete  edition  of  Dickens's  Novels  and  Tales. 

ALSO, 

Part  I  of  the  Cheap  Edition, 

TO  BE  COMPLETE  IN  TWO  PARTS. 

Price  25  Cents  each. 


LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  13 

LIBRARY  OF  ILLUSTRATED  SCIENTIFIC  WORKS. 

UNDKR  THIS  TITLE  LI'.A  &  HLANCHARD  ARE  PUBLISHING 

A  SERIES  OF  BEAUTIFULLY  ILLUSTRATED  AYORKS, 

ON  VARIOUS  BRANCHES  OF  SCIENCE, 

By  the  most  distinguished  men  in  their  respective  departments. 

Printed  in  the  handsomest  style,  and  embellished  in  tlie  most  efficient  manner. 

ICT"  No  expense  has  been  or  will  be  spared  to  render  this  series  worthy  of  the  sup- 
port of  the  scientific  public,  and  at  the  same  lime  one  of  tlie  handsomest  specimens  of 
typographical  and  artistic  execution  which  lias  appeared  in  tins  country. 

Spechnens  of  the  Engravings  and  style  of  Uievohime^  may  be  hail  on  application  lo  the 

publishers. 


MULLER'S   PHYSIOS— LATELY   ISSUED. 

P  R  I  N  Cl  P  L  E  S 

OF 

PHYSICS   AND   METEOROLOGY. 

BY  PROFESSOR  J.  MULLER,  M.  D. 

EDITED,    WITH    ADDITIONS,   BY  R.  EGLESFELD  GRIFFITH,  M.  D. 

In  one  large  and  handsome  octavo  volume,  with  550  wood-cuts,  and  two 
colored  plates. 

This  is  a  large,  elegant,  and  most  admirable  volume— thefirst  of  a  series  of  scien- 
tific books  now  passing  throuph  the  press  in  London,  and  which  cannot  fail  to  com- 
mend themselves  to  the  favor  of  all  who  lake  any  interest  in  the  prO!<ress  of  science 
among  the  great  mass  of  the  people.  The  author  is  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
scientific  men  in  Germany,  and  these  works  liave  been  prepared  with  the  utmost 
care,  and  are  put  forth  in  a  form  admirably  adapted  to  secure  that  wide  circulation 
and  universal  favor  which  Ihey  deserve. — iV.  Y.  Courier  and  Inquirer. 

NOW  READY. 

PRACTICAL~PHARMACY. 

COMPRISING    THE    ARRANGEMENTS.    APPARATUS,    AND    MANIPULA- 
TIONS  OF   THE  PHARMACF.UTICAL  SHOP  AND  LaBOR.\TORV. 

BY  FRANCIS  MOHR,  Ph.  D., 

Assessor  Pharmacia;  of  the  Royal  Prussian  College  of  Medicine,  Coblentz; 

AND  THEOPHILUS  REDWOOD, 

Professor  of  Pharmacy  in  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  Great  Britain. 

EDITED,    WITH    EXTENSIVE    ADDITIONS, 

BY  PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  PROCTER, 

Of  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. 

In  one  handsomely  printed  octavo  volume,  of  570  pages,  with  over  500  en- 
gravings on  wood. 
M»  JPreparation,  tnorhs  on   Jtlttallurg-tf,    J'ood,    the   Steam   MSng-ine, 
.Ttachtne*,  ^lulronomy.   Burnt   lieonnmy,  Xc. 


14  LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

Jjihrary  of  Illustrated  Scientific  Works. — Continued. 

KNAPP'S  CHEMICAL  TECHNOLOGY. 

T  E  C  H  Nl)  L  0  G  Y; 

OR,  CKEMISTRY  APPLIED  TO  THE  ARTS  AND  TO  MANUFACTURES 
BY  DR.  F.  KNAPP, 

Professor  at  the  University  of  Giessen. 

Edited,  with  nitmerous  Notes  and  Additions,  by 

DR.    EDMUND    RONALDS,    and    DR.    THOMAS    RICHARDSON. 

First  American  Edition,  with  Notes  and  Additions, 

BY  PROFESSOR  WALTER  R,  JOHNSON. 

In  two  handsome  octavo  volumes,  pritited  and  illustrated  in  the  highest  style  of  art. 

Volume  One,  lately  published,  with  two  hundred  and  fourteen  large  wood  engravings. 
Volume  Two,  now  ready,  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  wood  engravings. 

One  of  the  best  works  of  modern  times. — New  York  Commercial. 

We  think  it  will  prove  the  most  popular,  as  it  is  decidedly  the  best  of  the  series. 
Written  by  one  who  has  for  many  years  studied  both  theoretically  and  practically  the 
processes  which  he  describes,  the  descriptions  are  precise,  and  conveyed  in  a  sim- 
ple unpretending  style,  so  that  they  are  easily  understood,  while  they  are  sufficiently 
full  in  detail  to  include  within  them  everything  necessary  to  the  entire  comprehen- 
sion of  the  operations.  The  work  is  also  carefully  brought  down  to  include  the  most 
recent  improvements  introduced  upon  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  thus  gives  us  full 
descriptions  of  processes  to  which  reference  is  frequently  made  in  other  vv-orks,  while 
many  ofthem  are,  we  believe,  now  for  the  first  time  presented  in  a  complete  state  to 
the  English  reader. — Franklin  Institute  Journal. 

WEISBACH'S    MECHANICS. 

PRINCIPLES  OF  "the  MECHANICS 
OF  MACHINERY  AND  ENGINEERING. 

By  PRorEssoR  JULIUS  WEISBACH. 

TRANSLATED   AND   EDITED 

BY    PROFESSOR    GORDON,  OF   GLASGOW. 

First  American  Edition,  ■with  Additions, 

By  Prof.  WALTER  R.  JOHNSON. 

In  two  Octavo  Volumes,  heautifidly printed. 

Volume  One,  with  five  hundred  and  fifty  illustrations,  just  issued. 
Volume  Two,  with  three  hundred  and  thirty  illustrations,  now  ready. 

This  work  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  to  mathematicians  that  has  been  laid  be- 
fore us  for  some  time  ;  and  we  may  safely  term  it  a  scientific  gem.—  The  Builder 

The  most  valuable  contribution  to  practical  science  that  has  yet  appeared  in  this 
country. — Athenanun. 

Ill  every  way  worthy  of  being  recommended  to  our  readers  —Franklin  Institute 
Journal. 

From  Charles  H.  Haswell,  Esq.,  Engineer  in  Chief.  U.  S.  N. 
The  design  of  the  author  in  supplying  the  instructor  with  a  guide  for  teaching,  and 
the  student  with  an  auxiliary  for  the  acquirement  of  the  science  of  mechanics,  has, 
in  my  opinion,  been  attained  in  a  most  successful  manner.  The  illu*tralions,  in  the 
fullness  of  their  construction,  and  in  typographical  execution,  are  without  a  parallel. 
It  will  aiford  me  much  pleasure  to  recommend  its  use  by  the  members  of  the  pro- 
fession with  wliicli  I  am  coiinecled. 


LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS.  15 

SCHMITZ  &  ZUMPT'^  CLASSICAL  SERIES. 

VOLUME  I. 

C.    JUI^II    CAESARIS 

COMMENTARII  DE  BELLO  GALLICO. 

WITH    AN   INTRODUCTION,    NOTES,   AND    A    GEOGRAPHICAL    INDEX    IN    ENGLISH. 

ALSO,  A  MAP  OF  GAUL,  AND  ILLUSTRATIVE  ENGRAVINGS. 

Ill  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume,  of  232  pages,  extra  cloth,  price  50  cts. 

VOLUME  II. 

PUBLII  VIRGILII  MAR  »NIS  CARMINA. 

WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION   AND  NOTES. 
In  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume,  of  4.39  pages,  extra  cloth,  price  75  cts. 

VOLUME  III. 

C.  CRISPI  SALLUSTII   CATALLNA   ET  JUGURTHA, 

WITH  INTRODUCTION,  AND  NOTES  IN  ENGLISH. 

ALSO,    A    MAP    OF   NUMIDIA    AND    OTHER    ILLUSTRATIVE    ENGRAVINGS. 

In  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume,  of  IGS  pages,  extra  cloth,  price  50  cts. 
VOLUME  IV.— Now  Ready. 

IiATI]\    GRAITIiflAR. 

BY    LEON  HARD    SCHMITZ,    Ph.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E., 

RECTOR   OF   THE    HIGH   SCHOOL,   EDINBURGH. 

In  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume,  of  31S  pages,  neatly  half-bound,  price  GO  cts. 
VOLUME  v.— Now  Ready. 

a.  CURTII  RUFI  DE  GESTIS  ALEXANDRI  MAGNI. 

LIBRI  QUI  SUPERSUNT  VIII. 

WITH    A    MAP,    INTRODUCTION,    ENGLISH    NOTES,    &C. 

In  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume,  of  320  pages,  price  70  cents. 
VOLUME  VI.— Now  Ready. 

M.  TULLII  CICERONIS  ORATIONES  SEl.ECTiE  XII. 

with    INTRODUCTION,    ENGLISH    NOTES,  &C.  &C. 

In  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume. 
VOLUME  VII,— Xearlv  Ready. 

LVTRODUCTIO:^  TO  THE  LATLV  GRAMMAR. 

BY  LEONHARD  SCHMITZ,  Ph.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E.,  &c. 
In  one  handsome  ISmo.  volume. 

The  neatness,  cheapness,  and  accuracy  of  this  series,  together  with  its 
skillful  adaptation  to  the  wants  both  of  teachers  and  students,  have  secured 
for  it  the  almost  universal  approbation  of  those  to  whom  it  has  been  submitted. 
From  among  the  very  numerous  testimonials  which  the  publishers  have  re- 
ceived, they  beg  to  submit  the  following 


1«  LEA  &  BLANCHARD-S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS. 

Schititts  and  XutnpVa  Classical  Series.— Continued. 

From  Prof.  Roche,  Transylvania  University,  Lexington.  Ky.,  March  31,  1849. 
Whatever  influence  my  po^ilioii  may  give  me  shall  be  most  cheerfully  employed  in 
bringing  iiuo  general  use  In  ihe  Wesl  these  very  valualile  works.  I  trust  that  you 
will  prosecute  to  a  close  the  proposed  series,  and  that  the  execution  ot"  those  thai  re- 
main to  complete  a  Latin  Curriculum  may  be  as  neat  and  in  all  respects  as  unex- 
ceptionable as  that  of  those  already  published. 

From  Prof.  John  Wilson,  Prep.  Dep.  Dickinson  College,  Carli.tle,  Dec.  8.  1S4S. 
I  have  examined  the  three  volumes  with  considerable  care,  and  can  give  tliem  my 
unqualified  approbation.   The  plan  is  judicious,  and  the  execution  worthy  of  all  praise. 
The  notes  comprise  all  that  a  student  needs,  and   all   that  he  should  have;  and  their 
position  at  the  foot  of  the  page  is  just  what  it  should  be. 

From  Peof.  E.  E.  Wilet,  Emory  and  Henry  College,  Va.  Nov.  30,  1849. 
From  the  cursory  examination  given  them,  I  must  say  that  I  have  beeit  highly  srrati- 
fled.  Such  a  series  as  you  propose  giving  to  the  public  is  certainly  a  great  dt-sidera- 
tum.  Our  classical  text-books  have  heretofore  been  rendered  entirely  loo  expensive, 
by  the  costly  dresses  in  which  they  have  appeared,  and  by  the  extensive  di.«play  of 
notes  appended  ;  many  of  whch.  though  learned,  are  of  little  worth  to  the  student  in 
elucidating  the  text.  It  will  afford  me  pleasure  to  introduce  into  my  department  such 
books  of  your  series  as  may  be  in  our  course. 

From  S.  H.  Taylor,  Esq.,  Andover,  Mass.,  Oct  30,  1848. 
The  notes  seern  to  me  very  accurate,  and  are  not  so  numerous  as  to  do  for  the  stu- 
dent what  he  ought  to  do  for  himself.    I  can  with  safely,  therefore,  recommend  it  to 
my  pupils. 

From.  Prof.  M.  M.  Campbell,  Principal  of  the  Grammar  School.  Indiana  University, 
Nov.  6,  1>43. 
I  like  the  plan  of  your  series.    I  feel  sure  it  will  succeed,  and  thus  displace  some  of 
the  learned  lumber  of  our  schools.    The  notes,  short,  plain,  and  apposite,  are  placed 
where  they  ought  to  be,  and  furnish  the  learner  just  about  help  enough. 

From  Philip  Lindslet,  D.  D.,  Pres.  of  the  University  of  Nashville,  Nov.  27,  1848. 
The  classical  series,  edited  by  Drs.  Sclimitz  and  Zumpt.  has  already  acquired  a 
high  and  well-merited  repulation  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  I  have  carefully  ex- 
amined your  editions  of  Ctesar  and  Virgil.  I  think  them  admirable  text-books  lor 
schools,  and  preferable  to  all  others.  I  shall  avail  myself  of  every  suitable  occasion 
to  recommend  them. 

From  B.  Sanford,  Esq.,  Bridgewnter.  Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1849. 
I  have  examined,  with  considerable  care,  boih  the  Cfesar  and  the  Virgil,  and  am 
much  pleased  with  the  plan  and  execution  of  the  series  thus  lar.  I  am  particularly 
gratified  with  the  propriety  and  judgment  displayed  by  the  editors  in  the  preparation 
of  the  notes  ;  avoiding,  as  I  think,  the  prolixity  and  profuseness  of  some  of  our  class- 
ical works,  and,  al  the  same  time,  the  barrenness  and  deficiency  of  others  ;  giving  a 
body  of  annotations  better  suited  to  aid  the  teacher  in  imparting  a  knowledge  of  the 
language,  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  edition  heretofore  in  use.     , 

From  Prof.  Sturgess,  Hanover  College,  Indiana,  Dec.  30,  184S. 
The  mere  name  of  the  eilitors  is  a  sufficient  and  most  ample  guarantee  of  the  accu- 
racy of  the  text,  the  judicious  choice  of  various  readings,  and  ihe  conformity  of  those 
adopted  to  the  latest  investigations  of  MSS.,  and  the  results  of  the  most  enlighiened 
criticism.  The  notes  I  have  not  examined  very  carefully,  except  those  of  the  Viryil. 
They  are  admirable,  extremely  condensed,  and  conveying  a  great  deal  of  most  valu- 
able criticism  in  the  briefest  possible  way.  They  are  particularly  valuable  for  their 
fEslheli"al  remarks,  and  the  frequent  references  to  parallel  passages  in  Ihe  same  au- 
thor. The  preliminary  life  is  excellent,  and  of  great  value  to  the  student.  The  S  il- 
lusi  appears  lo  be  of  the  same  general  character,  and  the  noles  to  lurnish  just  such 
help  as  the  diligent  student  really  needs.  I  think  that  in  bringing  out  such  a  course 
at  a  cheap  rate  you  are  conferring  a  great  boon  on  the  country,  and  additional  honor 
on  your  press,  already  so  distinguished  tor  the  value  of  its  issues. 


LEA  &  BLANCHARD'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS,  17 

SHAW'S    ENGLISH    LITERATURE. 

OUTLINES  OP  ENGLISH  LITEUATUllE. 

BY  THOMAS  B.  SHAAV, 

Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  Imperial  Alexander  Lyceum  of  Su  Petersburg. 
In  one  large  and  handsome  royal  12mo.  volume. 

A  valuable  and  very  interesting  volume,  which  for  various  merits  will  gradually 
find  its  way  into  all  libraries.— jY.  Y.  Knicktrborker. 

Supplies  a  want  long  and  severely  fe\l.— Southern  Literary  Ciazette. 

Traces  our  literary  history  with  remarkable  zest,  fairness,  and  intelligence. — N.  Y. 
Home  Jo'trtinl. 

All  admirable  work— graphic  and  delightful.— P<n)i.«!/Zi-anin»». 

The  best  publication  of  its  size  upon  English  literature  that  we  have  ever  met  with. 
— Neal's  SalurrJay  Gazette. 

Eminently  readable.— Ct(y  Item. 

A  judicious  epitome — well  adapted  for  a  class-book,  and  at  the  same  time  worthy  of 
a  place  in  any  library. — Penn.  Inquirer. 

From  the  Rev.  W.  G.  T.  Sheiid,  Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  University  of  Vt. 

BuRUSGTON,  May  IS,  1&49. 

I  take  great  pleasure  in  saying  that  it  supplies  a  want  tliat  has  long  existed  of  a 
brief  history  ol  English  liierature,  written  in  the  right  method  and  spirit,  to  serve  as 
an  introduction  to  the  critical  study  of  it.    1  shall  recommend  the  book  to  my  classes. 

FOSTER'S  EUROPEAN  LITERATURE.— Now  Ready, 

HANDBOOK  OF  MODERN  EUROPEAN  LITERATURE: 

British,  Danish,  Dutch,  French,  German,  Hungarian,  Italian,  Polish  and  Rus- 
sian, Portuguese,  Spanish,  and  Swedish. 
"With  a  full  Biographical  and  Chronological  Index, 
BY  MRS.  FOSTER. 

In  one  large  royal  12mo.  volume,  extra  cloth. 

(UNIFORM    WITH   SH.^.W'S    OUTLINES    OF    ENGLISH    LITERATURE.) 

This  compilation  will  prove  of  great  utility  to  all  young  persons  who  have  just  com- 
pleted their  academical  studies.  The  volume  gives  both  a  general  and  particular 
view  of  the  literature  ofKurope  from  the  revival  of  letters  to  the  present  day.  It  is 
compiled  with  care  and  judgment,  and  is,  in  all  respects,  one  of  the  most  instructive 
works  that  could  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  young  persons.— iUor/u'ng-  Herald. 

ATLAS    TO    DANA   ON    CORALS. 

In  one  large  Imperial  folio  volume,  with  Sixty-one  Plates, 
Dra-TO-n  and  Colored  after  Nature,    by  the  best  Artists. 

Beautifully  and  strongly  bound  in  half  morocco. 
Of  this  magnificent  work  but  a  very  few  copies  liave  been  offered  for  sale,  and  these 
are  nearly  exhausted.    Those  who  are  derirous  of  enriching  their  libraries  with  so 
splendid  a  specimen  of  American  Art  and  !*cience  will  therelbre  do  well  to  procure 
copies  at  once. 

A  FEW  COPIES  STII-L  ON  HAND  OF 

DANA  ON  CORALS  AND  ZOOPHYTES. 

Being  Volume  Vlll.  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition  Publications. 
WILKES'S  CALIFORNIA— A  New  Work,  Just  Issued. 

WESTERIV    AITIERICA, 

INCLUDING    OREGON    AND    CALIFORNIA, 

"With  Maps  of  those  Regions  and  of  the  Sacramento  Valley, 

BY  CHARLES  AVILKES,  U.  S.  N., 

Commander  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition. 
Octavo.    Price  75  cents. 


LEA  AND  BLAN CHARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

CAMPBELL^S  LOUD  CHAIS^CELLOES. 

JUST    PUBLISHED. 


LIVES  OF  THE  LORD  CHANCELLORS  AND  KEEPERS  OF  THE 
GREAT  SEAL  OF  ENGLAND, 

FROM  THE  EARLIEST  TIMES  TO  THE  REIGN  OF  KING  GEORGE  IV., 

BY  JOHN  LORD  CAMPBELL,  A.M.,F.R.S.E. 

First  Series,  forming  three  neat  volumes  in  demy  octavo,  extra  cloth. 
Bringing  the  work  to  the  time  of  Lord  Jeffries. 

THE   SECOND  SERIES  WILL  SHORTLY  FOLLOW  IN  FOUR  VOLUMES  TO  MATCH. 

"It  is  sufficient  for  us  to  thank  Lord  Campbell  for  the  lionest  industry  with  which  he  has  thus  fai 
prosecuted  his  large  task,  the  general  candor  and  hberality  with  which  he  has  analyzed  the  lives 
and  characters  of  a  long  succession  of  influential  magistrates  and  ministers,  and  the  manly  style 
of  his  narrative.  We  need  hardly  say  that  we  shall  expect  with  great  mterest  the  contmuatioa 
of  this  performance.  But  the  present  series  of  itself  is  more  than  sufficient  to  give  Lord  Campbell 
a  high  station  among  the  English  authors  of  his  age." — Quarterly  Review. 

"  The  volumes  teem  with  exciting  incidents,  abound  in  portraits,  sketches  and  anecdotes,  and  are 
at  once  interesting  and  instructive.  The  work  is  not  only  historical  and  biographical,  but  it  is 
anerjlotal  and  philosophical.  Many  of  the  chapters  embody  thrilling  incidents,  while  as  a  whole, 
the  publication  may  be  regarded  as  of  a  high  intellectual  order."— /n<7u;rcr. 

"A  work  in  three  handsome  octavo  volumes,  which  we  shall  regard  as  both  an  ornament  and  an 
honor  to  our  library.  A  History  of  the  Lord  Chancellors  of  England  from  the  institution  of  the 
office,  is  necessarily  a  History  of  the  Constitution,  the  Court,  and  the  Jurisprudence  of  the  King- 
dom, and  these  volumes  teem  with  a  world  of  collateral  matter  of  the  livehest  character  for  the 
general  reader,  as  well  as  with  much  of  the  deepest  mterest  for  the  professional  or  phUosophicPl 
mind." — Saturday  Courier. 

"  The  briUiant  success  of  this  work  in  England  is  by  no  means  greater  than  its  nients.  It  is 
certainly  the  most  brilliant  contribution  to  English  history  made  within  our  recollection  ;  it  has 
the  charm  and  freedom  of  Biography  combined  with  the  elaborate  and  careful  comprohensivenesg 
(rf  History."— iV.  Y.  TrOmne. 

MURRAY'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  GEOGRAPHY. 


THE  ENCYCLOP/EDIA  OF   GEOGRAPHY, 

CO.MPRISINU 

A  COMPLETE  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   EARTH,  PHYSICAL, 
STATISTICAL,  CIVIL  AND  POLITICAL. 

EXHIBITINO 

ITS  RELATION  TO  THE  HEAVENLY  BODIES,  ITS  PHYSICAL  STRUCTURE,  THE 

NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  EACH  COUNTRY,  AND  THE   INDUSTRY, 

COMMERCE,  POLITICAL  INSTITUTIONS,  AND  CIVIL 

AND  SOCUL  STATE  OF  ALL  NATIONS. 

BY   HUGH   MURRAY,  F.R.S.E.,  &c. 

Assisted  in  Botany,  by  Professor  HOOKER— Zoology,  ic,  by  W.  W.  SWAIN  SON— Astronomy,  Sue. 

by  Professor  WALLACE— Geology,  &c.,  by  Professor  JAMESON. 

REVISED,  WITH   ADDITIONS, 

BY  THOMAS  G.  BRADFORD. 

THE   WHOLE   BROUGHT   UP,  BY   A   SUPPLEMENT,  TO   1843. 
In  three  large  octavo  volumes. 

VARIOUS  STYLES  OF  BINDING. 

This  great  work,  furnished  at  u  remarkably  cheap  rate,  contains  about 
Nineteen  Hundred  large  imperial  Pages,  and  is  illustrated  by  Eighty- 
Two  SMALL  Maps,  and  a  colored  Map  of  the  United  States,  after  Tan 
ner's,  together  with  about  Eleven  Hundred  Wood  Cuts  executed  in  the 
best  style. 


CATALOGUE 

OP 

LEA   AND   BLANCHARD'S 

PUBLICATIONS. 
THE  AMERICAN  ENCYCLOPiEDIA. 

BROUGHT  UP  TO  1847. 


THE  ENCYCLOPEDIA  AMERICANA: 

A  POPULAR  DICTIONARY 

OF  ARTS,  SCIENCES,  LITERATURE,  HISTORY,  POLITICS 
AND  BIOGRAPHY. 

IN  FOURTEEN  LARGE  OCTAVO  VOLUMES  OF  OVER  SIX  HUNDRED  DOUBLE 
COLUMNED  PAGES  EACH. 

For  sale  very  low,  in  various  styles  of  binding. 

During  the  long  period  which  this  work  haa  been  before  the  public,  it 
has  attained  a  very  high  character  as  an 

ENCYCLOPAEDIA  FOR  DAILY  REFERENCE, 

Containing,  in  a  comparatively  moderate  space,  a  vast  quantity  of  informa- 
tion which  is  scarcely  to  be  met  with  elsewhere,  and  of  the  exact  kind 
which  is  wanted  in  the  daily  exigencies  of  conversation  and  reading.  It 
has  also  a  recommendation  shared  by  no  other  work  of  the  kind  now  before 
the  public,  in  being  an  American  book.  The  numerous  American  Biogra- 
phies, Accounts  of  American  Inventions  and  Discoveries,  References  to  our 
rolitical  Institutions,  and  the  general  adaptation  of  the  whole  to  our  own 
peculiar  habits  and  modes  of  thought,  peculiarly  suit  it  to  readers  in  this 
country.     From  these  causes,  it  is  also  especially  fitted  for  all 

DISTRICT  SCHOOL  AND  OTHER  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES, 

in  some  of  which  it  has  been  tried  with  great  satisfaction.  It  fulfils,  to  o 
greater  extent  than  perhaps  any  similar  work,  the  requirements  for  these 
mstitutions,  presenting,  in  a  small  compass  and  price,  the  materials  of  a 
library,  and  furnishing  a  book  for  every-day  use  and  reference,  indispensablo 
to  those  removed  from  the  large  public  collections. 

'i3omo  years  having  elapsed  since  the  original  thirteen  volumes  of  the 
ENCYCLOPAEDIA  AMERICANA  were  published,  to  brin^  it  up  to 
the  present  day,  with  the  history  of  that  period,  at  the  request  ofnumerous 
subscribers,  the  publishers  have  just  issued  a 

SUPPLEMENTARY    VOLUME   (THE   FOURTEENTH), 

BRINGING  THE  WORK  UP  TO  THE  YEAR  1847 

EDITED  BY  HENRY  VETHAKE,  LL.D. 

Vice-ProTost  and  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Author  of 
"A.  Treatise  on  Political  Economy." 

In  one  large  octavo  volume  of  over  650  double  columned  pages. 


LEA  AND  li LAM  CHARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 


ENCYCLOPAEDIA    AMERICANA. 


The  numerous  subscribers  who  have  been  waiting  the  completion  of  this 
volume  can  now  perfect  their  sets,  and  all  who  want 

A  REGISTER  OF  THE  EVENTS  OF  THE  LAST  FIFTEEN 
YEARS,  FOR  THE  WHOLE  WORLD, 

can  obtain  this  volume  separately:  price  Two  Dollars  nncut  in  cloth,  or 
Two  Dollars  and  Fifty  Cents  in  leather,  to  match  the  styles  in  which  the 
publishers  have  been  seUing  sets. 

Subscribers  in  the  large  cities  can  be  supplied  on  application  at  any  of  the 
principal  bookstores  ;  and  persons  residing  in  the  country  can  have  their 
sets  matched  by  sending  a  volume  in  charge  of  friends  visiting  the  city. 

Complete  sets  furnished  at  very  low  prices  in  various  bindings. 

"  The  publishers  of  the  £ncyclop;edia  Americana  conferred  an  obligation  on  the  pubhc  when, 
fourteen  years  ago,  they  issued  tlie  thirteen  volumes  from  their  press.  They  contained  a  wonder- 
ful amount  of  information,  upon  almost  every  subject  which  would  be  Likely  to  occupy  public 
attention,  or  be  the  theme  of  conversation  in  the  private  circle.  Whatever  one  would  wish  to 
inquire  about,  it  seemed  only  necessary  to  dip  into  the  Encyclopedia  Americana,  and  there  the 
outhne,  at  least,  would  be  found,  and  reference  made  to  those  works  wliich  treat  at  large  upon  the 
subject.  It  was  not  strange,  therefore,  that  the  work  was  popular.  But  in  fourteen  years,  great 
events  occur.  The  last  fourteen  years  have  been  full  of  them,  and  great  discoveries  have  been 
made  in  sciences  and  the  arts ;  and  great  men  have,  by  death,  commended  their  names  and  deeds 
to  the  fidelity  of  the  biographer,  so  that  the  Encyclopaedia  that  approached  perfection  in  1832, 
might  fall  considerably  behind  in  1846.  To  bring  up  the  work,  and  keep  it  at  the  present  point,  has 
been  a  task  assumed  by  Professor  Vethake,  of  the  Pennsylvania  University,  a  gentleman  entirely 
competent  to  such  an  undertaking ;  and  with  a  disposition  to  do  a  good  work,  he  has  supplied  a 
supplementary  volume  to  the  mam  work,  corresponding  m  size  and  arrangements  therewith,  and 
becoming,  indeed,  a  fourteenth  volume.  The  author  has  been  exceedingly  industrious,  and  very 
fortunate  in  discovering  and  selecting  materials,  using  all  that  Germany  has  presented,  and  resort- 
ing to  every  species  of  information  of  events  connected  with  the  plan  of  the  work,  since  the  pub- 
lication of  the  thirteen  volumes.  He  has  continued  articles  that  were  commenced  in  that  work, 
and  added  new  articles  upon  science,  biography,  history,  and  geography,  so  as  to  make  the  present 
volume  a  necessary  appendage  in  completing  facts  to  the  other.  The  publishers  deserve  the 
thanks  of  the  readers  of  the  volume,  for  the  handsome  type,  and  clear  white  paper  they  have  used 
m  the  publication."— J/hited  States  GazelU. 

"  This  volume  is  worth  owning  by  itself,  as  a  most  convenient  and  reliable  compend  of  recent  His- 
tory, Biography,  Statistics,  &c.,  ifec.  The  entire  work  forms  the  cheapest  and  probably  now  the 
most  desirable  Encyclopadia  published  for  popular  use." — New  Yorh  Tribune. 

"  The  Conversations  Lexicon  (Encyclopiedia  Americana)  has  become  a  household  book  m  all  the 
intelligent  families  in  America,  and  is  undoubtedly  the  best  depository  of  biographical,  historical, 
geographical  and  political  information  of  that  kind  which  discriminating  readers  require."— Siffi- 
man's  Journal. 

"  This  volume  of  the  Encyclopedia  is  a  Westminster  Abbey  of  American  reputation.  What 
names  are  on  the  roU  since  1833  V'—N.  Y.  Literary  World. 

"  The  work  to  which  this  volume  forms  a  supplement,  is  one  of  the  most  important  contributions 
that  has  ever  been  made  to  the  literature  of  our  country.  Besides  condensing  into  a  compara- 
tively narrow  compass,  the  substance  of  larger  works  of  the  same  kind  which  had  preceded  it,  it 
contains  a  vast  amount  of  information  that  is  not  elsewhere  to  be  found,  and  is  distinguished,  not 
less  for  its  admirable  arrangement,  than  for  the  variety  of  subjects  of  which  it  treats.  The  present 
volume,  which  is  edited  by  one  of  the  most  distinguished  scholars  of  our  country,  is  worthy  to 
foUow  in  the  train  of  those  which  have  preceded  it.  It  is  a  remarkably  fehcitous  condensation 
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mARGAB.IlT    IVZIZiZiER    DAVIDSOIT. 
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A  NKVV  EDllION.  REVISED. 

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OF    THE    LATE 

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COLLECTED  AND  ARRANGED  BY  HER  MOTHER,  WITH  A  BIOGRAPHY  BY 

Miss  SEDGWICK. 

A.    NEW    EDITION,    REVISED. 

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THERE    ARE    ALREADY    PUBLISHED, 
No.  I.— PHILOSOPI-nCAL  THEORIES  AND  PHILOSOPHICAL  EXPERIENCE. 

2.— ON  THE  CONNEXION  liETWEEN  PITi'SIOLOGY  AND  INTELLECTUAL  SCIENCE. 
3.— ON  MAN'S  POWER  OVER  HIMSELF,  TO  PREVENT  OR  CONTROL  INSANITY. 
4.— AN    INTRODUCTION    TO    PRACTICAL   ORGANIC    CHEMISTRY,    WITH   REFER- 
ENCES TO  THE  WORKS  OF  DA\n',  BRANDE,  LIEKIG,  Ac. 
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6.— GREEK   PHILOSOPHY  FROM   THE  AGE   OF   SOCRATES   TO   THE   COMING  OF 

CHRIST. 
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8.— AN   EXPOSITION  OF  VULGAR  AND  COMMON  ERRORS,  ADAPTED  TO  THE  YEAR 

OF  GRACE  MDCCCXLV. 
9.— AN   INTRODUCTION   TO  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY,   WITH   REFERENCES   TO 

THE  WORKS  OF  DE  CANDOLLE,  LINDLEY,  <tc. 
lO.-ON  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  CRIMINAL  LAW. 
11.— CHRISTIAN  SECTS  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 
12.— THE  GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF  GRAMMAIl. 
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its  evils  and  its  errors,  and,  meditating  upon  them,  have  given  their  thoughts  to  the  thoughtful." — 
London  Critic. 

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public  to  various  important  topics,  in  a  novel  and  accessible  mode  of  publication." — N.  Y.  Morning 
Newt. 

MACKINTOSH'S  DISSERTATION  ON  THE  PROGRESS 
OF  ETHICAL  PHILOSOPHY, 

WITH    A    PREFACE    BY 

THE  REV.  WILLIAM  WHEWELL,  M.  A. 
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OVERLAND   JOURNEY   ROUND   THE   WORLD, 

DURING  THE  YEARS  1841  AND  1842, 
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GOVERNOR-IN -CHIEF  OF  THE  HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY'S  TERRITORIES. 

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PHILOSOPHY  IN  SPORT,  M.VDE  SCIENCE  IN  EAFxNEST, 

BEING  AN  ATTEMPT  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE   FIRST  PRIN 

CIPLES  OF  NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY,  BY  THE 

AID  OF  THE  POPULAR  TOYS  AND 

SPORTS  OF  YOUTH. 

FRO.M   THE   SIXTB   AND    GREATLY    IMFKOVED    LONDON    EniTION. 

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phy in  Sport,  made  Science  in  Earnest.'  Thus  is  an  adniinihle  attempt  to  illustrate  the  first  prin- 
ciples <if  Natural  Philosopliy,  by  the  aid  of  the  popular  toys  and  sports  of  youth.  Useful  informa- 
tion is  conveyed  in  an  easv.  CTaccfnl.  yet  dieiufied  manner,  and  remlered  easy  to  the  simplest  imder- 
standuig.  The  boolt  is  an  adnuralile  one,  and  must  meet  with  universal  favour."— JV.  Y.  Evening 
Mirror. 

ENDLESS     AMUSEMENT. 

JUST    ISSUED. 


ENDLESS    AMUSEMENT, 

A    COLLECTION    OF 

NEARLY  FOUR  HUNDRED  ENTERTAINING  EXPERIMENTS 
IN  VARIOUS  BRANCHES  OF  SCIENCE, 

INCLUDING 

ACOUSTICS.  ARirmiETIC,  CmCMISTRY,  ELECTHlCITi',  la'PRAULICS,  FTi'DROSTATrCS, 

MAGNETISM,  MECHANICS,  OPTICS,  WONDERS  OF  THE  AIR  PUMP,  ALL  THE 

POPULAR  TRICKS  AND  CH.VNGES  OF  THE  CARDS,  4c.,  ic. 

TO    WHICn    IS   ADDED, 

A  COMPLETE  SYSTEM  OF  PYROTECHNY, 

OR  THE  ART  OF  MAKING  FIRE-WORKS: 

THE   WHOLE   SO    CLEARLY    EXPLAINED    AS   TO    BE    WITHIN    REACH 

OF   THE    MOST    LIMITED  CAPACITY. 

WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FRO.M    THE    SEVENTH    LONDON    EDITION. 

In  one  neat  royal  IPitio.  volume,  fine  extra  crimson  cloth. 

Tliis  work  has  Ions  supplied  in.^trurtive  amusement  to  the  rrsins  eenerations  in  Ensland,  and 

will  doubtless  1)0  hailed  with  pleasure  by  tliosp  of  this  country  who  hke  (and  what  Ixiy  does  nt>tj 

tli«  marvellous  tricks  and  changes,  eiperunents  and  wonders  afforded  by  the  magic  of  science  and 

iuggkry. 

CHEMISTRY  OF  THE   FOUR   SEASONS, 

SPRINT.,   SUMMER,   AUTUMN,  AND   WINTER. 

AN     ESSAY,   PRINCIPALLY    CONCERNING     NATURAL    PHENOMENA,   AD.MITTING    OK 

INTERPRETATION  BY  CHEMICAL  SCIENCE,  AND  ILLUSTRATING 

PASSAGES  OF  SCrJPTURE. 

BY    THOMAS    GRIFFITHS, 

rROFESSOB  OP  CHFMtSTBT  I!»  THE  MEDICAL  COLLF.CiE  OF  ST.  BARTHOLOMEWS  nOSrrrxU  BTC. 

In  one  large  royal  limo.  volume,  with  many  Wood-Cuts,  eitra  cloth. 


-  ChemLstry  is  a.ssuredly  one  of  the  most  useful  and  intcrestin?  of  the  natural  sciences.  Chemi<»l 
rhauses  meet  us  at  evpr>-  step,  and  dunn?  every  «ea,son,  the  winds  and  the  ram.  tlie  hea'  «ml  the 
frosts,  each  h.ive  their  ;K>culiar  and  appropriate  phenomena.  And  those  who  have  hitherto  re- 
mained in-«-nsible  to  these  clianjes  and  unmoved  amid  siirh  remarkable,  and  often  startling  re- 
sults, will  l.«e  their  apatl.v  upon  readin;  the  Chemistry  uf  li.e  •  Four  :>casons.  and  he  Pf^""'  »<» 
enioy  the  hiuhest  inte  leetual  pleasures.  Conceived  in  a  l.appv  spint.  and  wnlten  with  t.uste  and 
ele-mce  the  css:iv  of  Mr.  Gnlhll.s  r.iniiol  fad  tn  receive  tlic  iulmiralion  of  cullivat.-d  minds;  and 
th.^  who  have  liK>ke<l  less  rarefully  into  nature's  l>eautics.  will  find  themselves  led  on  step  by 
.tetTuntil  Ihev  real,/,e  a  new  mtellixtual  hems.  Surh  works  we  helieve,  eiert  a  happv  mll.ience 
over  ?<K-i«ty.  and  hence  we  hope  th.»l  the  present  one  may  be  extensively  roaj.  —I He  nesuru 


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POPULAR   SCIENCE. 
KIRBY  AND  SPENCERS  ENTOiViOLOGY,  FOR  POPULAR  USE. 


AN  INTaODITCTION  TO  EX^TOIAOZiOGV 


■With  Plates,  Plain  or  Colorea. 

BY  WILLIAM  KIRBY,  M.A.,F.R.S.,  AND  WILLIAM  SPENCE,  ESQ.,  F.R.S. 

FROM  THE  8IXTH  LONDON  EDITION,  WHICH  WAS  CORRECTED  AND  CONSIDEBAELY  ENLARGED. 

■  In  one  large  octavo  volume,  extra  cloth. 

"We  have  been  greatly  interested  in  ninninff  over  the  pages  of  this  treatise.  There  is  scarcely  in 
the  wide  range  of  natural  science,  a  more  interesting  or  instructive  study  than  that  of  insecls'or 
one  than  is  calculated  to  excite  more  curiosity  or  wonder.  '    ' 

"  The  popular  form  of  letters  is  a<lopted  by  the  authors  in  imparting  a  knowledge  of  the  subject 
which  renders  the  work  peculiarly  titted  for  our  district  school  libraries,  wliich  are  open  to  all  ages' 
and  cla.'ises." — HunCs  Merchants'  Magazine. 

A  N  S  TED^S^AlfloiSHT^^rO  SI  I.  D . 

JUST  ISSUED. 


THE  ANCIENT  WORLD,  OR.  PICTURESQUE  SKETCHES  OF  CREATION. 
BY  D.  T.  ANSTED,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c. 

PROFESSOR   OP   GEOLOGY   IN   KINO'S   COLLEGE,    LONDON. 

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The  object  of  this  work  is  to  present  to  the  general  reader  the  chief  results  of  Geological  investj- 
ption  in  a  simple  and  comprehensive  manner.  The  author  has  avoided  all  minute  details  of  geo- 
logical formations  and  particular  observations,  and  has  endeavoured  as  far  as  possit)le  to  present 
striking  views  of  the  wonderful  results  of  the  science,  divested  of  its  more  technicahtips  The 
work  is  got  up  in  a  handsome  maimer,  with  numerous  illustrations,  and  forms  a  neat  volume  for  tiie 
centre  table. 

GEOLOGY  AND    MIN  ERAlTgY, 

WITH  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  THE  QUALITATIVE  ANALYSIS  OF  HHNERALS. 

BY    JOSHUA    TRIMMER,    F.  G.  S. 

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the  student  in  those  sciences.    Tlie  organic  remains  of  the  various  formations  are  well  dlustrated 

by  numerous  figures,  wluch  are  drawn  with  great  accuracy. 

NEW  AND   COIVIPLETE  MEDICAL  BOTANY. 

NOW    READY. 

TiiTimcAi,  BOT.A.n"y, 

OR,  A  DESCRrPTTON    OF  ALL  THE    MOKK    UIPOKTANT    PLANTS    USED    IN    MEDICINE. 

AND  OF  THEIR   PKOPEKTIES,  USES  AND  .MODLS  OF  ADMINISTRATION. 

BY  R.  EGLESFEIiD   GRIFFITH,  M.  D.,  &;c.,  .fee. 

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A  POPULAR  TREATIsON^V^m^^^ 

PUBLISHED   UNDER   THE   AUSPICES   OF  THE   SOCIETY   FOR   THE    PKO.MOTION    OP 

POPULAR  INSTRUCTION;  WITH  NUMEROUS  WOOD-CUTS. 

BY   -W.   B.  CARPENTER. 

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A  TREATISE  ON  COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY  AND  PHYSIOLOGY, 

BY  W.  B.  C  A  R  PR  NTER. 

REVISED  AND  MUCH  IMPROVED  BY  TILE  AUTHOR.    WITH  BEAUTIFUL  STEEL  PLATES. 
(Now  preparing.) 

OARPBI^TSa'S   ASTIlVIAr,   PHYGIOLOGir, 

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YOUATT   ON   THE   PIG. 


THS    FIG; 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  BREEDS,  MANAGEMENT,  FEEDING, 
AND  MEDICAL  TREATMENT  OF  SWINE, 

WITH  DIRECTIONS  FOR  SALTI.VG  rORK,  AND  CURING  BACON  AND  HAMS. 

BY    WILLIAM    YOUATT,    V.  S. 

Author  of  •'  The  Horse,"  ''The  Do?,"  "  Cattle,"  "  Sheep,"  ic,  4c. 

ILLCSTBATED   Vmil   EKGRAVINGS   DRAWS    FROM   UFE  DY  WILUAM  UARVEY. 

In  one  liandsome  duodecimo  volume,  extra  cloth,  or  in  neat  paper  cover,  price  50  cents. 
This  work,  on  a  subject  comparatively  nejleclcd,  must  prove  of  much  use  to  fanners,  especially 
in  this  country,  where  the  Pig  is  an  animal  of  more  importance  than  elsewhere.  No  work  has 
hitherto  appeared  treatiii?  fully  of  the  various  breeds  of  swine,  their  diseases  and  cure,  breeding, 
fattening,  tec.,  and  the  preparation  of  bacon,  salt  pork,  hams,  Ac,  while  the  name  of  the  author  of 
"The  Horse,"  "The  Cattle  Doctor,"  &.C.,  is  sufficient  authority  for  all  he  may  state.  To  render  it 
more  accessible  to  those  whom  it  particularly  interests,  the  publishers  have  prepared  copies  la 
neat  illustrated  paper  covers,  suitable  for  transnussion  by  mail ;  and  wliich  will  be  sent  through 
the  post-office  on  the  receipt  of  fifty  cents,  free  of  postage. 

CLATER  AND  YOUATT'S   CATTLE    DOCTOR. 


EVERY  MAN   HIS   OWN   CATTLE  DOCTOR: 

CONTAINING    THE  CAUSES.   SYMPTOMS   AND    TREATMENT  OF   ALL 

DISEASES  INCIDENT  TO  OXEN,  SHEEP  AND  SWINE; 

AND    A   SKETCU    OF   THE 

ANATO.IIY  AND  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  NEAT  CATTLE. 

BY    FRANCIS    CLATER. 

EDITED,    REVISED    AND    ALMOST   RE-WRITTEN,    BT 

WILLIAM   YOUATT,  AUTHOR  OF  "THE  HORSE." 
WITH    NUMEROVS   ADDITIONS, 
EMBRACING  AN  ESSAY  ON  THE  USE  OF  OXEN  AXD  THE  IMPROVEMENT  IN  THK 
BREED  OF  SHEEP, 
B7  J.  S.  SKINNER. 
WITH     NCMEROCS     CUTS     AND     ILLUSTRATIONS. 
In  one  12nio.  volume,  cloth. 
"  As  its  title  would  import,  it  is  a  most  valuable  work,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  Ame- 
rican farmer;  and  we  feel  proud  in  saj-ine,  that  the  value  of  the  work  has  been  greatly  enhanced 
oy  the  contributions  of  Mr.  Skinner.    Clater  and  Youalt  are  names  treasured  by  the  farming  com- 
munilies  of  Europe  as  household-gods  ;  nor  does  that  of  Skinner  deserve  to  be  less  esteemed  in 
America." — American  Farmer. 


CLATER'S   FARRIER. 


EVERY  MAN   HIS   OWN   FARRIER: 

CONTAINING  THE  CAUSES,  SY.MPTOM.S,  AND  MOST   APPROVED   METHODS   OF   CURB 
OF  THE  niSEASKS  OF  HORSES. 

BIT    TKANOZS    CZiATER, 

Author  of  "  Ever)-  .Man  his  own  Cattle  Doctor," 

AND   HIS    SON,    JOHN    CLATER. 

FIRST  AMERICAN   FROM  THE  TWKNTY-EIGHTH  LONDON  EDITION. 
WITH     NOTES    AND     ADnlTIOSg, 

B  T    J.    S.    SKIITZTBR. 

Jn  one  I'Jino.  voluini',  clotU. 


LEA  AND  BLANCIIARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

YOUATT  AND   SKINNER'S 

STAf^OARD  WORK  ON  THE  HORSE. 


THE    HORSE. 

BY    WILLIAM    YOUATT. 

A    NEW    EDITION,    WITH    NUMEROUS    ILLUSTRATIONS. 
TOGETHER    WITH    A. 

G-ENZinAI.  H2STORY  OP  THE  HOHSE; 

A    DISSERTATION   ON 

THE  AMERICAN  TROTTING  HORSE; 

HOW    TRAINED    AND    JOCKEYED. 

AN  ACCOUNT  OF  HIS  REMARKABLE  PERFORMANCES; 

AND 

AN  ESSiVV  OIT  THE  ASS  .A.I^'D  THE  MULE, 

BY    J.  S.  SKINNER. 

Assistant  Post-Master-General,  and  Editor  of  the  Turf  Register. 

This  edition  of  Youatt's  well-known  and  standard  work  on  the  Manage- 
ment, Diseases,  and  Treatment  of  the  Horse,  has  already  obtained  such  a 
wide  circulation  throughout  the  country,  that  the  Publishers  need  say  no- 
thing to  attract  to  it  the  attention  and  confidence  of  all  who  keep  Horses  or 
are  interested  in  their  improvement. 

"  In  introducins  this  very  neat  edition  of  Youatt's  well-known  book,  on  '  The  Horse,'  to  our 
readers,  it  is  not  necessary,  even  if  we  had  time,  to  say  anythins  to  convmne  them  of  its  worth  ;  it 
has  been  highly  spoken  of,  by  those  most  capable  of  appreciating  its  nients,  and  its  appearance 
under  the  patronage  of  the  'Society  for  the  DilTusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,'  with  Lord  Brougham 
at  its  head,  affords  a  full  guaranty  for  its  high  ch.aracter.  The  book  is  a  very  valuable  one,  and  we 
endorse  the  recommendation  of  tlie  editor,  that  every  man  who  owns  the  '  hair  of  a  horse,'  should 
have  it  at  his  elbow,  to  be  consulted  like  a  family  physician, '  for  mitigating  the  disorders,  and  pro- 
longing the  life  of  the  most  interesting  and  useful  of  all  domestic  animals.'  " — Fanner's  Cabinet. 

"  This  celebrated  work  has  been  completely  revised,  and  much  of  it  almost  entirely  re-written 
by  its  able  author,  who,  from  being  a  practical  veterinary  surgeon,  and  withal  a  great  lover  and 
excellent  judge  of  the  animal,  is  particularly  well  qualified  to  write  the  history  of  the  noblest  of 
quadrupeds.  Messrs.  Lea  and  Blanchard  of  Philadelpliia  have  repnWished  the  above  work,  omitting 
a  few  of  the  first  pages,  and  have  supplied  their  place  with  matter  quite  as  valuable,  and  perhaps 
more  interesting  to  the  reader  in  this  country  ;  it  being  nearly  100  page.i  of  a  general  history  of  t'ne 
horse,  a  dissertation  on  the  American  trotting  horse,  how  trained  and  jockeyed,  an  account  of  his 
remarkable  performances,  and  an  essay  on  the  Ass  and  Mule,  by  J.  S.  Skinner,  Esq.,  Assistant  Post- 
-na-ster-General,  and  late  editor  of  the  Turf  Register  and  American  Fanner.  Mr.  Skinner  is  one 
of  our  most  pleasing  writers,  and  has  been  fiimiljar  with  the  subiect  of  the  horse  from  childhood, 
and  we  need  not  add  that  he  has  ac(iuittcd  himself  well  of  the  task.  He  also  takes  up  the  import- 
ant subject,  to  the  American  breeder,  of  the  Ass.  and  tlie  Mule.  This  he  tn-ats  at  length  and  con 
amnre.  The  Philadelphia  edition  of  the  Horse  isa  handsome  octavo,  wilh  niHiieni"S  wood-cut.s."— 
Amiriran  Aiiriadhinst. 


LEA  AND  BLANCHARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

HAWKER  AND  PORTER  ON   SHOOTING. 

INSTRUCTIONS  TO  YOUNG  SPORTSMEN 

IN  ALL  THAT  RELATES  TO  GUNS  AND  SHOOTING. 
BY    LIEtJT.   OOL.  P.   HA-WKER. 

FROM    THE    F.NLAROED    AND     IMrROVF.D    NINTH    LONDON    EDITION, 

TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED  THE  HUNTING  AND  SHOOTING  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  WITH 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  ANIMALS  AND  BIRDS,  CAREFULLY  COLLATED 

FROM  AUTHENTIC  SOURCES. 

BY   W.  T.  PORTER,   E  S  a* 

EDITOR  OF  THE  N.  Y.  SPIRIT  OF  THE  TIMES. 

In  one  large  octavo  volume,  rich  extra  cloth,  with  nuincroiis  Illiisfrationg. 

"  Here  is  a  bonk,  a  hnnil-hnok,  or  ralher  a  text-liook — one  that  C(>ntain.s  the  whole  routine  of  the 
8cienr«.  It  is  the  Pnnier,  tlic  I.exiron,  and  the  Homer.  Everytlim?  is  here,  from  the  minutest 
portion  of  a  Run-lock,  to  a  tlend  Buffalo.  The  sportsman  who  reads  lliis  book  understandinRly,  may 
pass  an  examination.  He  will  know  the  sricnce,  and  may  ewe  advice  to  others.  Every  sportsman, 
and  sportsmen  are  plentiful,  should  own  this  work.  U  should  be  a  "  vade  mecuni."  He  slioukl 
be  examined  on  its  contents,  and  estimated  by  bis  abilities  to  answer.  We  have  not  been  without 
treatises  on  the  art,  but  hitherto  they  have  not  descended  into  all  the  minutiie  of  equipments  and 
qiialiticatiiins  to  proceed  to  the  completion.  This  work  supplies  deficiencies,  and  completes  the 
sportsman's  library." — U.  S.  Gazelle. 

"  No  man  in  the  country  that  we  wot  of  is  so  well  calculated  as  our  friend  of  the  '  Spirit'  for  the 
task  he  has  undertaken, and  the  result  of  his  laboura  liius  been  that  he  has  turned  out  a  work  which 
should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  man  in  the  huid  who  owns  a  double-barrelled  gun."— N.  O.  Picayune. 

"  A  volume  snlendidly  printed  and  bound,  and  embellished  vrHh  numerous  beautiful  engravings, 
which  will  doubtless  be  in  KTi'at  demand.  No  sportsman,  indeed,  oui;lit  to  be  withmit  it,  while  the 
general  reader  will  find  iu  its  pages  a  fund  of  curious  and  useful  infurniation." — Richmond  Whig. 

^y^irATT~oir"TMriE"^DO^ 


THE    DOG, 

BY    WILLIAM    YOUATT, 

Author  of  "  The  Horse,"  &c. 

WITH    NUMEROUS    AND    BEAUTIFUL    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

EDITED   BY   E.  J.  LEWIS,  M.  D.  &c.  &c. 

In  one  beautifully  printed  volume,  crown  octavo. 

LIST    OF    PLATES. 

Head  of  Bloodhound— Ancient  Greyhounds- The  Thibet  Dos— The  Dineo,  or  New  Holland  Do?— 

The  Danish  or  Dalmatian  Dog- The  Hare  Indian  Dog — The  Grevhound— The  Grecian  Greyhound 

— Blenheims  and  Cockers — The  Wafer  Spaniel — The  Poodle — The  Alpine  Spaniel  or  Bernardme 

Dog — The  Newfoundland  Dog— The  Esquimaux  Dog— The  English  Sheep  Dog— The  Scotch  Sheep 

Dog — The  Beagle— The   Harrier— The    Foxhound— Plan  of  Goodwood   Kennel — The   Southern 

Hound— The  Setter— The  Pointer— The   Bull  Dog— The  Jlastilf— The  Terrier— Skeleton  of  the 

Dog — Teeth  of  the  Dog  at  seven  different  ages. 

"  Mr.  Youatt's  work  is  invaluable  to  the  student  of  canine  history;  it  is  full  of  entertaining  anJ 
instructive  matter  for  the  general  reader.  To  the  sportsman  it  coininends  itself  by  the  large  amount 
of  useful  information  in  reference  to  his  pecuhar  pursuits  wliich  it  embodies — information  which 
he  cannot  find  elsewliere  in  so  convenient  and  accessible  a  form,  and  with  so  reUable  an  authority 
to  entitle  it  to  his  consideration.  The  modest  preface  which  Dr.  Lewis  has  made  to  the  American 
edition  of  this  work  scarcely  does  justice  to  the  additional  value  he  has  imparted  to  it;  and  the 
publishers  are  entitled  to  great  credit  for  the  handsome  manner  in  wluch  tliey  have  got  it  up." — 
riorlh  American. 

THE    SFORTSlMi^ZT'S    I.IBR.A.RV, 

OR  HINTS  ON  HUNTERS,  HUNTING,  HOUNDS,  SHOOTING,  GAME,  DOGS,  GUNS, 

FISHING,  COURSING,  ic,  &c. 

BY   JOHN  MILLS,   ESQ., 

Author  of  "  The  Old  English  Gentleman,"  ic. 

In  one  well  printed  royal  duodecimo  volume,  e.\tra  cloth. 

STi).BZ<Z:   TAXiK  AlTD  TABIjZ:   T.A.I.K, 

OR  SPECTACLES  FOR  YOUNG  SPORTS.MEN. 

BY    HARRY    HIEOVER. 

In  one  very  neat  duodecimo  volume,  extra  cloth. 

"These  lively  sketches  answer  to  their  title  very  well.    Wherever  Nimrod  is  welcome,  there 

should  be  cordial  greeting  for  Harry  Hieover.     His  liook  is  a  very  clever  one,  and  contains  many 

instructive  hints,  as  well  as  much  hght-hearted  reading."— £xami>KT. 

THE    DOG    .A-ISTD    THE    SFORTSIO; AIT, 

EMBUACI.Nf;   THE   USES,    liRKEDlNG.   TRAINING,    DISEASES,  ETC.,  OF   DOGS,  AND  AN 

ACinUNT  OF  THE  IHKFEUENT  KINDS  oK  G.VME.  WITH  THEIR  llAlilTS. 

Also,  Hints  to  SliooterSf  with  various  useful  Rcciiics,  &c«j  Ac< 

BY    J.   S.   SKIN  NCR. 

Wilh  Plates      In  one  very  neat  12nin   roliime. 'rtra  rluth. 


LEA  AND  BLANCIIARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

FRANCATELLI'S  MODERN   FRENCH  COOKERY. 

THE     MODERN     COOK, 

A  PRACTICAL  GUIDE  TO  THE  CULINARY  ART,  IN  ALL  ITS   BRANCHE^S,  ADAPTED  AS 

WELL  FOR -THE  LARGEST  ESTABLfSHMENTS  AS   FOR  THE  USE 

OF  PRIVATE  FAMILIES. 

BY  CHARLES  ELME  FRANCATELLI, 

Pupil  of  tlie  celebrated  Careme,  and  late  Maitre  D'Hotel  and  Chief  Cook  to  her  Majesty  the  Queen. 
In  one  large  octavo  volume,  extra  cloth,  with  numerous  illustratioiis. 
"  It  appears  to  he  the  book  of  books  on  cookery,  hem?  a  most  comprehensive  treatise  on  that  art 
preservative  and  cousen-ative.  The  work  comprises,  in  one  lai;;e  and  elegant  octavo  volume,  1+47 
recipes  for  cooking  dishes  and  desserts,  with  numerous  dlustrations  ;  also  bills  of  fare  and  direc- 
tions for  dinners  for  every  month  in  the  year,  fur  companies  of  si.\  persons  to  twenty-eight. — Nat. 
Intelligencer. 

"  The  ladies  who  read  our  Magazine,  will  thank  us  for  Calling  attention  to  this  great  work  on  the 
noble  science  of  cooking,  in  whicli  everybody,  who  has  any  taste,  feels  a  deep  and  abiding  mlerest. 
Francatelli  is  the  Plato,  the  Sliakspeare,  or  the  Napoleon  of  his  departnienl;  or  perhaps  the  La 
Place,  for  his  performance  bears  the  same  relaiion  to  ordinary  cook  hooks  that  the  Mecanique 
Celeste  does  to  DaboU's  Anthmetio.  It  is  a  large  octavo,  pidl'usely  illustrated,  and  contains  every- 
tlimg  on  the  pliilosophy  of  making  dinners,  suppers,  etc.,  that  is  worth  knowing.— Gro/iam's  Magazine. 

MISS  ACTON'S    CoTkTryT 

MODERS?  COOKER'S-  IN  ,A.IjIi  ITS  BRilKCHIIS, 

REDUCED  TO  A  SYSTEM   OF  EASY  PRACTICE.  FOR  THE  USE  OF  PRIVATE  FAMILIES. 

IN  A  SERIES  OF  PRACTICAL  RECEIPTS,  ALL  OK  WHICH  ARE  GIVEN 

WITH  THE  MOST  MINUTE  EX.VCTNESS. 

BY    ELIZA    ACTON. 

WITH    NUMEROUS    WOOD-CUT    ILLUSTRATIONS. 
TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED,  A  TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

THE  WHOLE  REVISED  AND  PREPARED  FOR  AMERICAN  HOUSEKEEPERS. 

BY  MRS.  SARAH  J.  HALE. 
From  the  Second  London  Edition.  In  one  large  I2mo.  volume. 
"Miss  Ehza  Acton  may  congratulate  herself  on  having  composed  a  work  of  great  utility,  and  one 
that  is  speedily  finding  its  way  to  every  'dresser'  in  the  kinsdom.  Her  Cookery-book  is  unques- 
tionably the  most  valuable  compendium  of  the  art  that  has  yet  been  published.  It  strongly  incul- 
cates economical  principles,  and  points  out  how  good  tlungs  may  be  concocted  without  that  reck- 
less extravagance  which  good  cooks  have  been  wont  to  miagine  the  best  evidence  tliey  caji  give  of 
skill  in  their  profession." — London  Morning  Post. 

PLAIN  AND  PRACTICAL  DIRECTIONS  FOR  COOKING  AND  HOUSEKEEPING. 

■WITH  UPTWARDS  OP  SEVEN  HUNDRED  RECEIPTS, 

Consisting  of  DiiecUoiis  for  the  Choice  of  Meat  and  Poultry,  Prejiarations  for  Cooking;  Maldng  of 

Broths  and  Souiis  ;  Boiling,  Roasting,  Baking  and  Frying  of  .Meats,  Fish,  &c. ;  Seasonings, 

Colorings,  Cooking  Vegetables;  Pi eparin?  Salads  ;  Clarifying;  Making  of  Pastry, 

Puddings,  Gruels,  Gravies,  Garnishes,  Aic,  <tc.,  and  with  general 

Directions  for  making  Wines. 

WITH     ADDITIONS     AND     ALTERATIONS. 

BY    J.    M.    SANDERSON, 

OF  THE  FRANKLIN  HOUSE. 

In  one  small  volume,  paper.    Price  only  Twenty-five  Cents. 

THE  COMPLETE  Col^TMoNERTlPA^rF^OirAND  BAKER. 

PLAIN  AND  PRACTICAL  DIRECTIONS 

FOR  MAKING  CONFECTIONARY  AND  PASTRY,  AND  FOR  RAKING. 

■WITH  UP"WARDS   OF  FIVE  HUNDRED  RECEIPTS, 

Consisting  of  Directions  for  making  all  sorts  of  Preserves,   Sug;ir    Boiling,  Comfits,  Lozenges, 

Ornamental  Cakes,  Ices.  Liqueurs,  Waters,  Gum  Paste  Ornaments,  Svrups,  Jellies, 

Marmalades,  Compotes,  Breail  Baking,  Artificial  Yeasts,  Fancy 

Biscuits,  Cakes,  Rolls,  Muffins,  Tarts,  Pies,  ic,  iic. 

WITH     ADDITIONS     AND     ALTERATIONS. 

BY    PARKINSON, 

PRACTICAL  CONFECTIONER,  CHESTNUT  STREET. 

In  one  small  volume,  paper.     Price  only  Twenty-five  Cents 


LEA  AND  BLANCHARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 

JOHNSON  AND  LANDRETH  ON   FRUIT,  KITCHEN, 
AND  FLOWER  GARDENING. 

A    DICTIONARY    OF   MODERN    GARDENING, 

BY  GEORGE    WILLIAM   JOHNSON,   ESQ. 

Author  of  llio  "  Principles  of  Practioal  Gardening,"  "  The  Gardener's  Almanac,"  ic. 

WITU    ONE   HONORED   AND  EIGHTY    WOOD-CCTS. 

EDITED,  WITH  NUMEROUS  ADDITIONS,  BY  DAVID  LANT>RETH,  OF  PHIUVDEI.PHIA. 

In  one  large  royal  duodecmio  volume,  extra  cloth,  of  nearly  Sii  Hundred  and  Fifty 
double  columned  Pages. 

This  edition  has  been  greatly  altered  from  the  onginal.  Many  articles  of  little  interest  to  Ameri- 
cans h.-ive  been  curuiiled  or  wholly  omitted,  and  much  m:\\  mailer,  with  numerous  illuslniliiins, 
added  especially  wilh  respect  to  the  variutirs  of  fruit  wluilj  .■.v|K-iifiic.>  has  shown  to  be  pecuharly 
adapted  to  our  climate.  Still,  the  eilitnr  admits  that  he  has  only  fullcwed  in  the  path  so  admirably 
nrirkcd  out  by  Mr  J..lms.)ii,  to  whorn  llie  rliicf  iiirrit  of  llie  wuik  bilungs.  It  lias  been  an  object 
with  the  editor  aiul  [lublislicis  to  iiic-rcase  its  popular  oharacler,  tberrby  adapting  it  to  the  larger 
class  of  iiortirulninil  nailers  in  this  ruuiitry.  and  they  trust  it  will  prove  what  they  have  desired  It 
to  be  ail  t;ncyrloi);i'dia  of  tlardeiimg,  if  not  of  Rural  Alfairs,  so  condensed  and  ut  such  a  price  as  to 
be  wilhin  reach  of  nearly  all  whom  those  subjects  interest. 

"  This  is  a  useful  compendium  of  all  that  description  of  information  which  is  valuable  to  the 
modem  gardener.  It  quotes  largely  from  the  best  standard  authors,  journals,  and  tran.saclions  of 
societies-  and  the  labours  of  the  American  editor  have  fitted  it  for  the  United  States,  by  judicious 
additions  and  omissions.  The  volume  is  abundantly  illustrated  with  hgures  in  the  text,  cmbraiaiig 
a  judicious  selection  of  those  varieties  of  fruits  which  experience  has  shown  to  be  well  suited  to  the 
United  Slates.— SilliTnan's  Journal. 

"  This  is  the  most  val  liable  work  we  have  ever  seen  on  the  subject  of  gardening ;  and  no  man  of 
taste  who  can  devote  even  a  quarter  of  an  acre  to  horticulture  ought  to  be  without  it.  Indeed  la- 
dies who  merely  cultivate  flowers  mthin-doors,  will  find  this  book  an  excellent  and  conveuient 
counsellor  It  contains  one  hundred  and  eighty  wood-cut  lUustrations,  which  give  a  distinct  idea 
of  the  fruits  and  garden-arrangements  they  are  intended  to  represent.  . 

"  Johnson's  Dictionan'  of  Gardening,  edited  by  Landreth,  is  handsomely  pnnted.  well-bound,  ami 
gold  at  a  price  wluch  puts  it  witliin  the  reach  of  all  who  would  be  hkcly  to  buy  it."— Evergreen. 

THE    COMPLETE   FLORIST. 

A  KlANTJI^Jj   OF  GARlJENIWa, 

CONTAINING  PRACTICAL   INSTRUCTION   FOR  THE  MANA.JEMENT  OF  GREENIIOUSE 

PLANTS,  AND  FOR  THE  CULTIVATION  OF  THE  SllKUliliEKY-1  HE  t LOWER 

GARlJEN,  AND  THE  LAWN-WrrH  DESCKIPTIO.NS  OF  THOSE  PLANTS> 

AND  TREES  MOST  WORTHV  OF  CULTURE  IN  EACH 

DEPARTMENT. 

"WITH   ADDITIONS    AND    AKIEN  D  IVIE  N  T  S, 

ADAPTED    TO    THE    CLIMATE   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

In  one  small  volume.    Price  only  Twenty-five  Cents. 

THE  COMPLETE  KITCHEN  AND  FRUIT  GARDENER. 

A  SELECT  MANUAL  OF  KITCHEN  GARDENING, 

AND  THE  CULTURE  OF  FRUITS, 

CONTAINING  FAMILIAR  niRECTIONS  FOR  THE  MOST  APPROVED  PRACTICE  IN  EACH 

DEPAR'IMENT,  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  MANY  VALUABLE   FRUITS,  AND  A 

CALEND.VR  OF   WORK  TO  BE  PERFOKilED  EACH 

MONTH  IN  THE  YEAR. 

THE  WHOLE  ADAPTED  TO  THE  CLIMATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
In  one  small  volume,  paper.    Price  only  Twenty-five  Cents. 

LANDRETITS  RURAL  REGISTER  AND  ALIVIANAC,  FOR  1848, 

WITH    NUMEROUS    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


STILL    ON    HAND, 

A  FE'W   COPIES  OF  THE  REGISTER  FOR  1847, 

WITH   OVER   ONE   HUNDRED   WOOD-CUTS. 

This  work  has  1.W  large  12mo.  pages,  double  columns.  Though  published  annually,  and  contain- 
ing an  almanac,  the  principal  part  of  the  matter  is  of  permanent  iiUhty  to  the  horticulturist  and 
6imier. 


LEA  AND  BLANCHARD'S  PUBLICATIONS. 


HUMAN     HEALTH: 

OR,  THE  rNFLUENCE  OF  ATJIOSPHERE  AND  LOCALITY,  CHANGE  OF  AIR  AND 

CLLMATE,  SEASONS,  FOOD,  CLOTHING,  BATHING,  MINERAL  SPRINGS, 

EXERCISE,  SLEEP,    CORPOREAL   AND  MENTAL    PUiU 

SUITS,  ic,  Ac,  ON  HEALTHY   MAN, 

CONSTITUTING  ELEMENTS  OF  HYGIENE. 

BY  ROBLEY  DUNGLISON,  M.  D.,  &c.,  &c. 
In  one  octavo  volume. 
*^*  Persons  in  the  pursuit  of  health,  as  well  as  those  who  desire  to  retain 
it,  would  do  well  to  examine  this  work.  The  author  states  the  work  has 
been  prepared  "to  enable  the  general  reader  to  understand  the  nature  of 
the  actions  of  various  influences  on  human  health,  and  assist  him  in  adopt- 
ing such  means  as  may  tend  to  its  preservation:  hence  the  author  has 
avoided  introducing  technicalities,  except  where  they  appeared  to  him  indis- 
pensable." 

REMARKS  ON  THE  INFLUENCE  OF  MENTAL  EXCITEMENT, 

AND  MENTAL  CULTIVATION  UPON  HEALTH. 
B7   A.   BRXGHAIVI,  IVI.D. 

Third  edition  ;  one  volume,  18mo. 

A   TREATISE   ON 

COBITS,  BUITIOZTS,  THZ!  DISEASES  OF  THS  XTiiII.S, 

AND  THE  GENERAL  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  FEET. 

BY    LEWIS    DURLACHER, 

BCBOEON    CHIEOPODIST   TO    THE    a  U  E  E  IT. 

In  one  duodecimo  volume,  cloth. 
BHIDGS'WJVTSR    TREATISES. 

The  whole  complete  in  7  vols.  8vo.,  various  bindings, 

C0PiTAi:<t.\O: 

ROGET'S  ANIMAL  AND  VEGETABLE  PHY'SIOLOGY,  in  2  vols.,  with  many  cuts. 
KIRBY  ON  THE  HISTORY,  HABITS  AND  INSTINCT  OF  ANIMALS,  1  voL,  with  plates. 
PROUTON  CHEMISTRY— CHALMERS  ON  THE  MORAL  CONDITION  OF  MAN-WHEWELL 

ON  AST  RON  Oin— BELL  ON  THE  HAND— KIDD  ON  THE  PHYSICAL  CONDITION  OP 

JIAN,  2  volumes. 
BUCKLAND'S  GEOLOGY,  2  vols.,  with  numerous  plates  and  maps. 

Roget,  Burkland,  and  Kirby  are  sold  separate. 

THE  DOMESTIC  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  SICK  ROOM, 

NECESSARY,  IN  AID  OF  MEDIC.4.L   TREATMENT,  FOR   THE   CURE   OF   DISEASES. 

BY  A.  T.  THOMSON,  M.  D.,  &c.  &c. 

First  American,  from  the   Second  London  Edition.     Edited  by  R.  E.  GRirnTH,  M.  D. 

In  one  royal  ]2rao.  volume,  extra  cloth,  with  cuts. 

"  There  is  no  interference  with  the  duties  of  the  medical  attendant,  but  sound,  sensible,  and 

clear  advice  what  to  do,  and  how  to  act,  so  as  to  meet  unforeseen  emergencies,  and  co-operate 

with  professional  skill." — Literary  GazttU. 

THE  MILLWRIGHT  AND   MILLER'S  GUIDE. 

BY    OLIVER    EVANS. 

THE    ELEVENTH   EDITION, 
WITH  ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS,  BY  THE   PROFESSOR   OF  MECHA- 
NICS IN  THE  FRANKLIN  INSTITUTE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA, 
AND  A  DE.SCRIITION  OF  AN  IMPROVED  MERCH.A.NT  FLOUR  MILL. 

WITH  ENGR\VIN(-,3. 

BY   C.   &  O.  EVANS,    ENGINEERS. 
Tliis  is  a  practical  work,  and  has  had  a  very  extended  sale 


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SCHOOL   BOOKS. 


BIRD'S   NATURAL   PHILOSOPHY. 

NEARLY    READY. 


ELEMENTS  OF  NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY, 

BEING  AN  EXPERIMENTAL  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  PHYSICAL  SCIENCES. 
ILLUSTRATED  WITH  OVER  THREE   HUNDRED   WOOD-CUTS. 

BY    GOLDING    BIRD,   M.D., 

Assistant  Pliysician  to  Guy's  HospitaL 

FROM   THE   THIRD    LONDON   EDITION. 

In  one  neat  volume. 

"By  the  appearance  of  Dr.  BinVs  work,  the  student  has  now  all  that  he  can  desire  in  one  nent, 
concise,  and  wellnlmestfd  volume.  The  elements  of  natunil  philosnphy  are  explained  in  very  sim- 
ple lang:uage,  and  illustrated  by  numerous  wood-cuts." — Medical  Gazette. 


ARNOTT'S  PHYSICS. 


ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSICS;  OR,  NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY, 

GENERAL     AND      MEDICAL. 

WRITTEN  FOR  UNIVERSAL  USE,  IN  PLAIN,  OR  NON-TECHNICAL  LANGUAGE. 

BY    NIELL   ARNOTT,  IVr.D. 

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BRODIE  ON  URINARY  ORGANS,  1  vol.     ROBERTSON  ON  THE  TEETH,  1  vol. 

8vo.,  214  jiages.  <      8vo.,  230  pages,  plates. 

BRODIE  ON  THE  JOINTS,  1  vol.  8vo.    SARGENT'S  MINOR  SURGERY,  1  vol. 

2 IG  pages.  j      12iuo.,  will)  cuts  (preparing). 

BRODIES  LECTURES  ON  SURGERY. 
1  vol.  Svo.,  350  pages. 

BRODIE'S  SELECT  SURGICAL  WORKS 
1  vol.  8vo.,  T.-,0  pages. 

CHELIUS'  SYSTEM  OF  SURGERY,  by 

South  and  Norris,  in  3  large  8vo.  vols., 

over  2000  paires,  well  bound. 
rnoPFR    ON     DISIOC\TIO-VS    AND    DUNGLISON'S     M.\TER1A     MEDICA 

CUOl'l^K      U.\        IJ1SI,UU.'V11VJ.>I^       niyu  ,        ^  vri  Til  PH  A  Pl.TTTII   S!    a  now  ed  ton. 

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MATERIA   MEDICA  AND   THERA- 
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COOPER  ON  HERNIA,  1  vol.  imp.  8vo., 
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COOPER  ON  THE  TESTIS  AND  THY- 
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,     AND  TllERAPHUTIl.S,  a  now  edition, 
I     with  cuts,  2  vols.  8vo  ,  986  pages. 

i  DUNGLISON  on  new  REMEDIES,  5th 
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;  ELLIS'  MEDICAL  FORMULARY,  8th 
edition,  much  improved,  1  vol.  8vo.,  272 
pages. 


COOPER    ON    THE    ANATOMY    AND    GRIFFITH'S     MEDICAL    BOTANY,    a 


DISEASES  OF  THE  BREAST,  SUR- 
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DRUITTS  PRINCIPLES  AND  PRAC- 
TICE (JF  .MdDI'.KN'  SURGERY,  3d  ed., 
1  vol.  8vo.,  534  pages,  many  cuts. 

DURLACHER  ON  CORNS,  BUNIONS, 
ice,  12mo.,  134  pages. 

DISEASES  AND  SURGERY  OF  THE 
E.'VR,  a  new  and  complete  work  (pre- 
paring). 

FERGUSSON'S  PRACTICAL  SURGERY 
1  vol.  8vo.,  2d  edition,  G40  pages,  many 
cuts. 

GUTHRIE  ON    THE   BLADDER,  8vo., 

150  pages. 
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NUS, 8vo.,  16G  pages 

JONES'  (WHARTON)  OPHTHALMIC 
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and  plates,  plain  or  coloured. 

LISTON'S   LECTURES  ON  SURGERY, : 

by  Miitter,  1  vol.  8vo.,  506  pages,  many 

cuts. 
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new  edition,  much  improved,  863  pages, 

many  cuts  and  plates. 

L.\WRENCE    ON    RUPTURES,    1   vol. 

8vo.,  480  pages. 

MALGAIGNES  OPERATIVE  SUR- 
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MILLER'S  PRINCIPLES  OF  SURGERY, 
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MILLERS  PRACTICE  OF  SURGERY, 
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new  anil  complete  work,  1  large  vol. 
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STILLES  ELEMENTS  OF  GENERAL 
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DEWEES'  SY.-TEM  OF  MIDWIFERY, 
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vol.  8vo.,  402  pages. 

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DUNGLISON    ON    HUMAN    HEALTH, 

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FOWNE'S  ELEMENTARY  CHEMIS- 
TRY FOR  STUDENTS,  by  Bridges,  2d 
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GRAHAMS  ELEMENTS  OF  CHEMIS- 
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MAN'S  POWER  OVER  HIMSELF  TO 
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TAYLORS  MANUAL  OP  TOXICO- 
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TRAILL'S  MEDICAL  JURISPRU- 
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NATURAL   SCIENCE,  8w3. 

ARNOTT'S  ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSICS.  1 
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ANSTED'S  ANCIENT  WORLD— POPU"  '■ 
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BREWSTER'S  TREATISE  ON  OPTICS, 
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BUCKLANDS  GEOLOGY  AND  MINE- 
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IBRIDGEWATER     TREATISES,     with 
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CARPENTER'S  ANIMAL  PHYSIOLO- 
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(CARPENTER'S    POPULAR    VEGETA- 
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DE  LA  BECHE'S  NEW  WORK  ON 
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INTRODUCTION  TO  VEGETABLE 
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KIKCY  ON  ANIMALS,  plates,  1  vol.  8vo., 
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METCALF  ON  CALORIC,  1  vol.  large 
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MULLER'S  PRINCIPLES  OF  PHYSICS 
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ITS  RISE,  PROGRESS  AND  FINAL  ESTABLISHMENT. 

TO  WHICH    IS   PRKKIXKD,  WITH  A  VIEW  TO  T)H;   ELUCIDATION   OF  THE  MAIN  SUB- 
JECT. A  CONCISE  AICOIINT  OF  THE  I,EAI>!NG   DOCTItlNES   OK   THE   COMMON 
LAW.  AM)  OF  Tin-;   COCRSE   OF  PKOCEDIiKE  IN  THE  COIK'I'S  OF  COM- 
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LLGISLATLRE  DOWN  TO  THE  PRESENT 
DAY  ARE  NOTICED. 
BY    GEORGE    SPENCE,   ESQ., 
One  of  her  Majesty's  CouiiseL 
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A  xrnvir  iiAvr  DicTioxriLRV, 

CONTAINING  E.XPLANATIONS  OF  SUCH  TECHNICAL  TER.MS  AND  PHRASES  AS  OCCUP 

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Of  the  Inner  Temple,  Special  Header. 
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T/iVIaOR'S   XSEDICiLI.    JURXSPRUDSXTCi:. 
A  PRACTICAL  TRKATISE  ON  MEDICAL  JURISPRUDENCE. 

BY    ALFRED   S.    TAYLOR, 
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With  numerous  Notes  and  Additions,  and  References  to  American  Law, 

BY   R.  E.   GRIFFITH,  M.D. 

In  one  volume,  octavo,  neat  law  sheep. 

TAYLOR'S    JyiANXTAIi    OP    TOXICOIiOGTT. 

IN    ONE    NEAT    OCTAVO    VOLUME. 

A  NEW  WOBK,  KOVf  Rr.,VPY. 

TRAIX.Xj'S 

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